Public broadcasting

2062:. In the past Radio Pakistan was partly funded through money obtained from License fees. In 1999, the Nawaz Sharif government abolished license fees for Radio Pakistan and also abolished its tax exempt status protected under PBC Act 1973. The license fees for Pakistan Television continued. The license fees collection for PTV was given to WAPDA during Musharraf government. Currently WAPDA collects Rs. 35 per house hold on electricity bills as PTV license fees. Television Broadcasting started in Pakistan with a small pilot TV Station established at Lahore Radio from where transmission was first beamed in black-and-white with effect from 26 November 1964. Television centres were established in Dhaka, Karachi and Rawalpindi/Islamabad in 1967 and in Peshawar and Quetta in 1974. PTV has various channels transmitting throughout the world including 3882:, niche programmes; programmes for children; programmes promoting different points of view and diversity; programmes for different religious and national groups; live coverage of the parliament's session on its dedicated channel: TVP Parlament; etc.). It has to be politically neutral, although in the past there have been cases of political pressure on TVP and Polskie Radio from the governing party. Recently, a new law has been passed by the ruling Law & Justice party, that in public perception allowed the party to take a much larger control over the media that has been possible before. The party states this law to be the first step to a complete public media overdo. Many worry no such improvements are actually coming and that these recent laws are only another step in taking control over the whole country by the Law & Justice party. 469:

Program, with the intention of carrying out studies about the possibility of privatization of the public broadcaster. Some states often had problems with their public broadcasting services. In São Paulo, FPA had sometimes dealt with budget cuts, labor disputes and strikes. In Rio Grande do Sul, TVE-RS and FM Cultura were managed by the Piratini Foundation, a non-profit state foundation. However, due to the public debt crisis in the state, in 2018, the Piratini Foundation had its activities closed, and TVE-RS and FM Cultura started to be managed by the Secretariat of Communication of the state government.

597:, dedicated to science and culture respectively. CBC's national television operations and some radio operations are funded partly by advertisements, in addition to the subsidy provided by the federal government. The cable channels are commercial entities owned and operated by the CBC and do not receive any direct public funds, however, they do benefit from synergies with resources from the other CBC operations. The CBC has frequently dealt with budget cuts and labour disputes, often resulting in a debate about whether the service has the resources necessary to properly fulfill its mandate. 3901: 4461:). Community radio stations typically cover a small geographical area with a coverage radius of up to 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) and run on a nonprofit basis. They can cater for whole communities or for different areas of interest – such as a particular ethnic group, age group or interest group. Community radio stations reflect a diverse mix of cultures and interests. There are stations catering to urban or experimental music, while others are aimed at younger people, religious communities or the armed forces and their families. 2235:, also called Taiwan Public Television Service Foundation, is the first independent public broadcasting institution in Taiwan, which broadcasts the Public Television Service Taiwan. Since its creation in 1998, PTS has produced several critically acclaimed dramatic programmes and mini-series despite experiencing funding difficulties. PTS is bound up in speaking for the minorities, including the promotion of Hakka Chinese and Formosan-language programming, an effort that has contributed much to the "Taiwanization" movement. 4394: 744: 1304: 3601: 2448:, the first Israeli television channel. It was created by the Rothschild fund to aid the ministry's work in teaching children from kindergarten to high school and to promote the television's use in Israel at a time the government considered the device a "cultural decadence". It is funded and operated by the ministry, and since the 1980s it has widened its orientation to adults as well as children. In August 2018, the Educational Television was shut down and replaced by 1461:. From the beginning, the network has refused corporate funding of any kind, and has relied mainly on listener support. KPFA gave away free FM radios to build a listener base and to encourage listeners to "subscribe" (support the station directly with donations). It is the world's oldest listener-supported radio network. Since the creation of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, Pacifica has sometimes received CPB support. Pacifica runs other stations in 9083: 7997: 4352: 91:. Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally operated, depending on the country and the station. In some countries a single organization runs public broadcasting. Other countries have multiple public-broadcasting organizations operating regionally or in different languages. Historically, public broadcasting was once the dominant or only form of broadcasting in many countries (with the notable exceptions of the United States, Mexico, and Brazil). 2092: 1990: 1873: 1617: 1251: 1072: 991: 9093: 3353: 9072: 9103: 8009: 3146: 4344: 814:. SCN was sold to Bluepoint Investment Corporation in 2010, and like CTV Two Alberta did when it became privatized, incorporated a limited schedule of entertainment programming during the late afternoon and nighttime hours, while retaining educational and children's programs during the morning until mid-afternoon to fulfill its licensing conditions; Bluepoint later sold the channel to 645:(CRTC) does require cable, satellite and IPTV providers to carry CBC and Radio-Canada stations as part of their basic tier, regardless of terrestrial availability in an individual market. Of the three major French-language television networks in Canada, Ici Radio-Canada Télé is the only one that maintains terrestrial owned-and-operated stations and affiliates in all ten 1721: 934:, is the first and oldest station on Chile, transmitting since 5 October 1957. As soon as 1961 universities began transmitting advertisements between their programmes, the first of them being the Channel 9, showing a Motorola TV set. This kind of disguised advertising took the name of "Payola". This situation, added to the fact that TV was only reaching 2282:. It operates comprehensive media services comprising radio, public television networks (terrestrial and satellite), online services and social media. NBT TV (or NBT (Digital) 2 HD), formerly TVT11, is the television division and free-to-air channel of NBT. The broadcasting of TVT11 began on 11 July 1988, when TV9 (currently known as 2224:, or EBS. Originally considered to be an extension channel of the KBS, it was spun-off as an educational channel but retained its public broadcasting tasks. KBS and EBS mainly are funded by the commercials that they provide in their channels, but due to growing competitions, this is becoming an issue for them as well. 3885:

There is an ongoing debate in Poland about the semi-commercial nature of TVP and PR. Many people fear that making them into totally non-commercial broadcasters would result in the licence fee payable by households being increased, and fewer people being interested in programmes they offer; others say

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that the public broadcaster is allegedly a "job hanger" (public company existing only for the purpose of securing positions for political allies) and has proposed to privatize or extinguish the public company. On April 9, 2021, the president inserted the public company into the National Privatization

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in the United Kingdom. DR runs six nationwide television channels and eight radio channels. Financing comes primarily from a yearly licence fee, that everyone who owns either a television set, a computer or other devices that can access the internet, has to pay. A part of collected fees is also used

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Czech Radio broadcasts four nationwide stations Radiožurnál, Dvojka, Vltava, and Plus, several regional and topical digital stations. It also provides an international service Radio Prague International, which broadcasts abroad in six languages. Czech Radio is funded through a monthly fee of 45 CZK.

