134:
806:
1258:
107:
1041:
1425:
species are found in the
Americas (about 700 species), with about 300 species from Southern Asia. There are smaller groups of species from the South Pacific (about 40 species) and Africa (about 15 species). The American, Asian, and South Pacific groups each appear to be
1339:, which were first isolated from Black Pepper, and reported to have antibiotic activities. Preliminary research reports has shown that piperine has an antibacterial activity against various bacteria such as
1660:
1286:. The diversity and ecological importance of the genus makes it a strong candidate for ecological and evolutionary studies. Most research has focused on the economically important species
1223:
effect, which has led to the banning of kava in many countries. On the other hand, the traditional preparation of the root as a calming drink appears to pose little, if any, such hazard.
873:, trade routes deteriorated and the use of pepper declined somewhat, but peppercorns, storing easily and having a high mass per volume, never ceased to be a profitable trade item. In the
1219:
risk. It has also become popular elsewhere in recent decades, and is used as a medical plant. However, pills that contain parts of the whole plant have occasionally shown a strong
2406:
1999:
897:
being black pepper fruit. Today, peppercorns of the three preparations (green, white and black) are one of the most widely used spices of plant origin worldwide.
2248:"Piperine treatment suppresses Helicobacter pylori toxin entry in to gastric epithelium and minimizes β-catenin mediated oncogenesis and IL-8 secretion in vitro"
1482:
936:
suppressed trade in cubeb peppercorns at the end of the 1630s to capitalize on his share of the black pepper trade. It remains a significant spice around the
407:, many of which are dominant species in their native habitat. The diversification of this taxon is of interest to understanding the evolution of plants.
709:
538:
116:
1739:
Chester F. Gorman (1971). "The
Hoabinhian and after: subsistence patterns in Southeast Asia during the Late Pleistocene and Early Recent periods".
675:
2287:
Scott, I. M.; Jensen, H.; Nicol, R.; Lesage, L.; Bradbury, R.; Sánchez-Vindas, P.; Poveda, L.; Arnason, J. T.; Philogène, B. J. R. (August 2004).
2693:
2405:
Sen, Sandeep; Dayanandan, Selvadurai; Davis, Thomson; Ganesan, Rengaian; Jagadish, M.R.; Mathew, P.J.; Ravikanth, Gudasalamani (September 2019).
1998:
Sen, Sandeep; Dayanandan, Selvadurai; Davis, Thomson; Ganesan, Rengaian; Jagadish, M.R.; Mathew, P.J.; Ravikanth, Gudasalamani (September 2019).
2719:
214:
790:
Culinary use of pepper plants is attested perhaps as early as 9,000 years ago. Peppercorn remains were found among the food refuse left by
2755:
2641:
1885:
L. Sorrentino; A. Capasso; M. Schmidt (2006). "Safety of ethanolic kava extract: results of a study of chronic toxicity in rats".
2706:
2654:
1982:
1841:
2711:
889:
and elsewhere. Later, wars were fought by
European powers, between themselves and in complex alliances and enmities with
746:– the only larger region for which comprehensive data exists – more than a dozen species are known to be on the brink of
1922:
Steven T. S. Lim; Klaus
Dragull; Chung-Shih Tang; Harry C. Bittenbender; Jimmy T. Efird; Pratibha V. Nerurkar (2007).
959:
spice mix. This species, despite being traded more extensively in earlier times, is less common outside Africa today.
526:. This contrasts with previous theories assuming a younger radiation of the genus. An earlier potential record is of †
1924:"Effects of kava alkaloid, pipermethystine, and kavalactones on oxidative stress and cytochrome P450 in F-344 rats"
1859:
1283:
450:). A well-known and very close relative – being also part of the Piperaceae – are the radiator plants of the genus
2724:
2680:
2148:"Effects of the natural compounds embelin and piperine on the biofilm-producing property of Streptococcus mutans"
1686:
Chester F. Gorman (1969). "Hoabinhian: a pebble tool complex with early plant associations in
Southeast Asia".
