1058:, was used to identify the year in relation to others. The sequence of years was matched to a list of names that could be consulted. Instead of citing a numbered year, one could locate a year in time by saying that some event occurred "when X. was archon". That allowed the years to be ordered back in time for a number of generations into the past, but there was no way of dating forward beyond ordinary human reckoning (as in expressions such as "ten years from now").
946:, a comedy from 423 BC, contains a speech whose complaint is brought from the Moon: the Athenians have been playing round with the months, "running them up and down" so that human activity and the divine order are completely out of kilter: "When you should be holding sacrifices, instead you are torturing and judging." A situation is known to have applied in the 2nd century BC, when the festival calendar was so out of sync with the actual cycles of the moon that the
2565:
2555:
538:
these were often phrased as "the third over ten" and so forth. In the wings of the month, the numbered days ran 2–10 and then 10–2. Days in these sections were distinguished from each other by adding the participle "waxing" and "waning" to the month name. In the centre of the month with its unambiguous numbering there was no need for this, though later the term "of the middling month" was used. The final day of the month was called
186:"), leading to a leap year with about 384 days in it. The extra month was achieved by repeating an existing month so that the same month name was used twice in a row. The sixth month, Poseideon, is most frequently mentioned as the month that was repeated; however months 1, 2, 7, and 8 (Hekatombaiōn, Metageitniōn, Gameliōn, and Anthesteriōn) are also attested as being doubled.
293:, the sacrifice of a "hundred oxen" held on the final night of the Panathenaia. More often than not, the festival providing the month name is minor or obsolete. For instance, the second month, Metageitnion, is named after a cult title of the god Apollo, but there is no trace of a festival bearing the name. The same goes for months 5 and 6, Maimakterion and Poseideon.
525:
The months were 29 or 30 days in length, loosely in alternation, since the Moon orbits the Earth in roughly 29.5 days. However, rather than following a set scheme (such as the popular rhyme "Thirty days hath
September..."), the duration of each month was declared just before month's end in an attempt
78:
Although relatively abundant, the evidence for the Attic calendar is still patchy and often contested. As it was well known in Athens and of little use outside Attica, no contemporary source set out to describe the system as a whole. Further, even during the well-sourced 5th and 4th centuries BC, the
874:
The political months had no name but were numbered and given in conjunction with the name of the presiding tribe (which, as determined by lot at the expiry of their predecessors' term, gave no clue as to the time of year). The days were numbered with a straightforward sequence, running from 1 to the
866:
In the
Macedonian period (307/306 – 224/223 BC), with twelve tribes (and the prytanies), evidence shows that the month and the prytany were not coterminous and that, in general, the six first prytanies had 30 days and the last six had 29 days and that in an intercalary year, the 384 days are equally
870:
In the
Thirteen Phylai period (224/223 – 201/200 BC), it would be expected that in an intercalary year prytanies and months must have been fairly evenly matched and that in an ordinary year, the conciliar year was made up of three prytanies of 28 days followed by ten prytanies of 27 days, but there
838:
From several synchronized datings that survive, it is evident that the political and the festival years did not have to begin or end on the same days. The political new year is attested 15 days either way from the start of the festival year. The system is known from the 420s; whether it had been in
308:
four of the same month names were in use, namely
Thargelion, Metageitnion, Boedromion and Pyanepsion, and the last of these even occupied the same position as month four in both communities. Traditionally, these Ionian cities were founded by colonists from Attica (perhaps around 1050 BC). It may be
816:
after 506 BC was to distribute citizens under a new system of ten tribes to try to ensure even participation across the whole community. From then on, ten became a kind of hallmark number for the democracy, as so much citizen activity was done through the ten tribes. (For instance, the 10 generals
537:
or new moon, a name used in virtually every Greek calendar. From there the days were numbered up to the 20th day. For the final third of the month the numbering turned around to do a countdown from ten to the last day. Only the middle phase had numbers for the days running higher than 10 and even
962:
A third calendar regulating
Athenian lives was solar or seasonal. As such, it was fundamental for seasonal activities like farming and sailing. Within the broad divisions of the seasons, it relied on star risings and settings to mark more precise points in time. Star risings are the days when
1027:
This system would have been fundamental to an individual's sense of the advancing year, but it barely intersected with the festival or state calendars. They were more civic in character and required managing to maintain their coherence with the year of the seasons. The seasonal and
205:(known to be active in 432 BC), could have been used to pattern the insertion of leap years to keep the lunar and solar years aligned with some accuracy. There is, however, no sign that any such system was in fact used in Athens, whose calendar seems to have been administered on an
95:, it was determined locally and with a degree of variability. In many years, the months in the two communities would have more or less coincided, but there is no sign that they tried to keep the days of the month exactly aligned, as they would have seen no reason to do so.
