34:
752:
209:
The plaintiff has the burden of proving goodwill in its goods or services, get-up of goods, brand, mark or the thing standing for itself. Goodwill normally develops alongside a brand name or brand association. It has been described as "the attractive force by that brings in custom" by Lord
Macnaghten
303:
Delay in the claimants claim for passing off can be used by a defendant as a defence. Mostly, the claimants delay will be fatal to the grant of interim relief by a court. Essential for a
Acquiescence defence is that failure of the claimant to act should have induced the defendant to believe that the
213:
The plaintiff also has the burden of proof to show false representation (intentional or otherwise) to the public to have them believe that goods/services of the defendant are that of the
Plaintiff. There must be some connection between the plaintiff's and defendant's goods, services or trade. They
280:
Another variety, somewhat rarer is so-called 'reverse passing off'. This occurs where a trader markets another's product or service as being his own (see John
Roberts Powers School v Tessensohn FSR 947). It is usually covered by the same court rulings as straight passing off. In the UK, reverse
129:(the whole external appearance or look-and-feel of a product, including any marks or other indicia used) which is considered to be similar to that of another party's product, including any registered or unregistered trademarks. Passing off is of particular significance where an action for
108:
The law of passing off prevents one trader from misrepresenting goods or services as being the goods and services of another, and also prevents a trader from holding out his or her goods or services as having some association or connection with another when this is not true.
310:
Concurrent use requires the defendant to show that he and another trader have acquired the right to use the same name. It has been used successfully whereby both the claimant and defendant trade different goods, as this would not cause confusion within the public.
281:
passing off exists where trader A claims that trader B's goods are actually trader A's. Although not expressly endorsed by the courts, reverse passing off was successfully argued by the plaintiff in
Bristol Conservatories Ltd v Conservative Custom Built Ltd .
272:. Accordingly, celebrities whose images or names have been used can successfully sue if there is a representation that a product or service is being endorsed or sponsored by them or that the use of their likenesses was authorised when this is not true.
147:
Passing off and the law of registered trade marks deal with overlapping factual situations, but deal with them in different ways. Passing off does not confer monopoly rights to any names, marks, get-up or other
217:
It is the court's duty to decide similarity or identity of the marks, goods or services. The criteria are often: aural, visual and conceptual similarity (often applied in trademark infringement cases).
155:
Instead, the law of passing off is designed to prevent misrepresentation in the course of trade to the public, for example, that there is some sort of association between the businesses of two traders.
307:
The second most common defence is invoked where the defendant is trading under their own name. This permits the trader to trade under his name as long as he had not been causing significant deception.
133:
based on a registered trade mark is unlikely to be successful (due to the differences between the registered trade mark and the unregistered mark). Passing off is a common law cause of action, whereas
225:; real and tangible probability of damage is sufficient. This damage should however be reasonably foreseeable. It is not enough just to show likelihood or actual deception or confusion.
781:
766:
886:
842:
387:"IN THE MATTER OF APPLICATION NO. 2161647 IN THE NAME OF TREBOR BASSETT LIMITED AND IN THE MATTER OF OPPOSITION NO. 49406 THERETO BY SWIZZELS MATLOW LIMITED"
1079:
360:
171:, which had coexisted since the 1930s, would deceive a consumer as to their source for some items but not for others. Both coexist in the marketplace.
1008:
502:
44:
955:
796:
181:
163:
can be found in a Trade Mark
Opposition Decision in 2001. It was held that two brands of confectionery both named "Refreshers", one made by
1069:
397:
160:
221:
For the element of damage to goodwill, there may be a loss or diversion of trade or dilution of goodwill. The plaintiff need not prove
1074:
786:
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228:
Ultimately, the court must use common sense in determining the case, based on evidence and judicial discretion, and not witnesses.
628:
249:
188:
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sued a manufacturer of a drink similar but not identical to advocaat, but which was successfully marketed as advocaat.
594:
457:"Inland Revenue Commissioners v Muller & Co's Margarine Ltd. [1901] SVC 25 | Croner-i Tax and Accounting"
74:
701:
681:
1084:
970:
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There are many defences that can be used by a
Defendant to dismiss a claim in passing off. The most common are:
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When coming to court, there are three elements in the tort which must be fulfilled. In
385:
Jones, R. A. (on behalf of the
Registrar and Comptroller-General) (21 February 2001).
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The extended form of passing off is used by celebrities as a means of enforcing their
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988:
661:
590:
52:
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provides for enforcement of registered trademarks through infringement proceedings.
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Asprey and
Garrard v. WRA (Guns) Ltd FSR 30. However, this was expressed in the
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of a product or service causes harm to another's goodwill. An example of this is
164:
118:
41:
The examples and perspective in this article discusses law in the United
Kingdom
516:
Hood, Christopher. "Regulation: Legal Form and Economic Theory." (1996): 161-164
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731:
716:
676:
168:
138:
59:, or create a new article discusses law in the United Kingdom, as appropriate.
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in common law jurisdictions. Common law jurisdictions (with the exception of
134:
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564:
Charleton, Peter, and Sinead Reilly. "Passing off: An Uncertain Remedy."
126:
960:
350:
231:
Disclaimers may not be enough to avoid passing off or cause of action.
91:
428:
Mosawi, Anthony (24 March 1995). "The fire line between trade marks".
