401:"While skirting some rocks, which by their height and length inspired awe, we saw upon one of them two painted monsters which at first made us afraid, and upon which the boldest savages dare not long rest their eyes. they are as large as a calf; they have horns on their heads like those of a deer, a horrible look, red eyes, a beard like a tiger's, a face somewhat like a man's, a body covered with scales, and so long a tail that it winds all around the body, passing above the head and going back between the legs, ending in a fish's tail. green, red, and black are the three colors composing the picture. Moreover, these two monsters are so well painted that we cannot believe that any savage is their author; for good painters in France would find it difficult to reach that place conveniently to paint them. Here is approximately the shape of these monsters, as we have faithfully copied it."
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6 toes and are referenced frequently in pottery and rock art symbolism along with the symbolism of the underwater panther. (To complicate matters, the term "Piasa" was applied in the 1970s to any symbolism matching the "protean super theme" of underwater panthers.) Costa's research in 2005 led to a Miami-Illinois Indian's tale of the malevolent twin dwarves (the "Payiihsaki"), the underwater panther, and the supernatural culture hero known as the
Illinois Trickster, "Wissa Katch Akwa" who encounter a French trader. This legend of the Payiihsaki and the cliff art of underwater panther, as misinterpreted by Russell and others, is now believed by Esarey to be the origin of Russell's story of the Piasa.
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460:." The original Piasa Creek ran through the main ravine in downtown Alton, and was completely covered by huge drainage pipes around 1912. According to the story published by Russell, the creature depicted by the painting was a huge bird that lived in the cliffs. Russell claimed that this creature attacked and devoured people in nearby Indian villages shortly after the corpses of a war gave it a taste for human flesh. The legend claims that a local Indian chief, named Chief
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the Levis Bluffs area by George
Dickson and William Turk in 1905. According to the article, four of these paintings were of "an owl, a sun circle, a squirrel, and a piece showing two birds or some kind of animals in a contest", the other three paintings were of "a great animal, perhaps a lion, and another an animal about as large as a coyote". These paintings were photographed by Professor William McAdams and were to be placed in his book
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468:. The chief ordered his bravest warriors to hide near the entrance of the Piasa Bird's cave, which Russell also claimed to have explored. Ouatoga then acted as bait to lure the creature out into the open. As the monster flew down toward the Indian chief, his warriors slew it with a volley of poisoned arrows. Russell claimed that the mural was painted by the Indians as a commemoration of this heroic event.
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Esarey, Costa, Wood, et al now link the
Underwater Panther to the Piasa both iconographically and phonetically to proper legend. "Payiihsa" is a "small supernatural being" and "pai'ssa" was referenced in an early explorer's list of supernatural beings. The "Payiihsa" often bear large feet with 4 or
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Later French explorers, like St. Cosme, reported that by 1699 the series of images were badly worn due to the habits of the local
Indians to "discharge their weapons" at the images as they passed. Author A. D. Jones, in his book "Illinois and the West" c. 1838, also describes the ravages of weapons
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The bird imagery is not reported in Father
Marquette's description, which makes no mention of wings. It is also possible that Marquette's description and Russell's account were both accurate for their respective times. The image may have been repainted at some point between 1673 and 1836 to revise
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newspaper article of May 27, 1921, stated that seven smaller painted images, carved and painted in rocks, believed to be of archaic
American Indian origin, were found in the early 20th century about 1.5 miles upriver from the ancient Piasa creature's location. These pictures were authenticated in
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An earlier 1778 map titled "A new map of the western parts of
Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland and North Carolina; comprehending the river Ohio, and all the rivers, which fall into it; part of the river Mississippi, the whole of the Illinois River, ... Author Hutchins, Thomas, 1730–1789" clearly
344:. These seven archaic American Indian paintings were lost in transit to the Missouri Historical Society c. 1922. Other Native American carved petroglyphs of a similar time period and region as the Piasa monster are carved into the rocks at
275:. The original Piasa illustration no longer exists; a newer 20th-century version, based partly on 19th-century sketches and lithographs, has been placed on a bluff in Alton, Illinois, several hundred yards upstream from its origin. The
452:, Upper Alton, Illinois. The article was entitled "The Tradition of The Piasa" and Russell claimed the origin of the word to be from a nearby stream: "This stream is the Piasa. Its name is Indian, and signifies, in the
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The
Underwater Panther origin is supported by research by Dr. Mark J. Wagner, Director, Center for Archaeological Investigations and Professor, Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale.
