739:, because a rejection of the study of meanings would lead to the reclassification of such research as non-scientific. Influential traditions like psychodynamic theory and symbolic interactionism may be the first victims of such a paradigm shift. The philosophical issues lying in wait behind these different positions have led to commitments to certain kinds of methodology which have sometimes bordered on the partisan. Still, many researchers have indicated a lack of patience for overly dogmatic proponents of one method or another.
781:' refers to factors which limit or affect the choices and actions of individuals (such as social class, religion, gender, ethnicity, and so on). Discussions over the primacy of structure or agency relate to the very core of social ontology ("What is the social world made of?", "What is a cause in the social world, and what is an effect?"). One attempt to reconcile postmodern critiques with the overarching project of social science has been the development, particularly in Britain, of
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660:(1967), that "the positivist thesis of unified science, which assimilates all the sciences to a natural-scientific model, fails because of the intimate relationship between the social sciences and history, and the fact that they are based on a situation-specific understanding of meaning that can be explicated only hermeneutically … access to a symbolically prestructured reality cannot be gained by observation alone."
5835:
384:(1858–1917). While Durkheim rejected much of the detail of Comte's philosophy, he retained and refined its method, maintaining that the social sciences are a logical continuation of the natural ones into the realm of human activity, and insisting that they may retain the same objectivity, rationalism, and approach to causality. Durkheim set up the first European department of sociology at the
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In any discipline, there will always be a number of underlying philosophical predispositions in the projects of scientists. Some of these predispositions involve the nature of social knowledge itself, the nature of social reality, and the locus of human control in action. Intellectuals have disagreed
423:
areas of investigation, be it philosophical, social scientific, or otherwise. Among most social scientists and historians, orthodox positivism has long since fallen out of favor. Today, practitioners of both social and physical sciences recognize the distorting effect of
517:
method, contended that there is a need for an interpretive approach to the study of human action, a technique radically different from natural science. The fundamental task for the philosophy of social science has thus been to question the extent to which
330:
in the modern sense of the term. For him, the physical sciences had necessarily to arrive first, before humanity could adequately channel its efforts into the most challenging and complex "Queen science" of human society itself. His
260:
integrates with other related scientific disciplines, which implies a rigorous, systematic endeavor to build and organize knowledge relevant to the interaction between individual people and their wider social involvement.
369:
came about broadly as a reaction to Comte. Writing after various developments in evolutionary biology, Spencer attempted (in vain) to reformulate the discipline in what we might now describe as
394:(1895): "ur main goal is to extend scientific rationalism to human conduct... What has been called our positivism is but a consequence of this rationalism." Durkheim's seminal monograph
898:
789:, traditional positivism commits an 'epistemic fallacy' by failing to address the ontological conditions which make science possible: that is, structure and agency itself.
264:
Scientific rationalism tried to dissociate logical transactions from the emotional motivation to so engage, which strategic and tactical objectives work together as
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Though essentially all major social scientists since the late 19th century have accepted that the discipline faces challenges that are different from those of the
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342:, proposing that society undergoes three phases in its quest for the truth according to a general 'law of three stages'. The idea bears some similarity to
358:, who was at one time Comte's teacher and mentor. Both Comte and Marx intended to develop, scientifically, a new secular ideology in the wake of European
1163:
Slife, B.D. and Gantt, E.E. (1999) Methodological pluralism: a framework for psychotherapy research. Journal of
Clinical Psychology, 55(12), pp1453–1465.
511:; the doctrine that all phenomena are ultimately reducible to physical entities and physical laws. Opponents of naturalism, including advocates of the
326:. Observing the circular dependence of theory and observation in science, and classifying the sciences in this way, Comte may be regarded as the first
899:
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/philosophy-of-science/article/abs/scientific-rationality-and-human-reasoning/60CE3B35001928F7088A3588A14202C7
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and practicality in the conduct of theory and research. Philosophers of social science examine further epistemologies and methodologies, including
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and structural limitations. This scepticism has been facilitated by a general weakening of deductivist accounts of science by philosophers such as
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589:. Positivism has sometimes met with caricature as a breed of naive empiricism, yet the word has a rich history of applications stretching from
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forms an enduring debate in social theory: "Do social structures determine an individual's behaviour or does human agency?" In this context '
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is whether studies can or should ultimately be understood in terms of the meaning and consciousness behind social action, as with
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about the extent to which the social sciences should mimic the methods used in the natural sciences. The founding
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696:" perspectives on the social acquisition of knowledge. One notable critique of social science is found in
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and beyond. By the same token, if positivism is able to identify causality, then it is open to the same
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of the social sciences argued that social phenomena can and should be studied through conventional
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Philosophy of social science: the methods, ideals, and politics of social inquiry by
Michael Root
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would therefore set-out to define, in more detail, the empirical goals of sociological method.
