315:. The pulp made by this process is known as "stone groundwood" pulp (SGW). If the wood is ground in a pressurized, sealed grinder the pulp is classified as "pressure groundwood" (PGW) pulp. Most modern mills use chips rather than logs and ridged metal discs called refiner plates instead of grindstones. If the chips are just ground up with the plates, the pulp is called "refiner mechanical" pulp (RMP), if the chips are steamed while being refined the pulp is called "thermomechanical" pulp (TMP). Steam treatment significantly reduces the total energy needed to make the pulp and decreases the damage (cutting) to fibers. Mechanical pulp mills use large amounts of energy, mostly electricity to power motors which turn the grinders. A rough estimate of the electrical energy needed is 10,000 mega
202:
methods, such as groundwood (GW) and refiner mechanical (RMP) pulping, physically tear the cellulose fibers one from another. Much of the lignin remains adhering to the fibers. Strength is impaired because the fibers may be cut. Related hybrid pulping methods use a combination of chemical and thermal treatment to begin an abbreviated chemical pulping process, followed immediately by a mechanical treatment to separate the fibers. These hybrid methods include thermomechanical pulping (TMP) and Chemi-thermomechanical pulping (CTMP). The chemical and thermal treatments reduce the amount of energy subsequently required by the mechanical treatment, and also reduce the amount of strength loss suffered by the fibers.
473:, and other chemical prior to refining with equipment similar to a mechanical mill. The conditions of the chemical treatment are much less vigorous (lower temperature, shorter time, less extreme pH) than in a chemical pulping process, since the goal is to make the fibers easier to refine, not to remove lignin as in a fully chemical process. Pulps made using these hybrid processes are known as Chemi-thermomechanical pulps (CTMP). Sometimes a CTMP mill is located on the same site as a kraft mill so that the effluent from the CTMP mill can be treated in the kraft recovery process to regenerate the inorganic pulping chemicals.
126:
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25:
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381:, thereby producing stronger fibers, but the sulfite process makes pulp that is easier to bleach. The chemical pulping processes use a combination of high temperature and alkaline (kraft) or acidic (sulfite) chemicals to break the chemical bonds of the lignin. However, atmospheric pollution and contaminants in wastewater effluent in the kraft pulping process has been widely documented
222:
384:
The material fed into the digester must be small enough to allow the pulping liquor to penetrate the pieces completely. In the case of wood, the logs are chipped and the chips screened to ensure that the feed to the digester is of a uniform size. Oversized chips are either used as fuel or run through
412:
After several hours in the digester, the chips or cut plant material breaks down into a thick porridge-like consistency and is "blown" or squeezed from the outlet of the digester through an airlock. The sudden change in pressure results in a rapid expansion of the fibers, separating the fibers even
436:
Bleached kraft pulp and bleached sulfite pulp are used to make high quality, white printing paper. One of the most visible uses for unbleached kraft pulp is to make brown paper shopping bags and wrapping paper where strength is particularly important. A special grade of bleached sulfite pulp, known
432:
in the bleach plant or left unbleached, depending on the end-use. The stock is sprayed onto the pulp machine wire, water drains off, more water is removed by pressing the sheet of fibers, and the sheet is then dried. At this point the sheets of pulp are several millimeters thick and have a coarse
201:
Chemical pulping achieves this by degrading the lignin and hemicellulose into small, water-soluble molecules that can be washed away from the cellulose fibers without depolymerizing the cellulose fibers (chemically depolymerizing the cellulose weakens the fibers). The various mechanical pulping
481:
The pulping process involves many production stages, usually coupled with intermediate storage tanks. As each stage has a different reliability and bottlenecks may vary from day to day, scheduling a pulp mill needs to take into account these bottlenecks and the probability of a disturbance or
948:
306:
The earliest mills used sandstone grinding rollers to break up small wood logs called "bolts", but the use of natural stone ended in the 1940s with the introduction of manufactured stones with embedded
271:). The bark adhesion is about 3–5 kg/cm in the growing season (summer) and 2-3 times higher in the dormant season (winter). The bark of frozen logs is even more difficult to remove.
232:
Much of the information about the technology in following subsections is from the book by C.J. Biermann. The chemistry of the various pulping processes can be found in Sjöström's book.
