25:
84:
200:
499:
and
Central Asia, and are home to rich temperate coniferous, broadleaf, and mixed forests, which are now mostly limited to mountainous areas, as the densely populated lowlands and river basins have been converted to intensive agricultural and urban use. East Asia was not much affected by glaciation
417:
ecoregions. This scheme includes these desert ecoregions in the palearctic realm; other biogeographers identify the realm boundary as the transition zone between the desert ecoregions and the
Mediterranean basin ecoregions to the north, which places the deserts in the Afrotropic, while others place
362:, and conversion of lands for pasture, agriculture, and urbanization, have degraded much of the region. Formerly the region was mostly covered with forests and woodlands, but heavy human use has reduced much of the region to the
822:
508:
tree genera, while Europe retained only 27 percent. In the subtropical region of southern China and southern edge of the
Himalayas, the Palearctic temperate forests transition to the subtropical and tropical forests of
2290:
3447:
467:
basins, with montane forests, woodlands, and grasslands in the region's high mountains and plateaux. In southern Asia the boundary of the
Palearctic is largely altitudinal. The middle altitude foothills of the
311:
and bird fauna, with many
Eurasian species having moved into North America, and fewer North American species having moved into Eurasia. Many zoologists consider the Palearctic and Nearctic to be a single
1740:
815:
2283:
3540:
2822:
3440:
2654:
808:
354:
species. The
Mediterranean basin is also one of the world's most endangered biogeographic regions; only 4% of the region's original vegetation remains, and human activities, including
2276:
3644:
3825:
3433:
1733:
4829:
4607:
Eric
Dinerstein, David Olson, et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545
3717:
3460:
2815:
1726:
2098:
4359:
3841:
3797:
2999:
2647:
2002:
295:. This vast Euro-Siberian region is characterized by many shared plant and animal species, and has many affinities with the temperate and boreal regions of the
262:
2808:
2640:
4447:
4511:
3628:
3580:
4677:
4819:
3348:
2923:
1990:
1973:
1859:
799:
3011:
2135:
4824:
4791:
2267:
2123:
3480:
3143:
2763:
2091:
3504:
1907:
847:
4845:
4814:
3424:
3284:
3214:
835:
347:
221:, published in 1876. This is the same scheme that persists today, with relatively minor revisions, and the addition of two more realms:
3324:
3155:
2975:
2871:
3785:
1659:
1575:
1075:
4387:
4051:
3492:
2747:
2084:
1635:
2987:
1949:
1587:
1403:
1167:
3665:
2583:
1795:
196:. The six indicated general groupings of fauna, based on shared biogeography and large-scale geographic barriers to migration.
4781:
2959:
2859:
288:
4535:
3773:
3123:
2042:
2022:
1495:
1283:
864:
4299:
3693:
3260:
1869:
1259:
1063:
5265:
5260:
4467:
4251:
3963:
3368:
3067:
2899:
2491:
1831:
1671:
1647:
1623:
1475:
1387:
1375:
1155:
871:
4755:
3737:
3380:
3312:
3095:
2799:
2303:
2054:
1939:
1897:
68:
46:
39:
5255:
5250:
4704:
4079:
2555:
2367:
2012:
1917:
1599:
1183:
1139:
1123:
443:
1929:
346:
region of the world, with generally mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers. The
Mediterranean basin's mosaic of
5137:
4871:
4163:
4151:
3983:
3207:
3079:
2947:
2631:
2427:
2411:
1195:
1003:
5184:
3753:
3043:
2835:
2603:
2235:
2195:
1763:
1699:
1271:
1087:
911:
5245:
5240:
5235:
4119:
4099:
4063:
3107:
2032:
4633:
Buckland, P.C., et al. "Holt in
Eyjafjasveit, Iceland: a paleoecological study of the impact of Landnám" in
4850:
3879:
3872:
3528:
3392:
2571:
2323:
2219:
2171:
1507:
1315:
514:
4713:
5230:
5091:
4776:
4287:
4011:
3891:
3516:
1752:
1231:
292:
5096:
4786:
4135:
3596:
3200:
2707:
2147:
1885:
1611:
1363:
1303:
777:
753:
383:
5220:
5194:
5106:
4407:
4223:
3171:
2543:
1327:
472:
between about 2,000–2,500 m (6,600–8,200 ft) form the boundary between the
Palearctic and
5116:
4661:, ed. Edmund Burke III and Kenneth Pomeranz. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2009, 82–84.
4657:
Edmund Burke III, "The Transformation of the middle Eastern Environment, 1500 B.C.E.–2000 C.E." in
4627:
4331:
3272:
2911:
2779:
2695:
2335:
2159:
1339:
1047:
987:
769:
146:. The Palaearctic realm also has numerous rivers and lakes, forming several freshwater ecoregions.