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777:' refers to the capacity of individuals to act independently and make free choices, whereas '
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Cambridge
University Press: 01 April 2022: Scientific Rationality and Human Reasoning]
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Varieties of Social
Explanation : An Introduction to the Philosophy of Social Science
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681:(1960). Phenomenology would later prove influential in the subject-centred theory of the
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have both argued that
Foucault merely replaces one such system of thought with another.
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sociology, which involves dialogue amongst other social scientists and philosophers.
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Wacquant, Loic. 1992. "Positivism." In
Bottomore, Tom and William Outhwaite, ed.,
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peak. This is perhaps unsurprising as both were profoundly influenced by the early
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30:"Philosophy of the Social Sciences" redirects here. For the academic journal, see
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Contemporary
Philosophy of Social Science: A Multicultural Approach by Brian Fay
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Encyclopedia of
Philosophy and the Social Sciences, Byron Kaldis, SAGE, 2013
1154:
in Hoy, D (eds) 'Foucault: A critical reader' Basil
Blackwell. Oxford, 1986.
1141:
in Hoy, D (eds) 'Foucault: A critical reader' Basil
Blackwell. Oxford, 1986.
727:, or whether more objective, natural, materialist, and behavioral facts are
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are more typically cited as the fathers of contemporary social science. In
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led to a rise in highly philosophical sociology, as well as so-called "
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409:
405:
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286:
Comte first described the epistemological perspective of positivism in
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social theory has been the concern of phenomenological works, such as
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2012:
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1016:(Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.
463:
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401:
380:
The modern academic discipline of sociology began with the work of
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1307:
The Philosophy of Social Science: An Introduction by Martin Hollis
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may be characterized as 'scientific' in relation to fundamental
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pioneered the distinction between natural and social science ('
415:
The positivist perspective, however, has been associated with '
298:(published in English in 1865). The first three volumes of the
27:
Study of the logic, methods, and foundations of social sciences
456:
as meaning that scientific-thinking becomes something akin to
322:), whereas the latter two emphasised the inevitable coming of
302:
dealt chiefly with the natural sciences already in existence (
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The Blackwell Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Social Thought
478:, a positivistic approach has historically been favoured in
448:
through science and technology. The philosopher-sociologist
419:'; the view that the methods of the natural sciences may be
6255:
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467:
1285:
EUROPEAN NETWORK FOR THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
5371:
2322:
754:, which is focused firmly on practical applications, and
702:
The Idea of Social Science and its Relation to Philosophy
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with respect to political institutions and businesses.
742:
Social research remains extremely common and effective
408:
populations, distinguished sociological analysis from
7025:
The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
1284:
796:
1302:
Philosophy of Social Science by Alexander Rosenberg
108:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4359:
1253:Encyclopedia of Philosophy and the Social Sciences
998:, Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
962:Learning Theories: An Educational Perspective, 5th
1207:The Philosophy of Social Science: An Introduction
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928:
346:view that human society would progress toward a
271:
994:Cote, James E. and Levine, Charles G. (2002).
400:(1897), a case study of suicide rates amongst
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1355:(Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Online)
585:invokes the same discussions held in science
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530:contemporary social sciences with regard to
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373:terms (although Spencer was a proponent of
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
32:Philosophy of the Social Sciences (journal)
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5203:
5189:
4352:
4338:
3477:
3463:
1381:
1367:
1175:
1106:
432:, and new philosophical movements such as
4133:
4096:Relationship between religion and science
3484:
1242:
388:in 1895. In the same year he argued, in
241:Learn how and when to remove this message
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
911:http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/comte/
440:. Positivism has also been espoused by '
1280:Philosophy of Social Science Roundtable
996:Identity formation, Agency, and Culture
916:
609:, which may itself be disputed through
499:. This position is closely allied with
14:
7251:
1223:
1201:
1139:Taking Aim at the Heart of the Present
1089:, Polity Press (Second Edition 2009),
1068:, Polity Press (Second Edition 2009),
1047:, Polity Press (Second Edition 2009),
1012:The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
977:, Polity Press (Second Edition 2009),
444:' who believe in the inevitability of
5905:
5879:
5184:
4333:
3458:
3120:
1862:
1400:
1362:
1198:New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
1196:Finding Philosophy in Social Science.
