96:
281:
838:
The implication of this for political consulting is that social media are the channels through which an increasingly larger portion of the population receives political messages. As a consequence, unless a political consultant addresses the part of the electorate which can preferentially be reached
745:
Some detractors accuse political consultants of putting their own interests and images ahead of their clients. Some consultants allege that too many consultants put their own financial interests ahead of the campaigns they are hired to serve, take on too many clients, or focus too much energy on
839:
through social media, the portion of the electorate which will be reached through traditional communication technologies will increasingly shrink in the future. For instance, social media is already the main source of information for 26% of young voters in Spain.
717:
As political consulting has become more prevalent, consultants have become subject to increasing scrutiny and involvement in scandals as journalists have devoted considerable attention to their activities. Some successful political consultants, such as
771:"...Edwards's own pollster, Harrison Hickman, is a principal at Global Strategy Group, which represents a range of corporate clients -- including oil and pharmaceutical companies -- that don't always mesh with the candidate's message."
1391:
398:
In recent years, political consulting has become more commonplace throughout the world and has extended its reach to campaigns at all levels of government. Many consultants work not only for campaigns, but also for
1266:
835:, which means 9,530,314 Australian voters use social media (The 2013 Yellow™ Social Media Report found that among internet users 65% of Australians use social media, up from 62% last year).
1327:
820:
need to establish themselves and engage with the public. In years to come, social media is anticipated to overtake traditional media in terms of importance to political campaigns.
767:
pollster. The article described this hire as evidence of the "pitfalls of hiring consultants who conduct work for corporate clients and campaigns at the same time", noting that:
1222:
1284:
787:
Critics of consulting's influence on politics say that changes to the campaign landscape have further entrenched certain consultants, regardless of their track records".
1825:
576:), has also been recognized internationally, having been ranked as one of the top five most prominent Latin American consultants by the U.S.-based publication
1423:
1328:"Victoria de Hernandez en Honduras reafirma logros de estratega JJ Rendon (Hernandez´s victory reaffirm achievements of the political strategist JJ Rendon)"
1038:
1481:
1448:
1661:
1190:
1060:
1270:
1164:
831:, and with a 17,048,864 voting age population (according to IDEA), around 14,662,023 voting population has access to Internet, and 65% of them use
1890:
969:
933:
309:
1788:
1331:
1093:
411:
and research work. Many consultants also take up official positions inside governments while working for an officeholder of the ruling party.
848:
466:
1611:
1006:
1710:
816:
are run. With younger and more tech-savvy citizens entering into the voting population, social media are the platforms on which the
465:
have noted the influence of political consulting on candidates, voters, presidents and governments of different nations. Well-known
1759:
1230:
764:
1288:
780:
Critics of the political consulting industry blame consultants for what they see as problems in the
American election system.
1878:
1812:
1636:
1252:
302:
1564:
1868:
1862:
17:
1734:
1345:
1267:"El estratega polĂtico J.J. RendĂłn ingresa al SalĂłn de la Fama de la Revista Campaigns & Elections en Español"
855:, with thousands of members. Like other professional organizations, it propagates a code of ethics and gives out
490:
1595:
295:
486:
1905:
1685:
419:
Political consultants sometimes act as political strategists, a senior political consultant who promote the
1285:"Esta es la lista de los finalistas de los Victory Awards 2014 (List of the Victory Awards Finalists 2014)"
41:. Although the most important role of political consultants is arguably the development and production of
1150:
152:
506:"has consulted for candidates in other countries of the western hemisphere, including the campaigns of
404:
1538:
557:
127:
1792:
1507:"Political Consultants and Strategists - Presidential Election of 2008 - John McCain - Terry Nelson"
599:
1506:
888:
882:
874:
511:
498:
267:
199:
797:
578:
481:, acting as consultants on several political campaigns and advising heads of state. For example,
908:
362:
114:
859:. Similar organizations for political consultants exist for many other countries and regions.
760:
607:
507:
212:
159:
431:, coordinating campaign staffers, and arranging events to publicize candidates or causes.
8:
750:
628:"capable of mapping out the weaknesses of adversaries with an acupuncturist's precision."
361:
in the 1930s - 1950s. However, political consulting blossomed with the increasing use of
342:
194:
134:
58:
54:
38:
1767:
1302:
1760:"Voter turnout data for Australia (Parliamentary) | Voter Turnout | International IDEA"
1125:
813:
595:
587:
545:
529:
380:
354:
95:
87:
790:
Political consultants may be opposed to low-budget campaigns of grassroots candidates.
615:
533:
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outside of their native countries. One such example is
Brazilian political consultant
1874:
1858:
1591:
1514:
1456:
1399:
1392:"Prashant Kishor: Meet the most trusted strategist in the Narendra Modi organisation"
1369:
1198:
1101:
1068:
1014:
727:
685:
239:
80:
784:
Consultant salaries have risen, which has increased the cost of political campaigns.