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shows the place name "PIASAS" where the present day City of Alton is located and bounded by the Wood River to the east. This map is one of the earliest documented references for the word
732:
Marquette, Jacques. Journal. The Jesuit
Relations: Natives and Missionaries in Seventeenth-Century North America. Allan Greer, ed. Bedford/St. Martin's: Boston, New york, p. 205.
316:, which began developing about 900 CE. Cahokia was at its peak about 1200 CE, with 20,000 to 30,000 residents. It was the largest prehistoric city north of Mexico and a major
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is sketched on the map east of the
Missouri River and south of the Illinois River. As in Marquette's description, the animal is wingless with no resemblance to a bird.
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rock quality is unsuited for holding an image, and the painting must be regularly restored. The original site of the painting was on
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Chapter 2, 1887, by W. McAdams, the author says he contacted John Russell, who admitted the story was fabricated.
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The monster depicted in the mural was first referred to as the "Piasa Bird" in an article published c. 1836 by
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Illinois and the West: With a Township Map, Containing the Latest Surveys and Improvements” (1838)
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Restored Piasa Bird carving along the Mississippi River near the junction with the Illinois River.
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The 1797–8 map of French explorer Nicolas De Finiels shows the cliffs above the Piasa labeled as
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853:. Illinois State Archaeological Survey / East Central Illinois Archaeological Society (ECIAS).
588:. Illinois State Archaeological Survey / East Central Illinois Archaeological Society (ECIAS).
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Some sources report that this account was simply a story created by John Russell. In the book
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865:"Piasa Bird | Mythic Mississippi Project - University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"
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851:"Untangling the Piasa's Tale: A Revised Interpretation of Illinois' Most Famous Rock Art"
586:"Untangling the Piasa's Tale: A Revised Interpretation of Illinois' Most Famous Rock Art"
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The original image was the largest Native American painting ever found in North America.
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Esarey, Duane; Vincas Steponaitis; Michael McCafferty; David Costa (15 January 2015).
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Esarey, Duane; Vincas Steponaitis; Michael McCafferty; David Costa (15 January 2015).
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in the region. The location of the image was at a river-bluff terminus of the
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Franquelin, Jean Baptiste Louis, and Louis Joliet. The Mississippi. Map.
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Russell, John (July 1848). "The Piasa: An Indian Tradition of Illinois".
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compiled a map titled "The Mississippi" in about the year 1682, from
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while exploring the area. He recorded the following description:
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596:, Gainesville, Florida: The University Press of Florida, 1995.
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Legendary creatures of the indigenous peoples of North America
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A Thunderbird petroglyph at Washington State Park in Missouri
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The original mural was created prior to the arrival of any
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791:"Giant Birds, Beasts, and Human Skeletons of Great Size"
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Records of Ancient Races in the Mississippi Valley ...
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saw the painting on a limestone bluff overlooking the
564:. Morris, Illinois: E. B. Fletcher, printer. p.
448:. John Russell was a professor of Greek and Latin at
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about 60 miles southwest of the current Piasa image.
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Wings were not described in Marquette's 1673 account.
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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745:located in the Library of Congress, Washington DC.
687:Alton Evening Telegraph, May 27, 1921, p.1, col. 5
342:Records of Ancient Races in the Mississippi Valley
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515:Piasa Bird Historic Site marker. Alton, Illinois
320:. Icons and animal pictographs such as falcons,
148:on the bluffs of the Mississippi River in Alton.
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2048:Tourist attractions in Jersey County, Illinois
580:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 2005.
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698:"General Information | Missouri State Parks"
609:The Evangelical Magazine and Gospel Advocate
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561:The Piasa: or, The Devil among the Indians
146:A modern reproduction of the "Piasa Bird",
1455:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
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120:Learn how and when to remove this message
619:, Alton Museum of History and Art (1990)
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384:National Museum of the American Indian
304:floodplain. It may have been an older
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743:https://www.loc.gov/item/2002626428/
594:Lost Cities of the Ancient Southeast
58:adding citations to reliable sources
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1926:Norse colonization of North America
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574:Culture-Hero and Trickster Stories
27:Legendary Native American creature
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914:by Dr. Raymond Scott Edge, 2007,
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823:Geary, Pat; Clarke, Tina (2015).