913:Stanford Encyclopaedia: Auguste Comte
620:Early German hermeneuticians such as
526:foundations. These debates also rage
268:, some of which are explored below.
5834:
1347:Cambridge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
628:'). This tradition greatly informed
179:
106:adding citations to reliable sources
77:
36:
5210:
4846:Digital media use and mental health
4560:Sociology of the history of science
1335:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1087:Habermas: Key Contemporary Thinkers
1066:Habermas: Key Contemporary Thinkers
1045:Habermas: Key Contemporary Thinkers
975:Habermas: Key Contemporary Thinkers
941:
658:On the Logic of the Social Sciences
24:
750:has marked the difference between
708:provides a potent critique in his
195:tone or style may not reflect the
25:
7270:
4555:Sociology of scientific ignorance
4400:History and philosophy of science
4382:Economics of scientific knowledge
4116:Sociology of scientific knowledge
4111:Sociology of scientific ignorance
4064:History and philosophy of science
1322:
1267:Philosophy of the Social Sciences
710:archaeology of the human sciences
669:Phenomenology of the Social World
289:The Course in Positive Philosophy
52:This article has multiple issues.
7095:The Closing of the American Mind
7015:Civilization and Its Discontents
6995:A Vindication of Natural Society
5857:
5846:
5833:
5822:
5821:
5148:
5147:
5122:
4313:
4301:
3438:
3437:
3424:
949:The Rules of Sociological Method
938:Oxford: Oxford University Press.
813:
799:
785:. For critical realists such as
391:The Rules of Sociological Method
205:guide to writing better articles
184:
82:
41:
5776:List of social science journals
1169:
1157:
1144:
1131:
1113:. Oxford, UK: Polity. pp.
1100:
1079:
1058:
719:One underlying problem for the
485:
93:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
5733:Science and technology studies
4361:Science and technology studies
3505:Analytic–synthetic distinction
1388:
1330:"Philosophy of social science"
1273:
1001:
988:
967:
954:
904:
892:
117:"Philosophy of social science"
13:
1:
6985:Oration on the Dignity of Man
3121:
1353:Philosophy of social sciences
1343:Philosophy of social sciences
1243:Rosenberg, Alexander (1995).
886:
18:Philosophy of social sciences
7259:Philosophy of social science
7055:The Society of the Spectacle
4908:Normalization process theory
4465:Philosophy of social science
2910:Ordinary language philosophy
1401:
1245:Philosophy of Social Science
1178:Philosophy of Social Science
951:. Cited in Wacquant (1992).
735:, associative meanings, and
295:A General View of Positivism
272:Auguste Comte and positivism
7:
3838:Hypothetico-deductive model
3813:Deductive-nomological model
3798:Constructivist epistemology
2960:Contemporary utilitarianism
2875:Internalism and externalism
1259:
1251:Kaldis, Byron (ed.) (2013)
792:
765:
729:to be given exclusive study
613:'s conception of epistemic
581:, the ability to determine
340:account of social evolution
10:
7275:
4531:construction of technology
2224:Svatantrika and Prasangika
1863:
1247:. Westview Harper Collins.
1176:Braybrooke, David (1986).
275:
29:
7233:
7137:
7125:Intellectuals and Society
7075:The Culture of Narcissism
6966:
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5063:Politicization of science
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3899:Semantic view of theories
3818:Epistemological anarchism
3770:
3755:dependent and independent
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1446:Philosophy of mathematics
1436:Philosophy of information
1411:
1407:
1396:
1152:Foucault and Epistemology
1085:Outhwaite, William, 1988
1064:Outhwaite, William, 1988
1043:Outhwaite, William, 1988
1008:Robert Audi, ed. (1999).
973:Outhwaite, William, 1988
934:Gianfranco Poggi (2000).
7115:The Malaise of Modernity
7065:The History of Sexuality
6164:Catholic social teaching
4470:Philosophy of technology
3641:Intertheoretic reduction
3630:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
3607:Functional contextualism
1290:
947:Durkheim, Emile. 1895.
850:Philosophy of psychology
835:Intercultural philosophy
700:'s Wittgensteinian text
454:instrumental rationality
377:rather than Darwinism).
256:in this sense means how
7195:Philosophy of education
5421:international relations
4126:Philosophers of science
3904:Scientific essentialism
3853:Model-dependent realism
3788:Constructive empiricism
3681:Evidence-based practice
2915:Postanalytic philosophy
2856:Experimental philosophy
1224:Little, Daniel (1991).
