416:
organization and status of workers, regional demography, religious practices, royal road, relation between the state institution and private parties, and record management. Research is yielding a better understanding of the territory under purview of the
Achaemenid administrators of Persepolis and the system that underlay the structuring of the territory. Among Persepolis workers, there are as many women as men recorded in the Persepolis Fortification Archive. Some women receive more rations than any of the men in a work group, probably due to their ranks or special skills. New mothers are also mentioned, where they receive single rations with mothers of boys receiving twice as much as mothers of girls.
2077:
2902:
2116:
191:
arranged in order, as in a library. The uncleaned tablets and fragments were covered up with wax and after drying, they were wrapped up in cotton and packed in 2,353 sequentially numbered boxes for shipping. At the time, Herzfeld estimated that the find included about 30,000 or more inscribed and sealed clay tablets and fragments. However, Herzfeld himself did not leave precise notes and never published a proper archaeological report.
20:
438:
328:) have been identified. Almost all Aramaic records are formed around knotted strings. All Aramaic texts have seal impressions and are incised with styluses or written in ink with pens or brushes, and are similar to Elamite memoranda. They are records of transporting or storing foodstuff, disbursal of seed, disbursal of provisions for travelers, and disbursal of rations for workers.
259:(2,087 tablets in 1969 and 33 tablets in 1978), as well as analysis of 1,148 seals accompanying published Elamite records. About 20 new tablets have also been published after Hallock by various scholars. A majority of the Elamite records are memoranda of single transactions. The earliest known dated Elamite text was written in month 1, regnal year 13 of
344:
wide range of styles and skills in the designers and engravers. More than 100 of the seals have inscriptions identifying the owner of the seal or his superior. Many of the seals on the
Elamite tablets can be associated with Persepolis administrative officials named in the archives, such as Parnâkka (Old Persian
679:
Persepolis
Treasury Archive deals mostly with payments of silver from the Persepolis treasury made in lieu of partial or full in-kind rations of sheep, wine, or grain to workers and artisans employed at or near Persepolis. Some records are administrative letters ordering payments to groups of workers
243:
As of 2010, about 20,000-25,000 tablets and fragments representing about 15,000-18,000 original records remain at the
Oriental Institute. Size of the original archive for the same period of time could have been as many as 100,000 Elamite tablets. The edited samples to-date may represent no more than
194:
The archive was found at the northeastern corner of the terrace of
Persepolis, in two rooms in the fortification wall. The tablets had been stored in a small space near the staircase in the tower in the fortification wall. The upper floor of the fortification wall may have collapsed at the time of
147:
administrative records of receipt, taxation, transfer, storage of food crops (cereals, fruit), livestock (sheep and goats, cattle, poultry), food products (flour, breads and other cereal products, beer, wine, processed fruit, oil, meat), and byproducts (animal hides) in the region around
Persepolis
126:
for understanding the internal workings of the
Persian Achaemenid Empire. But while these archives have the potential for offering the study of the Achaemenid history based on the sole surviving and substantial records from the heartland of the empire, they are still not fully utilized as such by a
343:
have been identified, among them scenes of heroic combat, hunting, worship, animals in combat, as well as abstract designs. The number may well increase with study of more records, making
Persepolis administrative archives one of the largest collection of imagery in the ancient world, displaying a
331:
About 5,000 or more tablets and fragment have only impressions of seals and no texts. Almost all such records are formed around knotted strings. It is noted that none of the uninscribed tablets and fragments bear the seals of high-ranking officials of the
Achaemenid administration. Buttons, coins
190:
in March 1933. Before attempting to build a pathway for easy removal of debris from the ruins of palaces on the
Persepolis terrace, Herzfeld decided to excavate the location first to ensure that building a passage would not harm anything. He found two rooms filled up with clay tablets that were
178:
153 tablets, approximately 30,000 fragments and an unknown number of uninscribed tablets were returned to Iran in the 1950s. So far about 450 tablets and tens of thousands of fragments have already been returned to Iran in total. The narrow content of the archive, recording only the Achaemenid
94:
evidence, the partial burning of Persepolis did not affect the Persepolis Fortification Archive tablets, but may have caused the eventual collapse of the upper part of the northern Fortification wall that preserved the tablets until their recovery by the Oriental Institute's archaeologists.
415:
The archive is a sophisticated and comprehensive administrative and archival system, representing a highly complex and extensive institutional economy resulting from careful, long term and large scale planning. The archive offers unique opportunity for research on important subjects like
887:– at the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago is the main online database for the Persepolis Fortification Archive (PFA) Project, where all the components of the Persepolis Administrative Archives – Elamite, Aramaic, glyptic, and miscellany – can be seen, linked and searched.
98:
Thousands of clay tablets, fragments and seal impressions in the Persepolis archives are a part of a single administrative system representing continuity of activity and flow of data over more than fifty consecutive years (509 to 457 BCE). These records can throw light on the
856:
silver money to the regional economy of the Persepolis and its eventual adoption. Persepolis Fortification Archive, a generation before the Persepolis Treasury Archive, only attests to the payment in-kind at Persepolis (wine, beer, grain, flour, sheep, and the like).
730:
A total find of 746 clay tablets and fragments were reported by the excavators - 198 tablets and large fragments and 548 smaller fragments. 46 clay tablets were given to the Oriental Institute by the Iranian authorities and the rest were sent to the
896:– at the University of Southern California (USC) is a site that produces two kinds of high resolution online images of the Persepolis Fortification Archive tablets in collaboration with the Oriental Institute, allowing online handling of the images.
199:
invasion, both partially destroying the order of the tablets while protecting them until 1933. The entrance to the rooms were bricked up in antiquity. The tablets cover sixteen years, from 509 to 493 BCE, from the 13th to the 28th regnal year of
917:– at Collège de France is a site for Achaemenid studies, providing full editions and translations of Persepolis Fortification Archive components. These editions are linked to MAVI interface to view high resolution online images on the
572:, was argued December 4, 2017 and decided 8–0 in favor of Iran on February 21, 2018. Since the Persian artifacts were not being used commercially by Iran, they could not be taken under subsections (a) and (g) of 28 U.S.C. § 1610.