33:
5270:
5101:
3947:
3568:
3404:
2683:
1819:
1415:
402:
317:
287:, the boreal coniferous forests which run across the continent. South of the taiga are a belt of
4343:
4027:
3605:
1531:
1463:
1424:
1204:
1019:
928:
883:
745:
149:
The term 'Palearctic' was first used in the 19th century, and is still in use as the basis for
50:
5225:
5086:
4207:
3296:
2347:
2183:
439:
343:
204:
172:
first identified six terrestrial zoogeographic realms of the world: Palaearctic, Aethiopian/
5199:
5179:
5121:
5081:
5076:
4697:
4652:
4324:
3336:
3031:
2447:
963:
923:
562:
518:
438:, are a particularly rich mix of coniferous, broadleaf, and mixed forests, and include the
387:
8:
5152:
4993:
4809:
2719:
2247:
2111:
1052:
653:
652:). Several mammal species originated in the Palearctic and spread to the Nearctic during
339:
329:
177:
123:
100:
4622:
Amorosi, T. "Contributions to the zooarchaeology of Iceland: some preliminary notes" in
5020:
5010:
4635:
4594:
4195:
3932:
2667:
641:
304:
185:
316:. The Palearctic and Nearctic also share many plant species, which botanists call the
5189:
5111:
5040:
5030:
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4499:
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2380:
1292:
1032:
729:
351:
335:
242:
238:
4590:
4578:
570:
566:
375:
5025:
5015:
4918:
4690:
4682:
3766:
3469:
1520:
944:
453:
398:
313:
226:
164:
5066:
5045:
5035:
4574:
4440:
4280:
3956:
3907:
3653:
2740:
2479:
1836:
1824:
1680:
1432:
1396:
1276:
1100:
1056:
737:
681:
522:
410:
296:
222:
214:
169:
131:
5214:
4963:
4913:
4876:
4760:
3248:
3227:
2511:
2463:
2416:
359:
300:
4647:
5071:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4579:"On the general geographical distribution of the members of the class Aves"
4376:
4320:
4216:
4108:
4088:
4044:
4000:
3936:
2968:
538:
449:
342:
ecoregions, which together constitute the world's largest and most diverse
268:
150:
139:
135:
112:
267:
The boreal and temperate Euro-Siberian region is the Palearctic's largest
4928:
4392:
4292:
4124:
4056:
4016:
3988:
3884:
3112:
3048:
2928:
2916:
2904:
2395:
1874:
1788:
1692:
1604:
1356:
1348:
1148:
1132:
1128:
904:
709:
594:
586:
435:
363:
355:
280:
193:
4674:
1500 Bird species of the Western and Central Palaearctic in 46 languages
4608:
5157:
4933:
4548:
4484:
4268:
4200:
4112:
4104:
4092:
4084:
4072:
4068:
4036:
4004:
3996:
3968:
3952:
3869:
3136:
3132:
3060:
3056:
2844:
2732:
2616:
2612:
2516:
2484:
2468:
2452:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2404:
2376:
2328:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2060:
1804:
1216:
1028:
1008:
657:
645:
578:
546:
534:
510:
473:
460:
414:
250:
181:
173:
640:
orders in the region, but several families are endemic: Calomyscidae (
5147:
5142:
4958:
4179:
3427:
3194:
2802:
2634:
2270:
2078:
1755:
1556:
1108:
802:
761:
713:
649:
614:
598:
582:
526:
431:
367:
143:
119:
108:
83:
708:
Several large Palearctic animals became extinct from the end of the
4979:
4923:
4886:
4460:
4400:
4188:
4168:
4156:
4144:
4020:
3900:
3830:
3742:
3621:
3585:
3236:
3116:
3084:
3024:
2952:
2940:
2848:
2560:
2536:
2500:
2356:
2224:
1878:
1848:
1808:
1784:
1512:
1452:
1448:
1332:
1288:
1236:
1224:
992:
932:
916:
689:
665:
610:
513:, creating a rich and diverse mix of plant and animal species. The
505:
469:
427:
379:
371:
338:
in southern Europe, north Africa, and western Asia are home to the
189:
4881:
4642:
4540:
4472:
4412:
4304:
4276:
4272:
4256:
3846:
3810:
3758:
3710:
3706:
3698:
3686:
3682:
3670:
3649:
3645:
Mediterranean acacia-argania dry woodlands and succulent thickets
3609:
3601:
3553:
3353:
2992:
2880:
2736:
2724:
2532:
2524:
2520:
2420:
2372:
2200:
2128:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1852:
1844:
1776:
1768:
1688:
1676:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1480:
1456:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1420:
1392:
1252:
1244:
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1208:
1200:
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1112:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1024:
972:
968:
948:
900:
892:
888:
721:
697:
630:
597:, the oldest and deepest lake on the planet, and Japan's ancient
590:
542:
501:
496:
246:
104:
3826:
Southwest Iberian Mediterranean sclerophyllous and mixed forests
4855:
4745:
4368:
4308:
4240:
4236:
4172:
4040:
3928:
3924:
3916:
3850:
3818:
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3762:
3726:
3722:
3633:
3613:
3561:
3549:
3545:
3533:
3521:
3509:
3485:
3473:
3465:
3409:
3397:
3385:
3373:
3361:
3357:
3341:
3329:
3317:
3305:
3301:
3289:
3277:
3265:
3253:
3240:
3232:
3191:
3088:
2876:
2852:
2772:
2676:
2592:
2576:
2564:
2548:
2528:
2504:
2472:
2456:
2388:
2360:
2340:
2252:
2240:
2228:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2188:
2176:
2164:
2152:
2140:
2116:
2047:
1995:
1983:
1840:
1812:
1772:
1712:
1684:
1664:
1652:
1592:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1552:
1524:
1516:
1484:
1444:
1352:
1296:
1264:
1248:
1220:
1172:
1116:
1068:
1040:
1036:
980:
976:
956:
952:
940:
936:
896:
637:
622:
574:
550:
464:
457:
406:
308:
276:
272:
127:
3541:
Eastern Mediterranean conifer–sclerophyllous–broadleaf forests
4750:
4721:
4552:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4504:
4492:
4488:
4436:
4432:
4424:
4420:
4380:
4364:
4352:
4348:
4336:
4316:
4264:
4260:
4244:
4184:
4140:
3940:
3912:
3896:
3858:
3854:
3834:
3814:
3790:
3778:
3746:
3730:
3702:
3678:
3674:
3657:
3637:
3617:
3589:
3573:
3557:
3497:
3176:
3164:
3160:
3148:
3128:
3100:
3072:
3052:
3036:
3020:
3016:
3004:
2936:
2932:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2864:
2840:
2784:
2768:
2728:
2712:
2700:
2688:
2672:
2608:
2596:
2496:
2400:
2352:
2075:
1979:
1962:
1922:
1800:
1780:
1640:
1628:
1616:
1580:
1500:
1488:
1468:
1408:
1380:
1368:
1344:
1320:
1308:
1212:
1188:
1160:
1144:
1080:
996:
876:
852:
840:
530:
492:
488:
484:
386:
has designated the Mediterranean basin as one of the world's
284:
3718:
Northeastern Spain and Southern France Mediterranean forests
199:
4908:
4671:
4544:
4516:
4480:
4476:
4456:
4452:
4428:
4416:
4396:
4372:
4312:
4232:
4228:
4212:
4128:
4032:
3992:
3976:
3920:
2980:
2964:
2756:
2752:
2588:
2384:
1890:
1708:
1704:
1012:
618:
3461:
Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests
549:, 3,140 m; 10,300 ft) and the high mountains of
673:
626:
3798:
Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests
613:(Prunellidae), is endemic to the Palearctic region. The
303:. Eurasia and North America were often connected by the
4653:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/ecozones/Palearctic_ecozone
2003:
Nujiang Langcang Gorge alpine conifer and mixed forests
525:
form tongues of Palearctic flora and fauna in northern
4626:(eds. E.P. Durrenberger & G. Pálsson). Iowa City:
4360:
Red Sea Nubo–Sindian tropical desert and semi-desert
3842:
Tyrrhenian–Adriatic sclerophyllous and mixed forests
3000:
North Tibetan Plateau–Kunlun Mountains alpine desert
787:
617:
has four other endemic bird families: the divers or
4712:
3629:Italian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests
3581:Iberian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests
5212:
3349:Scandinavian montane birch forest and grasslands
1991:Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests
1974:Northeastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests
800:tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
3012:Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
418:the boundary through the middle of the desert.
4448:South Iran Nubo–Sindian desert and semi-desert
2268:temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
2124:Iceland boreal birch forests and alpine tundra
541:, 3,050 m; 10,010 ft), northernmost
4698:
4512:Tibesti–Jebel Uweinat montane xeric woodlands
3481:Anatolian conifer and deciduous mixed forests
3441:
3208:
3144:Tibetan Plateau alpine shrublands and meadows
2816:
2648:
2284:
2092:
1734:
816:
393:
3505:Corsican montane broadleaf and mixed forests
2924:Karakoram–West Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe
1908:Hengduan Mountains subalpine conifer forests
1860:Da Hinggan–Dzhagdy Mountains conifer forests
848:Yunnan Plateau subtropical evergreen forests
537:) occur as far south as central Myanmar (on
16:Biogeographic realm covering most of Eurasia
4846:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
3425:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
3285:Kamchatka Mountain tundra and forest tundra
2136:Kamchatka–Kurile meadows and sparse forests
836:Guizhou Plateau broadleaf and mixed forests
495:are more humid and temperate than adjacent
421:
348:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
232:
4705:
4691:
3448:
3434:
3215:
3201:
3156:Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
2976:Kuh Rud and Eastern Iran montane woodlands
2872:Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
2823:
2809:
2655:
2641:
2291:
2277:
2099:
2085:
1741:
1727:
823:
809:
664:, known in North America as the grizzly),
4648:http://www.Canadianbiodiversity.mcgill.ca
4583:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
3786:Southeastern Iberian shrubs and woodlands
1660:West Siberian broadleaf and mixed forests
1576:Sichuan Basin evergreen broadleaf forests
1076:Central China loess plateau mixed forests
703:
565:as well, including the heavily developed
103:of the Earth. It stretches across all of
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
4052:Central Afghan Mountains xeric woodlands
3493:Canary Islands dry woodlands and forests
1636:Tarim Basin deciduous forests and steppe
219:The Geographical Distribution of Animals
209:The Geographical Distribution of Animals
198:
82:
32:This article includes a list of general
4573:
2988:Mediterranean High Atlas juniper steppe
1950:Mediterranean conifer and mixed forests
1404:Northeast China Plain deciduous forests
1168:Crimean Submediterranean forest complex
256:
5213:
3666:Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe
3325:Northwest Russian–Novaya Zemlya tundra
2764:Ussuri-Wusuli meadow and forest meadow
2584:Syrian xeric grasslands and shrublands