886:. If possible, assembly meetings were not held on festival days, including the monthly festival days clustered at the start of each month. As a result, the meetings were bunched slightly toward the end of the month and made to dodge especially the larger festivals.
824:), which played an important role in the administration of the city. For one tenth of the year, each tribal fifty was on duty, with a third of them in the council chamber at all times as an executive committee for the state. Their period of office was known as a '
1020:. They were stone or wooden tablets listing a sequence of astronomical events, each with a peg hole beside it. Lines of bare peg holes were used to count the "empty days" between what were taken as the significant celestial events. Often set up in town squares (
628:
Rather than considering the month as a simple duration of thirty days, the three-part numbering scheme focuses on the Moon itself. In particular the waning days 10–2 and the waxing days 2–10 frame the crucial moment where the moon vanishes and then reappears.
998:
were not viewed by Greeks as dividing the year into four even blocks but rather spring and autumn were shorter tail sections of the overarching seasons, summer and winter. The divisions could be formalised by using star risings or settings in relation to the
106:, where the calendar shared four out of twelve month-names with Athens, but not in the same places in the year. There, even though the island was under some degree of Athenian control from around 479 to 314 BC, the year started, as with the Boeotians, at
803:
When a month was to last 29 instead of 30 days (a "hollow" month), the last day of the month ("the old and new") was pulled back by one day. That is to say, the "second day of the waning month" (the 29th in straight sequence) was renamed as month's end.
178:
one) removes any relation between the months and the seasons, causing the months to creep backwards over the seasons. By tying the start of their year to the summer solstice
Athenians forced the months to relate, with some elasticity, to the seasons.
621:
Monthly and annual festivals were not usually allowed to fall on the same days so every festival month had an opening phase with exactly recurrent practices and celebrations while in the body of each month was a unique schedule of festival days.
162:
The new year would then begin on the day after the first sliver of the new moon was seen (or presumed to be seen). However, because the relation of these two events, solstice and new moon, is variable, the date of the new year (in relation to a
545:
Athenian festivals were divided between the 80 or so annually recurring celebrations and a set of monthly holy days clustered around the beginning of each month. They were often the birthdays of gods, the Greeks thinking of
91:, the months had different names, and the year even began in midwinter. In Athens, the year began six months later, just after midsummer. Furthermore, while Greek months were supposed to begin with the first sighting of the
118:
Athenians lived under a number of simultaneous calendars that were used to fix days for different purposes. How much each calendar meant to individuals probably depended on how they lived. They may be set out as follows:
279:. While the month-naming festivals of Pyanepsia, Thargelia and Skira were relatively important, some of the grandest celebrations in the life of the city are not recognised in the name of the month. Examples are the
1050:
The modern calendar, as well as regulating the immediate year, is part of a system of chronology that allows events to be dated far into the future and the past so a given date includes day, month and year.
182:
In order to deal with the 11-day difference between 12 lunar months and 1 solar cycle, when it was judged that the months had slid back enough (roughly every three years), an extra month was inserted ("
936:
in the shadow of the holy month of
Karneios when fighting was banned, decided to freeze the calendar to add some extra days of war. However, their allies rejected the rearrangement and went home.
260:. More commonly, the god appears in the form of a cult title. (A cult title is the name or aspect under which a god was worshipped at a particular festival.) Examples are Maimakterion, named after
987:
rises (an event which elsewhere is set to mark the end of spring). Such a system was part of general Greek tradition, but fitted to local geography and conditions. Hesiod also uses the rising of
533:
Each month was divided into three phases of ten days associated with the waxing moon, the full moon and the waning moon. The naming of the days was complex. The first day of the month was simply
87:
The Attic calendar was an exclusively local phenomenon, used to regulate the internal affairs of the
Athenians, with little relevance to the outside world. For example, just across the border in
1061:
There was, for instance, no use of a century divided into decades. A four-year cycle was important, which must have helped structure a sense of the passing years: at Athens, the festival of the
863:
into the festival calendar, the political months were probably lengthened to 39 and 38 days, a method that would have maintained the balance between the tribes. Evidence, however, is lacking.