127:
majority of historians. The reason for the slow adoption of study of Persepolis administrative archives can also be attributed to the administrative nature of the archives, lacking the drama and excitement of narrative history.
351:
Persepolis was inhabited by a multitude of people speaking many different languages. There are unique archival records in other languages that attest to the usage of many languages by the administration at Persepolis, such as:
591:
The threat of losing the Persepolis Fortification Archive to scholarly research as a result of the litigation since 2004, prompted the Oriental Institute to accelerate and enlarge the PFA Project in 2006, headed by Dr.
263:(April 509 BCE) and the latest in month 12, regnal year 28 (March/April 493 BCE). The Elamite records mention about 150 places in the region controlled by Achaemenid administration at Persepolis — most of modern
710:
Uninscribed: objects of various shapes with impressions of stamp seals, cylinder seals and seal rings. Many of them have marks of strings that secured bags or boxes and/or attached the sealings to containers.
378:
is a legal document recording the purchase of a slave at Persepolis in the reign of Darius I the Great, among parties and witnesses with Babylonian names. The legal record conforms to Babylonian conventions.
869:(Mountain of Mercy), excavators found sealed uninscribed Achaemenid Bullae. From a group of 52 uninscribed sealings, some impressions were similar to the sealings found in the Persepolis Treasury Archive.
600:. Scholars from various universities, students and volunteers are urgently digitizing the Persepolis Fortification Archive and making it available through online resources for further research worldwide.
1830:
445:
Discovery of a record written in Old Persian for a routine administrative task challenges the previously held notion that Old Persian language was only used for imperial monumental inscriptions.
845:
Persepolis archives are a rich resource for the study of all the official languages used in the Persian Achaemenid Empire, both individually and collectively in connection with each other.
930:– at Collège de France is the site for Achaemenid studies online journal, providing periodic bulletins on the discoveries made in the course of studying Persepolis Administrative Archives.
82:(dated 330/329 BCE), the fall of Persepolis paradoxically contributed to the preservation of the Achaemenid administrative archives that might have been lost due to passage of time and
905:– at the University of California, Los Angeles, (UCLA), is a site that provides fast, low resolution online images of the Persepolis Fortification Archive Elamite tablets.
426:
Fragmentary finds with Elamite texts from other sites in the Achaemenid Empire point to similar common practices and administrative activities. Archival records found in
865:
Excavations directed by Akbar Tajvidi at Persepolis between 1968 and 1973, recovered more clay tablets. Excavating the upper towers of the fortification wall on top of
1850:
Stolper, Matthew W. and Tavernier, Jan: "From the Persepolis Fortification Archive Project, 1: An Old Persian Administrative Tablet from the Persepolis Fortification,"
872:
Future excavations in the areas currently unexcavated, such as the southeastern part of the Persepolis terrace and mountain fortifications, might yield other archives.
167:
to the Oriental Institute for research and publication. The archive arrived in Chicago in 1936 and has been under studies since 1937. It was not until 1969, when
1831:
https://web.archive.org/web/20110716141445/http://www.chicagomaroon.com/2009/3/5/trial-of-the-centuries-the-legal-battle-over-ancient-artifacts-and-global-terror
1702:
Garrison, Mark B.: "Achaemenid iconography as evidenced by glyptic art, subject matter, social function, audience and diffusion," in Christoph Uehlinger (ed.):
423:
languages preserved due to their usage in the Persepolis archives, including evidence of lexicon, phonology and dialect variation that are not found elsewhere.
179:
administration's transactions dealing with foodstuff, must be taken into consideration in regards to the amount of information that can be deduced from them.
152:), and their redistribution to gods, the royal family, courtiers, priests, religious officiants, administrators, travelers, workers, artisans, and livestock.
2043:
784:
721:, is the Treasury records of taxes paid in silver by three (3) individuals at an unknown location in regnal years 19th and 20th of Darius I the Great.
676:(PTA), also known as Persepolis Treasury Tablets (PTT). They were packed in small metal cigarette boxes, filled with sawdust for shipping to Tehran.
448:
Persepolis administration treats all the gods equally. Among various gods named in Persepolis administrative archives receiving food offerings are:
396:
Until the discovery of the Persepolis administrative archives, the main sources for information about the Achaemenids were the Greek sources such as
563:
and collections and sell them to satisfy the claim for damages. Oriental Institute and the Persepolis Fortification Archive were among this group.
672:
at Persepolis between 1934 and 1939 for the Oriental Institute, discovered a second group of clay tablets and fragments that became known as the
186:
at Persepolis between 1933 and 1934 for the Oriental Institute, discovered tens of thousands of unbaked clay tablets, badly broken fragments and
1722:
Persepolis Seal Studies. An Introduction with Provisional Concordance of Seal Numbers and Associated Documents on Fortification Tablets 1-2087,
866:
3064:
1882:
Wawrzyniak, James A.: "Rubin v. The Islamic Republic of Iran - A Struggle for Control of Persian Antiquities in America", Harvard Law School
175:, leading to the renaissance of Achaemenid studies in the 1970s. The long-term project spanning over seven decades is far from completion.
3054:
2989:
2815:
1798:
1222:
649:
3069:
2065:
460:
3074:
1699:
Garrison, Mark B.: "The 'Late Neo-Elamite' Glyptic Style: A Perspective from Fars," Bulletin of the Asian Institute 16: 65–102, 2002.
434:
of the Achaemenid Empire, use administrative vocabulary, practice and book-keeping found in the Persepolis administrative archives.
1877:
Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (c. 550-330 BC), Lexicon of Old Iranian Proper Names and Loanwords, Attested in Non-Iranian Texts,
656:
48:
1284:
Dusinberre "Seal impressions on the Persepolis Fortification Aramaic tablets: preliminary observations," Persika 12, 2008:239-252.