956:
482:
breakdown. Each stage also may have different decision variables, such as steam / water / chemical input, etc. Finally, scheduling needs to consider fuel optimization and CO
424:
in the kraft process, and red or brown liquor in the sulfite processes, is concentrated, burned and the sodium and sulfur compounds recycled in the recovery process.
198:
polymers). The aim of pulping is to break down the bulk structure of the fiber source, be it chips, stems or other plant parts, into the constituent fibers.
501:
for two primary reasons, to avoid iron contamination of the product and their corrosion resistance to the various chemicals used in the papermaking process.
405:
and the solution is known as white liquor. In the sulfite process the pulping chemical is a mixture of metal (sodium, magnesium, potassium, or calcium) and
252:. Bark contains relatively few usable fibers and darkens the pulp. The removed bark is burned, along with other unusable plant material, to generate
486:
emissions, because part of the energy requirements may be met from fossil-fuel boilers. The overall aim is to maximize production at minimum cost.
433:
surface: it is not yet paper. The dried pulp is cut, stacked, bailed and shipped to another facility for whatever further process is needed.
397:
where it is mixed with an aqueous solution of the pulping chemicals, then heated with steam. In the kraft process the pulping chemicals are
1842:
1713:
504:
A wide range of stainless steels are used throughout the pulp making process. For example, duplex stainless steels are being used in
730:"Pilot study investigating ambient air toxics emissions near a Canadian kraft pulp and paper facility in Pictou County, Nova Scotia"
981:
Pulp and Paper Circle provides industry-related information (especially Kraft Mills) to pulp and paper engineers and technologists.
35:
685:
656:
628:
785:"Spatiotemporal assessment (quarter century) of pulp mill metal(loid) contaminated sediment to inform remediation decisions"
985:
840:"Characterization and spatial distribution of organic-contaminated sediment derived from historical industrial effluents"
93:
712:
65:
1698:
1693:
728:
Hoffman, Emma; Guernsey, Judith R.; Walker, Tony R.; Kim, Jong Sung; Sherren, Kate; Andreou, Pantelis (2017-09-01).
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1703:
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remove much of the hemicelluloses and lignin. The kraft process does less damage to the cellulose fibers than the
1012:
919:
Solving a multi-period supply chain problem for a pulp company using heuristics - an application to Södra Cell ab
72:
1176:
385:
the chipper again, while sawdust may be burned or collected for sale. The screened chips or cut plant material (
893:
420:
flow, remove the spent cooking chemicals and degraded lignin and hemicellulose. The extracted liquid, known as
50:
568:"Contaminant characterization in wetland media surrounding a pulp mill industrial effluent treatment facility"
1837:
1627:
838:
Hoffman, Emma; Alimohammadi, Masi; Lyons, James; Davis, Emily; Walker, Tony R.; Lake, Craig B. (2019-08-23).
980:
428:
is a useful byproduct recovered from the spent liquor in the sulfite process. The clean pulp (stock) can be
79:
783:
Hoffman, Emma; Lyons, James; Boxall, James; Robertson, Cam; Lake, Craig B.; Walker, Tony R. (2017-05-06).
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and fibre crops. The first step in all mills using wood (trees) as the fiber source is to remove the
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The earliest known methods for preparing pulp for paper making were water-powered, in 8th-century
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to convert wood chips into wood pulp and 6% Mo super austenitic stainless steels are used in the
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and other plant materials used to make pulp contain three main components (apart from water):
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Sugarcane-based
Biofuels and Bioproducts: Pulp and Paper Production from Sugarcane Bagasse
8:
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A Swedish integrated pulp and paper mill energy optimization and local heat cooperation
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more. The resulting fiber suspension in water solution is called "brown stock".
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can be manufactured using mechanical, semi-chemical, or fully chemical methods (
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and give an extra loading for the chemical recovery system. Birchbark contains
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Quanz, Meaghan E.; Walker, Tony R.; Oakes, Ken; Willis, Rob (2021-04-01).
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In chemical pulp mills, the bark introduces unwanted contaminants such as
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949:"Stainless Steels and Specialty Alloys for Modern Pulp and Paper Mills"
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Some mills pretreat wood chips or other plant material like straw with
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as dissolving pulp, is used to make cellulose derivatives such as
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921:. International Journal of Production Economics 116 (1): 75-94
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is a manufacturing facility that converts wood chips or other
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before being processed further in order to free the fibers.
42:
782:
168:
617:
Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and
Medieval Milling Technology
441:
which are used in a wide range of everyday products from
324:
165:
or non-bleached, depending on the customer requirements.