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One of the principles of public broadcasting is to provide coverage of interests for which there are missing or small markets. Public broadcasting attempts to supply topics of social benefit that are otherwise not provided by commercial broadcasters. Typically, such underprovision is argued to exist

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While the application of certain principles may be straightforward, as in the case of accessibility, some of the principles may be poorly defined or difficult to implement. In the context of a shifting national identity, the role of public broadcasting may be unclear. Likewise, the subjective nature

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in each of them. For most of its history, RNE and TVE were funded both from public sources and private advertising; however, from September 2009, RTVE have been funded by a mixture of public tax revenue and funds collected from Spain's private television stations, thus removing advertising from its

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focused on entertainment, information and major sport competitions. In 2004, after a great restructuring period, RTP started its current branding. That year the two thematic channels of the group were also created – RTPN, a 24 hour-news channel which became RTP Informação in 2011 and

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ERT operates 8 television studios in three buildings in Athens: five of them in the headquarters called "Radiomegaro" ("Ραδιομέγαρο" that means "radio palace") located in Agia Paraskevi area, two of them in Katehaki str. facility and one small one in the center of Athens near the Parliament, in the

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public broadcasting company. It operates several radio and television channels, over a domestic transmitter network as well as satellite. As of 2002, 70% of HRT's funding comes from broadcast user fees with each house in Croatia required to pay 79 HRK, kuna, per month for a single television (radio

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Yle focuses highly on developing its digital services. In 2016 a Reuters Institute study of European public service companies show that Yle and BBC are the public service pioneers in digital development and performing the best while introducing innovative digital services in their news operations,

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created in 1927. Much like the BBC, NHK is funded by a "receiving fee" from every Japanese household, with no commercial advertising and the maintenance of a position of strict political impartiality. However, rampant non-payment by a large amount of households has led the receiving fee to become

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by the CBC directly. The number of privately owned CBC Television affiliates has gradually declined in recent years, as the network has moved its programming to stations opened by the corporation or has purchased certain affiliates from private broadcasting groups; budgetary issues led the CBC to

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was again renamed RTP2 and became an alternative channel dedicated to culture, science, arts, documentaries, sports (except football), minorities and children. Since then, RTP2 has carried no advertising. Canal 1, renamed back RTP1 also in 1995, remained the commercial channel of RTP group,

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national public service media company. Founded in 1926, it is a public limited company majority owned by the Finnish state, employing around 2,800 people. Yle is funded by a special Yle tax. Yle has four television channels, three television channel slots, six nationwide radio channels and three

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Chilean television was founded through universities, in an attempt to bring public television without the state having to pay directly and control content. The University of Chile (owner of the former channels 9 and 11 until 1993), the Catholic University of Chile on channels 2 and 13 until

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In addition, several provinces operate public broadcasters; these are not CBC subentities, but distinct networks in their own right. Most of the provincial services maintain an educational programming format, differing from the primarily entertainment-based CBC/Radio-Canada operations, but more

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that does not have editorial independence from its government. It operates a total of five television channels (RTS1, RTS2, RTS Digital, RTS HD and RTS SAT) and five radio stations (Radio Belgrade 1, Radio Belgrade 2, Radio Belgrade 3, Radio Belgrade 202, and Stereorama). RTS is

1736:. It operates seven radio channels and produces television programmes and broadcast on commercial television channels, as these channels are required by law to provide timeslots for RTHK television programmes. RTHK would be assigned a digital terrestrial television channel during 2013 to 2015. 4146:

that does not have editorial independence from its government. This organisation was created in 2011 by merger of Slovak Television and Slovak Radio. RTVS broadcasts four television channels (STV1, STV2, RTVS 24, RTVS Šport), five FM radio stations (Rádio Slovensko, Rádio Devín, Rádio Regina,

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operates four nationwide radio channels (which are also available via the broadcaster's website). There are also 17 public radio stations broadcasting in particular regions. Polish Radio (and TVP) are funded from several sources: state funding, advertising, obligatory tax on all TV and radio

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Within public broadcasting there are two different views regarding commercial activity. One is that public broadcasting is incompatible with commercial objectives. The other is that public broadcasting can and should compete in the marketplace with commercial broadcasters. This dichotomy is

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in Toronto also operated as a public government-owned radio station for many years; while no longer funded by the provincial government, it still solicits most of its budget from listener and corporate donations and is permitted to air only a very small amount of commercial advertising.

3444:, and the freedom of speech and opinion" – carries a substantial amount of arts, media, and current affairs programming, in addition to which it also supplies general entertainment in the form of feature films and such internationally popular television drama series as 3403:), and 21 local radio stations (two of them located in Thessaloniki, the second major city of Greece). All national television and radio stations are broadcast through ERT digital multiplexes across the country and through satellite, via the two digital platforms (NOVA and Cosmote). 1426:(CPB), a private entity that is charged with facilitating programming diversity among public broadcasters, the development and expansion of non-commercial broadcasting, and providing funding to local stations to help them create programs; the CPB receives funding earmarked by the 3668:(all available in high definition on DTT). RAI also broadcasts via satellite and is involved in radio, publishing and cinema. RAI has the largest audience share (45%) of any Italian television network. Funding used to be collected through a special yearly TV tax (the so-called 2213:, or KBS. Originally a government-controlled channel, it is now an independent broadcasting system. KBS began broadcasting radio in 1947 and opened up to television industry in 1961, and officially founded its own identity by 1973. Another public broadcasting channel is the 157:

fee, individual contributions, government funding or commercial sources. Public broadcasters do not rely on advertising to the same degree as commercial broadcasters, or at all; this allows public broadcasters to transmit programmes that are not commercially viable to the