688:
Persepolis Treasury Archive was found on the southeastern part of Persepolis terrace in the block of buildings identified as the "
163:, an extremely difficult language still imperfectly understood, had to be deciphered. So, in 1935, Iranian authorities loaned the
2376:
1870:
Dānistānihā-ye nuvīn dar barāh-e hunār va bāstānšināsi-ye asr-e Hakhāmaniši bar bunyād-e kāvushā-ye panj sālah-e Takht-e Jamshīd,
1984:
Dānistānihā-ye nuvīn dar barāh-e hunār va bāstānšināsi-ye asr-e Hakhāmaniši bar bunyād-e kāvushā-ye panj sālah-e Takht-e Jamshīd
2105:
918:
204:. The chronological distribution of the archive is uneven, with the largest concentration from the 22nd and 23rd regnal years.
2073:
642:
332:
such as Athenian tetradrachms and Achaemenid darics, or other common objects are also used instead of seals in a few cases.
2858:
1887:
950:
155:
But before the Persepolis archives could have offered any clues to the better understanding of the Achaemenid history, the
2532:
1475:
2684:
2381:
530:, claiming Iran had provided financial and logistical support to Hamas. The court agreed and awarded $ 71.5 million in
271:, including villages, estates, parks and paradises, storehouses, fortresses, treasuries, towns, rivers, and mountains.
2006:
2100:
1704:
Images as Media, Sources for the Cultural History of the Near East and the Eastern Mediterranean (1st Millennium BCE)
618:
568:
1212:
Garrison "The uninscribed tablets from the Fortification archive: a preliminary analysis," Persika 12, 2008:149-238.
2446:
2298:
1746:
2058:
1254:
Henkelman "From Gabae to Taoce: the geography of the central administrative province," Persica 12, 2008:303-314.
2130:
1820:
Le satrape de Bactriane et son gouverneur. Documents araméens du IVe s. avant notre ère provenant de Bactriane
39:) are two groups of clay administrative archives — sets of records physically stored together – found in
2963:
2386:
1200:
669:
236:
Uninscribed: the remains of about 5,000 or more original records with only impressions of seals and no texts.
68:
1956:
The Other Gods Who Are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation based on the Persepolis Fortification Texts
1775:
The Other Gods Who Are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation based on the Persepolis Fortification Texts
1762:
Heath, Sebastian, and Schwartz, Glenn M.: "Legal Threats to Cultural Exchange of Archaeological Materials,"
2337:
1479:
980:
638:
497:
248:, from 522 to 486 BCE, just for the distribution of foodstuff, could have been as many as 200,000 records.
1789:
Achaemenid History IV: Centre and Periphery, Proceedings of the Groningen 1986 Achaemenid History Workshop
2537:
2475:
751:
Persepolis Treasury Archive covers thirty five (35) years, from 492 to 457 BCE, from regnal year 30th of
104:
1799:
https://web.archive.org/web/20080704192203/http://humanities.uchicago.edu/tableau/issues/Fall_Win_08.pdf
1223:
https://nyu.academia.edu/CharlesJones/Papers/84747/How-many-Persepolis-Fortification-tablets-are-there--
2592:
2234:
2051:
628:
196:
2021:
1609:
Razmjou "Find spots and find circumstances of documents excavated at Persepolis," Persika 12, 2008:57.
1534:
Razmjou "Find spots and find circumstances of documents excavated at Persepolis," Persika 12, 2008:55.
1138:
Razmjou "Find spots and find circumstances of documents excavated at Persepolis," Persika 12, 2008:51.
244:
five percent of the original Achaemenid archive. Size of the original archive for the entire reign of
3049:
2480:
44:
2968:
2851:
2527:
2363:
2209:
1855:
1329:
Root "The legible image: how did seals and sealing matter in Persepolis?" Persika 12, 2008: 87-148.
799:
ma-u-ú-iš kán-za-bar-ra tu-ru-iš ir-da-tak-ma na-an KI.MIN 2 kur-šá-am KÚ.BABBAR şa-ik pír-nu-ba-ik
471:
1836:
Stein, Gil J.: "A Heritage Threatened: The Persepolis Tablets Lawsuit and the Oriental Institute"
1221:
Jones & Stolper “How Many Persepolis Fortification Tablets Are There?” Persika 12, 2008:37-44.
1120:
Jones & Stolper "How Many Persepolis Fortification Tablets Are There?" Persika 12, 2008:37-44.
816:(To) Vahush the treasurer speak, Artataxma says: 2 karsha silver, the remaining half of the wage,
3009:
2578:
2486:
2404:
2173:
1916:
Ancient Iranian Studies v. 5., The Center for The Great Islamic Encyclopedia, Tehran, Iran, 2008.
740:
3059:
2916:
2799:
2571:
2557:
2543:
2095:
1356:
Tavernier "Multilingualism in the Fortification and Treasury archives," Persika 12, 2008:59-64.
732:
560:
531:
107:, as well as the religion and social conditions of the Persepolis region, the heartland of the
3044:
2763:
2432:
2283:
970:
608:
52:
1928:
L’archive des Fortifications de Persépolis: État des questions et perspectives de recherches
1666:
L’archive des Fortifications de Persépolis: État des questions et perspectives de recherches
692:" where small pieces of gold leaves were found, hence the name Persepolis Treasury Archive.
2825:
2439:
2293:
2229:
975:
924:
700:
There are two main kinds of clay tablets and fragments in the Persepolis Treasury Archive:
47:. The discovery was made during legal excavations conducted by the archaeologists from the
2012:
Persepolis Fortification Archive Project: Preserving the Legacy of the Achaemenid Persians
575:
The majority view of the academic community as well as international institutions such as
8:
3039:
3020:
2886:
2844:
2743:
2621:
2585:
2194:
1942:
Ancient Archives and Archival Traditions. Concepts of Record-Keeping in the Ancient World
401:
79:
1888:
https://web.archive.org/web/20201102053357/https://works.bepress.com/james_wawrzyniak/1/
1787:
Lewis, D.M.: "Persepolis Fortification Texts", in H. Sancisi-Weerdenburg & A. Kuhrt
16:
Clay administrative archives found in Persepolis dating to the Achaemenid Persian Empire
2791:
2757:
2733:
2676:
2425:
2391:
2140:
990:
955:
760:
752:
512:
310:
2 (BAR of) figs, supplied by Šutena, was taken (to) Persepolis, for the (royal) stores.