1054:
By contrast, the Attic calendar had little interest in ordering the sequence of years. As in other Greek cities, the name of one of the yearly magistrates, at Athens known as the eponymous
1068:
As both narrowly local and cyclical in focus then, the calendar did not provide a means for dating events in a comprehensible way between cities. A dating system using the four-yearly
831:
In the 5th century, the calendar was solar-based by using a year of 365 or 366 days and paying no attention at all to the phases of the moon. One likely arrangement is that the ten
920:, four days were inserted between Elaphebolion 9 and 10, putting the calendar on hold. Presumably, it was to gain extra rehearsal time for the festival with its performances of
785:
The 21st day: "the later tenth". The Attic month had three days named "tenth" (equivalent in a straight sequence to the 10th, 20th, and 21st days). These were distinguished as
542:, "the old and the new". Peculiar to Athens, this name presents the day as bridging the two moons or months. Elsewhere in Greece this day was usually called the 30th.
901:
The Attic calendar was determined on the ground, month by month and year by year, in the light of immediate concerns, political or military. It was in the control of
550:
as a monthly rather than a yearly recurrence. Every month, days 1–4 and 6–8 were all sacred to particular gods or divine entities, amounting to some 60 days a year:
889:
A date under this calendar might run "the 33rd day in the 3rd prytany, that of the tribe
Erechtheis", the style used in Athenian state documents (surviving only as
820:
This decimal ordering extended to the creation of a supplementary calendar with ten months. Each year, each tribe contributed 50 members to the council of 500 (
98:
The divide between these neighbouring calendars perhaps reflected the traditional hostility between the two communities. Had the
Boeotians been speakers of an
835:
were divided between six months of 37 days followed by four months of 36 days. That would be parallel to the arrangement in the 4th century explained below.
812:
As Ionians, the Athenians had always been divided into four tribes. Although the tribes were never abolished, one of the key reforms at the creation of
800:
This strange juxtapositioning of the two days called the tenth, the earlier and the later, further highlighted the shift into the moon's waning phase.
2150:
1116:
1797:
625:
A parallel function of this calendar was the positioning of the perhaps 15 or so forbidden days on which business should not be transacted.
447:
2415:
245:
had links with different stages of the agricultural cycle, such as festivals of planting or harvest. It perhaps added to the need to keep
226:
role, they encompassed a much broader range of activities than the word "religious" suggests and were central to the life of the city.
975:
during hours of darkness first appear after sunset. Different star risings were keyed to various farm tasks, such as when to harvest:
1065:
was celebrated on a grander scale every fourth year as the Great Panathenaia, but that was not used as the basis of a dating system.
844:
842:
However, in 407 BC the two calendars were synchronized to start and end on the same days. Hereafter as described in the 4th century
909:. How heavyhanded the interference was is controversial. Some scholars believe that if a festival date fell on a day needed for an
189:
Various cycles were in existence for working out exactly which years needed to add a thirteenth month. A nineteen-year cycle, the
79:
calendar underwent changes, not all perfectly understood. As such, any account given of it must be a tentative reconstruction.
950:
date was sometimes given under two headings, one "according to the god", apparently the Moon, and the other "according to the
275:
Of all of the months, only the eighth, Anthesterion, was named directly after the major festival celebrated in its month, the
1217:
253:
roughly aligned, though this was not always achieved. The farming year, however, was not the primary focus of the calendar.
2604:
1942:
174:. Because 12 lunar months are approximately 11 days shorter than a solar year, using a purely lunar calendar (such as the
1355:
2233:
1036:
could date by the rising of Arcturus without having to wade into the confusion of disconnected city-state calendars.
1892:
241:
prototypes, for instance, the months were named after the main agricultural activity practised in that month. Many
817:
leading the 10 regiments, the 10 sets of public arbitrators, the 10 treasurers of the Delian league and so on.)
1209:
1144:
632:
A date under this scheme might be "the third (day) of Thargelion waning", meaning the 28th day of Thargelion.
102:, the one spoken in Athens, there would have been overlap in the names of months. An example is the island of
2599:
2238:
2176:
1969:
1080:(born c. 350 BC) as a tool for historical research, but it was probably never important on a local level.
123:
A lunisolar festival calendar of 12 months based on the cycle of the moon and accommodating the solar year
2589:
2076:
1404:
860:
183:
2410:
2215:
2051:
1560:
2180:
910:
879:
304:(along the western coastline of modern Turkey) often share month names with Athens. For instance, at
17:
309:
then that the Athenian month names refer to a festival schedule some hundreds of years out of date.
2113:
1656:
1597:
159:. Ideally, the solstice would occur toward the end of Skirophorion, the final month of the year.
