599:, were taken into custody and released the next day, after they had bound themselves in writing to engage in no more official acts. Immediately after the dismissal of the state government, a large-scale purge began. Numerous officials who had belonged to the previous coalition parties, especially the SPD, were put on temporary retirement and replaced by conservative officials, the majority of them German nationalists. This step, in addition to affecting the cabinet of Otto Braun, was directed especially against Social Democratic provincial presidents and leading Social Democrats within police organizations. Following a decree issued on 12 November 1932, those who had been placed on retirement were either dismissed or delegated to the provinces. In this way 69 ministerial officials with republican sentiments were sidelined. In addition to members of the Braun cabinet, they included among others Carl Steinhoff, vice-president of the province of
50:
624:
722:. They disputed the constitutionality of the decree on the grounds that Prussia was not ungovernable as presupposed in the decree. They therefore applied for a preliminary injunction to prohibit the appointed Reich commissioner from performing his duties. The application was rejected on 25 July 1932 because the court did not want to anticipate its final decision: in order to declare the emergency decree of the Reich president invalid, reasons would have to be brought forward that were not yet available to the court. The court stated in addition that a temporary injunction was only to be issued if it appeared necessary to avert substantial harm, but any harm Prussia might incur under the emergency decree could not be proven at the time.
559:
necessary because it appeared that "public safety and order in
Prussia could no longer be guaranteed". A state of emergency was declared with immediate effect, and the Reichswehr minister was appointed as holder of executive power. Prussia's representatives objected to the coup saying that Prussia had not violated any of its responsibilities under the Reich constitution and its laws, and had done as much for security as the other states even though its jurisdiction included the areas of greatest unrest. The Braun government therefore challenged the constitutionality of the emergency decree. Severing responded negatively to Papen's suggestion that he voluntarily relinquish his official duties, saying that he would "yield only to force".
864:§ 4. The crimes punishable by life imprisonment under Criminal Code §§ 81 (high treason), 302 (arson), 311 (explosion), 312 (flooding), 315 para. 2 (damage to railway installations) shall be punishable by death if committed after the enactment of the decree; under the same condition, the death penalty may be imposed in the case of Criminal Code § 92 (treason); likewise in the cases of § 125 para. 2 (mob ringleaders and those who commit acts of violence as parts of mobs) and § 115 para. 2 (ringleaders and resisters during riots), if the perpetrator has committed the act of resistance by force or threat with weapons or in a conscious and deliberate encounter with armed persons.
372:
547:
168:
471:
831:§ 1. Articles 114, 115, 117, 118, 123, 124 and 153 of the Constitution of the German Reich shall be suspended until further notice. Therefore, restrictions to personal freedom of the right to free expression of opinion including freedom of the press of the right of association and assembly; interference with the secrecy of correspondence, mail, telegraph and telephone; orders for house searches, and seizures and limitations of property are permissible outside the legal limits otherwise determined for them.
534:, which allowed the Reich president, with the chancellor's co-signature, to take the necessary measures, including use of the military, to restore public security and order if they were endangered. By means of the decree Hindenburg authorized the Reich Chancellor to become Reich Commissioner for Prussia and enabled him to remove the caretaker Prussian government from office. By not dating the decree, Hindenburg left to Papen the choice of the time at which to make use of the power. Papen chose 20 July.
153:
837:§ 3. Whoever contravenes orders issued by the Reich minister of defense or the military commanders in the interests of public safety or incites or encourages such contravention, shall be punished by imprisonment or a fine of up to 15,000 Reichsmarks, unless the existing laws provide for a higher penalty. Whoever causes a common danger to human life by an offence according to para. 1 shall be punished with imprisonment , in extenuating circumstances with
570:, who was also present, had seemed very uncertain. "I suggested that we recess the meeting with Papen for an hour to discuss further action by the Prussian government and went to the door. But Severing declared that he had nothing more to discuss with me, and remained seated. Only then – after it was certain that no resistance was in the offing – was State Secretary Erwin Planck given the order to set the command to the Reichswehr in motion."
523:, which had just had the ban against it lifted by the Papen government, and the Communists and their supporters. The deadly confrontations and ensuing police action differed markedly from the Reich execution against Saxony in 1923. Then there had indeed been doubts about the loyalty of Saxony's left-wing government to the constitution and its willingness to take police action, but there was no question of this in Prussia's case.
731:
of the
Prussian government had not existed, but that of the Reich government in its association with the National Socialists had. Brecht tried to prove that the Reich government, in agreement with the National Socialists, had purposefully worked towards removing the Prussian government from office with its preceding measures. In doing so, it had wanted to take the wind out of the National Socialists' sails.