260:
245:
229:: the remains of somewhat less than 1,000 original records in the Aramaic language and
201:
112:
2749:
2738:
2500:
2494:
2460:
2453:
2356:
2081:
2076:
960:
940:
743:
since 1998. 199 sealings without inscriptions were also found during the excavation.
718:
714:
622:
580:
419:
Iranian words and names in the Elamite and Aramaic records are the largest source of
382:
375:
371:
75:
1806:
The Treasury of Persepolis and Other Discoveries in the Homeland of the Achaemenians
559:
sued a number of U.S. museums in 2004, in an attempt to appropriate various Iranian
2932:
2820:
2771:
2616:
2550:
2519:
2508:
2467:
2418:
2349:
2278:
2239:
1843:
Stolper, Matthew W.: " The Neo-Babylonian Text from the Persepolis Fortification,"
965:
849:
324:
226:
216:
2655:
1756:
1714:
1086:
Kuhrt "The Persepolis Archives:concluding observations," Persika 12, 2008:563-568.
240:
However, the functional relationships among these components are not still clear.
2958:
2785:
2611:
2564:
2330:
2252:
772:
593:
287:
275:
256:
168:
1996:
1516:
63:
excavations at Persepolis for the Oriental Institute were initially directed by
2984:
2513:
2411:
2371:
2324:
2308:
2259:
2224:
2219:
1747:
https://web.archive.org/web/20070621133316/http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/OIP92.pdf
802:
gal-na SÌ.SÌ-du gal ruh mu-ši-in sìk-ki-ip i-ia-an-uk-ku-ma ma-u-ú-iš da-ma gal
689:
357:
230:
219:: the remains of more than 15,000 original records in the Elamite language, in
183:
123:
108:
91:
64:
60:
2016:
2011:
1975:
Rahimifar, Mahnaz: "Mo‘arafī-ye barxi az barčasbhā-ye geli-ye Taxt-e Jamšīd",
1883:
1010:
Kuhrt "The Persepolis Archives:concluding observations," Persika 12, 2008:567.
3033:
2700:
2397:
2214:
2146:
2135:
1711:
Seals on the Persepolis Fortification Tablets, I: Images of Heroic Encounter,
336:
264:
149:
2027:
122:
The Persepolis Administrative Archives are the single most important extant
2942:
756:
503:
In 1997 five American tourists were killed and many more were wounded when
489:
In 2004 the Persepolis Fortification Archive was caught in the middle of a
409:
187:
116:
2001:
1791:, pp. 2–6, Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, 1990.
1706:, Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 175, Fribourg and Göttingen, 115–163, 2000.
2901:
2288:
1275:
Azzoni "The Bowman MS and the Aramaic tablets," Persika 12, 2008:253-274.
776:
632:
597:
456:
420:
364:
279:
212:
There are three main kinds of clay tablets and fragments in the archive:
156:
1664:
Briant, Pierre, Henkelman, Wouter F.M., and Stolper, Matthew W. (eds.):
1373:
1371:
2994:
2867:
2694:
2641:
2245:
2181:
1961:
Kuhrt, Amélie: "Bureaucracy, Production, Settlement" in Kuhrt, Amélie:
985:
819:
give as wages to men, accountants at the court, sub-ordinate to Vahush.
467:
340:
144:
40:
1861:
Stolper, Matthew W.: "What are the Persepolis Fortification Tablets?"
1734:
Hallock, Richard T.: "A New Look at the Persepolis Treasury Tablets,"
3004:
2303:
2038:, for transliteration and Spanish translation of some Elamite tablets
1368:
612:
556:
545:
522:
In 2001 the survivors of the attack and their family members brought
508:
504:
431:
397:
302:
2 w.pi-ut kur-min m.Šu-te-na-na Ba-ir-ša-an ku-ut-ka hu-ut-ki+MIN-nam
268:
220:
100:
2115:
1767:
1671:
Brixhe, C.: "Corpus des Inscriptions paleo-phrygiennes, Suppl. II,"
848:
Persepolis Treasury Archive furthermore contributes to the study of
19:
2937:
2707:
2648:
1914:
Persepolis Fortification Tablets, Fortification and Treasury texts,
1476:"Iran: Tehran, U.S. Academics Challenge Seizure Of Persian Tablets"
552:
538:
490:
405:
87:
1963:
The Persian Empire, a Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period
1066:
1064:
1062:
2891:
2881:
2714:
2201:
2187:
945:
881:
780:
704:
541:
534:
523:
493:
464:
449:
427:
367:
recording disbursement of some dry commodity among five villages.
319:
283:
252:
251:
Current understanding of the archive is based on a sample of the
160:
83:
56:
1856:
http://www.achemenet.com/document/2007.001-Stolper-Tavernier.pdf
1692:
Cameron, George G.: "New Tablets from the Persepolis Treasury,"
890:
759:, with largest concentration from regnal years 19th and 20th of
2670:
2153:
1685:
Cameron, George G.: "Persepolis Treasury Tablets Old and New,"
1059:
885: – The Online Cultural and Historical Research Environment
736:
576:
478:
452:
437:
412:, providing a partial and biased view of the ancient Persians.
318:
About 680 Fortification tablets and fragments with monolingual
1926:
Briant, Pierre, Wouter Henkelman, and Matthew Stolper (eds.):
1813:
Persepolis, II: Contents of the Treasury and Other Discoveries
739:. A part of the collection has been in the Tablet Hall of the
2836:
2777:
2160:
822:(It is) the wage for the month Açiyadiya(?) of the 19th year.
516:
2017:
Overview of Legal Issues and Latest Legislative Developments
1794:
Parisi, Daniel: "Of Ancient Empires and Modern Litigation",
908:
360:
recording only the amount of wine and an Aramaic month-name.
2662:
860:
853:
583:, exchange and scholarly research must transcend politics.
527:
474:
481:
has been found in the Persepolis administrative archives.
1187:
1185:
1070:
Stolper "What are the Persepolis Fortification Tablets?"