2594:
2061:
1930:
1348:
1095:
1089:
906:
72:
1493:
229:
The Athenian months were named after gods and festivals. In this the calendar differed from the
1887:
1511:
1003:: for instance, winter is defined in one medical text as the period between the setting of the
821:
2497:
1203:
2526:
2521:
2514:
2288:
1750:
991:
to mark the ending of winter and marks the start of Spring with the coming of the sparrows.
2395:
2278:
2103:
2011:
1629:
1523:
1439:
925:
916:
There is clear evidence that it was done later. In Athens in 271 BC, just before the Great
530:. The short months of 29 days were known as "hollow" and the ones with 30 days as "full".
8:
2477:
2248:
2210:
2046:
1996:
1846:
1824:
1819:
1765:
1695:
1663:
1077:
933:
238:
2568:
2385:
2283:
2006:
1984:
1949:
1920:
1725:
1705:
1424:
1419:
1383:
1341:
1109:
947:
929:
813:
566:
318:
269:
242:
219:
171:
164:
127:
53:
871:
is strong evidence that the first prytany had usually 27 days. (Meritt, 1961: Ch.VII)
2558:
2425:
2420:
2166:
2118:
2056:
2036:
1851:
1802:
1772:
1710:
1673:
1668:
1614:
1577:
1518:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1409:
1213:
1140:
893:). Sometimes, however, a dating in terms of the festival calendar is added as well.
317:
The correlation suggested here between the Athenian months and those of the modern (
2405:
2145:
2135:
2031:
1836:
1831:
1760:
1720:
1700:
1690:
1646:
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1545:
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1506:
1434:
1414:
591:
175:
2435:
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2225:
2190:
2140:
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2016:
2001:
1937:
1925:
1915:
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1792:
1782:
1715:
1678:
1619:
1582:
1535:
1530:
1105:
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1014:
was extended by astronomical research to the creation of star calendars known as
321:) calendar is loose, and, in some years, it might have been off by over a month.
107:
1989:
30:"Poseideon" redirects here. It may also refer to places named in his name, like
2400:
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2123:
2108:
2066:
2041:
1979:
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1856:
1809:
1787:
1777:
1683:
1651:
1636:
1604:
1587:
1555:
1429:
1388:
1378:
1101:
913:
meeting, an extra day could be inserted by simply repeating the same day name.
250:
246:
194:
61:
56:
beginning in midsummer with the lunar month of Hekatombaion, in use in ancient
2583:
2128:
2081:
2071:
2026:
2021:
1866:
1841:
1814:
1755:
1738:
1609:
1592:
1473:
1444:
1029:
968:
190:
99:
31:
2509:
2465:
2440:
2315:
2243:
1733:
939:
38:
287:
are only indirectly recognised in Hekatombaion (month 1), named after the
2445:
2371:
2340:
2335:
2253:
1743:
1330:, 2nd edition, 1996: Calendar, Meton, Euctemon, Time reckoning, Birthday.
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Greek and Roman Calendars: Constructions of Time in the Classical World
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301:
1308:
The Athenian Year Primer: Attic Time-Reckoning and the Julian Calendar
1151:
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1287:
Greek and Roman Calendars: Constructions of Time in the Ancient World
1016:
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One of the main roles of the civic calendar was to position the four
587:
71:
because of Athens's cultural importance, but it is only one of many
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92:
37:"Hekatombaion" redirects here. For the town of ancient Achaea, see
2086:
1024:), the tablets put the progression of the year on public display.
256:
At Athens month 6, Poseideon, took its name directly from the god
1073:
1000:
972:
921:
883:
832:
825:
615:
597:
305:
88:
218:
The first function of this calendar was to set the days for the
1055:
995:
976:
951:
839:
place from the beginning of the ten-month system is not clear.
604:
583:
572:
265:
134:
57:
170:
This linking of solar and lunar years defines the calendar as
2320:
1205:
Caesar's Calendar: Ancient Time and the Beginnings of History
1021:
297:
234:
198:
103:
64:
1333:
526:
to latch the first of the following month onto the upcoming
2450:
1032:
calendar, on the other hand, was immune to interference so
964:
261:
151:
The year was meant to begin with the first sighting of the
233:
models that lie behind all Greek lunar calendars. In the
928:. A similar story comes from the 5th century BC but at
1301:The Sacred and Civil Calendar of the Athenian Year
2581:
141:
855:Months 5–10 lasted 35 days (38 in leap years?)
1349:
852:Months 1–4 lasted 36 days (39 in leap years?)
1201:
2554:
1356:
1342:
1280:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik
765:To summarise the days with special names.