761:
temporarily withdraw official powers from
Prussian ministers and to assume these powers himself or to transfer them to other persons as commissioners of the Reich. The authorization, however, should not extend to depriving the Prussian State Ministry and its members of the representation of the State of Prussia in the Reichstag, the Reichsrat, or with respect to other states.
867:§ 5. Upon request of the holder of executive power, extraordinary courts shall be established by the Reich minister of justice. The jurisdiction of these courts shall include, in addition to the offences listed in § 9 of the Decree of the president of the Reich of 29 March 1921 (Reich Law Gazette. p. 371), the misdemeanors and felonies under § 3 of this decree.
770:
The judgement basically tolerated a breach of the constitution because the court shied away from charging the Reich president with the act. Historian
Michael Stolleis assessed the judgement as a "landmark in the constitutional history describing the downfall of the Republic. The commentators of the time sensed it, and it was seen as even more so from a distance."
681:. There was also little prospect of success in a call for civil disobedience by civil servants. If open resistance were to occur, the government anticipated the outbreak of civil war, especially in the event of an armed clash between the Reichswehr and the state police, which it wanted to avoid at all costs. Moreover, legal recourse had not yet been exhausted.
434: – it remained in office on a caretaker basis in accordance with Article 59 of the state constitution. With parliamentary rules having recently been changed to require an absolute majority for the election of a minister president, it was possible that the caretaker government could continue on indefinitely. The situation was similar to that in Bavaria,
834:§ 2. Upon the promulgation of this decree, executive power shall pass to the Reich minister of defense, who may transfer it to military commanders. For the implementation of the measures necessary for the restoration of public safety, the entire protective police of the designated area shall be directly subordinated to the holder of executive power.
786:
assessed the compromise verdict as one of "grotesque ambivalence", since its legal section upheld the
Prussian point of view, "while its basic political tenor, with its acquiescence to what had already happened, accommodated the coup-like whim of a government that was propped up only by the authority
747:
In its examination of the existence of a significant disturbance or endangerment of public security and order, the State Court found that the government of
Prussia was capable of acting and remained able to act assertively. Paragraph 1 of the emergency decree therefore did not apply: "In the event of
730:
In the stormy and highly publicized oral hearing, Arnold Brecht pointed out in defense of the State of
Prussia that the civil war-like conditions in Prussia that led to the emergency decree had been ignited by the lifting of the ban on uniforms and on the SA on 14 June. The alleged "inner unfreedom"
769:
The ruling partially justified both sides and preserved the dualism of
Prussia and the Reich. Since the removal of the government was considered illegitimate, the restoration of the government should in fact have been called for. In the end, the court capitulated to the facts that had been created.
755:
The court found that the facts of paragraph 2 were present: "If public security and order are seriously disturbed or endangered …, the president of the Reich may take measures necessary for their restoration, intervening if need be with the assistance of the armed forces" (Article 48). In the words
573:
In the afternoon of the same day, Severing, who as interior minister commanded a force of 90,000 Prussian police officers, let himself be led out of his office and ministry by a delegation consisting of the police chief whom Papen had just appointed and two police officers. At 11:30 a.m. Papen
478:
As a result, Papen considered other possibilities. The first was to carry out the long-debated Reich reform which would have dissolved or divided
Prussia. Because such a path would have achieved its goal only in the long term, was difficult to accomplish and highly controversial, he favored another
429:
57, a total of 219 out of 423, or 52%. All other parties together won only 204 seats, or 48%. The NSDAP and KPD would not work together, and none of the other parties could form a government with a parliamentary majority without the support of one of the anti-democratic parties, something that none
329:
In 1928 a conference of the states, consisting of members of the Reich cabinet and all of the state minister presidents, came to the joint resolution that the relationship between the Reich and the states in the
Republic was unsatisfactory and in need of fundamental reform, and that a "strong Reich
804:
The Braun government, rehabilitated in terms of state law but deprived of its real power, convened for its weekly cabinet meetings as a so-called "sovereign government". The true power, however, lay with the representatives of the Reich execution – the "Commissar Government" under Franz Bracht. It
765:
The cooperation between the Braun government and the Reich commissioner that was indirectly called for in the judgement was from the outset not possible. The Reich government overrode the provisions of the judgement and did not intend to return governmental power to the legitimate government after
738:
member, spoke as the main representative of the Reich government. He disputed Brecht's argumentation, saying that there had been no collusion with the National Socialists. Their "excitement" had built up precisely because of the Party's "one-sided treatment" by the Prussian government. Prussia had