840:Philosophy of economics
365:The early sociology of
6134:
6088:
6074:
5748:Quantum social science
4543:Sociology of knowledge
4209:Alfred North Whitehead
4199:Charles Sanders Peirce
3048:Social constructionism
2060:Hellenistic philosophy
1476:Theoretical philosophy
1451:Philosophy of religion
1441:Philosophy of language
880:Sociology of sociology
865:Social constructionism
737:mental representations
712:, though Habermas and
386:University of Bordeaux
328:philosopher of science
7200:Philosophy of history
7190:Philosophy of culture
7085:A Conflict of Visions
5785:Other categorizations
5638:International studies
5623:History of technology
5558:Communication studies
5441:public administration
5110:Transition management
5100:Technology assessment
5068:Regulation of science
5043:Evidence-based policy
4928:Sociotechnical system
4777:Traditional knowledge
4657:Psychology of science
4630:Mapping controversies
4536:shaping of technology
4495:Social constructivism
4460:Philosophy of science
4417:History of technology
4308:Philosophy portal
4059:Hard and soft science
4054:Faith and rationality
3923:Scientific skepticism
3703:Scientific Revolution
3486:Philosophy of science
3431:Philosophy portal
2950:Scientific skepticism
2930:Reformed epistemology
1456:Philosophy of science
845:Philosophy of history
830:Hard and soft science
688:The mid-20th-century
640:, and continued with
7205:Political philosophy
7005:Democracy in America
5618:Historical sociology
5015:Women in engineering
4861:Financial technology
4841:Digital anthropology
4610:Criticism of science
4523:Actor–network theory
4485:Religion and science
4377:Economics of science
4034:Criticism of science
3909:Scientific formalism
3793:Constructive realism
3698:Scientific pluralism
3671:Problem of induction
2851:Critical rationalism
2558:Edo neo-Confucianism
2402:Acintya bheda abheda
2381:Renaissance humanism
2092:School of the Sextii
1466:Practical philosophy
1461:Political philosophy
1345:(From Robert Audi's
1194:Bunge, Mario. 1996.
855:Political philosophy
771:Structure and agency
599:critical rationalist
583:causal relationships
371:socially Darwinistic
356:Henri de Saint-Simon
266:heuristic strategies
102:improve this article
7045:One-Dimensional Man
5798:Geisteswissenschaft
5792:Behavioral sciences
5718:Political sociology
5633:Information science
5578:Development studies
4856:Engineering studies
4826:Cyborg anthropology
4615:Demarcation problem
4500:Social epistemology
4101:Rhetoric of science
4039:Descriptive science
3783:Confirmation holism
3676:Scientific evidence
3636:Inductive reasoning
3565:Demarcation problem
2422:Nimbarka Sampradaya
2333:Korean Confucianism
2080:Academic Skepticism
1107:Giddens, A (2006).
721:social psychologist
683:post-structuralists
626:Geisteswissenschaft
593:to the work of the
452:has critiqued pure
7165:Cultural pessimism
7160:Cultural criticism
6059:National character
5853:Society portal
5340:auxiliary sciences
5136:History of science
5053:Funding of science
4923:Skunkworks project
4620:Double hermeneutic
4405:History of science
4320:Science portal
4249:Carl Gustav Hempel
4204:Wilhelm Windelband
4091:Questionable cause
3914:Scientific realism
3735:Underdetermination
3570:Empirical evidence
3560:Creative synthesis
3043:Post-structuralism
2945:Scientific realism
2900:Quinean naturalism
2880:Logical positivism
2836:Analytical Marxism
2055:Peripatetic school
1967:Chinese naturalism
1494:Aesthetic response
1421:Applied philosophy
1228:. Westview Press.
860:Positive economics
673:Hans-Georg Gadamer
572:post-structuralism
497:scientific methods
333:View of Positivism
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6107:Spontaneous order
6097:Social alienation
5946:Cultural heritage
5907:Social philosophy
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5713:Political economy
5708:Political ecology
5563:Community studies
5553:Cognitive science
5516:Interdisciplinary
5416:Political science
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5105:Technology policy
4836:Dematerialization
4645:black swan events
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3938:Uniformitarianism
3693:Scientific method
3587:Explanatory power
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2831:Analytic feminism
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2765:Kierkegaardianism
2727:Transcendentalism
2687:Neo-scholasticism
2533:Classical Realism
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2509:
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2281:
2097:Neopythagoreanism
1854:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1471:Social philosophy
1180:. Prentice Hall.
1137:Jürgen Habermas.