1195:
113:
1161:
1010:The older tradition as seen in Hesiod's
848:the civic year was arranged as follows:
137:using star risings to fix points in time
1139:. Bristol Classical Press. p. 45.
791:20th: "the earlier tenth" (i.e. waning)
788:10th: "the tenth (of the month) waxing"
283:held in Elaphebolion (month 9) and the
14:
2582:
1134:
264:("the rager") and Metageitnion, after
1337:
983:urges the farmer to harvest when the
875:total number of days for that month.
794:21st: "the later tenth" (i.e. waning)
130:state calendar of 10 arbitrary months
1313:Pritchett, W. K. and O. Neugebauer.
957:
520:
167:date) could move by up to a month.
24:
867:subdivided. (Meritt, 1961: Ch.VI)
213:
25:
2616:
954:", the festival calendar itself.
807:
312:
60:, the ancestral territory of the
2564:
2563:
2553:
1202:Denis Feeney (1 December 2008).
1045:
146:
2416:English and British regnal year
896:
636:Names of the days of the month
634:
1282:), 1999, p. 123, 213–231.
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1233:
1210:University of California Press
1182:
1170:
1155:
1128:
82:
13:
1:
1363:
1122:
859:In years with an extra month
845:Constitution of the Athenians
142:Festival calendar (lunisolar)
67:. It is sometimes called the
133:An agricultural calendar of
7:
2605:Festivals in ancient Athens
1328:Oxford Classical Dictionary
1324:, Muenchen: Beck'sche, 1972
1276:Tampering with the Calendar
1083:
932:: the Argives, launching a
10:
2621:
1322:Greek and Roman Chronology
1261:
1038:
36:
29:
2549:
2490:
2354:
2308:
2297:
2267:
2224:
2159:
1962:
1908:
1875:
1469:
1458:
1397:
1371:
1162:Mikalson, Jon D. (1975).
1072:was devised by the Greek
971:that have been below the
882:meetings to be held each
782:, the "old and the new".
471:
420:
373:
326:
1484:Assamese (Bhāshkarābda)
1315:The Calendars of Athens
1310:. Washington D.C. 2021.
1135:Hannah, Robert (2005).
1096:ancient Greek calendars
1090:Ancient Greek astronomy
73:ancient Greek calendars
2515:Dungeons & Dragons
1921:Ethiopian and Eritrean
1164:Ancient Greek Religion
1112:, which succeeded them
114:More than one calendar
2527:The Lord of the Rings
2234:Hanke–Henry Permanent
1039:Further information:
296:The calendars of the
374:Autumn (Φθινόπωρον)
2600:Lunisolar calendars
2239:International Fixed
2177:Proleptic Gregorian
1798:Slavic Native Faith
1255:Thucydides, 2.78.2.
1110:Byzantine calendars
934:punitive expedition
637:
220:religious festivals
197:by the astronomers
193:, was developed in
2590:Obsolete calendars
1909:Christian variants
1303:. Princeton, 1975.
828:' or state month.
635:
402:November/December
369:September/October
243:Athenian festivals
54:lunisolar calendar
27:Lunisolar calendar
2577:
2576:
2559:List of calendars
2486:
2485:
2185:historiographical
2052:French Republican
1958:
1957:
1716:Manipuri (Meitei)
1296:. Berkeley, 1961.
1294:The Athenian Year
1219:978-0-520-25801-3
958:Seasonal calendar
763:
762:
521:Days of the month
518:
517:
435:January/February
416:December/January
388:October/November
355:August/September
155:after the summer
50:Athenian calendar
16:(Redirected from
2612:
2567:
2566:
2557:
2556:
2421:Human (Holocene)
2406:Chinese Imperial
2306:
2305:
2226:Reform proposals
2181:Proleptic Julian
1943:Eastern Orthodox
1573:Germanic heathen
1551:Earthly Branches
1467:
1466:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1335:
1334:
1320:Samuel, Alan E.
1299:Mikalson, J. D.
1256:
1253:
1247:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1199:
1193:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1132:
1007:and the spring.
638:
324:
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21:
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2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2580:
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2545:
2482:
2436:Nirayana system
2362:Ab urbe condita
2350:
2302:
2300:
2293:
2272:
2270:
2263:
2220:
2171:anthropological
2155:
1954:
1938:Liturgical year
1904:
1871:
1463:
1461:
1454:
1393:
1367:
1362:
1317:. Athens, 1947.
1306:Planeaux, C.S.
1289:. London, 2005.
1271:. Oxford, 1985.