2773:
439:
1320:
species have a strong influence on their biology, making them ideal systems for research on the evolution of
631:
plant, called a peppercorn when it is round and pea-sized, as is usual, is distributed in the wild mainly by
854:, a recipe collection complied about 400 AD, mentions "pepper" as a spice for most main dishes. In the late
1397:
Studies have been done to determine the effectiveness of piper leaves to repel different types of insects.
2197:"Inhibitory effect of piperine on Helicobacter pylori growth and adhesion to gastric adenocarcinoma cells"
2555:
2550:
2537:
1668:
2633:
2607:
2827:
2768:
2364:
2358:
M. Alejandra
Jaramillo; Paul S. Manos (2001). "Phylogeny and patterns of floral diversity in the genus
2107:"Novel structural analogues of piperine as inhibitors of the NorA efflux pump of Staphylococcus aureus"
1172:
nut slices; its sap helps release the stimulating effect of these "cookies" which are widely known as
2832:
2734:
2659:
1820:
1637:
1806:
133:
2760:
2628:
1921:
1887:
784:
2822:
2602:
2480:
1928:
1216:
858:, black pepper was expensive, but was available readily enough to be used more frequently than
795:
2698:
802:. It is likely that these plants were collected from the wild rather than deliberately grown.
1416:
246:
2747:
2289:"Efficacy of Piper (Piperaceae) extracts for control of common home and garden insect pests"
1096:
border region, and elsewhere it is used to intoxicate fish which then can be easily caught.
2576:
1776:
1697:
1434:
1328:
1251:
947:
1211:, kava is used to produce a calming and socializing drink somewhat similar to alcohol and
8:
1313:
1029:
827:
772:
739:
620:
1701:
1549:
Martínez, Camila; Carvalho, Mónica R.; Madriñán, Santiago; Jaramillo, Carlos A. (2015).
2794:
2615:
2445:
2381:
2264:
2247:
2223:
2196:
2172:
2147:
2082:
2057:
2038:
1794:
1758:
1721:
933:
713:) grow as sizeable, compact and attractive shrubs with tough and shiny leaves. Smaller
665:
254:
128:
2058:"Piperine, a Phytochemical Potentiator of Ciprofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus"
904:, the fruit of other species are also important spices, many of them internationally.
2742:
2620:
2563:
2449:
2437:
2429:
2389:
2316:
2308:
2269:
2228:
2177:
2128:
2087:
2042:
2030:
2022:
1978:
1947:
1904:
1741:
1713:
1688:
1619:
1604:"The Upper Cretaceous floras of Alaska, with a description of the plant-bearing beds"
1584:
1576:
1247:
1236:
1010:
870:
704:
1971:: a Model Genus for Studies of Evolution, Chemical Ecology, and Trophic Interactions
1725:
2799:
2421:
2373:
2300:
2259:
2218:
2208:
2167:
2159:
2118:
2077:
2069:
2014:
1966:
1937:
1896:
1750:
1705:
1611:
1566:
1359:
1080:
971:
886:
761:
692:
615:
447:
427:
390:
2568:
2529:
2073:
1754:
932:), also known as tailed pepper, played a major role in the spice trade. Reputedly
2542:
2518:
1900:
1824:
1709:
1672:
1487:
1400:
1382:
1240:
1232:
1212:
1136:
1045:
942:
826:
Use of peppercorns as pungent spice is significant on an international scale. By
680:
657:
the ability to withstand the chemical defences of pepper plants, for example the
565:
499:
460:
171:
2425:
2163:
2018:
649:– are also important. Despite the high content of chemicals that are noxious to
446:
covered in tiny flowers. A somewhat less close relative is the pipevine family (
1279:
1146:
989:
738:
is threatening a number of peppers. The extent of the effect of such wholesale
735:
158:
2334:
2816:
2503:
2433:
2312:
2026:
1623:
1580:
1303:
1117:
1097:
1067:
1015:
984:
921:
760:) have been widely distributed as a result of human activity and are a major
756:
719:
574:
568:, but can also occur in clearings and in higher elevation life zones such as
503:
443:
231:
121:
64:
32:
2304:
2288:
1942:
1923:
771:
is not for its looks however, but ultimately for the wide range of powerful
2786:
2441:
2393:
2320:
2273:
2232:
2213:
2181:
2132:
2091:
2034:
1951:
1908:
1717:
1588:
1427:
1208:
1105:
1019:
937:
917:
890:
855:
836:
809:
569:
2469:
2667:
2512:
2123:
2106:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1220:
1085:
1024:
951:
905:
874:
831:
696:
670:
658:
475:
435:
39:
1863:
1661:
International Union for the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
1571:
1550:
893:
states, in part about control of the supply of spices, perhaps the most
2646:
2385:
1515:
1363:
1356:
1200:
1196:
1169:
1109:
894:
841:
791:
747:
598:
564:
distribution, and are most commonly found in the understory of lowland
531:
431:
415:
411:
393:
204:
184:
84:
49:
1762:
1555:(Piperaceae) from Colombia and diversification patterns for the genus"
805:
522:
into the multiple extant clades, coinciding with the final breakup of
2672:
2589:
2466:: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.