266:
had left a divided parliament with no viable possibilities for a coalition. This led to a caretaker government under the coalition that had held power before the election, with no clear path to replacing it with a new governing coalition. The second and major rationale was that in parts of Prussia
325:
replace the Prussian government and parliament, and empowering the chancellor to appoint provincial commissioners. It was assumed that Prussia, contrary to the interest of the entire nation, was as a state pursuing hegemony within the existing national structure. A comprehensive segmentation and
558:
and his colleague from the finance department Otto Klepper, went to see Papen at his request. Papen informed the constitutional ministers about the Hindenburg decree that allowed him to be installed as Reich commissioner and for the caretaker government to be removed. He said that the step was
778:
According to historian Dirk Blasius' account, the verdict was perceived by almost everyone as either a welcome defeat or a clumsy failure of the Reich government. Only the press that supported the government called for an additional decisive step towards an authoritarian state. The "political
760:
The decree of the Reich president of 20 July 1932 for the restoration of public safety and order in the territory of the State of Prussia is compatible with the Reich Constitution insofar as it appoints the Reich chancellor as Reich commissioner for the State of Prussia and authorizes him to
614:
The purge continued well into 1933. With targeted interventions against the police, especially the political police, an essential part of the power apparatus in Prussia had already been "cleansed" before Adolf Hitler's chancellorship. There was hardly any resistance, mainly because the SPD's
362:
Political developments made implementation of the program impossible, but, as the political scientist Everhard Holtmann wrote, "core elements of the reform package, such as the abolition of Prussia's statehood, were henceforth employed in a targeted manner in the domestic power struggle."
321:(1930–1933), was to strengthen the Reich's central power, reorganize northern Germany, especially Prussia, which was by far the largest state in Germany, and create an authoritarian presidential regime. The program included having the Reich president, the Reich government and the
677:– an organization formed by three center and left of center parties to defend parliamentary democracy – was rejected. Even non-violent resistance in the form of a general strike was not considered because it did not seem feasible in view of the high unemployment during the
286:. The immediate result, however, was elimination of the last resistance in Prussia to Papen's attempt to establish a "New State", essentially a precursor to a restored monarchy. Contrary to Papen's intent, the move ultimately had the effect of easing Hitler's path to power.
537:
The third option, which would have consisted of waiting and leaving Prussia's caretaker minority government in office and trusting that it would get the situation under control even without a parliamentary majority, was one that Papen from the outset did not consider.
379:
Papen's initiative for the Prussian coup is to be understood within the context of the plan for the establishment of a ‘New State’, a concept propagated above all by Walther Schotte – a journalist and historian who provided Papen with ideas and theories – and
574:
had imposed a military state of emergency under the Reichswehr – a national force of 100,000 men – and, after the Prussian government backed down, occupied the Prussian Interior Ministry, the Berlin police headquarters and the headquarters of the
388:
but rather wanted to create the precursor to a monarchy, an authoritarian presidential regime with a chancellor dependent on the confidence of the president and a parliament severely limited in its rights, similar to the government under the
463:(DNVP), the coalition would have had as many as 260 of 423 seats. Reich Chancellor von Papen sought such a coalition, but the NSDAP claimed power for itself alone. On 7 June 1932, Papen, although not formally authorized to do so, asked
358:
and Prussia. Bavaria, the second largest state, objected because it feared that the proposal would immediately unify the northern German states while the south would gain only a reprieve from becoming part of a unified, non-federal Reich.
670:
Despite its previous declarations, the Prussian government refused to respond with violence of its own to the violence that the national emergency and emergency decree had officially sanctioned. Deployment of the Prussian police and the
813:, with Papen's help, secured a new emergency decree from Hindenburg that officially deposed Braun's "sovereign government". His response was again limited to filing a complaint with the State Constitutional Court on 7 February 1933.
467:, president of the state parliament and a member of the NSDAP, to replace the caretaker Prussian government with an elected one, something Kerrl was unable to guarantee due to the failure of coalition negotiations to that point.
458:
A center-right government in Prussia consisting of the NSDAP (162 seats) and the Centre Party (67 seats) with a 53% majority was technically possible. Together with the 31 seats of the nationalist-conservative
779:
passages" of the judgement were disseminated by most newspapers and prepared the ground for the later popular view that in a time of insecurity and disorder, emergency law had to be used to crack down.