1095:978-0-7456-4328-1
1074:978-0-7456-4328-1
1053:978-0-7456-4328-1
983:978-0-7456-4328-1
875:Social philosophy
807:Philosophy portal
540:intersubjectivity
352:Utopian socialist
338:Comte offered an
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199:used on Knowledge
197:encyclopedic tone
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5573:Cultural studies
5548:Business studies
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5078:Right to science
5058:Horizon scanning
5033:Academic freedom
4933:Technical change
4794:Women in science
4789:Unity of science
4570:Strong programme
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4279:Bas van Fraassen
4234:Hans Reichenbach
4214:Bertrand Russell
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3957:Philosophy of...
3740:Unity of science
3533:Commensurability
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3008:Frankfurt School
2955:Transactionalism
2905:Normative ethics
2885:Legal positivism
2861:Falsificationism
2846:Consequentialism
2841:Communitarianism
2814:
2813:
2682:New Confucianism
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2328:Neo-Confucianism
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2102:Second Sophistic
2087:Middle Platonism
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752:public sociology
678:Truth and Method
603:justificationism
579:natural sciences
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656:argues, in his
654:Jürgen Habermas
648:", or 'science
642:critical theory
622:Wilhelm Dilthey
552:instrumentalism
524:epistemological
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446:social progress
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4480:Postpositivism
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4440:Antipositivism
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6095:
6092:
6091:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5979:
5976:
5975:
5974:
5971:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5901:
5896:
5894:
5889:
5887:
5882:
5881:
5878:
5866:
5865:
5860:
5856:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5842:
5841:
5832:
5830:
5829:
5820:
5819:
5816:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5804:Human science
5802:
5800:
5799:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5783:
5777:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5767:
5761:
5760:Vegan studies
5758:
5756:
5753:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5740:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5723:Public health
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5657:Philosophies
5656:
5654:
5653:Media studies
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5628:Human ecology
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5538:Anthrozoology
5536:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5514:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5478:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5463:developmental
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5449:
5446:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5436:public policy
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5414:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5405:
5402:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5387:legal systems
5385:
5383:
5382:legal history
5380:
5378:
5377:jurisprudence
5375:
5374:
5373:
5370:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5328:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5277:
5274:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5240:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5217:
5213:
5206:
5201:
5199:
5194:
5192:
5187:
5186:
5183:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5146:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5125:
5121:
5120:
5117:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5016:
5013:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4943:Technoscience
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4913:Media studies
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4851:Early adopter
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4821:Co-production
4819:
4818:
4816:
4814:
4808:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4670:communication
4668:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4652:Pseudoscience
4650:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4600:Boundary-work
4598:
4596:
4595:Bibliometrics
4593:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4577:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4506:
4505:Transhumanism
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4418:
4415:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4355:
4350:
4348:
4343:
4341:
4336:
4335:
4332:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4309:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4291:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4239:Rudolf Carnap