1404:
1336:
1321:
1243:
1157:
1075:
1071:
1005:
724:
650:
535:
452:
194:
89:
2474:
2377:
1298:(betel). A recent study based on DNA sequence analysis suggest that
1257:
106:
2781:
2497:
2357:
1603:
1332:
1264:
1141:
1125:
1093:
799:
645:
561:
523:
507:
467:
423:
419:
79:
74:
59:
54:
44:
2594:
1615:
966:
are used in cooking. West
African Pepper leaves, known locally as
2685:
2463:
1884:
1548:
1261:
1204:
955:
882:
850:
743:
731:
714:
654:
400:
94:
69:
723:) with its finely patterned leaves, are also suitable as indoor
438:), which in fact generally look like smaller, more delicate and
1089:
975:
845:
636:
2581:
1370:
in noticeable quantities) was in turn named after piperidine.
2407:"Origin and evolution of the genus Piper in Peninsular India"
2000:"Origin and evolution of the genus Piper in Peninsular India"
1665:
1519:
1511:
1215:
but without many of the negative side effects and less of an
1177:
1161:
1059:
997:
925:
863:
606:
587:
583:
579:
542:
442:
pepper plants. Both families have characteristic tail-shaped
404:
386:
145:
1523:
1188:
859:
661:
632:
610:
602:
590:. Peppers are often dominant species where they are found.
1040:
2404:
2336:
Monkey Insect
Repellent | The Life of Mammals | BBC Earth
1997:
1310:
1074:
as well as, particularly in the early 20th century, as a
700:
640:
624:
2286:
1964:
586:– is subtropical and can tolerate light winter
518:, indicating extensive Cretaceous diversification of
1324:
and the effect of mutualisms on biotic communities.
699:
or warmer regions. Pepper vines can be used much as
613:. A few species, commonly called "ant pipers" (e.g.
434:, is most closely related to the lizardtail family (
2245:
2194:
1407:rubbing the piper leaves on them to repel insects.
1430:; the affinity of the African species is unclear.
1373:The significant secondary metabolites of kava are
466:and the common name "pepper" are derived from the
2152:Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine
1839:
1738:
1685:
1231:The genus contains species suitable for studying
1120:is sometimes used in herbalism, and long pepper (
2814:
385:, is an economically and ecologically important
742:on the genus is unknown, but in the forests of
1819:
1544:
1542:
707:, while other species, like lacquered pepper (
2246:Tharmalingam, N.; Park, M.; LEE, M.H (2016).
2195:Tharmalingam, N.; Kim, SH.; Park, M. (2014).
1601:
1355:toxin entry to gastric epithelial cells. The
1207:region, where it has been widely spread as a
2353:
2351:
1778:Apicius: Cookery and Dining in Imperial Rome
940:region today, however. West African pepper (
1539:
1389:compound in this plant's stems and leaves.