3040:(ORTF), a more independent structure, in 1964. ORTF oversaw the introduction of a third television channel in 1972, two years before the dissolution of the structure in 1974. At that time a network of local and regional channels was created, nationally grouped under the 1132:

Salvadoran broadcasting has a public service radio and television channel. On 1 March 1926 began the operation as the first Central American broadcasting network called "Radio Nacional de El Salvador" with a frequency of 96.9 FM MHz founded by the president of that era,

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in 1995, which initially acquired the channel through a majority-owned subsidiary, Learning and Skills Television of Alberta Limited (LSTA). To fulfill its license conditions as an educational station, it broadcasts educational and children's programming during the

907:, these television producers went into crisis, causing many to end their activities or produce content for the private television channels. Currently, Colombia has three public channels (one is operated by a private company formed by the shares of four former 217:

is legally required to 'encourage and promote the musical, dramatic and other performing arts in Australia' and 'broadcasting programmes that contribute to a sense of national identity' with specific emphasis on regional and rural Australia'. Furthermore, the

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in each licensed market. Such channels have traditionally aired community talk shows, city council meetings and other locally oriented programming, although it is becoming increasingly common for them to adopt the format and branding of a local news channel.

4151:) and three digital only radio stations (Rádio Klasika, Rádio Litera and Rádio Junior). RTVS is funded through monthly fee of €4.64, which every household with electricity connection must pay. The director of RTVS is Václav Mika. RTVS is a full member of 4493:

sector, funded in part by federal grants via the Community Broadcasting Foundation, but largely sustained via subscriptions, donations and business sponsorship. As of February 2020, there are 450+ fully licensed community radio stations and a number of

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that they felt would jeopardize the editorial independence of the broadcaster. While many members have significant editorial independence, the Alliance includes organizations that have significant state control, especially with regard to island nations.

3544:, this fund receives 7% of the licence fee. The fund is used to assist broadcasters to commission public service broadcast programming. It is open to all independent producers provided they the backing of a free-to-air or community broadcaster, such as 2924:

itself, however, is a commercial government-owned television funded by subscriptions and advertising, with particular public service duties such as allowing regional stations to air their newscasts within specific timeslots of the main TV 2 channel.

2271:(TVT or TV 11 Thailand) at TVT New Phetchaburi Road Broadcasting Station. (presently National News Bureau of Thailand headquarters and NBT World TV Station and formerly UHF Channel 29, from 15 to 31 January 2008. Programs began on 1 February 2008.) 1805:

There are also independent local public broadcasters which founded by local government in several cities or regencies. They are obligated to network with either RRI or TVRI, depending on the medium, though they are not owned and operated by the two.

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was created and used the remaining time on the same frequencies. La cinquième and ARTE subsequently shared the same channels with the exception of satellite, cable, and internet channels where both could be broadcast all day long. As 31 March 2005

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in addition to supporting and financing a network of community channels as well as Ávila Television belonging to the Metropolitan Mayor's Office of Caracas. United States politicians have commented that TeleSUR is a propaganda tool in favor of the

4275:, and they usually tend to reproduce the model set up by RTVE. In the Autonomous Communities that have their own official language besides (Castilian) Spanish, those channels may broadcast in that co-official language. For example, this occurs in 3798:

The Netherlands uses a rather unusual system of public broadcasting. Public-broadcasting associations are allocated money and time to broadcast their programmes on the publicly owned television and radio channels, collectively known under the

4371:(SR), having previously had government monopoly. SVT is the national public television broadcaster with 4 channels (SVT 1, SVT 2, SVT BarnKanalen, and SVT 24). The aim is to make programmes for everybody. For example, Sweden has the historic 3429:'s national public-service broadcasting organisation. RÚV began radio broadcasting in 1930 and its first television transmissions were made in 1966. In both cases coverage quickly reached nearly every household in Iceland. RÚV is funded by a 1802:(TVRI). RRI currently operates four radio networks carried by some or all of more than 90 local stations, one of them is a national programming network. TVRI operates three national television channels, plus more than 32 regional stations. 2781:

was founded in 1935. BNT broadcasts 4 national programs (BNT 1, BNT 2, BNT 3, BNT 4 - broadcasts internationally). The BNR broadcasts 2 national programs (Horizont and Hristo Botev Program), 9 regional programs and Internet Radio Binar.

740:. TVO and Télé-Québec operate through conventional transmitters and cable, while TFO and Knowledge Network are cable-only channels. Beyond these and other provincial services, Canada does not have a national public educational network. 5562: 3005:

developing mobile services and promoting the development of new digital approaches. Yle's Voitto robot based on machine learning is the first personal news assistant in the world to give recommendations directly on the lock screen in

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Both Irish public service broadcasters receive part of the licence fee, with RTÉ taking the lion's share of the funding. Advertising makes up 50% of RTÉ's income and just 6% of TG4's income. 7% of the licence fee is provided to the

2704: – the state-owned broadcasting organization was established by law on 18 June 1930. Television broadcasting from Brussels began in 1953, with two hours of programming each day. In 1960 the INR was subsumed into RTB ( 5153: 5895: 3411:

Mourouzi str. facility. In Thessaloniki, ERT operates two television studios in the L. Stratou avenue and another three studios in smaller cities (Heraclion, Patras and Corfu) that can be used only for television correspondences.

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name. The time and money is allocated in proportion to their membership numbers. The system is intended to reflect the diversity of all the groups composing the nation and maintains editorial independence from the government.

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Also, operates a web TV service with a live transmition of all the terrestrial and satellite channels as well as 4 independent OTT channels (ERT PLAY 1, 2, 3 and 4) that carries mostly sport events and older archived shows.

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in 2012, expanding a relationship it began with SCN in January of that year, when Rogers began supplying entertainment programming to the channel through an affiliation agreement with its English-language broadcast network,

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in Montreal; CBFT was the first television station in Canada to initiate full-time broadcasts, which initially served as a primary affiliate of the French language Télévision de Radio-Canada and a secondary affiliate of the

1504:, most often distributed through the Public Radio Satellite System. Cultural Native American and Mexican American music and programming are also featured regionally. NPR is colloquially though inaccurately conflated with 182:

when the benefits to viewers are relatively high in comparison to the benefits to advertisers from contacting viewers. This frequently is the case in undeveloped countries that normally have low benefits to advertising.