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4174:Auguste Comte
4172:
4171:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4146:Francis Bacon
4144:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4075:
4074:Pseudoscience
4072:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3933:Structuralism
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3895:Received view
3893:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3803:Contextualism
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3480:
3475:
3473:
3468:
3466:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3445:
3444:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:Miscellaneous
3369:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:Miscellaneous
3065:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3053:Structuralism
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3038:Postmodernism
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3028:Phenomenology
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2965:Vienna Circle
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2895:Moral realism
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2697:Phenomenology
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2637:Individualism
2635:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2502:Judeo-Islamic
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2478:ʿIlm al-Kalām
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2427:Shuddhadvaita
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2361:Scholasticism
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1857:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
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1812:Conceptualism
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733:consciousness
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714:Richard Rorty
711:
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595:Vienna Circle
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568:phenomenology
565:
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560:structuralism
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438:neopragmatism
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158:November 2023
150:
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119: –
118:
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113:Find sources:
107:
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91:This article
89:
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7053:
7043:
7033:
7023:
7013:
7003:
6993:
6983:
6973:
6393:Guicciardini
6376:Early modern
6212:Philosophers
6186:Conservatism
6181:Confucianism
6169:Distributism
6102:Social norms
6090:Sittlichkeit
6076:Ressentiment
6022:Institutions
6000:Human nature
5862:
5838:
5826:
5796:
5680:
5603:Food studies
5543:Area studies
5296:mathematical
5291:econometrics
5249:Anthropology
5158:Associations
4993:criticism of
4903:Leapfrogging
4886:linear model
4772:Team science
4762:Scientocracy
4685:Neo-colonial
4464:
4435:Anthropocene
4284:Larry Laudan
4264:Imre Lakatos
4219:Otto Neurath
4194:Karl Pearson
4184:Pierre Duhem
4156:Isaac Newton
4086:Protoscience
4044:Epistemology
3985:
3918:Anti-realism
3916: /
3897: /
3888: /
3874: /
3872:Reductionism
3870: /
3843:Inductionism
3823:Evolutionism
3628:
3515:a posteriori
3514:
3510:
3436:
3422:
3093:
3084:Postcritique
3074:Kyoto School
3033:Posthumanism
3013:Hermeneutics
2868: /
2809:Contemporary
2785:Newtonianism
2748:Cartesianism
2707:Reductionism
2543:Conservatism
2538:Collectivism
2476:
2204:Sarvāstivadā
2182:Anekantavada
2107:Neoplatonism
2075:Epicureanism
2008:Pythagoreans
1947:Confucianism
1913:Contemporary
1903:Early modern
1807:Anti-realism
1761:Universalism
1718:Subjectivism
1514:Epistemology
1346:
1333:
1265:
1252:
1244:
1225:
1206:
1195:
1177:
1170:Bibliography
1159:
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769:
760:professional
759:
755:
743:
741:
718:
701:
687:
676:
668:
661:
657:
650:as ideology'
649:
634:Georg Simmel
619:
576:
532:subjectivity
527:
512:
489:
486:Epistemology
480:behaviourism
462:
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138:
131:
124:
112:
100:Please help
95:verification
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
7180:Historicism
7009:(1835–1840)
6975:De Officiis
6699:de Beauvoir
6669:Baudrillard
6621:Vivekananda
6611:Tocqueville
6526:Kierkegaard
6342:Ibn Khaldun
6312:Alpharabius
6203:Personalism
6112:Stewardship
6069:Reification
6064:Natural law
5985:Familialism
5951:Culturalism
5864:Wikiversity
5755:Social work
5643:Linguistics
5568:Criminology
5485:criminology
5468:personality
5426:comparative
5404:Linguistics
5397:private law
5254:archaeology
5003:theories of
4988:and society
4984:Technology
4978:transitions
4968:determinism
4963:convergence
4938:Technocracy
4720:controversy
4706:Scientific
4690:post-normal
4635:Metascience
4605:Consilience
4590:Antiscience
4455:Neo-Luddism
4450:Fuzzy logic
4274:Ian Hacking
4259:Thomas Kuhn
4244:Karl Popper
4224:C. D. Broad