1796:Altai montane forest and forest steppe
323:
217:adopted Sclater's scheme for his book
4686:
4616:
2960:Kopet Dag woodlands and forest steppe
2860:Central Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe
865:temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
561:The realm contains several important
289:temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
237:The Palearctic realm includes mostly
4830:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
4792:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
4536:West Saharan montane xeric woodlands
4388:Registan–North Pakistan sandy desert
3774:South Apennine mixed montane forests
3124:Tian Shan montane steppe and meadows
2748:Tigris–Euphrates alluvial salt marsh
2043:Scandinavian coastal conifer forests
1496:Qin Ling Mountains deciduous forests
672:) in Europe and the closely related
18:
4300:Persian Gulf desert and semi-desert
3694:Mediterranean woodlands and forests
1870:East Afghan montane conifer forests
1588:South Sakhalin–Kurile mixed forests
1260:Eastern Anatolian deciduous forests
1064:Central Anatolian deciduous forests
13:
4595:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1858.tb02549.x
4468:South Saharan steppe and woodlands
4252:North Saharan steppe and woodlands
3964:Azerbaijan shrub desert and steppe
3337:New Siberian Islands arctic desert
3068:Qilian Mountains subalpine meadows
1832:Carpathian montane conifer forests
1672:Western European broadleaf forests
1648:Ussuri broadleaf and mixed forests
1624:Taiheiyo montane deciduous forests
1476:Pyrenees conifer and mixed forests
1388:North Atlantic moist mixed forests
1376:Nihonkai montane deciduous forests
1156:Changjiang Plain evergreen forests
872:Apennine deciduous montane forests
604:
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
5282:
4756:Montane grasslands and shrublands
4665:
4659:The Environment and World History
3738:Northwest Iberian montane forests
3381:Trans-Baikal Bald Mountain tundra
3313:Northeast Siberian coastal tundra
3096:Southeast Tibet shrub and meadows
2800:montane grasslands and shrublands
2055:Tian Shan montane conifer forests
1940:Khangai Mountains conifer forests
1898:Helanshan montane conifer forests
788:Palearctic terrestrial ecoregions
430:mountains, which run between the
4080:Central Asian riparian woodlands
2368:Eastern Anatolian montane steppe
2023:Qionglai–Minshan conifer forests
2013:Qilian Mountains conifer forests
1918:Hokkaido montane conifer forests
1600:Southern Korea evergreen forests
1284:Euxine–Colchic deciduous forests
1184:Daba Mountains evergreen forests
1140:Changbai Mountains mixed forests
1124:Central Korean deciduous forests
696:, known in North America as the
444:Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests
122:: the Euro-Siberian region; the
23:
4872:Flooded grasslands and savannas
4164:Great Lakes Basin desert steppe
4152:Gobi Lakes Valley desert steppe
3984:Badghyz and Karabil semi-desert
3261:Cherskii–Kolyma mountain tundra
3080:Sayan alpine meadows and tundra
2948:Khangai Mountains alpine meadow
2632:flooded grasslands and savannas
2412:Faroe Islands boreal grasslands
1196:Dinaric Mountains mixed forests
1004:Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests
712:into historic times, including
413:, separates the Palearctic and
271:region, which transitions from
5185:Ecological land classification
4714:Biogeographic regionalisations
4643:http://www.Merriam-Webster.com
4601:
4567:
3754:Pindus Mountains mixed forests
3369:Taimyr–Central Siberian tundra
3044:Pamir alpine desert and tundra
2900:Ghorat–Hazarajat alpine meadow
2836:Altai alpine meadow and tundra
2604:Tian Shan foothill arid steppe
2492:Mongolian–Manchurian grassland
2236:Urals montane tundra and taiga
2196:Scandinavian and Russian taiga
1764:Alps conifer and mixed forests
1700:Zagros Mountains forest steppe
1272:English Lowlands beech forests
1088:Central European mixed forests
912:Azores temperate mixed forests
750:Loxodonta africana pharaoensis
118:The realm consists of several
107:north of the foothills of the
1:
4560:
4120:Central Persian desert basins
4100:Central Asian southern desert
4064:Central Asian northern desert
3108:Sulaiman Range alpine meadows
2304:Alai–Western Tian Shan steppe
2033:Sayan montane conifer forests
1930:Honshū alpine conifer forests
556:
521:. In Southeastern Asia, high
504:, and retained 96 percent of
245:ecoregions, which run across
4851:Deserts and xeric shrublands
3880:Afghan Mountains semi-desert
3873:deserts and xeric shrublands
3529:Cyprus Mediterranean forests
3393:Wrangel Island arctic desert
2572:South Siberian forest steppe
2556:Selenge–Orkhon forest steppe
2324:Altai steppe and semi-desert
2220:Trans-Baikal conifer forests
1753:temperate coniferous forests
1508:Rodope montane mixed forests
1316:Huang He Plain mixed forests
515:mountains of southwest China
479:
293:temperate coniferous forests
99:is the largest of the eight
7:
5092:Temperate Northern Atlantic
4782:Broadleaf and mixed forests
4639:61: pp. 252–271. 1991.