3310:, or Hans-Bredow-Institute for Media Research at the University of Hamburg (HBI) is an independent non-profit foundation with the mission on media research on public communication, particularly for radio and television 452:

metropolitan area) are the two public broadcasters in the state. Regional public television channels in Brazil often broadcast part of TV Brasil or TV Cultura programming among with some hours of local programming.

5092: 3672:), but due to the high rates of evasion the government linked its payment to every household's electricity bill (90 euros for each household in 2017), as well as from advertising. The main competitors of RAI are 3302:

relevant groups". Public TV and radio stations spend about 60% of the ≈10bn € spent altogether for broadcasting in Germany per year, making it the most well funded public broadcasting system in the world.

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The primary mission of public broadcasting is that of public service, speaking to and engaging as a citizen. The British model is often referenced in definitions. The model embodies the following principles:

4524:. This is because of NZ On Air's requirement for public-service programmes across all channels and stations, instead of being put into one single network. The former public broadcaster BCNZ (formerly NZBC – 2156:(PTV). Created in 1974 as Government Television (GTV), PTV is no longer state subsidised except for a one-time equity funding for capital outlay in 1992. Aside from PTV, the other public broadcaster is the 4262:

service created in 2008. Although almost all the programming is the same for all of Spain, RTVE has territorial centers in every autonomous community and produces and broadcasts some local programming in

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receive funding from diverse sources including license fees, individual contributions, public financing, and commercial financing, and claim to avoid both political interference and commercial influence.

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As an industry organization for public media, the Public Media Alliance supports its members and the industry of public media more broadly. For example, the Alliance advocated against a proposal on the

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and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting after the network refused to stop airing documentaries on varying social issues that had alienated many of the network's affiliates. PBS would later acquire

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ERT operates several radio studios in "Radiomegaro", in Thessaloniki (located at Aggelaki str., besides International Exhibition facility) and in 19 Greek cities, as well as a national news web site.

5658: 6194: 2286:) split into two channels. It was firstly aimed at viewers in the countryside. Some elements such as sex and violence are censored as NBT is one of the government departments under direct control. 5123: 5062: 605:

choose not to launch new rebroadcast transmitters in markets where the network disaffiliated from a private station after 2006; the network dropped its remaining private affiliates in 2016, when

1415:). The FCC had reserved almost 250 broadcast frequencies for use as educational television stations in 1953, though by 1960, only 44 stations allocated for educational use had begun operations. 692:(PBS), which itself is available terrestrially and – under a CRTC rule that requires Canadian cable, satellite and IPTV providers to carry affiliates of the four major U.S. commercial networks ( 6110: 5002: 780:, and the fact that the service had mandatory carriage on television providers serving Alberta regardless of whether it ran over-the-air transmitters. The service has since operated as part of 5032: 2190:

The government is currently planning to propose the creation of a law that will merge and integrate PTV and PBS into a single entity, to be called the People's Broadcasting Corporation (PBC).

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RÚV – which by the terms of its charter is obliged to "promote the Icelandic language, Icelandic history, and Iceland's cultural heritage" and "honour basic democratic rules,

5145: 3691:(LRT) is the national broadcaster of Lithuania. It was founded in 1926 as radio broadcaster, and opened a television broadcasting subdivision in 1957. LRT broadcasts three radio stations ( 5183: 1776:. Prasar Bharati was established on 23 November 1997, following a demand that the government owned broadcasters in India should be given autonomy like those in many other countries. The 1181:

satellite, Telesecundaria began transmitting on one of its analog channels in 1988; in 1994, it began broadcasting in digital format with the advent of the Solidaridad I satellite, and

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in 1993, both broadcasters coexisted with their federal Czechoslovak counterparts, after which they also took over the channels previously occupied by the common federal broadcasting.

4691: 2267:, TITV and TV Thai television station. Thai PBS tested its broadcast by connecting to a temporary signal for broadcasting to the special programs chart which had been appropriated by 637:, respectively). The CBC's decision to disaffiliate from these and other privately owned stations, as well as the corporation decommissioning its network of rebroadcasters following 324: 5243: 3878:

receivers, and money from authors/copyright associations. The public broadcaster offers a mix of commercial shows and programmes they are, by law, required to broadcast (i.e.,

2493:(TVSH) is the name of the first public channel of Albania. The domestic TV programme is distributed analogically throughout the country and digitally in Tirana through RTSH HD. 6135: 2078:

etc. Radio Pakistan has stations covering all the major cities, it covers 80% of the country serving 95.5 Million listeners. It has world service in eleven languages daily.

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insisted on a de-centralised, independent structure for German public broadcasting and created regional public broadcasting agencies that, by and large, still exist today.

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Some local community stations also operate non-commercially with funding from corporate and individual donors. In addition, cable companies are required to produce a local

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TVR and Radio Romania are funded through a hybrid financing system, drawing from the state budget, a special tax (incorporated in electricity bills), and advertising too.

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In most countries in Europe, public broadcasters are funded through a mix of advertising and public finance, either through a license fee or directly from the government.

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is the name of the third programme, broadcasting the international service on short wave radio in Albanian, English, French. Greek, German, Italian, Serbian, and Turkish

846:'Corporation for the Advancement of New Language Applications Ltd.'), a private not-for-profit consortium of educational institutions in the province of Quebec. 642: 6319: 529:. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation took over operation of the CRBC's nine radio stations (which were largely concentrated in major cities across Canada, including 6859: 5885: 4972: 2997:

the most popular radio channel. Yle was the first of the Nordic public broadcasters to implement the Eurovision's portability regulation on its online media service

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as the public broadcaster Access. In 1993, the provincial government agreed to cease to direct funding of Access after the 1994 fiscal year; the channel was sold to

2247:(TPBS), it was established by the Thai Public Broadcasting Service Act, BE 2551, which came into force on 15 January 2008. Under this act, TPBS holds the status of 3298:

propaganda stations in 1994. All services are mainly financed through licence fees paid by every household and are governed by councils of representatives of the "

942:, led to the creation of a state network that should serve the entire country. This network, created in 1964 and in operation since 24 October 1969, is known as " 5717: 958:(Channel 4, on 12 May 1991). The University of Chile's Channel 11 also was rented to a private operator on 1 October 1993 and is now known today as " 6827: 1780:

passed an Act to grant this autonomy in 1990, but it was not enacted until 15 September 1997. Though a public broadcaster, it airs commercial advertisements.