1264:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1238:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1212:. p. 195.
1200:
1196:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1160:
1156:
1147:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1115:Attic Calendar
1086:
1048:
1043:
1041:Heliacal rising
960:
905:, who were not
899:
810:
769:The first day:
565:Day 2: Agathos
523:
453:February/March
421:Winter (Χεῖμα)
327:Summer (Θέρος)
315:
251:solar calendars
216:
214:Names of months
210:
149:
144:
116:
85:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2618:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2595:Ancient Athens
2592:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2561:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2531:
2519:
2507:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2411:Chinese Minguo
2408:
2403:
2401:Before Present
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2310:
2303:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1898:Calendar round
1895:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1556:Heavenly Stems
1553:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1292:Meritt, B. D.
1290:
1283:
1272:
1269:Greek Religion
1263:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1248:
1244:On the Regimen
1232:
1218:
1194:
1188:Aristophanes.
1181:
1169:
1154:
1145:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1117:Date Converter
1113:
1098:
1092:
1085:
1082:
1047:
1044:
1012:Works and Days
981:Works and Days
969:constellations
959:
956:
898:
895:
857:
856:
853:
809:
808:State calendar
806:
798:
797:
796:
795:
792:
789:
783:
778:The last day:
776:
775:, or new moon.
761:
760:
757:
754:
750:
749:
746:
743:
739:
738:
735:
732:
728:
727:
724:
721:
717:
716:
713:
710:
706:
705:
702:
699:
695:
694:
691:
688:
684:
683:
680:
677:
673:
672:
669:
666:
662:
661:
658:
655:
649:
648:
645:
642:
619:
618:
608:
601:
594:
576:
569:
563:
522:
519:
516:
515:
512:
506:
502:
501:
498:
492:
488:
487:
484:
478:
474:
473:
469:
468:
465:
459:
455:
454:
451:
441:
437:
436:
433:
427:
423:
422:
418:
417:
414:
408:
404:
403:
400:
399:(Μαιμακτηριών)
394:
390:
389:
386:
380:
376:
375:
371:
370:
367:
361:
357:
356:
353:
352:(Μεταγειτνιών)
347:
343:
342:
339:
333:
329:
328:
314:
313:List of months
311:
281:Great Dionysia
215:
212:
148:
145:
143:
140:
139:
138:
131:
124:
115:
112:
84:
81:
69:Greek calendar
46:Attic calendar
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2617:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2570:
2562:
2560:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2386:Anno Martyrum
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2301:and numbering
2296:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2216:'Pataphysical
2214:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1985:Tōnalpōhualli
1983:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1739:Vikram Samvat
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1593:Vikram Samvat
1591:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1252:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1198:
1191:
1185:
1178:
1173:
1166:. p. 24.
1165:
1158:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1127:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1046:Dating events
1042:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1002:
997:
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
914:
912:
908:
904:
894:
892:
887:
885:
881:
876:
872:
868:
864:
862:
854:
851:
850:
849:
847:
846:
840:
836:
834:
829:
827:
823:
818:
815:
805:
801:
793:
790:
787:
786:
784:
781:
777:
774:
773:
768:
767:
766:
759:old and new
758:
755:
752:
751:
747:
744:
741:
740:
736:
733:
730:
729:
725:
722:
719:
718:
714:
711:
708:
707:
703:
700:
697:
696:
692:
689:
686:
685:
681:
678:
675:
674:
670:
667:
664:
663:
659:
656:
654:
651:
650:
646:
643:
640:
639:
633:
630:
626:
623:
617:
613:
609:
606:
602:
599:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
574:
570:
568:
564:
561:
557:
553:
552:
551:
549:
543:
541:
536:
531:
529:
513:
511:(Σκιροφοριών)
510:
507:
504:
503:
499:
496:
493:
490:
489:
485:
482:
479:
476:
475:
472:Spring (Ἔαρ)
470:
466:
464:(Ἐλαφηβολιών)
463:
460:
457:
456:
452:
449:
445:
442:
439:
438:
434:
431:
428:
425:
424:
419:
415:
412:
409:
406:
405:
401:
398:
395:
392:
391:
387:
384:
381:
378:
377:
372:
368:
365:
362:
359:
358:
354:
351:
348:
345:
344:
340:
338:(Ἑκατομβαιών)
337:
334:
331:
330:
325:
322:
320:
310:
307:
303:
299:
294:
292:
291:
286:
282:
278:
273:
271:
268:as helper of
267:
263:
259:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
227:
225:
221:
211:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
191:Metonic cycle
187:
185:
180:
177:
173:
168:
166:
160:
158:
154:
147:Intercalation
136:
132:
129:
125:
122:
121:
120:
111:
109:
105:
101:
100:Ionic dialect
96:
94:
90:
80:
76:
74:
70:
66:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
40:
33:
32:Ras al-Bassit
19:
2537:
2525:
2522:Middle-earth
2513:
2501:
2271:applications
2269:Displays and
2179: /
2160:By specialty
2129:
1990:Xiuhpōhualli
1974:
1888:Mesoamerican
1734:Nepal Sambat
1405:Astronomical
1327:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1275:
1274:Dunn, F. M.