4141:Roger Bacon
4069:Non-science
4011:Linguistics
3991:Archaeology
3886:Rationalism
3876:Determinism
3863:Physicalism
3828:Fallibilism
3778:Coherentism
3708:Testability
3661:Observation
3656:Objectivity
3617:alternative
3548:Correlation
3538:Consilience
3079:Objectivism
3018:Neo-Marxism
2980:Continental
2890:Meta-ethics
2870:Coherentism
2775:Hegelianism
2712:Rationalism
2672:Natural law
2652:Materialism
2578:Historicism
2548:Determinism
2439:Navya-Nyāya
2214:Sautrāntika
2209:Pudgalavada
2145:Vaisheshika
1998:Presocratic
1898:Renaissance
1837:Physicalism
1822:Materialism
1728:Normativity
1713:Objectivism
1698:Emergentism
1688:Behaviorism
1637:Metaphysics
1603:Determinism
1542:Rationalism
1274:Conferences
870:Social fact
787:Roy Bhaskar
744:in practise
698:Peter Winch
671:(1932) and
662:Verstehende
611:Thomas Kuhn
607:Karl Popper
587:meta-theory
536:objectivity
509:physicalism
493:positivists
442:technocrats
430:Thomas Kuhn
7185:Humanities
7145:Agnotology
6804:Kołakowski
6367:Ibn Tufayl
6347:Maimonides
6291:Thucydides
6286:Tertullian
6241:Lactantius
6136:Volksgeist
6117:Traditions
5931:Convention
5809:Humanities
5743:historical
5676:psychology
5648:Management
5490:demography
5448:Psychology
5431:philosophy
5392:public law
5323:integrated
5141:Technology
5093:science of
5088:history of
4973:revolution
4881:disruptive
4871:Innovation
4866:Hype cycle
4811:Technology
4782:ecological
4755:skepticism
4745:misconduct
4730:enterprise
4548:scientific
4475:Positivism
4445:Empiricism
4427:Philosophy
4161:David Hume
4134:Precursors
4016:Psychology
3996:Economics
3890:Empiricism
3881:Pragmatism
3868:Positivism
3858:Naturalism
3728:scientific
3612:Hypothesis
3575:Experiment
3378:Amerindian
3285:Australian
3224:Vietnamese
3204:Indonesian
2753:Kantianism
2702:Positivism
2692:Pragmatism
2667:Naturalism
2647:Liberalism
2625:Subjective
2563:Empiricism
2467:Avicennism
2412:Bhedabheda
2296:East Asian
2219:Madhyamaka
2199:Abhidharma
2065:Pyrrhonism
1832:Nominalism
1827:Naturalism
1756:Skepticism
1746:Relativism
1736:Absolutism
1665:Naturalism
1575:Deontology
1547:Skepticism
1532:Naturalism
1522:Empiricism
1486:Aesthetics
1390:Philosophy
887:References
694:postmodern
520:positivism
505:naturalism
476:psychology
410:psychology
406:Protestant
375:Lamarckism
304:geoscience
282:Positivism
254:Philosophy
213:April 2024
128:newspapers
57:improve it
7225:Sociology
7175:Historism
6884:Santayana
6854:Oakeshott
6824:MacIntyre
6809:Kropotkin
6784:Heidegger
6637:centuries
6551:Nietzsche
6516:Jefferson
6501:Helvétius
6466:Condorcet
6429:centuries
6413:Montaigne
6236:Confucius
6226:Augustine
6143:Worldview
6037:Modernity
6010:Formation
5687:Planning
5666:economics
5583:Education
5480:Sociology
5458:cognitive
5409:semiotics
5360:political
5318:technical
5303:Geography
5276:Economics
5048:Factor 10
4876:diffusion
4715:consensus
4710:community
4675:education
4515:Sociology
4490:Scientism
4369:Economics
4001:Geography
3969:Chemistry
3928:Scientism
3723:ladenness
3543:Construct
3521:Causality
3257:Pakistani
3219:Taiwanese
3166:Ethiopian
3139:By region
3125:By region
2940:Scientism
2935:Systemics
2795:Spinozism
2722:Socialism
2657:Modernism
2620:Objective
2528:Anarchism
2462:Averroism
2351:Christian
2303:Neotaoism
2274:Zurvanism
2264:Mithraism
2259:Mazdakism
2030:Cyrenaics
1957:Logicians
1590:Free will
1552:Solipsism
1499:Formalism
1110:Sociology
936:Durkheim.
779:structure
646:scientism
630:Max Weber
514:verstehen
501:scientism
417:scientism
348:communist
316:chemistry
308:astronomy
63:talk page
7253:Category
7238:Category
7150:Axiology
7138:See also
6929:Voegelin
6919:Spengler
6894:Shariati
6849:Nussbaum
6834:Maritain
6794:Irigaray
6774:Habermas
6739:Foucault
6724:Durkheim
6626:Voltaire
6591:de Staël
6566:Rousseau
6491:Franklin
6352:Muhammad
6337:Gelasius
6322:Avempace
6305:Medieval
6281:Polybius
6276:Plutarch
6042:Morality
6017:Ideology
6005:Identity
5914:Concepts
5828:Category
5696:regional
5691:land use
5526:business
5495:internet
5453:abnormal
5355:military
5345:economic
5335:cultural
5308:physical
5269:physical
5259:cultural
5168:Scholars
5163:Journals
5153:Category
5127:Portals
5008:transfer
4998:dynamics
4948:feminist
4750:priority
4735:literacy
4695:rhetoric
4661:Science
4625:Logology
4296:Category
3948:Vitalism
3771:Theories
3745:Variable
3666:Paradigm
3553:function
3511:A priori
3500:Analysis
3493:Concepts
3443:Category
3398:Yugoslav
3388:Romanian
3295:Scottish
3280:American
3209:Japanese
3189:Buddhist
3171:Africana
3161:Egyptian
3003:Feminist
2925:Rawlsian
2920:Quietism
2818:Analytic
2770:Krausism
2677:Nihilism
2642:Kokugaku
2605:Absolute
2600:Idealism
2588:Humanism
2376:Occamism
2343:European
2288:Medieval
2234:Yogacara
2194:Buddhist
2187:Syādvāda
2070:Stoicism
2035:Cynicism
2023:Sophists
2018:Atomists
2013:Eleatics
1952:Legalism
1893:Medieval
1817:Idealism
1771:Ontology
1751:Nihilism
1655:Idealism
1413:Branches
1402:Branches
1260:Journals
1205:(1994).
960:Schunk,
793:See also
766:Ontology
756:academic
704:(1958).
464:Durkheim
460:itself.