67:
from 1931 to 1934 and carried on from 1934 until 1939 by
1921:
From Cyrus to Alexander, a History of the Persian Empire
1754:
Cahiers de la Délégation Archéologique Française en Iran
1659:
From Cyrus to Alexander, a History of the Persian Empire
899:
1175:
1173:
1171:
617:
Elspeth Dusinberre, seal impressions on Aramaic texts,
1808:, Oriental Institute Communications 21, Chicago, 1939.
1724:
Achaemenid History 9, corrected edition. Leiden, 1998.
1182:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1752:
Hallock, Richard T.: "Selected Fortification Texts,"
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1815:, Oriental Institute Publications 69, Chicago, 1957.
1682:, Oriental Institute Publications 65, Chicago, 1948.
1168:
1551:
1549:
1517:
Research Projects: Persepolis Fortification Archive
707:: records in Elamite language and cuneiform script.
627:Mark Garrison, seal impressions on all components,
171:published his magisterial edition of 2,087 Elamite
130:
1886:September 2007. Archived 2020-11-02. Archive-url:
1727:Hallock, Richard T.: "New Light from Persepolis,"
1460:
1458:
1052:
1050:
1013:
477:and other gods otherwise unknown. No reference to
2030:Enrique Quintana, University of Murcia, click on
1879:Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 158, Paris, 2007.
1421:
1419:
831:has been given. The receipt (came) from Bagagiya.
3031:
1546:
808:Reverse n 19-um-me-man-na 4 ruh un-ra -ka du-me
1757:http://www.achemenet.com/actualites/Hallock.pdf
1715:http://www.achemenet.com/actualites/Hallock.pdf
1650:Anonymous: "Recent Discoveries at Persepolis,"
1455:
1047:
680:and confirmation that such payments were made.
313:Bakabada (and) Nababa received (it). 21st year.
255:records that includes 2,120 published texts by
2007:What are the Persepolis Fortification Tablets?
1416:
1203:Oriental Institute - The University of Chicago
928:– Achaemenid Research on Texts and Archaeology
663:
78:is symbolized by the burning of Persepolis by
2852:
2059:
2002:Persepolis Fortification Archive Project Blog
1949:Forgotten Empire: the World of Ancient Persia
1825:Sider, Alison: "The Trial of the Centuries",
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1271:
1269:
1250:
1248:
852:by providing a record of the introduction of
507:set off suitcase bombs in a shopping mall in
55:in the 1930s. Hence they are named for their
2990:2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire
2816:2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire
1636:Briant et al. (eds.) Persika 12, 2008:22-24.
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1082:
1080:
650:Institute for the Study of the Ancient World
1884:http://works.bepress.com/james_wawrzyniak/1
1720:Garrison, Mark B. and Cool Root, Margaret:
1709:Garrison, Mark B. and Cool Root, Margaret:
1501:
903:- The Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative
783:record from Persepolis Treasury Archive by
2859:
2845:
2066:
2052:
1621:
1521:
1473:
1266:
1245:
1098:
1077:
519:claimed responsibility for the bombings.
305:Ba-ka-ba-da Na-ba-ba du-iš-da be-ul 21-na
1997:Persepolis Fortification Archive Project
861:Other Achaemenid records from Persepolis
436:
388:One tablet written in unknown cuneiform.
18:
1947:Curtis, John and Tallis, Nigel (eds.):
1863:The Oriental Institute News & Notes
1838:The Oriental Institute News & Notes
1072:The Oriental Institute News & Notes
3032:
1958:, Achaemenid History 14, Leiden, 2008.
1745:, Oriental Institute Publications 92,
1668:, Persika 12, Paris: De Boccard, 2008.
1377:Stolper & Tavernier 2007:3f., 24f.
159:, mostly written in a late dialect of
2840:
2047:
1895:Ancient Persia: from 550 BC to 650 AD
1713:Oriental Institute Publications 117,
1467:
3065:Archaeology of the Achaemenid Empire
1935:Women in Ancient Persia 559-331 B.C.
1890:. Retrieved 2021-12-04. unpublished.
1777:Achaemenid History 14. Leiden, 2008.
1652:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
894:- The West Semitic Research Project
735:(modern National Museum of Iran) in
441:An Old Persian administrative tablet
3055:Government of the Achaemenid Empire
875:
484:
13:
3070:Archaeological discoveries in Iran
3000:Persepolis Administrative Archives
2690:Persepolis Administrative Archives
1901:
14:
3086:
1990:
1768:http://www.ajaonline.org/note/294
1474:Esfandiari, Golnaz (2006-07-12).
1365:Stolper & Tavernier 2007:1-5.
1201:Persepolis Fortification Archive.
951:Chicago's Persian heritage crisis
637:Wouter Henkelman, Elamite texts,
569:Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran
207:
29:Persepolis Administrative Archive
3075:1930s archaeological discoveries
2900:
2114:
2075:
2022:Persepolis Fortification Tablets
1743:Persepolis Fortification Tablets
655:Matthew Stolper, Elamite texts,
643:École pratique des hautes études
607:Annalisa Azzoni, Aramaic texts,
173:Persepolis Fortification Tablets
165:Persepolis Fortification Archive
141:Persepolis Fortification Tablets
137:Persepolis Fortification Archive
131:Persepolis Fortification Archive
1845:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
1764:American Journal of Archaeology
1736:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
1729:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
1694:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
1687:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
1612:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1537:
1510:
1492:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1407:
1398:
1389:
1380:
1359:
1350:
1341:
1332:
1323:
1314:
1305:
1296:
1287:
1278:
1257:
1236:
1227:
1215:
1206:
1194:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1132:
840:
74:While the political end of the
2866:
2131:Achaemenid Persian Lion Rhyton
1766:, Vol. 113 No. 3 (July 2009),
1123:
1114:
1089:
1004:
648:Charles Jones, Elamite texts,
586:
267:, and perhaps parts of modern
1:
2387:Scythian campaign of Darius I
2299:Xerxes I's inscription at Van
1644:
1242:Garrison and Root 1998, 2001.