2033:Archaeological sites in Illinois
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1946:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
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888:History of Piasa Bird painting
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407:Jean-Baptiste-Louis Franquelin
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2028:American legendary creatures
1911:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
1861:Eastern Agricultural Complex
636:Mississippi Lime Co. records
558:Armstrong, Perry A. (1887).
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1295:Bandelier National Monument
1169:List of Mississippian sites
956:Pre-Columbian North America
893:"History of the Piasa Bird"
592:O'Conner, Mallory McCane.
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1715:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
1320:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
1029:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
651:Dragons: A Natural History
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2018:Rock art in North America
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458:The Bird That Devours Men
380:George Gustav Heye Center
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257:Native American mythology
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2043:Madison County, Illinois
1495:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
1054:Buttermilk Creek complex
882:"Piasa Bird" and picture
653:. Simon & Schuster.
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405:The French cartographer
267:on cliffsides above the
1695:Town Creek Indian Mound
1665:Sierra de San Francisco
1520:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
829:Madison County ILGenWeb
798:. Scholastic. pp.
541:Thunderbird (mythology)
337:Alton Evening Telegraph
259:depicted in one of two
1350:Coso Rock Art District
1237:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
1140:List of Hopewell sites
788:Steiger, Brad (1991).
617:In Search of the Piasa
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169:Native American Legend
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2063:Mythological monsters
1758:Arlington Springs Man
1600:Portsmouth Earthworks
912:"Flight of the Piasa"
754:Jones, Abner Dumont,
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357:Hauteurs De Paillisa.
346:Washington State Park
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310:Mississippian culture
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2038:Mythological hybrids
1966:Transoceanic contact
1856:Container Revolution
1430:Gila Cliff Dwellings
1395:Etowah Indian Mounds
428:John Russell account
378:Underwater Panther,
54:improve this article
1886:Green Corn Ceremony
1700:Turkey River Mounds
1490:Lake Jackson Mounds
1310:Blue Spring Shelter
775:"Shurtleff College"
446:Bluffdale, Illinois
255:is a creature from
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1971:Underwater panther
1645:Rosenstock Village
1515:Marmes Rockshelter
1500:L'Anse aux Meadows
904:2007-01-08 at the
700:. 6 February 2011.
521:Underwater Panther
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482:When contemporary
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1997:Pre-Columbian era
1798:Spirit Cave mummy
1595:Plum Bayou Mounds
1505:Lynch Quarry Site
1024:Ancient Beringian
920:978-0-9794737-0-8
884:, Alton, Illinois
722:on July 17, 2012.
615:Sparks, Everett.
578:Algonquian Spirit
572:Costa, David J. "
450:Shurtleff College
395:Mississippi River
391:Jacques Marquette
269:Mississippi River
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1876:Falcon dancer
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1812:Miscellaneous
1810:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1783:Melbourne Man
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1773:La Brea Woman
1771:
1769:
1768:Kennewick Man
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1660:Serpent Mound
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1610:Pueblo Bonito
1608:
1606:
1605:Poverty Point
1603:
1601:
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1590:Pinson Mounds
1588:
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1580:Painted Bluff
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1460:Horr's Island
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1390:Effigy Mounds
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1368:
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1355:Crystal River
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1267:Weeden Island
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1232:Safety Harbor
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1222:Poverty Point
1220:
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1202:Paleo-Indians
1200:
1198:
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1163:Mississippian
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943:
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908:, Piasa Birds
907:
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889:
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883:
880:
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866:
860:
852:
845:
830:
826:
819:
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809:0-590-44252-X
805:
801:
797:
796:Beyond Belief
792:
784:
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662:
660:0-684-81443-9
656:
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648:
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633:
629:
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602:0-8130-1350-X
599:
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418:
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412:
411:Louis Jolliet
408:
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198:
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191:
190:United States
188:
184:
176:
174:Other name(s)
172:
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141:
136:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1976:Water glyphs
1935:
1931:Oasisamerica
1921:N.A.G.P.R.A.