6157: 5265: 4934: 1698: 381:(TV Educação and Univesp TV, which is available on free-to-air digital TV in São Paulo and nationally by cable and satellite), and the children's TV channel 5648: 5460: 5412: 3035: 882:

had between 1955 and 1998 a public television system very similar to that adopted by the NPO in the Netherlands, where private television producers called "

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are the terrestrial broadcast channels, as well as ERT WORLD, a satellite channel focused to the Greek diaspora. ERT is broadcasting also five national (

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hours, while airing entertainment programming favoured by advertisers and viewers in prime time. The service discontinued its broadcast transmitters in

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despite being unrelated across different states). They are organised similarly to PBS and NPR stations in the United States, and take on the role that

2727: 1844: 1697:(BB) is the country's sole state radio broadcaster. Radio transmission in the region now forming Bangladesh started in Dhaka on December 16, 1939. The 95:

now also exists in most of these countries; the number of countries with only public broadcasting declined substantially during the latter part of the

6102: 5213: 4994: 5024: 4429: 3121: 2627:) is the public broadcaster in Austria. Despite the fact that private broadcasting companies were allowed in Austria in the late 1990s, ORF is still 416:) operates the public educational state-wide television network Rede Cultura do Pará (which covers the entire state of Pará, reaching many cities of 279:(FPA). EBC was created in 2007 to manage the Brazilian federal government's radio and television stations. EBC owns broadcast the television channel 4375:

minority and SVT make programmes in their language for them to watch. There are also a Finnish minority in Sweden, thus SVT show news in Finnish on

1484:(NPR), was created in February 1970, following the passage of the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967. This network replaced the Ford Foundation–backed 5476: 4536:(RNZ). While RNZ remains commercial-free, TVNZ is commercially funded through advertising. TVNZ continues to be a public broadcaster; however like 1749: 1533: 1445:

bias and there have been successful attempts to reduce – though not eliminate – funding for public television stations by some state legislatures.

1312: 222:(SBS) is intended to reflect the spirit and sense of multicultural richness and the unique international cultural values within Australian society. 1363:. Stations in this era were internally funded, and did not rely on listener contributions to operate, some accepted advertising. Networks such as 5994: 2715:

On 1 October 1945 INR-NIR began to broadcast some programmes in German. In 1961 RTB-BRT began a German-language radio channel, broadcasting from

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serves as the nation's main public television provider. When it launched in October 1970, PBS assumed many of the functions of its predecessor,

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announced that they were planning to merge TVNZ and Radio New Zealand to create a new public broadcasting service. In response, the opposition

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is the public service channel of Ecuador, established in October 2007. The channel was established at the same time as the installation of the

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was the nation's first public television station founded by Dr. John W. Meaney, and signed on the air on May 25, 1953, from the campus of the

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and La7d, owned by Cairo Editore; other competitors are Sky Italia (with three FTA channels) and Discovery Italia (with seven FTA channels).

3001:. Yle Areena is the most used streaming service in Finland, beating even Netflix that is the most popular streaming service everywhere else. 17: 5583: 4699: 2881: 896:). In 1998, when the Colombian government allowed the opening of television to the private market by granting two broadcast licenses to the 460:, EBC has received several criticism from some politicians for having an alleged political bias. The president of Brazil from 2019 to 2022, 9055: 9027: 9022: 8047: 4572: 4018:(broadcasting contribution tax), which is incorporated in electricity bills. Funding from the government budget ceased in 2014, during the 2896:

which every household that owns a TV or a radio has to pay. Since October 2011 advertising on Czech TV is restricted to ČT 2 and ČT sport.

2679: 2176: 977:. It is meant to be independent of political pressures, although accusations of bias have been made, especially during election campaigns. 397: 31: 4167:(RTVE), that does not have editorial independence from the state, and many autonomic broadcasting corporations, owned by their respective 4163:

In Spain, being a highly decentralized country, two public broadcasting systems coexist: a national state-owned broadcasting corporation,

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In Mexico, public stations are operated by municipalities, state governments and universities, there are five national public channels.

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The RTP group is financed by the advertising revenues from RTP1, RTP3, RTP Memória, RTP África, and RTP Internacional, and also by the

3948: 2275: 6103:"Is your permanent place of residence in Finland? You can now take all video content on Areena with you when travelling within the EU" 5824: 5235: 343:

to the metropolitan areas of São Paulo, Belo Horizonte and Recife, important Brazilian regions which did not have EBC radio stations.

7517: 7035: 6275: 2157: 3456:. RÚV's lineup also includes sports coverage, documentaries, domestically produced entertainment shows, and children's programming. 3943:

Until the 1990s the state had a monopoly on TV broadcasting, so RTP1 and RTP2 were the only Portuguese channels, both with similar

3784:(Radio Television of Montenegro) is the public broadcaster in Montenegro and maintains editorial independence from its government. 3688: 3025:

responsibility for the operation of the country's three public radio networks and the introduction of a public television service.