4624:The Anthropology of Iceland
4288:Paropamisus xeric woodlands
4012:Baluchistan xeric woodlands
3892:Alashan Plateau semi-desert
3517:Crete Mediterranean forests
2428:Gissaro–Alai open woodlands
1232:East European forest steppe
533:. Isolated small outposts (
275:in the northern reaches of
249:from western Europe to the
10:
5289:
5195:Vegetation classifications
5097:Temperate Northern Pacific
4136:Eastern Gobi desert steppe
3597:Illyrian deciduous forests
2708:Nile Delta flooded savanna
1886:Elburz Range forest steppe
1612:Taiheiyo evergreen forests
1364:Nihonkai evergreen forests
1304:Hokkaido deciduous forests
680:) in far eastern Siberia,
394:Sahara and Arabian deserts
384:Conservation International
327:
260:
156:
5266:Natural history of Africa
5261:Natural history of Europe
5172:
5130:
5107:Temperate Southern Africa
5059:
5003:
4992:
4972:
4899:
4864:
4838:
4800:
4769:
4738:
4729:
4720:
4630:, pp. 203–227, 1989.
4224:Mesopotamian shrub desert
4180:Junggar Basin semi-desert
3868:
3419:
3186:
3172:Yarlung Zambo arid steppe
2794:
2626:
2544:Sayan Intermontane steppe
2262:
2070:
1722:
1328:Madeira evergreen forests
862:
794:
758:Elephas maximus rubridens
517:are also designated as a
161:In an 1858 paper for the
5117:Tropical Eastern Pacific
5067:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
4628:University of Iowa Press
4332:Qaidam Basin semi-desert
3273:Chukchi Peninsula tundra
2912:Hindu Kush alpine meadow
2780:Yellow Sea saline meadow
2696:Nenjiang River grassland
2336:Central Anatolian steppe
2172:Okhotsk–Manchurian taiga
2160:Northeast Siberian taiga
1340:Manchurian mixed forests
1048:Celtic broadleaf forests
988:Cantabrian mixed forests
770:Straight tusked elephant
422:Western and Central Asia
334:The lands bordering the
307:, and have very similar
239:boreal/subarctic-climate
233:Major ecological regions
5256:Natural history of Asia
5251:Flora of temperate Asia
5138:Biogeographic provinces
5102:Temperate South America
4820:Moist broadleaf forests
3948:Atlantic coastal desert
3569:Iberian conifer forests
3405:Yamalagydanskaja tundra
2684:Bohai Sea saline meadow
1820:Caledon conifer forests
1416:Pannonian mixed forests
734:Coelodonta antiquitatis
403:Atlantic coastal desert
399:A great belt of deserts
318:Arcto-Tertiary Geoflora
53:more precise citations.
4575:Sclater, Philip Lutley
4344:Red Sea coastal desert
4028:Caspian lowland desert
3606:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2148:Kamchatka–Kurile taiga
1532:Sarmatic mixed forests
1464:Po Basin mixed forests
1425:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1205:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1020:Caucasus mixed forests
929:Bosnia and Herzegovina
884:Atlantic mixed forests
774:Palaeoloxodon antiquus
746:North African elephant
704:Megafaunal extinctions
573:, which flow into the
440:temperate rain forests
211:
88:
5200:Zoogeographic regions
5158:Global 200 ecoregions
5087:Temperate Australasia
4825:Dry broadleaf forests
4208:Kopet Dag semi-desert
3297:Kola Peninsula tundra
2348:Daurian forest steppe
2184:Sakhalin Island taiga
782:Panthera leo europaea
742:Mammuthus primigenius
718:Megaloceros giganteus
636:There are no endemic
609:One bird family, the
563:freshwater ecoregions
388:biodiversity hotspots
344:mediterranean climate
205:Alfred Russel Wallace
202:
86:
5246:Biogeographic realms
5241:Ecoregions of Africa
5236:Ecoregions of Europe
5180:Altitudinal zonation
5122:Western Indo-Pacific
5082:Eastern Indo-Pacific
5077:Central Indo-Pacific
4325:United Arab Emirates
3032:Ordos Plateau steppe
2448:Kazakh forest steppe
2076:boreal forests/taiga
964:Baltic mixed forests
924:Balkan mixed forests
519:biodiversity hotspot
366:shrublands known as
263:Euro-Siberian region
257:Euro-Siberian region
168:, British zoologist
101:biogeographic realms
87:The Palearctic realm
5153:Lists of ecoregions
4810:Tropical rainforest
4678:Map of the ecozones
2720:Saharan halophytics
2248:West Siberian taiga
2112:East Siberian taiga
2059:China, Kazakhstan,
642:mouse-like hamsters
350:are home to 13,000
340:Mediterranean Basin
330:Mediterranean Basin
324:Mediterranean Basin
163:Proceedings of the
124:Mediterranean Basin
5231:Ecoregions of Asia
5190:Floristic kingdoms
4954:Hydrothermal vents
4815:Coniferous forests
4777:Coniferous forests
4636:Acta Archaeologica
4617:General references
4196:Kazakh semi-desert
2668:Amur meadow steppe
2396:Emin Valley steppe
305:Bering land bridge
212:
89:
5208:
5207:
5168:
5167:
5112:Tropical Atlantic
4988:
4987:
4895:
4894:
4787:Deciduous forests
4558:
4557:
4500:Taklimakan desert
3864:
3863:
3415:
3414:
3182:
3181:
2790:
2789:
2622:
2621:
2258:
2257:
2066:
2065:
2037:Mongolia, Russia
1718:
1717:
858:
857:
730:woolly rhinoceros
694:Rangifer tarandus
678:Cervus canadensis
648:, and Ailuridae (
633:(Bombycillidae).