1268:
1267:Burkert, W.
1251:
1243:
1235:
1223:. Retrieved
1204:
1197:
1189:
1184:
1172:
1163:
1157:
1136:
1130:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1049:
1026:
1015:
1011:
1009:
993:
980:
961:
943:
940:Aristophanes
938:
915:
900:
897:Manipulation
891:inscriptions
888:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:intercalated
858:
843:
841:
837:
830:
819:
811:
802:
799:
780:henē kai nea
779:
770:
764:
756:earlier 10th
647:Moon waning
631:
627:
624:
620:
544:
540:henē kai nea
539:
534:
532:
524:
509:Skirophoriōn
508:
494:
480:
467:March/April
462:Elaphēboliōn
461:
444:Anthestēriōn
443:
429:
410:
397:Maimakteriōn
396:
382:
366:(Βοηδρομιών)
363:
350:Metageitniōn
349:
341:July/August
336:Hekatombaiōn
335:
316:
295:
288:
274:
255:
231:Mesopotamian
228:
217:
206:
188:
184:intercalated
181:
169:
161:
150:
117:
97:
86:
77:
68:
49:
45:
43:
39:Hecatombaeon
2372:Anno Domini
2341:Regnal year
2336:Regnal name
2309:Terminology
2299:Year naming
2254:Symmetry454
2104:Pentecontad
2027:Culāsakaraj
2012:Cappadocian
1744:Yele Sambat
1630:Zoroastrian
1524:Bangladeshi
1462:limited use
1440:Solar Hijri
1435:Lunar Hijri
1398:In wide use
1285:Hannah, R.
1240:Hippocrates
1063:Panathenaia
963:particular
907:astronomers
903:magistrates
753:10th waxing
748:2nd waning
737:3rd waning
726:4th waning
715:5th waning
704:6th waning
693:7th waning
682:8th waning
671:9th waning
660:later 10th
641:Moon waxing
607:'s Birthday
575:'s Birthday
497:(Θαργηλιών)
483:(Μουνυχιών)
448:Ἀνθεστηριών
413:(Ποσειδεών)
385:(Πυανεψιών)
285:Panathenaia
277:Anthesteria
224:county fair
83:Local focus
2584:Categories
2478:Vietnamese
2391:Anno Mundi
2381:Anno Lucis
2376:Common Era
2279:Electronic
2249:Positivist
2211:Discordian
2201:Dreamspell
2136:Sexagenary
2077:Macedonian
2047:Florentine
1997:Babylonian
1963:Historical
1893:Long Count
1847:Vietnamese
1803:Macedonian
1766:Nanakshahi
1696:Lithuanian
1566:Solar term
1225:16 October
1192:, 615–626.
1177:Thucydides
1146:0715633015
1123:References
1076:historian
1034:Thucydides
1017:parapegmas
742:9th waxing
731:8th waxing
720:7th waxing
709:6th waxing
698:5th waxing
687:4th waxing
676:3rd waxing
665:2nd waxing
600:' Birthday
514:June/July
495:Thargēliōn
486:April/May
481:Mounuchiōn
432:(Γαμηλιών)
383:Pyanepsiōn
364:Boedromiōn
302:Asia Minor
300:cities of
239:Babylonian
128:democratic
2539:Star Trek
2503:Discworld
2498:Discworld
2491:Fictional
2367:Anka year
2346:Year zero
2326:Leap year
2284:Perpetual
2007:Byzantine
1726:Mongolian
1706:Malayalam
1450:Unix time
1425:Gregorian
1420:Ethiopian
1384:Lunisolar
1365:Calendars
1246:, 3.68.2.