868:
677:
657:
482:
474:
435:
408:
372:
328:
262:
179:
174:
107:
70:
50:
1165:"Ex-McCain aide outfoxes Latin America's campaign gurus in Panama race | Fox News"
1585:
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681:
634:
621:
525:
519:
400:
346:
285:
184:
169:
1539:"South Carolina's dirty political reputation outlives reality - CNNPolitics.com"
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573:
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447:
224:
62:
1482:"Inside I-PAC's war room for Jagan Mohan Reddy's Chief Ministerial campaign"
1223:"Venezuelan spin doctor JJ Rendon lectures the world on Neo-Totalitarianism"
586:
for his work as the lead strategist of successful presidential campaigns of
832:
809:
756:
731:
653:
1612:"Profits Of Politics 2012: Consultants Rake In $ 466 Million And Counting"
630:
569:
427:
or the interests of certain groups. This is achieved by planning campaign
515:
502:
443:
956:
A Virtuous Circle: Political
Communications in Post-Industrial Societies
280:
1662:"Political Campaigns and Social Media — Tweeting Their Way Into Office"
817:
494:
462:
451:
390:
376:
358:
336:
332:
164:
57:), consultants advise campaigns on many other activities, ranging from
46:
42:
34:
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735:
640:
553:
478:
439:
424:
257:
229:
219:
189:
1424:"Prashant Kishor, the man who created Modi wave, is Nitish's deputy"
385:"that newest American phenomenon, the professional campaign manager"
828:
793:
603:
591:
428:
420:
66:
536:, who simultaneously led three winning presidential campaigns in
851:
is the major trade association for political consultants in the
611:
565:
561:
1826:"Big Effort Aims To Elect Candidates With Science Backgrounds"
1007:"Joseph Napolitan, Pioneering Campaign Consultant, Dies at 84"
438:
specialists, salespeople and managers. By using many forms of
1587:
Poison
Politics: Are Negative Campaigns Destroying Democracy?
1094:"David H. Sawyer Dies at 59; Innovator in Political Strategy"
856:
726:, capitalize on their consulting fame to become professional
1711:"Social Media is Changing the Nature of Political Campaigns"
1637:"In The Age Of Super PACs, Political Consultants Can't Fail"
1370:"Prashant Kishor: How to win elections and influence people"
1191:"A Brazilian Campaign Strategist Expands His Winning Streak"
1061:"A Brazilian Campaign Strategist Expands His Winning Streak"
730:. Such political consultants routinely appear on television
583:
1303:"Colombia vote: Santos re-elected as president - BBC News"
796:
charge that political consultants are a major obstacle to
27:
An industry for advising and assisting political campaigns
582:(Latin American edition) and who was the 2014 winner of
375:
was the first person to describe himself as a political
1891:
804:
1126:"Joseph Napolitan | American political consultant"
37:that consists primarily of advising and assisting
812:has dramatically changed the way in which modern
1897:
878:, a trade magazine covering political consulting
619:
461:As political consulting has expanded worldwide,
734:, write books and are treated as social media
335:is sometimes described as the first political
1449:"Prashant Kishor becomes Advisor to Bihar CM"
972:. International Encyclopedia of Communication
936:. International Encyclopedia of Communication
849:American Association of Political Consultants
755:noted that Democratic presidential candidate
594:(including his reelection campaign in 2014),
454:is to make voters aware of their candidates'
303:
477:and David H. Sayers, have traveled to other
1857:. New York: Basic Books, 1981. xvi, 376 p.
1151:"Mexico Imports American-Style Campaigning"
1346:"J.J. Rendon is Latin America's Karl Rove"
759:employed Harrison Hickman, a principal at
485:acted as a consultant of French President
310:
296:
1504:
1250:
1735:"5 Ways New Media Are Changing Politics"
1686:"Rand Paul Ready To Run As His Own Meme"
1148:
992:Manship Guide to Political Communication
740:
618:has been described by the news magazine
1004:
14:
1898:
1583:
1188:
1091:
1058:
989:
842:
1791:. Political Marketing. Archived from
1789:"Political Campaign and Social Media"
414:
345:established the first true political
1562:
1149:SCHRADER, ESTHER (August 27, 1999).
528:political consultants have also led
648:Notable political consultants are:
383:described him in a 1968 profile as
24:
1847:
953:
775:
94:
25:
1917:
1884:
1855:The Rise of Political Consultants
1563:Mosk, Matthew (October 5, 2007).
1479:
1389:
1269:. August 11, 2012. Archived from
1870:The Political Adviser's Handbook
909:"How Politics Became a Business"
805:Social media in modern campaigns
746:building their own reputations.
568:Venezuelan political strategist
450:, the general goal of political
279:
1818:
1806:
1781:
1752:
1727:
1703:
1678:
1654:
1629:
1604:
1577:
1556:
1531:
1498:
1473:
1441:
1416:
1390:K, Sruthijith K. (2013-10-07).
1383:
1362:
1338:
1320:
1295:
1277:
1259:
1244:
1215:
1182:
1157:
1142:
1118:
353:, which focused exclusively on
1505:Nagourney, Adam (2007-07-15).