748:
a State not fulfilling the obligations imposed upon it by the Reich Constitution or by the laws of the Reich, the president of the Reich may make use of the armed forces to compel it to do so" (
1445:[No. 177 Note by Ministerial Counsellor Wienstein on a meeting on 27 October 1932, 12.30 p.m., concerning the judgement of the State Court in the case of Prussia against the Reich].
1686:
828:
On the basis of Article 48 (1) and (2) of the Reich Constitution, I decree the following for the restoration of public safety and order in Greater Berlin and the Province of Brandenburg:
337:, then Ministerial Director of the Prussian State Chancellery and later the main representative of the Prussian government in the lawsuit against the emergency decree, were as follows:
1443:"Nr. 177 Notiz des Ministerialrats Wienstein über eine Besprechung am 27. Oktober 1932, 12.30 Uhr, betreffend Urteil des Staatsgerichtshofs in der Streitsache Preußen gegen das Reich"
849:
of not less than 2 years. In addition, confiscation of property may be imposed. Any person who incites or encourages an offence dangerous to the public (para. 2) shall be punished by
873:
Neudeck and Berlin, 20 July 1932: Reich President von Hindenburg – Reich Chancellor von Papen – Reich Minister of the Interior Baron von Gayl – Reich Minister of the Armed Forces
330:
power" was necessary. A constitutional committee was appointed to draw up workable proposals for constitutional and administrative reform and for prudent financial management.
700:
On 21 July 1932 the Prussian government filed an application for a preliminary injunction and a constitutional complaint with the State Court of the Reich Supreme Court (
554:
On 20 July 1932 Prussia's Deputy Minister President Heinrich Hirtsiefer, in place of the acting but ill Minister President Otto Braun, along with Interior Minister
397:
monarchy. The ‘New State’ was to stand above particularist interests and provide the necessary security, order, and tranquility for economic development.
1656:
801:
Between the promulgation of the decree and the court ruling, Papen's provisional government replaced Prussia's top administrative and police officials.
907:
was the most severe form of punishment and included stricter confinement and compulsory work for the inmates. It was also considered to be dishonoring.
479:
option. He planned to appoint a Reich commissioner in place of the previous government and to enforce the new order, if necessary with the help of the
255:
with von Papen as Reich Commissioner. A second decree the same day transferred executive power in Prussia to the Reich Minister of the Armed Forces
793:, who had represented Papen in the trial along with Erwin Jacobi and Carl Bilfinger, later endorsed the legality of the coup in an expert opinion.
1058:
1363:
806:
1112:
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1599:
526:
Three days earlier, on 14 July, Reich President Paul von Hindenburg had at Papen's request signed an undated emergency decree pursuant to
1661:
739:
fought National Socialism and favored communism. The lifting of the SA ban was supposed to serve as an "outlet" for the Nazi's anger.
430:
of them was willing to accept. That meant that after the formal resignation of the previous state government – the third cabinet of
1646:
996:[The Weimar Republic. Volume 3, Chapter 5: The Crisis of Federalism and Local Self-Government] (in German). Archived from
443:
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executive board had decided on 16 July not to resist with the resources available to it in order to avoid provoking a civil war.
512:, the forcible removal of the governments had been justified by the fact that peace and order were endangered in the two states.
1569:
1442:
756:
of Richard Wienstein, who was ministerial councilor for constitutional and administrative law issues in the Reich chancellery:
566:
that he had hoped that Severing would resist after he made his declaration, especially since both Papen and Interior Minister
267:
there were violent street demonstrations and clashes taking place that Papen said the caretaker government could not control.
1534:
1484:
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Handbuch der preußischen Geschichte. Band III: Vom Kaiserreich zum 20. Jahrhundert und Große Themen der Geschichte Preußens
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of not less than 6 months and, if the offence causes the loss of human life, with death, in extenuating circumstances with
500:) – an intervention against an individual state led by the central government to enforce national law – during 1923's
929:
333:
On 21 June 1930 the assessments were presented. The four main points as laid out by the architect of the reform plan
1523:
Integration und Subsidiarität im deutschen Bundesstaatsrecht: Untersuchungen zu Bundesstaatstheorie unter dem Grundgesetz
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unite the central administration of the Prussian state government with the central administration of the Reich government
588:
1297:
406:
350:
place the thirteen Prussian provinces, including Berlin, under the direct control of the Reich government as new states
283:
1651:
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821:
Decree of the president of the Reich concerning the restoration of public safety and order in Greater Berlin and the
460:
390:
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of the Prussian State Ministry, the parliamentary groups of the Social Democratic Party and the Centre Party in the
623:
749:
527:
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Handbook of Prussian History. Volume III: From the Empire to the 20th Century and Major Themes in Prussian History
17:
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were geared to the improvement of the offender and thus relatively more favorable for the inmates than the
418:
263:
88:
994:"Die Weimarer Republik. Band 3, Kapitel 5: Die Krise des Föderalismus und der kommunalen Selbstverwaltung"
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41:
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239:
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Integration and Subsidiarity in German State Law: Studies on Federal Theory under the Constitution
687:
noted in his diary on 21 July: "The Reds have missed their great hour. It will never come again."