1948:

As of 2021 RTM operates 6 national, 16 state and 11 district radio stations as well as 6 national terrestrial television channels:

1840: 1230: 1198: 638: 6131: 4540:

in Canada it is essentially a fully commercial network in continuous ratings battles with other stations, which continues to be a

4520:

In New Zealand all broadcasters are given a small slice of public broadcasting responsibility, because of the state-funded agency

7734: 6538: 6052: 6018: 5387: 4019: 3085: 2305: 1427: 1332: 6804: 6385: 3812:

National public broadcasters in Nordic countries were modeled after the BBC and established a decade later: Radioordningen (now

3367:: Ελληνική Ραδιοφωνία Τηλεόραση ή ERT) is the state-owned public broadcaster in Greece. It broadcasts five television channels: 9049: 7087: 4579: 4187: 3947:. In 1990, RTP1 was renamed "Canal 1", and in 1992 RTP2 was renamed "TV2". With the creation of the two private channels, 3836:

is the official public broadcast service in Iceland. All five are funded from television licence fees costing (in 2007) around

1732:) is the sole public service broadcaster. Although being a government department under the administrative hierarchy, it enjoys 1336: 522: 511: 246: 6316: 6187:"The first of its kind in the world: Yle NewsWatch's smart Voitto assistant shows recommendations directly on the lock screen" 9044: 9034: 9014: 8816: 6972: 5795: 4842: 4544:

within New Zealand. With the shutdown of TVNZ 7, the only fully non-commercial public-service network in New Zealand is

4308: 2217:, or MBC. Known to be the second channel of the country, it also shares the roles of being national television with the KBS. 810:

originated as the Saskatchewan Communications Network, a cable-only educational and cultural public broadcaster owned by the

465: 6608: 5626: 5433: 4861: 1851:

services). NHK also runs 3 national radio services and a number of international radio and television services, akin to the

1552: 4525: 3586:

public service broadcaster that is funded by government subsidy, part of the licence fee, and through advertising revenue.

3056:) was sold to the private sector in 1987. (At the time, the channel with the largest audience was the other public channel 2113: 2011: 1894: 1638: 1268: 1093: 1012: 8181: 4964: 4457:

In the UK there are also small community broadcasters. There are now 228 stations with FM broadcast licences (licensed by

9106: 9039: 8885: 6584: 5687: 4475: 4081: 1423: 1236: 646: 641:

in August 2011 have significantly reduced the terrestrial coverage of both CBC Television and Ici Radio-Canada Télé; the

214: 4724: 2911:

is the national public service broadcaster. The organisation was founded in 1925, on principles similar to those of the

8811: 6224: 5932: 5922: 5270: 4515: 3909: 3895: 3817: 1485: 262: 874: 8905: 7320: 7296: 6990: 6954: 6935: 5620: 4785: 4760: 3541: 3495: 3360: 2139: 2051: 2037: 1920: 1664: 1290: 1119: 1038: 495: 489: 6296: 5980: 5506: 2121: 2019: 1902: 1646: 1158: 1101: 1020: 8690: 8238: 8040: 8013: 3793: 3433:

fee collected from every income taxpayer, as well as advertising revenue. RÚV has been a full active member of the

2244: 1789: 1422:

precipitated the development of the current public broadcasting system in the U.S. The legislation established the

1368: 1359:

Early public stations were operated by state colleges and universities and were often run as part of the schools'

1182: 189:

is to give every citizen credits they can use to pay qualified media sources for civic information and reporting.

8801: 7457: 7305: 6642: 6336: 6249: 5457: 5408: 4564: 4203: 4195: 2221: 2214: 2172: 2059: 1529: 1521: 1419: 1055: 709: 5347: 5297: 4123:

primarily funded through public television licence fees bundled with electricity bills paid monthly, as well as

2550:(also, Radio Tirana 1) is the name of Albania's first radio programme, concentrating on news, talk, and features 1590: 943: 920: 480:

stations and several educational local TV channels (many of them belonging to public and private universities).

8796: 7301: 7159: 5869: 5750: 5305: 4806: 3572:

have also received funding for programming through the Fund provided they make that programming available on a

3044:

channel, and between this date and 2000, each national channel had its own direction structure, while being in

2441: 2153: 2117: 2015: 1898: 1642: 1272: 1097: 1016: 777: 145:

Public broadcasters in each jurisdiction may or may not be synonymous with government controlled broadcasters.

6891: 6073: 5612:

An Historical-Analytical Study of the Legislative and Political Origins of the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967

3770: 1548: 8821: 7794: 7648: 7510: 7432: 7354: 4379:. SR is the radio equivalent of SVT, with channels P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, and the Finnish channel SR Sisuradio. 4335:. All the autonomous community networks are funded by a mixture of public subsidies and private advertising. 4239: 4186:(TVE), as well as online and streaming services. RNE was founded in 1937 and broadcasts five radio stations: 4135: 3886:

that TVP in particular is too profit-driven and should concentrate on programming that benefits the society.

3530: 2959:(ETV), the public television station, made its first broadcast in 1955, and together with its sister channel 2846: 2774: 2766: 2300: 1360: 708:) and a PBS member station – through pay television providers in Canada via member stations located near the 693: 163: 6560: 4271:

Moreover, most autonomous communities have their own public broadcaster, almost all of these are members of

4008: 3916:

and maintains editorial independence from its government. In 1968 its second channel appeared, then called "

3006: 2936:

is the organisation in Faroe Islands with public service obligations. Formed in 1957 as a radio broadcaster

2278:(NBT) is the public broadcasting arm of the Government Public Relations Department (PRD), a division of the 1453:

The first public radio network in the United States was founded in 1949 in Berkeley, California, as station

388:

Many Brazilian states also have regional and statewide public radio and television stations. One example is

9127: 9096: 8857: 8754: 8297: 8092: 8064: 7399: 6434: 5205: 4483: 4148: 3719: 2952: 1819: 1433:

Public television and radio in the U.S. have, from the late 1960s onward, dealt with severe criticism from

1134: 346: 272: 266: 219: 3676:, the biggest national private broadcaster, divided in twelve channels (two of which are both SD and HD), 1794:

In Indonesia, there are three types of public broadcaster. The first two are national-scale broadcasters:

574: 9086: 8593: 8033: 7877: 7371: 6360: 6242:"International Connections for Public Media Research and Development [公共媒體研發之國際連線–以數位化知識為例(歐洲篇)]" 4804:

Simon P. Anderson; Stephen Coate (October 2005). "Market Provision of Broadcasting: A Welfare Analysis".