336:Mediterranean Sea
243:temperate-climate
79:
78:
71:
5278:
5221:Palearctic realm
5001:
5000:
4736:
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4727:
4726:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4684:
4683:
4610:
4605:
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4571:
3866:
3865:
3450:
3443:
3436:
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754:Chinese elephant
656:, including the
571:rivers of Russia
567:rivers of Europe
456:are home to dry
401:, including the
203:Frontispiece to
153:classification.
74:
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49:this article by
40:inline citations
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726:Bos primigenius
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629:(Alcidae), and
625:(Tetraoninae),
607:
605:Flora and fauna
559:
523:mountain ranges
482:
454:Iranian plateau
424:
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332:
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314:Holarctic realm
265:
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227:Antarctic realm
165:Linnean Society
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132:Arabian Deserts
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45:Please help to
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5271:Phytogeography
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328:Main article:
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5064:
5062:
5058:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4991:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4965:
4964:Demersal zone
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4898:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4799:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4768:
4762:
4761:Alpine tundra
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4739:Polar/montane
4737:
4734:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4708:
4703:
4701:
4696:
4694:
4689:
4688:
4685:
4679:
4676:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4660:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4632:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4620:
4609:
4604:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4570:
4566:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4408:Sahara desert
4406:
4405:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3451:
3446:
3444:
3439:
3437:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3418:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3249:Bering tundra
3247:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3228:Arctic desert
3226:
3225:
3218:
3213:
3211:
3206:
3204:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3185:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2826:
2821:
2819:
2814:
2812:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2793:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2658:
2653:
2651:
2646:
2644:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2625:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2512:Pontic steppe
2510:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2464:Kazakh steppe
2462:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2417:Faroe Islands
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2261:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2090:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2062:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
998:
994:
991:
989:
986:
985:
982:
978:
974:
970:
967:
965:
962:
961:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
927:
925:
922:
921:
918:
915:
913:
910:
909:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
887:
885:
882:
881:
878:
875:
873:
870:
869:
866:
861:
854:
851:
849:
846:
845:
842:
839:
837:
834:
833:
826:
821:
819:
814:
812:
807:
806:
804:
801:
798:
793:
785:
783:
779:
778:European lion
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
529:and southern
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
507:
503:
498:
494:
490:
486:
477:
475:
471:
466:
462:
459:
455:
451:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
419:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
360:deforestation
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
331:
321:
319:
315:
310:
306:
302:
301:North America
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
269:biogeographic
264:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
210:
206:
201:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
166:
154:
152:
151:zoogeographic
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
85:
81:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
5226:Biogeography
5131:Subdivisions
5050:
5021:Australasian
5011:Afrotropical
4973:Other biomes
4949:Benthic zone
4944:Pelagic zone
4939:Neritic zone
4929:Kelp forests
4801:Tropical and
4658:
4634:
4623:
4603:
4586:
4582:
4569:
4377:Saudi Arabia
4321:Saudi Arabia
4217:Turkmenistan
4109:Turkmenistan
4089:Turkmenistan
4045:Turkmenistan
4001:Turkmenistan
3937:Saudi Arabia
3421:
3188:
2969:Turkmenistan
2796:
2628:
2264:
2072:
1749:
796:
781:
773:
765:
757:
749:
741:
733:
725:
717:
707:
693:
685:
677:
669:
662:Ursus arctos
661:
635:
621:(Gaviidae),
608:
560:
539:Nat Ma Taung
483:
476:ecoregions.
450:Central Asia
448:
425:
409:desert, and
397:
333:
283:to the vast
266:
236:
218:
213:
208:
186:Australasian
162:
160:
148:
117:
113:North Africa
96:
92:
90:
80:
65:
56:
37:
5041:Neotropical
5031:Indomalayan
5004:Terrestrial
4934:Coral reefs
4803:subtropical
4730:Terrestrial
4393:Afghanistan
4293:Afghanistan
4125:Afghanistan
4057:Afghanistan
4017:Afghanistan
3989:Afghanistan
3885:Afghanistan
3113:Afghanistan
3049:Afghanistan
2929:Afghanistan
2917:Afghanistan
2905:Afghanistan
1875:Afghanistan
1789:Switzerland
1693:Switzerland
1605:South Korea
1357:South Korea
1349:North Korea
1149:North Korea
1133:South Korea
1129:North Korea
905:Netherlands
863:Palearctic
710:Pleistocene
686:Bison bison
654:the Ice Age
595:Lake Baikal
535:sky islands
446:ecoregion.