990:
727:
565:
644:
1829:
930:Klugman, S., Karlsson, M., Moshfegh, B. (2009).
240:The most common fiber source for pulp mills is
161:processes). The finished product may be either
911:
456:
235:
1006:
946:
674:Wood Chemistry: Fundamentals and Applications
671:
298:that easily creates deposits in a pulp mill.
734:Environmental Science and Pollution Research
701:Rainey, Thomas; Covey, Geoff (16 May 2016).
489:
186:(a three-dimensional polymer that binds the
51:introducing citations to additional sources
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942:
940:
591:
256:to run the mill. Almost all wood is then
642:
338:
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220:
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113:
41:Relevant discussion may be found on the
16:Facility which pulps wood or plant fibre
937:
844:Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
789:Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
369:Chemical pulping processes such as the
1830:
917:Gunnarsson, H., Rönnqvist, M. (2008).
707:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 259.
334:
994:
647:Essentials of Pulping and Papermaking
614:
1812:
886:
18:
1843:Industrial buildings and structures
665:
636:
13:
934:. Energy Policy 37 (7): 2514-2524
651:. San Diego: Academic Press, Inc.
14:
1869:
974:
643:Biermann, Christopher J. (1993).
263:Removal of the bark is done in a
1811:
1802:
1801:
34:relies largely or entirely on a
23:
572:Wetlands Ecology and Management
831:
776:
721:
694:
608:
559:
129:Woodchips for paper production
1:
1628:Environmental impact of paper
552:
476:
373:(or sulfate) process and the
7:
515:
497:is used extensively in the
457:Chemi-mechanical pulp mills
416:Brown stock washers, using
244:. Other common sources are
236:Preparation of fibre source
216:
10:
1874:
1575:Surface chemistry of paper
1078:(Zuo Bo/Tso Po/Tso TzÇ”-yi)
986:Pulp and Paper terminology
894:"Uses of lignosulphonates"
593:10.1007/s11273-020-09779-0
354:
145:which can be shipped to a
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1736:
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1045:
1028:
1020:
864:10.1007/s10661-019-7763-y
809:10.1007/s10661-017-5952-0
754:10.1007/s11356-017-9719-5
490:Materials of construction
149:for further processing.
1107:Friedrich Gottlob Keller
623:, pp. 65 & 84,
1853:Pulp and paper industry
1623:Elemental chlorine free
1580:Units of paper quantity
499:pulp and paper industry
1603:Bleaching of wood pulp
947:A. H. Tuthill (2002).
672:Eero Sjöström (1993).
522:Bleaching of wood pulp
352:
229:
130:
122:
1522:Corrugated fiberboard
1279:Electrical insulation
1132:Thomas Francis Carter
342:
302:Mechanical pulp mills
224:
190:fibres together) and
128:
117:
1838:Pulp and paper mills
615:Lucas, Adam (2006),
393:, etc.) goes to the
323:of pulp (2,750
194:, (shorter branched
47:improve this article
856:2019EMnAs.191..590H
801:2017EMnAs.189..257H
746:2017ESPR...2420685H
740:(25): 20685–20698.
584:2021WetEM..29..209Q
335:Chemical pulp mills
226:International Paper
139:plant fiber sources
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228:Company, pulp mill
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1824:
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1149:
1142:Tsien Tsuen-hsuin
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1090:
1089:
1033:Paper engineering
687:978-0-12-647481-7
658:978-0-12-097360-6
630:978-90-04-14649-5
537:Pulp mill dispute
211:Abbasid Caliphate
112:
111:
97:
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1789:Beverage cartons
1779:Watercolor paper
1638:Hollander beater
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955:. Archived from
953:Nickel Institute
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896:. Archived from
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621:Brill Publishers
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495:Stainless steels
467:sodium hydroxide
463:sodium carbonate
426:Lignosulphonates
407:ammonium sulfite
399:sodium hydroxide
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1673:Sulfite process
1658:Paper recycling
1613:Conical refiner
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1532:Paper chemicals
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542:Sulfite process
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451:wallpaper paste
439:methylcellulose
379:sulfite process
375:sulfite process
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361:Sulfite process
355:Main articles:
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309:silicon carbide
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118:A pulp mill in
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1552:Specifications
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578:(2): 209–229.