504:. In the face of Communist Party participation in democratically elected left-wing governments in
1313:
Klepper, Otto (July 1933). "Erinnerung an den 20. Juli 1932" [Memories of 20 July 1932].
822:
414:
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Interior Ministry and Franz von Papen's Deputy Reich Commissioner and Deputy Reich Chancellor:
410:
1501:
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Culture: Aloys Lammers, State Secretary in the Prussian Ministry of Science, Art and Education
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300:
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72:
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8:
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244:
200:
192:
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Agriculture: Fritz Mussehl, Ministerial Director in the Prussian Ministry of Agriculture
643:
1344:
1138:
661:
Public Welfare: Adolf Scheidt, Ministerial Director in the Prussian Ministry of Welfare
470:
344:
unite the central authorities of the Prussian state government with those of the Reich
1530:
1480:
1422:
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1255:
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1165:
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515:
Papen found an analogous justification for Prussia in the clashes culminating in the
810:
405:
The Free State of Prussia had been governed since 1920 by a stable coalition of the
1364:
kujau426.html "Mitte 1932: Niedergang der Weimarer Republik und Aufstieg der NSDAP"
711:
678:
567:
997:
400:
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belonged. The aim of the circle, often called the Luther League after its founder
1335:[Was a Defence against the "Prussian Strike" of 20 July 1932 Possible?].
684:
491:
487:
310:
275:
248:
196:
158:
128:
108:
874:
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Justice: Heinrich Hölscher, State Secretary in the Prussian Ministry of Justice
649:
Finance: Franz Schleusener, State Secretary in the Prussian Ministry of Finance
520:
501:
303:
had been the subject of discussion by the League for the Renewal of the Reich (
1625:
1061:[League for the Renewal of the Reich (Luther League), 1928–1933/34].
707:
576:
555:
334:
211:
790:
633:
600:
279:
1366:[Mid-1932: Decline of the Weimar Republic and Rise of the NSDAP].
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Commerce: Friedrich Ernst, Reich Commissioner for Banking Supervision in
608:
464:
314:
251:, then Reich Chancellor of Germany, replaced the legal government of the
122:
1348:
1332:
1146:
480:
431:
422:
381:
318:
207:
1317:(in German). Paris / Amsterdam: Leopold Schwarzschild. pp. 90 ff.
627:
Franz Bracht (far right, holding hat), Berlin, 1932 Reichstag election
562:
Otto Klepper reported a year later in an essay in the exile newspaper
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100(0) Schlüsseldokumente zur Deutschen Geschichte im 20. Jahrhundert
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Begrenzte Abhängigkeit. "Wirtschaft" und "Politik" im 20. Jahrhundert
509:
1479:] (in German). Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter. p. 170.
54:
The Emergency Decree of President von Hindenburg (Berlin, July 1932)
1333:"War eine Abwehr des "Preussenschlages" vom 20. Juli 1932 Möglich?"
1137:
958:[League for the Renewal of the Reich, Guiding Principles]
450:, although the Reich government did not concern itself with them.
384:, a lawyer and anti-democratic journalist. They did not favor the
294:
715:
706:). The petitioners included the State of Prussia, represented by
618:
447:
355:
1089:
Limited Dependence. "Economy" and "Politics" in the 20th Century
816:
505:
401:
Situation in Prussia after the state elections of 24 April 1932
385:
1602:[Decree of the Reich President ... of 20 July 1932].
1059:"Bund zur Erneuerung des Reiches (Luther-Bund), 1928–1933/34"
637:
604:
665:
299:
Since the late 1920s the relationship between the Reich and
1287:
Otto Klepper (1888–1957) – Deutscher Patriot und Weltbürger
735:
1421:] (in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
690:
787:
of the Reich president and the power of the Reichswehr."
1687:
Battles of the Political violence in Germany (1918–1933)
1600:"Verordnung des Reichspräsidenten ... Vom 20. Juli 1932"
1046:] (in German). Bonn: Ferd. Dümmlers. pp. 135 f.
870:§ 6. This Decree shall enter into force upon enactment.