1070:Olympiads
1001:equinoxes
948:lunisolar
833:prytanies
814:democracy
644:Moon full
588:Aphrodite
548:birthdays
500:May/June
411:Poseideōn
319:Gregorian
290:hekatombe
270:colonists
172:lunisolar
165:Gregorian
108:midwinter
18:Poseideon
2569:Category
2534:Stardate
2510:Greyhawk
2441:Seleucid
2426:Japanese
2396:Assyrian
2331:New Year
2167:Holocene
2119:Rapa Nui
2092:Tzolkʼin
2057:Germanic
2037:Egyptian
1773:Romanian
1751:Nisg̱a'a
1711:Mandaean
1701:Maithili
1674:Javanese
1669:Japanese
1624:medieval
1578:Georgian
1489:Assyrian
1479:Armenian
1410:Buddhist
1084:See also
1074:Sicilian
1030:sidereal
1005:Pleiades
989:Arcturus
985:Pleiades
918:Dionysia
911:assembly
880:assembly
772:noumenia
653:new moon
612:Poseidon
580:Heracles
560:Noumenia
556:New Moon
535:noumenia
528:new moon
430:Gamēliōn
258:Poseidon
235:Sumerian
203:Euctemon
157:solstice
153:new moon
93:new moon
62:Athenian
34:, Syria.
2466:Dvapara
2446:Spanish
2355:Systems
2205:New Age
2195:Martian
2151:Turkmen
2146:Swedish
2032:Coligny
1970:Arabian
1931:Revised
1837:Tripuri
1832:Tibetan
1788:Sesotho
1761:Punjabi
1721:Melanau
1691:Kurdish
1657:Tabular
1647:Islamic
1615:Iranian
1546:Chinese
1541:Burmese
1519:Bengali
1507:Pawukon
1460:In more
1415:Chinese
1372:Systems
1262:Sources
1179:, 5.54.
1078:Timaeus
996:seasons
979:in the
973:horizon
922:tragedy
884:prytany
826:prytany
616:Theseus
610:Day 8:
603:Day 7:
598:Artemis
596:Day 6:
578:Day 4:
571:Day 3:
554:Day 1:
306:Miletos
222:. In a
176:Islamic
135:seasons
89:Boeotia
52:is the
2431:Korean
2191:Darian
2141:Soviet
2114:Qumran
2099:Muisca
2017:Celtic
2002:Bulgar
1950:Saints
1926:Julian
1916:Coptic
1862:Yoruba
1793:Slavic
1783:Somali
1730:Nepal
1679:Korean
1641:Gaelic
1620:Jalali
1583:Hebrew
1561:Minguo
1536:Borana
1531:Berber
1494:Baháʼí
1216:
1190:Clouds
1143:
1108:, and
1106:Julian
1094:Other
1056:archon
1022:agoras
977:Hesiod
952:archon
944:Clouds
926:comedy
605:Apollo
584:Hermes
573:Athena
567:Daimon
298:Ionian
266:Apollo
209:basis.
207:ad hoc
195:Athens
58:Attica
2461:Treta
2456:Satya
2451:Yugas
2321:Epoch
2259:World
2124:Roman
2109:Pisan
2087:Haabʼ
2067:Hindu
2062:Greek
2042:Enoch
1980:Aztec
1975:Attic
1883:Runic
1876:Types
1857:Xhosa
1852:Wicca
1825:solar
1820:lunar
1810:Tamil
1778:Shona
1684:Juche
1652:Fasli
1637:Irish
1605:Hmong
1588:Hindu
1503:Bali
1498:Badí‘
1430:Hindu
1389:Solar
1379:Lunar
1102:Roman
965:stars
930:Argos
822:boule
247:lunar
199:Meton
104:Delos
65:polis
2471:Kali
2289:Wall
2130:Rumi
2082:Maya
2072:Inca
2022:Cham
1867:Zulu
1842:Tulu
1815:Thai
1756:Odia
1664:Jain
1610:Igbo
1598:Saka
1512:Saka
1474:Akan
1227:2011
1214:ISBN
1141:ISBN
1100:The
994:The
924:and
745:19th
734:18th
723:17th
712:16th
701:15th
690:14th
679:13th
668:12th
657:11th
614:and
592:Eros
590:and
262:Zeus
249:and
237:and
201:and
44:The
2316:Era
2244:Pax
1445:ISO
967:or
48:or
2586::
1242:.
1208:.
1104:,
942:'
586:,
582:,
558:,
505:12
491:11
477:10
272:.
126:A
110:.
75:.
2542:)
2536:(
2530:)
2524:(
2518:)
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2506:)
2500:(
2374:/
1357:e
1350:t
1343:v
1278:(
1229:.
1149:.
562:.
458:9
450:)
446:(
440:8
426:7
407:6
393:5
379:4
360:3
346:2
332:1
41:.
20:)
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