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192:hemicelluloses
120:Rauma, Finland
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45:. Please help
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58:Find sources:
52:
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37:
36:single source
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1754:Papier-mâché
1749:Paper towels
1668:Soda pulping
1585:Wet strength
1386:Photographic
1259:Cotton (rag)
1232:Construction
961:. Retrieved
957:the original
952:
931:
926:
918:
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902:. Retrieved
898:the original
888:
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510:bleach plant
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422:black liquor
415:
411:
409:or sulfite.
383:
368:
365:Soda pulping
345:Blankenstein
305:
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196:carbohydrate
167:
134:
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33:
1848:Papermaking
1784:Paper money
1744:Lined paper
1663:Papermaking
1596:and process
1594:Manufacture
1570:Paper sizes
1299:Greaseproof
1284:GenkĹŤ yĹŤshi
1137:Dard Hunter
1069:Originators
1037:Papermaking
447:baked goods
286:that cause
180:papermaking
143:fiber board
62:"Pulp mill"
1832:Categories
1721:Paper mill
1648:Organosolv
1527:Fiber crop
1517:China clay
1476:Waterproof
1376:Paperboard
1254:Correction
1247:Carbonless
1095:Developers
963:2018-01-17
904:2007-10-07
850:(9): 590.
795:(6): 257.
553:References
532:Paper mill
477:Scheduling
147:paper mill
103:March 2021
73:newspapers
1774:Notebooks
1759:Cardboard
1542:Wood pulp
1510:Materials
1486:Wood-free
1461:Wallpaper
1456:Tree-free
1396:Red rosin
1381:Parchment
1366:Onionskin
1361:Newsprint
1222:Cartridge
1217:Cardstock
1212:Cardboard
1162:Acid-free
872:1573-2959
817:1573-2959
762:1614-7499
602:1572-9834
547:Wood pulp
506:digesters
443:laxatives
319:(MJ) per
296:terpenoid
207:Samarkand
188:cellulose
173:cellulose
135:pulp mill
43:talk page
1807:Category
1764:Clothing
1682:Industry
1618:Deinking
1608:Calender
1565:Grammage
1451:Transfer
1416:Security
1289:Glassine
1192:Blotting
1167:Air-laid
1125:Scholars
880:31444645
825:28478542
770:28712086
516:See also
430:bleached
395:digester
284:aluminum
269:debarker
242:pulpwood
217:The mill
163:bleached
1817:Commons
1769:Tissues
1560:Density
1537:Papyrus
1496:Writing
1446:Tracing
1436:Thermal
1411:Scritta
1406:Rolling
1371:Origami
1334:Butcher
1269:Display
1237:Contact
1202:Bristol
1177:Asphalt
1082:Damjing
1076:Cai Lun
1047:History
852:Bibcode
797:Bibcode
742:Bibcode
580:Bibcode
349:Germany
292:betulin
288:scaling
276:calcium
258:chipped
246:bagasse
159:sulfite
87:scholar
1699:Europe
1694:Canada
1441:Tissue
1351:Manila
1324:Korean
1319:Ingres
1314:Inkjet
1227:Coated
1207:Carbon
1182:Banana
878:
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711:
684:
655:
627:
600:
387:bamboo
363:, and
317:joules
282:, and
280:silica
265:barker
184:lignin
176:fibres
89:
82:
75:
68:
60:
1709:Japan
1704:India
1471:Wasli
1466:Washi
1426:Stone
1356:Mummy
1346:Lokta
1329:Kraft
1309:India
1294:Graph
1264:CrĂŞpe
1187:Bible
1172:Amate
1155:Types
1022:Paper
391:kenaf
371:kraft
329:tonne
321:tonne
254:steam
155:kraft
94:JSTOR
80:books
1737:Uses
1726:List
1501:Xuan
1491:Wove
1421:Seed
1401:Rice
1341:Laid
1304:Hemp
1242:Copy
1197:Bond
876:PMID
868:ISSN
821:PMID
813:ISSN
766:PMID
758:ISSN
709:ISBN
682:ISBN
653:ISBN
625:ISBN
598:ISSN
401:and
327:per
294:, a
267:(or
250:bark
169:Wood
157:and
151:Pulp
66:news
1481:Wax
1431:Tar
860:doi
848:191
805:doi
793:189
750:doi
588:doi
449:to
445:to
325:kWh
311:or
182:),
49:by
1834::
1274:DĂł
1035:/
951:.
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347:(
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39:.
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