695:
603:The PFA Project editors are:
2377:Conquest of the Indus Valley
2338:Battle of the Persian Border
1480:RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty
981:Oriental Institute (Chicago)
639:Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
143:(PFT, PF), is a fragment of
7:
2538:Wars of Alexander the Great
1680:Persepolis Treasury Tablets
934:
683:
674:Persepolis Treasury Archive
664:Persepolis Treasury Archive
551:In order to collect on the
10:
3091:
2593:Battle of the Persian Gate
2235:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
2024:Jona Lendering, livius.org
1969:
1930:, Persika 12, Paris, 2008.
1906:
1498:Heath & Schwartz 2009.
725:
713:One tablet written in the
400:and ancient historians of
59:findspot: Persepolis. The
3018:
2977:
2951:
2925:
2909:
2898:
2874:
2808:
2726:
2630:
2604:
2481:Wars of the Delian League
2317:
2271:
2172:
2123:
2112:
2088:
1822:, Persika 4, Paris, 2004.
1654:, pp. 226–232, 1934.
1582:Cameron 1948, 1958, 1965.
919:Virtual Achaemenid Museum
811:ba-ka-gi-i-a(sic!)-ik-mar
766:
579:is the protection of the
385:has not been interpreted.
335:More than 2,200 distinct
45:Achaemenid Persian Empire
2969:Alireza Shapour Shahbazi
2533:Second conquest of Egypt
2364:Siege of Sardis (547 BC)
2210:Palace of Darius in Susa
1965:, 2 Vols., London, 2007.
1954:Henkelman, Wouter F.M.:
1782:Iran in the Ancient East
996:
755:, to regnal year 7th of
746:
668:Excavations directed by
182:Excavations directed by
3010:Achaemenid architecture
2685:Districts of the Empire
2487:Battle of the Eurymedon
2405:Siege of Naxos (499 BC)
2382:First conquest of Egypt
1773:Henkelman, Wouter F.M.:
1191:Henkelman 2008:157-162.
741:National Museum of Iran
148:(larger part of modern
2917:Tomb of Artaxerxes III
2800:Seven Achaemenid clans
2572:Siege of Tyre (332 BC)
2558:Siege of Halicarnassus
2544:Battle of the Granicus
1940:Brosius, Maria (ed.):
1347:Henkelman 2008:95-103.
834:
828:Lines 12-15 destroyed.
733:Museum of Ancient Iran
619:University of Colorado
442:
381:One tablet written in
370:One tablet written in
363:One tablet written in
356:One tablet written in
316:
24:
2528:Great Satraps' Revolt
2447:Destruction of Athens
2433:Battle of Thermopylae
2284:Old Persian cuneiform
1741:Hallock, Richard T.:
1386:Stolper 1984:300-303.
1302:Garrison 2008:180-84.
1293:Henkelman 2008, Ch 2.
1179:Henkelman 2008: Ch 2.
1095:Cameron 1948:Preface.
971:Old Persian cuneiform
789:
609:Vanderbilt University
537:and $ 300 million in
440:
292:
139:(PFA), also known as
90:causes. According to
53:University of Chicago
33:Fortification Archive
22:
2826:Cappadocian calendar
2440:Battle of Artemisium
2345:Lydian-Persian Wars
2294:Behistun Inscription
2106:History of democracy
1923:, Winona Lake, 2002.
1912:Arfaee, Abdolmajid:
1678:Cameron, George G.:
1661:, Winona Lake, 2002.
1395:Brixhe 2004:118-126.
1044:Henkelman 2008:Ch 2.
976:Old Persian language
3021:Category:Persepolis
2887:Gate of All Nations
2622:Peace of Antalcidas
2586:Battle of Gaugamela
2195:Gate of All Nations
1897:London, 1996, 2001.
1893:Wiesehöfer, Josef:
1811:Schmidt, Erich F.:
1804:Schmidt, Erich F.:
1543:Cameron 1948, 1958.
1233:Hallock 1969, 1978.
1147:Anonymous 1934:232.
402:Alexander the Great
322:texts (also called
80:Alexander the Great
2476:Babylonian revolts
2426:Battle of Marathon
2392:Greco-Persian Wars
2141:Achaemenid coinage
2028:Cuneiforme elamita
1847:43: 299–310, 1984.
1827:The Chicago Maroon
1759:, 8:109-136, 1978.
1165:Herzfeld 1941:226.
991:Xerxes I of Persia
956:Darius I the Great
753:Darius I the Great
657:Oriental Institute
629:Trinity University
526:against Hamas and
443:
261:Darius I the Great
246:Darius I the Great
202:Darius I the Great
113:Darius I the Great
49:Oriental Institute
25:
3027:
3026:
2834:
2833:
2501:Battle of Cyzicus
2495:Peloponnesian War
2461:Battle of Plataea
2454:Battle of Salamis
2357:Battle of Thymbra
2230:Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
2082:Achaemenid Empire
1982:Tadjvidi, Akbar:
1780:Herzfeld, Ernst:
1696:24:167-192, 1965.
1689:17:161-176, 1958.
1618:Tajvidi 1976:195.
1591:Cameron 1958:176.
1555:Schmidt 1957:4-5.
1413:Hallock 1969:5-6.
1338:Garrison 2002:71.
1056:Wiesehöfer 10-11.
961:Elamite cuneiform
941:Achaemenid Empire
581:cultural heritage
544:from Iran to the
111:Great Kings from
76:Achaemenid Empire
23:Persepolis tablet
3082:
3050:Archives in Iran
2933:Darius the Great
2904:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2838:
2837:
2821:Xanthian Obelisk
2794:
2780:
2766:
2752:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2679:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2617:Peace of Callias
2595:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2551:Siege of Miletus
2546:
2522:
2520:Battle of Cnidus
2509:Battle of Cunaxa
2503:
2489:
2470:
2468:Battle of Mycale
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2419:Siege of Eretria
2414:
2407:
2400:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2350:Battle of Pteria
2340:
2333:
2279:Achaemenid music
2262:
2255:
2248:
2240:Tombs at Xanthos
2204:
2197:
2190:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2118:
2080:
2079:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2045:
2044:
2034:, then click on
1979:, 1:72-76, 2005.