262:
Papen had two rationales for the coup. One was that the
243:) took place on 20 July 1932, when Reich President
1292:] (in German). Munich: Oldenbourg. pp. 134 f.
1213:
Hindenburg. Herrschaft zwischen Hohenzollern und Hitler
695:
278:
and facilitating the centralization of the Reich under
1510:] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. pp. 121 f.
1091:] (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Campus Verlag.
1219:] (in German). Munich: Siedler. pp. 712 f.
1044:
Federalism, Regionalism and the Partition of Prussia
1040:
Föderalismus, Regionalismus und die Teilung Preußens
1027:] (in German). Berlin: C. Heymann. pp. 5 f.
928:
Scheuermann-Peilicke, Wolfgang (14 September 2014).
927:
486:
For this he had certain precedents. Reich President
453:
270:
The coup had the effect of weakening the federalist
1556:
Publications of the Institute for Political Science
1552:
Schriften des Instituts für Politische Wissenschaft
1164:(in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. pp. 457–461.
591:, and the commander of the protective police, the
354:The reform effort faced objections primarily from
1558:] (in German). Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.
1503:Geschichte des öffentlichen Rechts in Deutschland
1244:(in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. pp. 496 ff.
1217:Hindenburg. Rule between Hohenzollerns and Hitler
766:the commissioner's temporary work was completed.
317:, a former Reich chancellor and president of the
1623:
366:
1415:Weimars Ende: Bürgerkrieg und Politik 1930–1933
734:Georg Gottheiner, an administrative lawyer and
295:Discussions about a reorganization of the Reich
1419:Weimar's End: Civil War and Politics 1930–1933
1258:[The Act of Violence against Prussia]
619:Members of the first commissioner's government
1284:
603:, and Carl Freter, district administrator of
956:"Bund zur Erneuerung des Reiches, Leitsätze"
856:
850:
844:
838:
817:Text of the emergency decree of 20 July 1932
701:
495:
393:. Papen's long-term goal was to restore the
304:
228:
1529:] (in German). Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.
1470:
48:
1140:Constitution of the Free State of Prussia
796:
666:Reaction of the Prussian state government
1499:
622:
545:
519:of 17 July 1932 which involved the
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407:Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)
370:
1549:
1412:
1330:
1312:
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1159:
1056:
1018:
691:Legal proceedings: Prussia contra Reich
27:Takeover by German chancellor von Papen
14:
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855:, and in extenuating circumstances by
1520:
1466:
1464:
1408:
1406:
1361:
1326:
1324:
1188:[The 'German October' 1923].
1025:Reich reform and the state conference
750:Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution
541:
289:
238:
1657:1930s coups d'état and coup attempts
1266:(in German). 21 July 1932. p. 1
1210:
1057:Gelberg, Karl-Ulrich (3 July 2006).
991:
987:
985:
983:
981:
932:[The "Prussian Coup" 1932].
703:Staatsgerichtshof des Reichsgerichts
696:Request for a preliminary injunction
284:appointed chancellor in January 1933
725:
259:and restricted fundamental rights.
24:
1471:Neugebauer, Wolfgang, ed. (2001).
1461:
1403:
1321:
1178:
782:Political scientist and historian
773:
25:
1698:
1662:Politics of Free State of Prussia
1576:. 9 December 2010. Archived from
1240:Winkler, Heinrich August (1993).
1160:Winkler, Heinrich August (1993).
978:
742:
454:Papen's and Hindenburg's approach
391:constitution of the German Empire
1508:History of Public Law in Germany
1362:Funke, Hajo (23 February 2023).
1021:Reichsreform und Länderkonferenz
1019:Medicus, Franz Albrecht (1930).
427:Communist Party of Germany (KPD)
166:
151:
1647:Politics of the Weimar Republic
1592:
1562:
1550:Bracher, Karl Dietrich (1955).
1543:
1514:
1493:
1435:
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1306:
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1248:
1233:
1204:
1153:
898:
881:
306:Bund zur Erneuerung des Reiches
1285:von Pufendorf, Astrid (1997).
1192:(in German). 14 September 2014
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1012:
948:
921:
461:German National People's Party
100:Future restoration of monarchy
13:
1:
1449:(in German). 11 November 1932
1256:"Der Gewaltakt gegen Preußen"
1190:Deutsches Historisches Museum
1186:"Der 'deutsche Oktober' 1923"
934:Deutsches Historisches Museum
914:
674:Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold
367:Papen's idea of a 'New State'
326:disempowerment was proposed.
85:Growth of political extremism
1063:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
964:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
861:for not less than 3 months.