1085:
1052:
1031:
998:
983:
962:
947:
926:
901:
827:86% of Australians access the
467:American political consultants
13:
1:
1584:Kamber, Victor (2003-02-22).
1253:"Revista Politics en español"
894:
707:
518:for President of Mexico, and
434:Political consultants act as
331:'s closest political adviser
1739:U.S. News & World Report
1189:Romero, Simon (2013-04-05).
1092:Binder, David (1995-07-04).
1059:Romero, Simon (2013-04-05).
1005:Vitello, Paul (2013-12-09).
712:
510:for President of Argentina,
7:
862:
442:-suitable media, including
405:political action committees
10:
1922:
1666:source.southuniversity.edu
1565:"Edwards Points to a Link"
1251:Lieberman, Jordan (2009).
514:for President of Uruguay,
322:
875:Campaigns & Elections
579:Campaigns & Elections
522:for President of Guyana."
889:Political campaign staff
487:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
1480:B, Nitin (2019-03-24).
1130:Encyclopædia Britannica
883:Just How Stupid Are We?
798:participatory democracy
700:, Philipp Maderthaner,
558:José Eduardo dos Santos
389:a "pioneering campaign
367:campaign communications
1287:. 2014. Archived from
1227:latincorrespondent.com
1039:"Political Strategist"
970:"Political Consultant"
934:"Political Consultant"
773:
633:has been described by
620:
600:Juan Orlando Hernández
407:, while some focus on
363:television advertising
115:Grassroots fundraising
99:
954:Norris, Pipa Norris.
769:
761:Global Strategy Group
741:Conflicts of interest
491:Venezuelan presidents
98:
88:Political campaigning
1906:Political consulting
1273:on December 8, 2015.
800:and election reform.
213:Negative campaigning
31:Political consulting
1690:The Huffington Post
1641:The Huffington Post
1616:The Huffington Post
990:Perlmutter, David.
958:. pp. 1, 2, 3.
915:. 17 September 2012
843:Trade organizations
814:political campaigns
530:political campaigns
499:Óscar Arias Sánchez
355:political campaigns
343:Whitaker and Baxter
286:Politics portal
195:Post-truth politics
135:Opposition research
59:opposition research
55:digital advertising
39:political campaigns
1867:Wesslau, Fredrik.
1511:The New York Times
1396:The Economic Times
1195:The New York Times
1098:The New York Times
1065:The New York Times
1011:The New York Times
672:, Michael Spreng (
608:Enrique Peña Nieto
588:Juan Manuel Santos
584:The Victory Awards
566:African continent.
546:Dominican Republic
508:Fernando de la Rua
415:Nature of the work
381:The New York Times
100:
1879:978-91-979688-7-4
1853:Sabato, Larry J.
1545:. 12 January 2012
686:Alastair Campbell
639:"Latin America's
320:
319:
240:Voter suppression
18:Political adviser
16:(Redirected from
1913:
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1840:
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1822:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1785:
1779:
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1766:. Archived from
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1342:
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1330:. Archived from
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1318:
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1315:
1314:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1263:
1257:
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1248:
1242:
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1239:
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1229:. Archived from
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1177:
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1161:
1155:
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923:
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920:
905:
869:Campaign manager
823:For example, in
678:Dominic Cummings
658:Kellyanne Conway
625:
614:, among others.
475:Joseph Napolitan
436:public relations
409:public relations
373:Joseph Napolitan
329:William McKinley
312:
305:
298:
284:
283:
263:Campaign manager
180:Get out the vote
175:Election promise
76:
75:
71:get out the vote
21:
1921:
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1911:
1910:
1896:
1895:
1887:
1850:
1848:Further reading
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1598:
1590:. Basic Books.
1582:
1578:
1570:Washington Post
1561:
1557:
1548:
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1537:
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1499:
1490:
1488:
1486:The News Minute
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1350:Miami New Times
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1041:. Tennessee.Gov
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794:Activist groups
778:
776:Other criticism
752:Washington Post
743:
715:
710:
702:Prashant Kishor
682:Michel von Tell
635:Miami New Times
520:Raphael Trotman
417:
351:Campaigns, Inc.
347:consulting firm
325:
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185:Gevald campaign
170:Retail politics
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81:Politics series
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1885:External links
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1715:www.adweek.com
1702:
1692:. 7 April 2015
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1472:
1455:. 2016-01-22.
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1361:
1337:
1334:on 2013-12-10.
1319:
1309:. 16 June 2014
1294:
1291:on 2015-12-08.
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913:The New Yorker
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739:
720:James Carville
714:
711:
709:
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698:Michel Barnier
680:, Anne MĂ©aux,
572:(who lives in
526:Latin American
471:James Carville
456:party platform
448:press releases
416:
413:
369:in the 1960s.
324:
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1863:0-465-07039-6
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1795:on 2014-01-16
1794:
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1770:on 2016-03-06
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1643:. 6 June 2012
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1618:. 5 June 2012
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