1004:) is used to wrap meat for grilling in the
572:; one species – the Japanese Pepper (
552:
2252:American Journal of Translational Research
1977:. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
1014:) is used raw or cooked as a vegetable in
105:
2348:
2263:
2222:
2212:
2171:
2122:
2081:
1941:
1826:Theatrum Botanicum: the Theater of Plants
1570:
778:
1666:2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1256:
1156:species has gained large-scale use as a
1039:
804:
2145:
970:, are used as a flavoring vegetable in
916:spice internationally; it has a rather
912:), is possibly the second-most popular
877:, international traders were nicknamed
2815:
1602:Hollick, Arthur; Martin, G.C. (1930).
783:For other spices called "pepper", see
514:appears to be nested within the clade
2479:
2478:
2414:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2111:Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
2104:
2062:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
2007:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2735:e889a822-477b-46af-97f6-6e3478c6f6bb
2055:
1392:
1132:and (together with black pepper) of
13:
996:have major importance in cooking:
775:found particularly in the fruits.
767:The most significant human use of
14:
2844:
2457:
2146:Dwivedi, D.; et al. (2016).
1965:L. A. Dyer; A. N. Palmer (2004).
1862:. Earthcare. 2008. Archived from
1465:, but other sources keep them in
2774:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:326982-2
2464:The families of flowering plants
1284:ecology and evolutionary biology
1128:, where it was an ingredient of
924:is used as the fruits are tiny.
900:Due to the wide distribution of
679:. The latter can be significant
132:
37:
2327:
2280:
2239:
2188:
2139:
2105:Kumar, A.; et al. (2008).
2098:
2056:Khan, IA.; et al. (2006).
2049:
1991:
1958:
1915:
1878:
1852:
1833:
1362:is named after the former, and
1267:, extracted from black pepper (
950:, and is sometimes used in the
2293:Journal of Economic Entomology
1813:
1769:
1732:
1679:
1654:
1630:
1595:
1500:
1347:, and gastric cancer pathogen
1035:
399:It contains about 1,000–2,000
1:
2074:10.1128/aac.50.2.810-812.2006
1755:10.1080/00438243.1971.9979482
1533:
1309:The obligate and facultative
1226:
1049:
818:Green (pickled unripe fruits)
754:species (e.g. spiked pepper,
691:Many pepper plants make good
2201:Infectious Agents and Cancer
1901:10.1016/j.phymed.2006.01.006
1710:10.1126/science.163.3868.671
1385:is suspected to be the main
988:) has a variety of uses. In
816:) corns, from left to right:
545:, although this affinity to
485:
410:Pepper plants belong to the
7:
2426:10.1016/j.ympev.2019.05.033
2164:10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.11.025
2019:10.1016/j.ympev.2019.05.033
1526:were also employed by many.
1433:Some species are sometimes
1331:found in pepper plants are
1124:) is similarly employed in
992:, leaves of two species of
920:-like "heat" and the whole
822:Black (dried unripe fruits)
750:. On the other hand, other
10:
2851:
2365:American Journal of Botany
1846:Encyclopedia of Asian Food
1840:Charmaine Solomon (1998).
1559:American Journal of Botany
1486:, a plant from the family
1414:
1410:
1168:) leaves are used to wrap
1112:properties. Black pepper (
1008:region, while wild betel (
782:
549:is not entirely reliable.
2487:
2470:Piper species in Thailand
1638:"Yukok_Koyukuk_2_Geology"
1084:is used medically by the
1022:; The stems and roots of
869:As Europe moved into the
686:
635:, but small fruit-eating
260:
253:
243:
238:
129:Scientific classification
127:
113:
104:
23:
1522:and large quantities of
1493:
834:including black pepper (
820:White (dried ripe seeds)
553:Distribution and ecology
1366:(which is not found in
1104:appears to have strong
1028:are used as a spice in
982:or Mexican pepperleaf (
946:), is commonly used in
830:, there was a vigorous
785:Pepper (disambiguation)
717:, like Celebes pepper (
490:The earliest fossil of
2214:10.1186/1750-9378-9-43
1929:Toxicological Sciences
1421:The largest number of
1403:have been recorded by
1272:
1056:
962:Not only the seeds of
823:
779:As spice and vegetable
403:of shrubs, herbs, and
2305:10.1093/jee/97.4.1390
1943:10.1093/toxsci/kfm035
1860:"Tropical root crops"
1417:List of Piper species
1329:secondary metabolites
1260:
1043:
978:-influenced cooking,
808:
1848:. Periplus Editions.