419:1932 Prussian state election
347:eliminate Prussia as a state
264:1932 Prussian state election
89:1932 Prussian state election
7:
1368:Norddeutsche Runkfunk (NDR)
805:was not until Adolf Hitler
474:Paul von Hindenburg in 1931
133:End of democracy in Prussia
10:
1703:
1574:www.plettenberg-lexikon.de
1500:Stolleis, Michael (1999).
930:"Der "Preußenschlag" 1932"
42:failure of Weimar Republic
1606:(in German). pp. 4–5
714:, and also the states of
224:1932 Prussian coup d'état
188:
183:
144:
139:
114:
104:
96:
79:
67:
59:
47:
39:
35:1932 Prussian coup d'état
34:
1652:German words and phrases
1331:Dierske, Ludwig (1970).
583:The Berlin police chief
490:of the SPD had issued a
240:[ˈpʁɔʏsənˌʃlaːk]
1337:Zeitschrift für Politik
1083:Scholl, Stefan (2015).
1038:Brecht, Arnold (1949).
823:Province of Brandenburg
636:, former Lord Mayor of
415:German Democratic Party
127:von Papen installed as
1521:Oeter, Stefan (1998).
1413:Blasius, Dirk (2005).
1211:Pyta, Wolfram (2007).
857:
851:
845:
839:
797:After the court ruling
763:
702:
628:
551:
496:
475:
425:won 162 seats and the
376:
305:
229:
121:Prussia brought under
1113:"Der "Preußenschlag""
784:Karl Dietrich Bracher
758:
626:
580:(protective police).
549:
473:
374:
253:Free State of Prussia
236:German pronunciation:
1264:Danziger Volksstimme
992:Holtmann, Everhard.
887:The conditions in a
807:seized power in 1933
517:Altona Bloody Sunday
309:), a group to which
247:, at the request of
1677:Paul von Hindenburg
597:Magnus Heimannsberg
550:Carl Severing, 1919
532:Weimar Constitution
386:National Socialists
257:Kurt von Schleicher
245:Paul von Hindenburg
201:Kurt von Schleicher
193:Paul von Hindenburg
1580:on 25 January 2022
1351:– via JSTOR.
629:
552:
542:Course of the coup
476:
423:Nazi Party (NSDAP)
377:
290:Historical context
1672:Conflicts in 1932
1536:978-3-16-146885-8
1486:978-3-11-014092-7
1315:Das Neue Tagebuch
1226:978-3-88680-865-6
1098:978-3-593-50289-2
825:of 20 July 1932:
585:Albert Grzesinski
421:of 24 April, the
220:
219:
179:
178:
16:(Redirected from
1694:
1667:July 1932 events
1642:1930s in Prussia
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
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1566:
1560:
1559:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1497:
1491:
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1468:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1447:Das Bundesarchiv
1439:
1433:
1432:
1410:
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1394:
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1318:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1261:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1242:Weimar 1918–1933
1237:
1231:
1230:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1162:Weimar 1918–1933
1157:
1151:
1150:
1144:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1080:
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1069:
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1048:
1047:
1035:
1029:
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1016:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1000:on 17 March 2016
989:
976:
975:
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946:
945:
943:
941:
925:
908:
902:
896:
885:
860:
854:
848:
842:
726:Oral proceedings
712:Prussian Landtag
705:
679:Great Depression
644:Heinrich Brüning
568:Wilhelm von Gayl
499:
308:
242:
237:
232:
171:
170:
169:
157:
155:
154:
146:
145:
52:
32:
31:
21:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1682:Franz von Papen
1637:1932 in Germany
1622:
1621:
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1609:
1607:
1598:
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1593:
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1227:
1209:
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1184:
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1119:
1117:bundesarchiv.de
1111:
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939:
937:
926:
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911:
903:
899:
886:
882:
819:
799:
776:
774:Public reaction
745:
728:
698:
693:
685:Joseph Goebbels
668:
621:
564:The New Journal
544:
497:Reichsexekution
492:Reich execution
488:Friedrich Ebert
456:
409:, the Catholic
403:
375:Franz von Papen
369:
297:
292:
276:Weimar Republic
249:Franz von Papen
235:
216:
215:
210:
204:
199:
197:Franz von Papen
195:
175:
167:
165:
161:
152:
150:
129:Reichskommissar
109:Reichsexekution
75:
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1700:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
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1649:
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1617:
1591:
1570:"Carl Schmitt"
1561:
1542:
1535:
1513:
1492:
1485:
1460:
1434:
1427:
1402:
1354:
1343:(3): 220–221.