436:Caspian Sea
364:sclerophyll
356:overgrazing
281:Scandinavia
194:Neotropical
182:Indomalayan
97:Palaearctic
51:introducing
5215:Categories
5148:Ecoregions
5143:Bioregions
5051:Palearctic
4959:Cold seeps
4919:Intertidal
4561:References
4549:Mauritania
4485:Mauritania
4269:Mauritania
4201:Kazakhstan
4113:Uzbekistan
4105:Kazakhstan
4093:Uzbekistan
4085:Kazakhstan
4073:Uzbekistan
4069:Kazakhstan
4037:Kazakhstan
4005:Uzbekistan
3997:Tajikistan
3969:Azerbaijan
3953:Mauritania
3870:Palearctic
3428:ecoregions
3422:Palearctic
3195:ecoregions
3189:Palearctic
3137:Kyrgyzstan
3133:Kazakhstan
3061:Tajikistan
3057:Kyrgyzstan
2845:Kazakhstan
2803:ecoregions
2797:Palearctic
2733:Mauritania
2635:ecoregions
2629:Palearctic
2617:Kyrgyzstan
2613:Kazakhstan
2517:Kazakhstan
2485:Kazakhstan
2469:Kazakhstan
2453:Kazakhstan
2441:Uzbekistan
2437:Tajikistan
2433:Kyrgyzstan
2405:Kazakhstan
2377:Azerbaijan
2329:Kazakhstan
2317:Uzbekistan
2313:Tajikistan
2309:Kazakhstan
2271:ecoregions
2265:Palearctic
2079:ecoregions
2073:Palearctic
2061:Kyrgyzstan
1805:Kazakhstan
1756:ecoregions
1750:Palearctic
1217:Montenegro
1029:Azerbaijan
1009:Azerbaijan
803:ecoregions
797:Palearctic
658:brown bear
650:red pandas
646:Prolagidae
557:Freshwater
547:Fan Si Pan
511:Indomalaya
474:Indomalaya
461:grasslands
415:Afrotropic
251:Bering Sea
174:Afrotropic
120:bioregions
93:Palearctic
34:references
5026:Holarctic
5016:Antarctic
4924:Mangroves
4770:Temperate
3933:Palestine
1944:Mongolia
1557:Lithuania
1109:Lithuania
762:cave bear
714:Irish elk
615:Holarctic
611:accentors
599:Lake Biwa
527:Indochina
480:East Asia
432:Black Sea
368:chaparral
144:East Asia
109:Himalayas
5173:See also
5046:Oceanian
5036:Nearctic
4914:Littoral
4887:Mangrove
4877:Riparian
4672:Avionary
4577:(1858).
4461:Pakistan
4401:Pakistan
4189:Mongolia
4169:Mongolia
4157:Mongolia
4145:Mongolia
4021:Pakistan
3901:Mongolia
3831:Portugal
3743:Portugal
3622:Slovenia
3586:Portugal
3237:Svalbard
3117:Pakistan
3085:Mongolia
3025:Pakistan
2953:Mongolia
2941:Pakistan
2849:Mongolia
2561:Mongolia
2537:Bulgaria
2501:Mongolia
2357:Mongolia
2225:Mongolia
1879:Pakistan
1849:Slovakia
1809:Mongolia
1785:Slovenia
1513:Bulgaria
1453:Slovenia
1449:Slovakia
1333:Portugal
1289:Bulgaria
1237:Bulgaria
1225:Slovenia
993:Portugal
933:Bulgaria
917:Portugal
690:reindeer
666:red deer
631:waxwings
506:Pliocene
502:ice ages
470:Himalaya
452:and the
434:and the
428:Caucasus
380:garrigue
372:matorral
225:and the
207:'s book
190:Nearctic
59:May 2015
4900:Aquatic
4882:Wetland
4541:Algeria
4473:Algeria
4413:Algeria
4305:Bahrain
4277:Tunisia
4273:Morocco
4257:Algeria
3973:Georgia
3847:Croatia
3811:Lebanon
3759:Albania
3711:Tunisia
3707:Morocco
3699:Algeria
3687:Tunisia
3683:Morocco
3671:Algeria
3650:Morocco
3610:Croatia
3602:Albania
3554:Lebanon
3354:Finland
2993:Morocco
2881:Myanmar
2737:Tunisia
2725:Algeria
2533:Ukraine
2525:Romania
2521:Moldova
2421:Denmark
2381:Georgia
2373:Armenia
2201:Finland
2129:Iceland
1978:China,
1967:Tunisia
1959:Morocco
1955:Algeria
1853:Ukraine
1845:Romania
1777:Germany
1769:Austria
1689:Germany
1677:Austria
1549:Finland
1545:Estonia
1541:Denmark
1537:Belarus
1481:Andorra
1457:Ukraine
1441:Romania
1437:Hungary
1429:Croatia
1421:Austria
1393:Ireland
1293:Georgia
1253:Ukraine
1245:Romania
1241:Moldova
1209:Croatia
1201:Albania
1177:Ukraine
1113:Moldova
1105:Germany
1097:Belarus
1093:Austria
1053:Ireland
1033:Georgia
1025:Armenia
973:Germany
969:Denmark
949:Romania
901:Germany
893:Denmark
889:Belgium
722:aurochs
698:caribou
688:), and
591:Siberia
587:Caspian
543:Vietnam
500:in the
497:Siberia
442:of the
352:endemic
247:Eurasia
223:Oceania
157:History
140:Central
136:Western
105:Eurasia
47:improve
5072:Arctic
5060:Marine
4996:realms
4902:biomes
4856:Steppe
4746:Tundra
4732:biomes
4722:Biomes