1483:Lacistema aggregatum
1478:P. fasciculatum
1472:The species called "
1345:Streptococcus mutans
1252:evolutionary biology
1183:Conversely, another
948:West African cuisine
881:("pepper-sacks") in
1829:. London: T. Cotes.
1702:1969Sci...163..671G
1572:10.3732/ajb.1400427
1349:Helicobacter pylori
1306:hot spot in India.
1292:P. methysticum
1195:), is used for its
1193:P. methysticum
1066:) has been used in
1030:Bangladeshi cuisine
1011:P. sarmentosum
828:classical antiquity
773:secondary compounds
740:habitat destruction
683:to pepper growers.
627:. The fruit of the
609:or almost as small
597:species are either
2124:10.1093/jac/dkn088
1671:2018-05-08 at the
1608:Professional Paper
1551:"A Late Cretaceous
1302:originated in the
1273:
1145:(rejuvenating and
1081:P. darienense
1057:
1046:Kava club in Tonga
934:Philip IV of Spain
824:
764:in certain areas.
710:P. magnificum
705:temperate climates
666:Homidiana subpicta
299:Trel. & Stehlé
114:Lacquered pepper (
2828:Pantropical flora
2810:
2809:
2743:Open Tree of Life
2481:Taxon identifiers
1984:978-0-306-48498-8
1742:World Archaeology
1696:(3868): 671–673.
1642:clamp.ibcas.ac.cn
1393:Repelling insects
1248:community ecology
1237:molecular biology
943:P. guineense
871:Early Middle Ages
582:and southernmost
370:
369:
364:
356:
348:
340:
336:Pleiostachyopiper
332:
324:
316:
308:
300:
292:
284:
276:
268:
234:
2840:
2833:Piperales genera
2803:
2802:
2790:
2789:
2777:
2776:
2764:
2763:
2751:
2750:
2738:
2737:
2728:
2727:
2715:
2714:
2702:
2701:
2689:
2688:
2676:
2675:
2663:
2662:
2650:
2649:
2637:
2636:
2624:
2623:
2611:
2610:
2598:
2597:
2585:
2584:
2572:
2571:
2559:
2558:
2546:
2545:
2533:
2532:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2476:
2475:
2453:
2411:
2398:
2397:
2355:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2299:(4): 1390–1403.
2284:
2278:
2277:
2267:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2226:
2216:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2175:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2126:
2117:(6): 1270–1276.
2102:
2096:
2095:
2085:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2004:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1976:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1945:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1804:
1800:
1798:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1683:
1677:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1574:
1546:
1527:
1504:
1474:Piper aggregatum
1437:into the genera
1401:Capuchin monkeys
1360:functional group
1290:(black pepper),
1282:for research in
1241:natural products
1203:effects. In the
1130:Triphala Guggulu
1054:
1051:
887:Hanseatic League
762:invasive species
616:Piper cenocladum
578:) from southern
566:tropical forests
539:Kaltag Formation
496:Piper margaritae
448:Aristolochiaceae
362:
354:
346:
344:Pleistachyopiper
338:
330:
322:
314:
306:
298:
290:
282:
274:
266:
264:Anderssoniopiper
230:
137:
136:
109:
99:
36:
29:Temporal range:
21:
20:
2850:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2798:
2793:
2785:
2780:
2772:
2767:
2759:
2754:
2746:
2741:
2733:
2731:
2723:
2718:
2710:
2705:
2697:
2692:
2684:
2679:
2671:
2666:
2658:
2653:
2645:
2640:
2632:
2627:
2619:
2614:
2606:
2601:
2593:
2588:
2580:
2575:
2567:
2562:
2554:
2549:
2541:
2536:
2528:
2526:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2483:
2460:
2409:
2401:
2378:10.2307/2657072
2362:(Piperaceae)".