4417: 4412:, along with 24 regional channels. Suspilne broadcasts on 3 national and 1 international radio channels: 4152: 4101: 3800: 3434: 3286: 3179: 2461: 1799: 955: 6671: 6506: 4420:. The regional branches have their broadcasting slots in the broadcast schedule of the Ukrainian Radio. 4175: 3762: 3314:(including public service media providers) and other electronic media, in an interdisciplinary fashion. 3022: 1570: 8945: 8867: 8806: 8513: 7080: 4610: 4583: 4556: 4255: 4115: 3534: 3174: 2474: 2210: 2180: 1953: 1949: 1856: 1489: 1376: 1348: 850: 811: 601: 562: 366: 340: 276: 6001: 5653: 3255: 3026: 1161:. It started transmissions on 2 March 1959 as the first public broadcasting television in Mexico. The 8717: 8678: 8523: 8423: 8352: 8285: 8112: 7902: 7854: 7407: 7315: 6770: 4560: 4364: 4227: 4213: 3868: 2232: 2165: 1934: 1399:. In rural areas, it was not uncommon for colleges to operate commercial stations instead (e.g., the 951: 634: 618: 6771:"Television New Zealand Act 2003 No 1 (as at 28 October 2021), Public Act – New Zealand Legislation" 6482: 4288: 4097: 3952: 2175:(PBS) is the country's sole state radio broadcaster. Established in 1933 as KZFM by the US colonial 1488:. Some independent local public radio stations buy their programming from distributors such as NPR; 9076: 8318: 8253: 8206: 8166: 8001: 7897: 7706: 7653: 7503: 6996: 5981:"National Broadcasting Services of Thailand (NBT) on Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union (ABU) website" 5146:"Extinções da Fundação Piratini e da Cientec são publicadas no Diário Oficial do Rio Grande do Sul" 4503: 4181: 3864: 3207: 2790: 2778: 2770: 2102: 2000: 1883: 1795: 1627: 1082: 1001: 705: 515: 401: 339:, a news agency. Starting in 2021, EBC expanded the coverage of its radio stations through the new 7201: 4328: 4171:, which only broadcast within its own territory and many of which do have editorial independence. 3290:, ZDF) – was later created in 1961 and a national radio service with two networks ( 3280:, a second national television service – actually called Second German Television ( 1339:

sources, but generally most of their financial support comes from underwriting by foundations and

8915: 8900: 8744: 8695: 8618: 8518: 8196: 8082: 8077: 7598: 7235: 7225: 6692: 6458: 5587: 4881: 4479: 3333: 3318: 2838: 2533:, is the international version of the domestic programme broadcast to Eurovision free to air via 2106: 2004: 1887: 1709: 1631: 1438: 1261: 1142: 1086: 1005: 589:) in both of Canada's official languages – English and French – and the French-language channels 92: 4454:

also have significant public service obligations imposed as part of their licence to broadcast.

4404:(Suspilne) is the national public broadcaster in Ukraine. It operates two national TV channels: 3067:, another European channel, was created, before being eaten by the French/German public channel 9132: 8837: 8623: 8438: 8383: 8378: 8191: 8156: 7633: 7271: 5352: 4600: 4568: 4529: 4499: 3968:, dedicated to classic RTP programming. In 2014 the headquarters of RTP2 were transferred from 3867:

by various press freedom organisations due its strong bias in favour of the ruling party, with

3388: 3229: 3225: 3170: 3154: 3139: 3109: 3071:

in 1991, originally broadcast on cable and satellite. In 1992, the fall of the private channel

3045: 2419: 2279: 2268: 1733: 1400: 1372: 1194: 1138: 796: 751:

Canada is also home to a number of former public broadcasting entities that have gone private.

684:, in some markets which are not directly served by their own CBC television or radio stations. 650: 507: 84: 1555:

is a network of radios with 20 different stations in AM and FM that cover the entire country.

1551:(TNU) is now linked to the Ministry of Education and Culture of the country. In addition, the 8739: 8543: 8508: 8428: 8408: 8330: 8218: 8139: 7746: 7689: 7583: 7568: 7073: 6740: 5680: 4908: 4626: 4615: 4434:

The United Kingdom has a strong tradition of public service broadcasting. In addition to the

4303:

has a radio station and a television channel, both branded as À Punt and broadcast mainly in

4096:

national, regional, and local radio channels. The regional and local stations are branded as

3731: 3446: 3392: 3384: 1818:(Japan Broadcasting Corporation). The broadcaster was set up in 1926 and was modelled on the 1678: 1595: 1497: 1493: 1481: 1396: 1145:

and 10. And since 1989, Channel 10 became the only public television channel in El Salvador.

756: 526: 350: 175: 8072: 5528: 4659: 2837:) are public broadcasters formed in 1992 to take over the Czech operations of the state-ran 2499:

is the second public TV channel dedicated mainly to sports and live events launched in 2003.

900: 8653: 8613: 8583: 8340: 8275: 8097: 7729: 7464: 7166: 5834: 5760: 4495: 4168: 4074: 3452: 3235: 3201: 3021:(RTF – French television and radio broadcasting) was created to take over from the earlier 2644: 2161: 755:, which is licensed as an educational television station in Alberta, was once owned by the 6271: 3900: 3197: 2160:(IBC), which the government has already put up for sale. The government no longer holds a 374: 354: 8: 8663: 8603: 8362: 8324: 8122: 8107: 7982: 7751: 7739: 7366: 7310: 7173: 5861: 5829: 4360: 4296: 4030: 3825: 3245: 2735: 2691: 2556:

is the name of the second radio program, broadcasting chiefly music and targeted at youth

2422:

owns its own broadcasting network known as IDF Waves which includes two radio stations:

2335: 1777: 1240: 1170: 1154: 841: 799:

CKUA Radio Foundation which continues to operate it as a community-funded radio network.

6716: 5025:"Com desenho animado e programas chapa-branca, para que serve a TV Brasil? | Tela Plana" 2941: 2933: 1945:, however it is currently state-subsidised, as television licences have been abolished. 725: 8890: 8847: 8778: 8648: 8578: 8553: 8488: 8335: 8056: 7947: 7479: 7447: 7154: 6896: 5959: 4304: 4264: 3944: 3430: 3166: 2937: 2917: 2323: 2303:

was the country's main public broadcasting service until 2017, when it was replaced by

1942: 1832: 1690: 1412: 970: 889: 792: 765: 378: 154: 6044: 5383: 5055:"Promessa de campanha, privatização da EBC fica para depois de 2022 | Radar Econômico" 4446:, a Welsh-language broadcaster in Wales. Furthermore, the two commercial broadcasters 4284: 3193: 3029:

and a fourth radio network was added in 1954 and a second television channel in 1963.