637:
335:
Declaration that the Defendant was passing off goods as the claimants
186:
Lord Oliver reduced the five guidelines laid out by Lord Diplock in
914:
386:
269:
254:
214:
must show likely or actual deception or confusion by the public.
319:
There are several remedies available to a claimant. They include:
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222:
606:
1034:
583:
The Law of Passing-Off: Unfair Competition by Misrepresentation
1029:
239:
One of the instances where passing off is actionable is the
1039:
210:
in the UK case IRC v Muller & Co.'s Margarine AC 217.
152:. It does not recognize them as property in its own right.
94:
53:
improve this article discusses law in the United Kingdom
268:) do not recognise personality rights as rights of
541:Reed Executive Plc v Reed Business Information Ltd
361:Satyam Infoway Ltd. v. Sifynet Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
243:, where a misrepresentation as to the particular
112:
1228:
503:Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp.
125:enforcement against the unauthorised use of the
182:Reckitt & Colman Products Ltd v Borden Inc
19:For other uses of this and related terms, see
797:Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy
622:
159:One recent example of its application by the
101:rights. The tort of passing off protects the
363:– Indian case on passing off in domain names
398:United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office
161:United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office
629:
615:
529:Blinkx UK Ltd v Blinkbox Entertainment Ltd
192:(the "Advocaat Case") to three elements:
75:Learn how and when to remove this message
250:Erven Warnink v. Townend & Sons Ltd.
189:Erven Warnink v. Townend & Sons Ltd.
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580:
427:
275:
610:
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296:Bona fide use of the defendant's name
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493:Irvine v Talksport Ltd FSR 35, ChD)
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105:of a trader from misrepresentation.
27:
1065:International Trademark Association
13:
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1085:Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt
971:Protected designation of origin
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304:wrong was being assented too.
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436:(6688): 410 – via Lexis.
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113:Passing off and trade mark law
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1116:Unregistered trademark symbol
951:Electronic registration marks
484:of the decision in that case.
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121:for passing off is a form of
97:which can be used to enforce
1247:Common law legal terminology
581:Wadlow, Christopher (2016).
241:extended form of passing off
7:
1106:Registered trademark symbol
553:Woolley v Ultimate Products
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55:, discuss the issue on the
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697:Initial interest confusion
514:Hood, Christopher (1996).
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253:, in which the makers of
223:actual or special damage
966:Geographical indication
131:trade mark infringement
99:unregistered trade mark
1206:Category:Trademark law
1193:World Trademark Review
1178:Trademark infringement
910:Unregistered trademark
692:Functionality doctrine
941:Collective trademarks
727:Reputation parasitism
682:Coexistence agreement
461:library.croneri.co.uk
293:Delay or acquiescence
123:intellectual property
21:Pass (disambiguation)
946:Defensive trademarks
895:Registered trademark
792:Community Trade Mark
742:Well-known trademark
687:Confusing similarity
235:Extended passing off
142:Trade Marks Act 1994
43:may not represent a
1152:Washington Redskins
1111:Service mark symbol
994:Hologram trademarks
931:Certification marks
712:Secondary liability
702:Good faith doctrine
587:Sweet & Maxwell
367:White-label product
329:Account for profits
276:Reverse passing off
1173:Trademark examiner
1168:Trademark attorney
262:personality rights
205:Damage to goodwill
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1216:WP:MOS/Trademarks
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999:Motion trademarks
989:Colour trademarks
662:Generic trademark
566:Annual Conference
202:Misrepresentation
199:owned by a trader
175:Required elements
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84:
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1014:Sound trademarks
1009:Shape trademarks
1004:Scent trademarks
981:Non-conventional
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787:Singapore Treaty
772:Madrid Agreement
767:Paris Convention
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65:February 2014
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900:Service mark
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518:. p. 2.
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464:. Retrieved
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418:1 All ER 873
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402:. Retrieved
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25:
1142:Stolichnaya
961:Ghost marks
905:Trade dress
858:Philippines
667:Passing off
404:25 February
400:. p. 9
332:Destruction
167:and one by
127:trade dress
88:Passing off
1231:Categories
394:ipo.gov.uk
373:References
351:Plagiarism
323:Injunction
92:common law
1252:Deception
1211:Case laws
1147:Ugg boots
1132:Budweiser
833:Hong Kong
813:Australia
531:EWHC 1624
57:talk page
1237:Tort law
1125:Disputes
915:Wordmark
887:Standard
760:Treaties
707:Fair use
657:Dilution
645:Concepts
466:29 March
340:See also
315:Remedies
285:Defences
270:property
255:advocaat
197:Goodwill
103:goodwill
51:You may
1161:Related
1099:Symbols
1023:Related
843:Ireland
806:Country
568:. 2015.
326:Damages
266:Jamaica
245:quality
150:indicia
1053:Bodies
1035:Emblem
818:Canada
593:
543:RPC 40
1080:ICANN
1075:USPTO
1070:EUIPO
1030:Brand
878:Types
848:Japan
838:India
823:China
782:TRIPS
482:dicta
390:(PDF)
90:is a
1090:CIPO
1060:WIPO
1040:Logo
853:Oman
591:ISBN
468:2021
406:2014
95:tort
434:145
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117:A
630:e
623:t
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23:.
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