2356:
2349:
2341:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2285:
2281:
2244:
2240:
2193:
2189:
2144:
2140:
2103:
2099:
2054:
2050:
2002:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1974:
1963:
1959:
1920:
1916:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1867:
1866:on 19 July 2008
1858:
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1775:
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1684:
1680:
1673:Wayback Machine
1663:(IUCN) (2007):
1659:
1655:
1646:
1644:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1600:
1596:
1547:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1509:generally uses
1505:
1501:
1496:
1488:Lacistemataceae
1480:" are actually
1419:
1413:
1395:
1383:Pipermethystine
1233:natural history
1229:
1213:benzodiazepines
1100:, often called
1052:
1038:
985:P. auritum
832:trade of spices
821:
819:
817:
788:
781:
736:primary forests
720:P. ornatum
695:for gardens in
689:
605:; some grow as
560:species have a
555:
528:Piper arcuatile
500:Late Cretaceous
488:
474:, denoting the
461:scientific name
245:1000–2000; see
229:
131:
100:
98:
97:
92:
87:
82:
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72:
67:
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57:
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17:
16:Genus of plants
12:
11:
5:
2848:
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2800:wfo-4000029808
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2484:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2459:
2458:External links
2456:
2455:
2454:
2400:
2399:
2372:(4): 706–716.
2347:
2326:
2279:
2238:
2187:
2138:
2097:
2068:(2): 810–812.
2048:
1990:
1983:
1957:
1936:(1): 214–221.
1914:
1895:(8): 542–549.
1877:
1851:
1832:
1821:John Parkinson
1812:
1803:|website=
1768:
1749:(3): 300–320.
1731:
1678:
1676:. IUCN, Gland.
1653:
1629:
1594:
1565:(2): 273–289.
1537:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1498:
1497:
1495:
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1412:
1409:
1394:
1391:
1351:and decreased
1316:found in some
1228:
1225:
1122:P. longum
1114:P. nigrum
1037:
1034:
990:Southeast Asia
930:P. cubeba
910:P. longum
837:P. nigrum
780:
777:
730:Unsustainable
688:
685:
554:
551:
487:
484:
444:inflorescences
368:
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2823:Piper (plant)
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2258:(8): 885–98.
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2153:
2149:
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1888:Phytomedicine
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1621:
1617:
1616:10.3133/pp159
1613:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1545:
1543:
1538:
1525:
1521:
1518:instead; raw
1517:
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1503:
1499:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1459:Trianaeopiper
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1424:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1350:
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1338:
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1330:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1304:Western Ghats
1301:
1297:
1296:P. betle
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1253:
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1245:
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1238:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1118:essential oil
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1098:Spiked pepper
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1068:folk medicine
1065:
1061:
1047:
1042:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1003:
1002:P. lolot
999:
995:
991:
987:
986:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
960:
958:
957:
953:
949:
945:
944:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
922:inflorescence
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
898:
896:
892:
888:
885:towns of the
884:
880:
876:
872:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
852:
847:
843:
839:
838:
833:
829:
815:
811:
807:
803:
801:
797:
793:
786:
776:
774:
770:
765:
763:
759:
758:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
728:
726:
722:
721:
716:
712:
711:
706:
702:
698:
694:
684:
682:
678:
677:
673:of the genus
672:
668:
667:
663:
660:
656:
652:
648:
647:
643:of the genus
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
619:), live in a
618:
617:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
576:
571:
570:cloud forests
567:
563:
559:
550:
548:
544:
540:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
512:P. margaritae
509:
505:
504:Maastrichtian
501:
497:
493:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
462:
457:
455:
454:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
406:
402:
397:
395:
392:
388:
384:
380:
379:pepper plants
376:
375:
361:
360:Trianaeopiper
358:
353:
350:
345:
342:
337:
334:
329:
326:
321:
318:
313:
312:Lindeniopiper
310:
305:
302:
297:
294:
289:
286:
281:
278:
273:
270:
265:
262:
261:
259:
256:
252:
249:
248:
242:
237:
233:
228:
227:
223:
220:
219:
216:
213:
210:
209:
206:
203:
200:
199:
196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
159:Tracheophytes
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
135:
130:
126:
123:
122:inflorescence
119:
118:
117:P. magnificum
112:
108:
103:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
34:
33:Maastrichtian
26:
22:
19:
2488:
2417:
2413:
2369:
2363:
2359:
2340:, retrieved
2335:
2329:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2255:
2251:
2241:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2158:(1): 57–61.