1933:Brosius, Maria:
1919:Briant, Pierre:
1875:Tavernier, Jan:
1868:Tajvidi, Akbar:
1833:, March 5, 2009.
1749:, Chicago, 1969.
1738:19:90-100, 1960.
1731:9:237-252, 1950.
1717:, Chicago, 2001.
1657:Briant, Pierre:
1637:
1634:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1574:
1573:Briant 2002:441.
1571:
1565:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1544:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1519:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1471:
1465:
1464:Wawrzyniak 2007.
1462:
1453:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1414:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1366:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1264:
1263:Hallock 1969:96.
1261:
1255:
1252:
1243:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1180:
1177:
1166:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1096:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1075:
1068:
1057:
1054:
1045:
1042:
1011:
1008:
966:Elamite language
876:Online resources
850:economic history
485:Landmark lawsuit
325:Imperial Aramaic
37:Treasury Archive
3090:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3014:
2973:
2959:Heidemarie Koch
2947:
2921:
2905:
2896:
2870:
2865:
2835:
2830:
2804:
2790:
2776:
2762:
2748:
2722:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2675:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2626:
2612:Earth and water
2600:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2565:Battle of Issus
2563:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2518:
2499:
2485:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2336:
2331:Battle of Hyrba
2329:
2313:
2267:
2258:
2253:Nereid Monument
2251:
2244:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2168:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2119:
2110:
2084:
2074:
2072:
1993:
1986:, Tehran, 1976.
1972:
1951:, London, 2005.
1944:, Oxford, 2003.
1937:, Oxford, 1996.
1909:
1904:
1902:Further reading
1818:Shaked, Shaul:
1784:, London, 1941.
1675:43:1-130, 2004.
1647:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:Cameron 1948:1.
1599:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1522:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1484:
1482:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1456:
1452:Hallock 1969:5.
1451:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1425:Tavernier 2007.
1424:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1183:
1178:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1156:Schmidt 1953:3.
1155:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1129:Hallock 1969:1.
1128:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1078:
1069:
1060:
1055:
1048:
1043:
1014:
1009:
1005:
999:
937:
878:
863:
843:
773:transliteration
769:
749:
728:
698:
686:
666:
596:, Professor of
594:Matthew Stolper
589:
487:
288:Richard Hallock
276:transliteration
257:Richard Hallock
210:
169:Richard Hallock
133:
103:, economy, and
17:
12:
11:
5:
3088:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2985:Tangeh Bolaghi
2981:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2913:
2911:
2910:Other sections
2907:
2906:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2864:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2841:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2634:
2632:
2631:Administration
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2514:Corinthian War
2511:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2412:Battle of Lade
2408:
2401:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2372:Battle of Opis
2369:
2368:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2334:
2325:Persian Revolt
2321:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2309:Cyrus Cylinder
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2260:Tomb of Payava
2256:
2249:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2225:Naqsh-e Rostam
2222:
2220:Persian column
2217:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2178:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2138:
2133:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2071:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2048:
2040:
2039:
2025:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1992:
1991:External links
1989:
1988:
1987:
1980:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1865:, Winter 2007.
1859:
1848:
1841:
1840:, Winter 2007.
1834:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1792:
1785:
1778:
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1760:
1750:
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1445:
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1427:
1415:
1406:
1397:
1388:
1379:
1367:
1358:
1349:
1340:
1331:
1322:
1320:Garrison 2000.
1313:
1304:
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1256:
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1235:
1226:
1214:
1205:
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1131:
1122:
1113:
1097:
1088:
1076:
1058:
1046:
1012:
1002:
1001:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
936:
933:
932:
931:
922:
906:
897:
888:
877:
874:
862:
859:
842:
839:
838:
837:
833:
832:
829:
826:
825:4 men, each...
823:
820:
817:
813:
812:
809:
806:
805:Edge -iš-
803:
800:
797:
795:
785:George Cameron
768:
765:
748:
745:
727:
724:
723:
722:
711:
708:
697:
694:
690:Royal Treasury
685:
682:
665:
662:
661:
660:
653:
646:
635:
625:
615:
588:
585:
486:
483:
408:references in
394:
393:
390:
389:
386:
379:
368:
361:
337:cylinder seals
315:
314:
311:
307:
306:
303:
300:
298:
238:
237:
234:
224:
209:
208:Tablet details
206:
184:Ernst Herzfeld
132:
129:
124:primary source
105:administration
92:archaeological
65:Ernst Herzfeld
61:archaeological
43:dating to the
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3087:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3060:1930s in Iran
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3022:
3017:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2964:Erich Schmidt
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2857:
2855:
2850:
2848:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2701:Chapar Khaneh
2698:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2579:Siege of Gaza
2576:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2398:Ionian Revolt
2395:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2215:Tomb of Cyrus
2213:
2211:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2147:Apadana hoard
2144:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2136:Oxus Treasure
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1977:Bāstān Šenāsī
1974:
1973:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1872:Tehran, 1976.
1871:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1797:
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1790:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1761:
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1740:
1737:
1733:
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1705:
1701:
1698:
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1677:
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1660:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1615:
1606:
1597:
1588:
1579:
1570:
1564:Cameron 1948.