1881:Folsom point
1871:Effigy mound
1851:Clovis point
1819:Aridoamerica
1720:Wickiup Hill
1675:Spiro Mounds
1655:Salmon Ruins
1650:Russell Cave
1445:Helen Blazes
1440:Grimes Point
1420:Fort Juelson
1410:Fort Ancient
1385:El Vallecito
1345:Chaco Canyon
1285:Angel Mounds
1247:Steed-Kisker
1197:Paleo-Arctic
1119:Glacial Kame
1104:Fort Ancient
996:Post-Classic
967:
859:
844:
834:12 September
832:. Retrieved
828:
825:"Piasa Bird"
818:
795:
783:
769:
755:
750:
737:
728:
720:the original
716:illinois.edu
715:
706:
692:
683:
669:
650:
641:
632:
616:
608:
593:
577:
560:
501:
497:
494:Origin Story
481:
477:
472:
470:
466:Great Spirit
461:
457:
442:John Russell
439:
423:
419:
404:
400:
388:
363:
360:
356:
354:
341:
336:
334:
322:thunderbirds
295:
252:
208:
206:
156:Sub grouping
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1961:Thunderbird
1829:Black drink
1793:Peñon woman
1730:Winterville
1710:Velda Mound
1690:Taos Pueblo
1585:Parkin Park
1570:Orwell site
1555:Nodena site
1450:Holly Bluff
1425:Four Mounds
1415:Fort Center
1340:Casa Grande
1290:Anzick site
1182:Monongahela
1109:Fort Walton
1084:Coles Creek
1049:Belle Glade
1034:Anishinaabe
647:Karl Shuker
488:folklorists
263:painted by
160:Thunderbird
2012:Categories
1906:Metallurgy
1866:Eden point
1763:Buhl Woman
1635:Rock Eagle
1625:River Styx
1550:Mummy Cave
1545:Moundville
1525:Mesa Verde
1510:Marksville
1257:Tchefuncte
1217:Plaquemine
1153:Las Palmas
1069:Calf Creek
1064:Cades Pond
762:0526347864
552:References
484:historians
306:iconograph
253:Piasa Bird
179:Piasa Bird
80:newspapers
18:Piasa Bird
1951:Stickball
1640:Rock Hawk
1470:Key Marco
1262:Troyville
1242:St. Johns
1227:Red Ocher
986:Formative
526:Manticore
370:Discovery
277:limestone
177:Paillissa
110:July 2024
1839:Chanunpa
1824:Ballgame
1803:Vero man
1753:Anzick-1
1725:Windover
1685:SunWatch
1615:Rassawek
1435:Glenwood
1325:Brewster
1177:Mogollon
1148:La Jolla
1134:Hopewell
1094:Deptford
1007:cultures
902:Archived
649:(1995).
536:Teratorn
507:See also
350:Missouri
318:chiefdom
312:city of
200:Illinois
166:Folklore
2058:Dragons
1988:Related
1846:Chunkey
1746:remains
1735:Wupatki
1575:Paquime
1465:Huápoca
1330:Cahokia
1300:Bastian
1207:Patayan
1129:Hohokam
1114:Fremont
1089:Comondú
1044:Baytown
1039:Avonlea
1019:Alachua
991:Classic
981:Archaic
969:Periods
531:Chimera
462:Ouatoga
314:Cahokia
287:History
186:Country
94:scholar
69:"Piasa"
1405:Folsom
1370:Cutler
1305:Benson
1192:Oneota
1124:Glades
1099:Folsom
1079:Clovis
976:Lithic
918:
806:
760:
657:
600:
454:Illini
292:Murals
261:murals
248:-ə-saw
196:Region
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1936:Piasa
1744:Human
1375:Eaker
1278:sites
1212:Plano
1014:Adena
800:38–39
624:Notes
364:Piasa
251:) or
209:Piasa
181:Piesa
133:Piasa
101:JSTOR
87:books
1896:Kiva
916:ISBN
836:2022
804:ISBN
758:ISBN
655:ISBN
598:ISBN
207:The
73:news
1400:Eva
456:, "
444:of
348:in
335:An
56:by
2014::
827:.
802:.
794:.
714:.
566:48
486:,
382:,
366:.
246:PY
236:ɔː
224:aɪ
948:e
941:t
934:v
867:.
838:.
812:.
777:.
677:.
663:.
568:.
239:/
233:s
230:ə
227:.
221:p
218:ˈ
215:/
211:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