2155:
2151:
2141:
2114:
2110:
2100:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2010:
2006:
1993:
1970:
1967:
1960:
1933:
1927:
1917:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1868:. Retrieved
1864:the original
1854:
1845:
1835:
1825:
1815:
1783:. Retrieved
1781:. 2009-08-19
1777:
1771:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1664:
1656:
1645:. Retrieved
1641:
1632:
1607:
1597:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1455:Sarcorhachis
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1428:monophyletic
1422:
1420:
1399:
1396:
1379:flavokawains
1375:kavalactones
1372:
1367:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1326:
1317:
1308:
1299:
1295:
1294:(kava), and
1291:
1287:
1275:
1274:
1269:Piper nigrum
1268:
1262:Crystallized
1230:
1192:
1184:
1182:
1173:
1165:
1153:
1151:
1149:) purposes.
1140:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1113:
1106:disinfectant
1101:
1079:
1063:
1058:
1023:
1020:Thai cuisine
1009:
1001:
993:
983:
979:
967:
963:
961:
954:
952:East African
941:
938:Indian Ocean
929:
913:
909:
901:
899:
891:Indian Ocean
879:Pfeffersäcke
878:
868:
856:Roman Empire
849:
835:
825:
814:Piper nigrum
813:
810:Black pepper
794:artisans at
789:
768:
766:
755:
751:
734:of tropical
729:
718:
708:
690:
674:
671:flea beetles
664:
653:, some have
644:
628:
614:
594:
592:
573:
557:
556:
546:
527:
519:
515:
511:
495:
491:
489:
479:
471:
463:
458:
451:
418:but neither
414:, which are
409:
398:
383:pepper vines
382:
378:
373:
372:
371:
359:
351:
343:
335:
327:
319:
311:
303:
295:
287:
279:
271:
263:
244:
225:
224:
178:
165:
152:
115:
24:
18:
2668:iNaturalist
2513:Wikispecies
2420:: 102–113.
2013:: 102–113.
1785:December 9,
1451:Arctottonia
1439:Pothomorphe
1387:hepatotoxic
1280:model genus
1221:hepatotoxic
1209:canoe plant
1147:detoxifying
1139:, used for
1086:Kuna people
1078:flavoring.
1053: 2005
1036:As medicine
1025:Piper chaba
906:Long pepper
875:Middle Ages
796:Spirit Cave
697:subtropical
693:ornamentals
562:pantropical
476:long pepper
436:Saururaceae
416:angiosperms
352:Pothomorphe
272:Arctottonia
215:Piperoideae
211:Subfamily:
172:Angiosperms
2817:Categories
2342:2023-09-25
1647:2023-06-19
1534:References
1516:fish sauce
1443:Macropiper
1435:segregated
1415:See also:
1364:piperazine
1357:piperidine
1327:Important
1314:mutualists
1227:In science
1201:euphoriant
1197:depressant
1170:betel palm
1110:antibiotic
980:hoja santa
974:stews. In
895:archetypal
842:South Asia
792:Hoabinhian
757:P. aduncum
748:extinction
725:pot plants
659:sematurine
651:herbivores
599:herbaceous
575:P. kadsura
532:Cenomanian
516:Schilleria
440:amphibious
432:Piperaceae
412:magnoliids
394:Piperaceae
320:Macropiper
304:Lepianthes
296:Discipiper
205:Piperaceae
185:Magnoliids
2450:167218493
2434:1055-7903
2313:0022-0493
2207:(9): 43.