1561:
1552:
1550:
1540:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1518:
1513:
1504:
1495:
1481:
1477:
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1449:
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1422:
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1410:
1401:
1392:
1383:
1374:
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1362:
1353:
1344:
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1326:
1317:
1308:
1299:
1290:
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1272:
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1251:
1249:
1239:
1230:
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1218:
1209:
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1197:
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1153:
1144:
1135:
1126:
1117:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1092:
1083:
1081:
1073:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1053:
1051:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1007:
1003:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
938:
929:
927:
923:
920:
916:
915:
911:
907:
904:
902:
898:
895:
893:
892:InscriptiFact
889:
886:
884:
880:
879:
873:
870:
868:
858:
855:
851:
846:
836:
835:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
814:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
796:
794:
791:
790:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
764:
762:
758:
754:
744:
742:
738:
734:
720:
716:
712:
709:
706:
703:
702:
701:
693:
691:
681:
677:
675:
671:
670:Erich Schmidt
658:
654:
651:
647:
644:
640:
636:
634:
630:
626:
624:
620:
616:
614:
610:
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605:
604:
601:
599:
595:
584:
582:
578:
573:
571:
570:
564:
562:
558:
554:
549:
547:
543:
540:
536:
533:
529:
525:
520:
518:
515:organization
514:
510:
506:
501:
499:
498:Federal Court
495:
492:
482:
480:
476:
473:
469:
466:
462:
458:
454:
451:
446:
439:
435:
433:
430:, one of the
429:
424:
422:
417:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
392:
391:
387:
384:
380:
377:
373:
369:
366:
362:
359:
355:
354:
353:
349:
347:
342:
338:
333:
329:
327:
326:
321:
312:
309:
308:
304:
301:
299:
297:
294:
293:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
249:
247:
241:
235:
232:
228:
225:
222:
218:
215:
214:
213:
205:
203:
198:
192:
189:
185:
180:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
153:
151:
146:
142:
138:
128:
125:
120:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
96:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
72:
70:
69:Erich Schmidt
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
3045:Clay tablets
2999:
2943:Artaxerxes I
2689:
2174:Architecture
2041:
2035:
2031:
1983:
1976:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1894:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1801:Winter 2008.
1795:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1763:
1753:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1710:
1703:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1614:
1605:
1596:
1587:
1578:
1569:
1560:
1539:
1512:
1507:Parisi 2008.
1503:
1494:
1483:. Retrieved
1469:
1448:
1443:Shaked 2004.
1439:
1430:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1382:
1361:
1352:
1343:
1334:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1298:
1289:
1280:
1259:
1238:
1229:
1217:
1208:
1196:
1161:
1152:
1143:
1134:
1125:
1116:
1091:
1071:
1006:
925:
913:
909:
900:
891:
882:
871:
867:Kuh-e Rahmat
864:
847:
844:
841:Significance
792:
770:
757:Artaxerxes I
750:
729:
699:
687:
678:
673:
667:
602:
590:
574:
567:
565:
550:
532:compensatory
521:
502:
496:in the U.S.
488:
447:
444:
425:
418:
414:
410:Hebrew Bible
395:
350:
345:
334:
330:
323:
317:
295:
273:
250:
242:
239:
211:
193:
181:
177:
172:
164:
157:clay tablets
154:
140:
136:
134:
121:
117:Artaxerxes I
97:
73:
36:
32:
28:
26:
2952:Researchers
2744:Mithridatic
2289:Old Persian
2096:Family tree
1434:Kuhrt 2007.
1404:Lewis 1990.
1111:Stein 2007.
777:translation
717:dialect of
633:San Antonio
598:Assyriology
587:PFA Project
513:Palestinian
457:Inshushinak
421:Old Iranian
374:dialect of
365:Old Persian
341:stamp seals
280:translation
3040:Persepolis
3034:Categories
2995:Sivand Dam
2868:Persepolis
2764:Cappadocia
2758:Ariarathid
2734:Achaemenid
2695:Royal Road
2642:Pasargadae
2246:Harpy Tomb
2182:Persepolis
2036:Persépolis
1854:2007.001
1645:References
1485:2007-02-28
1311:Root 1989.
986:Persepolis
793:No. 1957:5
715:Babylonian
696:Components
652:, New York
566:The case,
557:plaintiffs
546:plaintiffs
505:terrorists
468:Ahuramazda
372:Babylonian
286:record by
197:Macedonian
145:Achaemenid
41:Persepolis
3005:Waterskin
2739:Pharnacid
2727:Dynasties
2671:Satrapies
2637:Capitals
2605:Diplomacy
2304:Ganjnameh
910:Achemenet
771:A sample
659:, Chicago
613:Nashville
561:artifacts
509:Jerusalem
432:satrapies
398:Herodotus
274:A sample
269:Khuzestan
221:cuneiform
101:geography
2938:Xerxes I
2926:Builders
2772:Lygdamid
2708:Angarium
2649:Ecbatana
2101:Timeline
935:See also
719:Akkadian
684:Location
553:judgment
539:punitive
524:lawsuits
500:system.
491:landmark
406:biblical
383:Phrygian
376:Akkadian
346:*Farnaka
88:man-made
2978:Related
2892:Apadana
2882:Tachara
2809:Related
2792:Armenia
2786:Orontid
2715:Angarum
2677:Armenia
2656:Babylon
2318:Warfare
2272:Culture
2202:Tachara
2188:Apadana
2089:History
2032:CARTAS
1970:Persian
1907:English
1858:, 2007.
1796:Tableau
1074:, 2007.
946:Aramaic
781:Elamite
726:Numbers
705:Elamite
645:, Paris
623:Boulder
542:damages
535:damages
494:lawsuit
472:Semitic
465:Mazdean
450:Elamite
428:Bactria
320:Aramaic
284:Elamite
253:Elamite
227:Aramaic
223:script.
217:Elamite
161:Elamite
109:Persian
84:natural
57:in situ
51:of the
2875:Palace
2750:Pontus
2154:Danake
1673:Kadmos
854:coined
779:of an
767:Sample
761:Xerxes
737:Tehran
577:UNESCO
555:, the
511:. The
479:Mithra
453:Humban
282:of an
231:script
188:bullae
31:(also
2778:Caria
2161:Daric
997:Notes
883:OCHRE
747:Scope
517:Hamas
461:Šimat
358:Greek
296:PF 53
2663:Susa
1852:ARTA
926:ARTA
914:MAVI
912:and
901:CDLI
775:and
641:and
528:Iran
475:Adad
459:and
404:and
339:and
278:and
265:Fars
195:the
150:Fars
135:The
86:and
27:The
2124:Art
348:).
115:to
35:or
3036::
1829:,
1623:^
1548:^
1523:^
1478:.
1457:^
1418:^
1370:^
1268:^
1247:^
1184:^
1170:^
1100:^
1079:^
1061:^
1049:^
1015:^
787::
763:.
631:,
621:,
611:,
548:.
470:,
463:,
455:,
290::
119:.
71:.
2860:e
2853:t
2846:v
2067:e
2060:t
2053:v
1770:.
1488:.
921:.
233:.
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