458:ideology
402:Catholic
6979:(44 BC)
6909:Sombart
6904:Skinner
6889:Scruton
6869:Polanyi
6844:Niebuhr
6829:Marcuse
6764:Gramsci
6759:Gentile
6719:Du Bois
6709:Deleuze
6679:Benoist
6649:Agamben
6606:Thoreau
6596:Stirner
6586:Spencer
6536:Le Play
6486:Fourier
6471:Emerson
6456:Carlyle
6441:Bentham
6418:Müntzer
6388:Erasmus
6362:Plethon
6357:Photios
6317:Aquinas
6251:Mencius
6219:Ancient
6152:Schools
6032:Loyalty
5990:History
5978:Counter
5973:Culture
5941:Customs
5840:Commons
5671:history
5661:science
5596:studies
5330:History
5242:Primary
5228:History
5223:Outline
5131:Science
4813:studies
4725:dissent
4665:citizen
4582:studies
4580:Science
4527:Social
4392:History
4006:History
3974:Physics
3964:Biology
3762:more...
3750:control
3646:Inquiry
3393:Russian
3362:Spanish
3357:Slovene
3347:Maltese
3342:Italian
3322:Finland
3290:British
3272:Western
3262:Turkish
3247:Islamic
3242:Iranian
3194:Chinese
3181:Eastern
3148:African
3095:more...
2780:Marxism
2610:British
2553:Dualism
2449:Islamic
2407:Advaita
2397:Vedanta
2371:Scotism
2366:Thomism
2308:Tiantai
2251:Persian
2239:Tibetan
2229:Śūnyatā
2170:Cārvāka
2160:Ājīvika
2155:Mīmāṃsā
2135:Samkhya
2050:Academy
2003:Ionians
1977:Yangism
1934:Chinese
1925:Ancient
1888:Western
1883:Ancient
1842:Realism
1799:Reality
1789:Process
1670:Realism
1650:Dualism
1645:Atomism
1527:Fideism
544:realism
397:Suicide
320:biology
312:physics
142:scholar
7170:Ethics
7129:(2010)
7119:(1991)
7109:(1990)
7099:(1987)
7089:(1987)
7079:(1979)
7069:(1976)
7059:(1967)
7049:(1964)
7039:(1949)
7029:(1935)
7019:(1930)
6999:(1756)
6989:(1486)
6934:Walzer
6924:Taylor
6914:Sowell
6899:Simmel
6864:Pareto
6859:Ortega
6769:Guénon
6754:Gehlen
6749:Gandhi
6704:Debord
6689:Butler
6684:Berlin
6674:Bauman
6664:Badiou
6654:Arendt
6644:Adorno
6576:Ruskin
6531:Le Bon
6506:Herder
6481:Fichte
6476:Engels
6446:Bonald
6436:Arnold
6408:Milton
6403:Luther
6383:Calvin
6261:Origen
6231:Cicero
6191:Social
6127:Family
6122:Values
6083:Rights
6047:Public
5995:Honour
5926:Anomie
5921:Agency
5531:public
5473:social
5365:social
5264:social
5025:Policy
4958:change
4891:system
4740:method
4680:normal
3718:choice
3713:Theory
3651:Nature
3580:design
3352:Polish
3332:German
3327:French
3312:Danish
3302:Canada
3252:Jewish
3214:Korean
3199:Indian
2741:People
2662:Monism
2615:German
2583:Holism
2516:Modern
2494:Jewish
2417:Dvaita
2390:Indian
2313:Huayan
2165:Ajñana
2122:Indian
1987:Greco-
1972:Taoism
1962:Mohism
1908:Modern
1875:By era
1864:By era
1779:Action
1660:Monism
1580:Virtue
1562:Ethics
1255:, Sage
1232:
1213:
1184:
1121:
1093:
1072:
1051:
1024:
981:
775:agency
570:, and
528:within
470:, and
344:Marx's
300:Course
144:
137:
130:
123:
115:
6967:Works
6954:Žižek
6939:Weber
6879:Röpke
6839:Negri
6819:Lasch
6789:Hoppe
6744:Fromm
6734:Evola
6714:Dewey
6694:Camus
6601:Taine
6581:Smith
6571:Royce
6561:Renan
6496:Hegel
6461:Comte
6451:Burke
6398:Locke
6332:Dante
6327:Bruni
6296:Xunzi
6271:Plato
6266:Philo
6246:Laozi
6054:Mores
5966:Multi
5956:Inter
5701:urban
5505:urban
5500:rural
5350:human
5313:human
5233:Index
3383:Aztec
3337:Greek
3317:Dutch
3307:Czech
3156:Bantu
2593:Anti-
2140:Nyaya
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