2043:167218493
2027:1055-7903
1842:"Cha plu"
1805:ignored (
1795:cite book
1624:2330-7102
1581:0002-9122
1405:BBC Earth
1368:P. nigrum
1353:H. pylori
1341:S. aureus
1337:chavicine
1322:symbioses
1300:P. nigrum
1288:P. nigrum
1244:chemistry
1217:addiction
1187:species,
1158:stimulant
1076:cigarette
1072:herbalism
1064:P. cubeba
1006:Indochina
621:mutualism
536:Santonian
530:from the
498:from the
486:Evolution
480:P. longum
453:Peperomia
195:Piperales
142:Kingdom:
35:- present
2787:40009192
2782:Tropicos
2498:Wikidata
2442:31132521
2394:11302858
2321:15384353
2274:27158376
2233:25584066
2182:26870681
2133:18334493
2092:16436753
2035:31132521
1952:17329236
1909:16904878
1823:(1640).
1726:34052655
1718:17742735
1669:Archived
1589:25667080
1463:Zippelia
1333:piperine
1265:piperine
1166:P. betle
1142:rasayana
1126:Ayurveda
1094:Colombia
972:Nigerian
800:Thailand
669:or some
646:Carollia
524:Gondwana
508:Colombia
468:Sanskrit
426:. Their
424:eudicots
420:monocots
280:Artanthe
255:Synonyms
239:Species
201:Family:
2699:1298322
2686:32042-1
2647:3075433
2504:Q159536
2386:2657072
2265:4846933
2224:4290101
2173:4738039
2083:1366922
1870:15 July
1698:Bibcode
1689:Science
1507:Apicius
1476:" and "
1447:Ottonia
1411:Species
1205:Pacific
1134:Trikatu
1088:of the
976:Mexican
956:berbere
851:Apicius
840:) from
744:Ecuador
732:logging
715:species
655:evolved
639:– e.g.
637:mammals
494:is of †
472:pippali
401:species
389:in the
331:Spreng.
328:Ottonia
288:Chavica
221:Genus:
191:Order:
146:Plantae
2756:PLANTS
2748:283089
2732:NZOR:
2634:125531
2608:125531
2556:148718
2530:193742
2527:APDB:
2448:
2440:
2432:
2392:
2384:
2319:
2311:
2272:
2262:
2231:
2221:
2180:
2170:
2131:
2090:
2080:
2041:
2033:
2025:
1981:
1950:
1907:
1763:124120
1761:
1724:
1716:
1622:
1587:
1579:
1461:, and
1250:, and
1102:matico
1090:Panama
883:German
848:. The
846:Europe
687:Usages
607:shrubs
428:family
405:lianas
391:family
377:, the
2761:PIPER
2725:13215
2712:18301
2694:IRMNG
2673:83584
2621:Piper
2616:FoAO2
2595:1PIPG
2582:52541
2543:78830
2519:Piper
2489:Piper
2446:S2CID
2410:(PDF)
2382:JSTOR
2360:Piper
2039:S2CID
2003:(PDF)
1975:(PDF)
1969:Piper
1759:JSTOR
1722:S2CID
1553:Piper
1524:herbs
1520:brine
1512:garum
1494:Notes
1467:Piper
1423:Piper
1318:Piper
1278:is a
1276:Piper
1185:Piper
1178:India
1162:Betel
1154:Piper
1137:pills
1060:Cubeb
1044:At a
1016:Malay
998:lolot
994:Piper
968:uziza
964:Piper
926:Cubeb
918:chili
914:Piper
902:Piper
864:sugar
769:Piper
752:Piper
681:pests
676:Lanka
633:birds
629:Piper
623:with
611:trees
603:vines
595:Piper
593:Most
588:frost
584:Korea
580:Japan
558:Piper
547:Piper
543:Yukon
520:Piper
506:) of
492:Piper
470:term
464:Piper
387:genus
374:Piper
363:Trel.
347:Trel.
339:Trel.
315:Trel.
275:Trel.
267:Trel.
226:Piper
179:Clade
166:Clade
153:Clade
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