4369:Jordan
4309:Kuwait
4241:Jordan
4237:Israel
4173:Russia
4041:Russia
3929:Kuwait
3925:Jordan
3917:Israel
3851:France
3819:Turkey
3807:Jordan
3803:Israel
3763:Greece
3727:Monaco
3723:France
3634:France
3614:Greece
3562:Turkey
3550:Jordan
3546:Israel
3534:Cyprus
3522:Greece
3510:France
3486:Turkey
3474:Turkey
3466:Greece
3410:Russia
3398:Russia
3386:Russia
3374:Russia
3362:Sweden
3358:Norway
3342:Russia
3330:Russia
3318:Russia
3306:Russia
3302:Norway
3290:Russia
3278:Russia
3266:Russia
3254:Russia
3241:Norway
3233:Russia
3192:tundra
3089:Russia
2877:Bhutan
2853:Russia
2773:Russia
2677:Russia
2593:Jordan
2577:Russia
2565:Russia
2549:Russia
2529:Russia
2505:Russia
2473:Russia
2457:Russia
2389:Turkey
2361:Russia
2341:Turkey
2253:Russia
2241:Russia
2229:Russia
2213:Sweden
2209:Russia
2205:Norway
2189:Russia
2177:Russia
2165:Russia
2153:Russia
2141:Russia
2117:Russia
2048:Norway
2027:China
2017:China
2007:China
1996:Turkey
1984:Bhutan
1934:Japan
1912:China
1902:China
1841:Poland
1813:Russia
1773:France
1713:Turkey
1685:France
1665:Russia
1653:Russia
1593:Russia
1569:Sweden
1565:Russia
1561:Norway
1553:Latvia
1525:Serbia
1517:Greece
1485:France
1445:Serbia
1353:Russia
1297:Turkey
1265:Turkey
1249:Russia
1221:Serbia
1173:Russia
1117:Poland
1069:Turkey
1041:Turkey
1037:Russia
981:Sweden
977:Poland
957:Turkey
953:Serbia
941:Kosovo
937:Greece
897:France
776:) and
638:mammal
623:grouse
589:seas,
585:, and
579:Baltic
575:Arctic
569:, the
551:Taiwan
465:desert
458:steppe
407:Sahara
376:maquis
309:mammal
277:Russia
273:tundra
192:, and
178:Indian
134:; and
128:Sahara
126:; the
111:, and
36:, but
4751:Taiga
4553:Niger
4529:Sudan
4525:Libya
4521:Egypt
4505:China
4493:Sudan
4489:Niger
4437:Sudan
4433:Niger
4425:Libya
4421:Egypt
4381:Yemen
4365:Egypt
4353:Sudan
4349:Egypt
4337:China
4317:Qatar
4265:Libya
4261:Egypt
4245:Syria
4185:China
4141:China
3941:Yemen
3913:Egypt
3897:China
3859:Malta
3855:Italy
3835:Spain
3815:Syria
3791:Spain
3779:Italy
3747:Spain
3731:Spain
3703:Libya
3679:Libya
3675:Egypt
3658:Spain
3638:Italy
3618:Italy
3590:Spain
3574:Spain
3558:Syria
3498:Spain
3177:China
3165:Nepal
3161:India
3149:China
3129:China
3101:China
3073:China
3053:China
3037:China
3021:India
3017:China
3005:China
2937:India
2933:China
2893:Nepal
2889:India
2885:China
2865:China
2841:China
2785:China
2769:China
2729:Egypt
2713:Egypt
2701:China
2689:China
2673:China
2609:China
2597:Syria
2497:China
2401:China
2353:China
1980:India
1963:Spain
1923:Japan
1801:China
1781:Italy
1641:China
1629:Japan
1617:Japan
1581:China
1501:China
1489:Spain
1469:Italy
1409:China
1381:Japan
1369:Japan
1345:China
1321:China
1309:Japan
1213:Italy
1189:China
1161:China
1145:China
1081:China
997:Spain
877:Italy
853:China
841:China
619:loons
583:Black
531:China
493:Japan
489:Korea
485:China
378:, or
285:taiga
4909:Pond
4545:Mali
4517:Chad
4481:Mali
4477:Chad
4457:Iraq
4453:Iran
4429:Mali
4417:Chad
4397:Iran
4373:Oman
4313:Oman
4233:Iran
4229:Iraq
4213:Iran
4129:Iran
4033:Iran
3993:Iran
3977:Iran
3921:Iraq
2981:Iran
2965:Iran
2757:Iran
2753:Iraq
2589:Iraq
2385:Iran
1891:Iran
1709:Iraq
1705:Iran
1013:Iran
627:auks
545:(on
491:and
463:and
426:The
291:and
279:and
241:and
142:and
130:and
91:The
4865:Wet
4839:Dry
4591:doi
784:).
768:),
760:),
752:),
744:),
736:),
728:),
720:),
700:).
674:elk
644:),
593:'s
299:of
95:or
5217::
4585:.
4581:.
4551:,
4547:,
4543:,
4527:,
4523:,
4519:,
4491:,
4487:,
4483:,
4479:,
4475:,
4459:,
4455:,
4439:,
4435:,
4431:,
4427:,
4423:,
4419:,
4415:,
4399:,
4395:,
4379:,
4375:,
4371:,
4367:,
4351:,
4323:,
4319:,
4315:,
4311:,
4307:,
4279:,
4275:,
4271:,
4267:,
4263:,
4259:,
4243:,
4239:,
4235:,
4231:,
4215:,
4187:,
4171:,
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4091:,
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