1320:
1305:
1299:978-3486562415
1298:
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1011:
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947:
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910:
909:
897:
879:
878:
875:von Schleicher
818:
815:
811:Hermann Göring
798:
795:
775:
772:
744:
743:Court decision
741:
727:
724:
697:
694:
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689:
667:
664:
663:
662:
659:
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653:
650:
647:
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620:
617:
543:
540:
502:German October
455:
452:
417:(DDP). In the
402:
399:
368:
365:
352:
351:
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345:
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296:
293:
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218:
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180:
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149:
142:
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137:
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131:
125:
118:Reich victory
116:
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106:
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101:
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36:
26:
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1474:
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1438:
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1428:9783525362792
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1409:
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1339:(in German).
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732:
723:
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713:
709:
708:Arnold Brecht
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612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
589:Bernhard Weiß
587:, his deputy
586:
581:
579:
578:
577:Schutzpolizei
571:
569:
565:
560:
557:
556:Carl Severing
548:
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338:
336:
335:Arnold Brecht
331:
327:
324:
320:
316:
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307:
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287:
285:
282:after he was
281:
277:
273:
268:
265:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
241:
233:
231:
230:Preußenschlag
225:
214:
213:
212:Carl Severing
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51:
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43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
18:Preußenschlag
1608:. Retrieved
1603:
1594:
1582:. Retrieved
1578:the original
1573:
1564:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1507:
1502:
1495:
1476:
1472:
1451:. Retrieved
1446:
1437:
1418:
1414:
1372:. Retrieved
1367:
1357:
1340:
1336:
1314:
1308:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1268:. Retrieved
1263:
1250:
1241:
1235:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1194:. Retrieved
1189:
1180:
1161:
1155:
1145:– via
1139:
1132:
1120:. Retrieved
1116:
1107:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1066:. Retrieved
1062:
1052:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1002:. Retrieved
998:the original
968:. Retrieved
963:
950:
938:. Retrieved
933:
923:
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900:
892:
888:
883:
872:
869:
866:
863:
836:
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791:Carl Schmitt
789:
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777:
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764:
759:
754:
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733:
729:
699:
683:
672:
669:
634:Franz Bracht
613:
601:East Prussia
593:Centre Party
592:
582:
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563:
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485:
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411:Centre Party
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332:
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298:
280:Adolf Hitler
272:Constitution
269:
261:
227:
223:
221:
206:
191:
184:Lead figures
159:German Reich
63:20 July 1932
29:
1632:1932 in law
1370:(in German)
966:(in German)
936:(in German)
609:Brandenburg
595:politician
465:Hanns Kerrl
444:Württemberg
315:Hans Luther
123:direct rule
115:Resulted in
1626:Categories
1393:|url=
1147:Wikisource
915:References
646:'s cabinet
528:Article 48
481:Reichswehr
432:Otto Braun
382:Edgar Jung
319:Reichsbank
208:Otto Braun
1584:22 August
1196:22 August
1068:22 August
1004:22 August
905:Zuchthaus
893:Zuchthaus
889:Gefängnis
858:Gefängnis
852:Zuchthaus
846:Zuchthaus
840:Gefängnis
510:Thuringia
323:Reichstag
311:von Papen
80:Caused by
1384:cite web
1349:24224965
970:25 March
940:2 August
413:and the
68:Location
40:Part of
1395:value (
716:Bavaria
530:of the
521:Nazi SA
448:Hamburg
356:Bavaria
301:Prussia
274:of the
173:Prussia
140:Parties
105:Methods
73:Prussia
1610:30 May
1533:
1483:
1453:26 May
1425:
1391:Check
1374:20 May
1347:
1296:
1270:17 May
1223:
1168:
1142:
1122:17 May
1095:
506:Saxony
436:Saxony
156:
1554:[
1525:[
1506:[
1475:[
1417:[
1345:JSTOR
1289:[
1260:(PDF)
1215:[
1087:[
1042:[
1023:[
960:(PDF)
809:that
720:Baden
638:Essen
605:Calau
440:Hesse
97:Goals
1612:2023
1586:2022
1531:ISBN
1481:ISBN
1455:2023
1423:ISBN
1397:help
1376:2023
1294:ISBN
1272:2023
1221:ISBN
1198:2022
1166:ISBN
1124:2023
1093:ISBN
1070:2022
1006:2022
972:2016
942:2024
736:DNVP
718:and
508:and
446:and
222:The
60:Date
752:).
607:in
226:or
1628::
1572:.
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1382:{{
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494:(
234:(
20:)
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