2187:(formerly Radyo ng Bayan) through its 32 stations and selected affiliates nationwide. 8930: 8852: 8766: 8749: 8712: 8558: 8388: 8357: 8223: 8117: 7849: 7829: 7774: 7484: 7452: 7439: 7422: 7389: 7359: 7349: 7344: 7286: 7261: 7252: 7144: 7132: 6986: 6968: 6950: 6931: 6832: 6800: 6220: 5928: 5865: 5791: 5616: 4838: 4781: 4756: 4605: 4552: 4545: 4533: 4332: 4247: 4243: 3980: 3754: 3341: 3277: 3276:

In addition to these nine regional radio and TV broadcasters, which cooperate within

2956: 2620: 2615: 2256: 2252: 1852: 1364: 820: 807: 733: 441: 206: 202: 167: 8598: 4486:(SBS), another public broadcaster, now accepts limited sponsorship and advertising. 3757:(TRM) is the public funded radio-TV broadcaster in Moldova. It owns the TV channels 2806:

device, computer or smartphone), with the remainder being made up from advertising.

2512:

a digital channel launched in 2012 broadcasts TVSH shows in high-definition quality.

904: 425: 417: 336: 332: 292: 8935: 8895: 8875: 8842: 8771: 8729: 8643: 8498: 8483: 8458: 8433: 8393: 8243: 8102: 8087: 7909: 7756: 7724: 7701: 7537: 7339: 7329: 7149: 5357: 4815: 4447: 4409: 4292: 4033:(TVR) is the national public TV broadcaster in Romania. It operates five channels: 3856: 3813: 3723: 3722:(PBS) is the national broadcaster of Malta. It operates three television services ( 3565: 3291: 2979: 2975: 2908: 2814: 2260: 2209:

South Korea's representative public broadcasting television network is meant to be

1694: 1547:

has a strong history of public broadcasting in South America. Inaugurated in 1963,

947: 737: 582: 551: 545:). The CBC eventually expanded to television in September 1952 with the sign-on of 510:– which originated as a radio network in November 1936. It is the successor to the 171: 6965:

Public Financing of Public Service Broadcasting and its Qualification as State Aid

6828:"New details revealed as Cabinet agrees on RNZ, TVNZ public broadcasting decision" 6269: 6158:"Can public service news organisations stay competitive in a digital environment?" 5559:"Federal Regulations Title 47, Part 73, §73.501 Channels available for assignment" 4315:'s Eusko Irratia stations and Euskal Telebista (ETB) channels broadcast in either 4210:

since 1942. TVE was founded in 1956 and broadcasts different television channels:

4191: 4066: 4054: 1343:(ranging from small shops to corporations), along with audience contributions via 950:, television was mostly deregulated. Thus, two new commercial channels were born: 382: 370: 142:

highlighted by the public service aspects of traditional commercial broadcasters.

8563: 8418: 8186: 8161: 8149: 7972: 7962: 7919: 7869: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7679: 7674: 7618: 7608: 7547: 7542: 7230: 7186: 7127: 6323: 5610: 5483: 5464: 4995:"EBC virou 'cabide de emprego' e símbolo de aparelhamento político, diz ministro" 4865: 4858: 4490: 4413: 4320: 4316: 4259: 4089: 4085: 3281: 2994: 2705: 2184: 1773: 1525: 1186: 966: 862: 832: 752: 673: 658: 499: 477: 405: 328: 198: 80: 76: 7052:, Public Radio Fan is a listing of public radio programs and stations worldwide. 4268:

channels. A TV licence fee has been suggested, but with little popular success.

4084:(Radio Romania). It does not have independence from its government. It operates 3526: 3514: 688:

closely formatted to (and carrying many of the same programs as) the U.S.-based

331:

radio station based in Brasília with programming aimed to the population of the

8761: 8633: 8608: 8568: 8538: 8413: 8248: 8201: 8176: 8134: 7957: 7926: 7914: 7882: 7824: 7789: 7784: 7716: 7578: 7573: 7526: 7394: 7240: 7191: 7177: 5890: 5266:"The Birth and Death of The Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (1932–1936)" 4537: 4451: 4368: 4207: 3879: 3821: 3700: 3583: 3569: 3396: 3364: 3269: 2921: 2850: 2830: 2818: 2750: 2264: 2055: 1828: 1827:

something of a political issue. NHK runs two national terrestrial TV stations (

1745: 1701:

is responsible for the administration of all government TV channels and Radio.

1501: 1458: 1166: 974: 558: 461: 312: 304: 284: 64: 3965: 3518: 3130:, when regional broadcasters had been merged into one national network by the 2576: 2179:, the radio station was passed to the Philippine government after the country 1457:, which became and remains the flagship station for a national network called 959: 911:) and eight public radio stations (three stations are regional broadcasters). 743: 9121: 8910: 8683: 8673: 8588: 8478: 8473: 8463: 8448: 8270: 8129: 7967: 7892: 7844: 7669: 7628: 7623: 7603: 7593: 7122: 7112: 4720: 4621: 4595: 4174:

RTVE provides multi-station radio and television services with its divisions

4000: 3874: 3852: 3766: 3739: 3708: 3589: 3545: 3490:(TnaG), it was renamed TG4 in 1999, and was made independent of RTÉ in 2007. 3215: 1855:. NHK has also been an innovator in television, developing the world's first 1328: 1214: 581:) and several cable television channels including two 24-hour news channels ( 566: 186: 60: 4819: 4393: 3984: 3937: 1859:

technology in 1964 and launching high definition services in Japan in 1981.

939: 931: 8788: 8628: 8573: 8503: 8468: 8403: 8302: 8292: 8144: 7952: 7887: 7839: 7834: 7766: 7643: 7638: 7334: 7257: 7245: 7220: 7096: 5945: 3573: 3441: 3311: 3265: 3158: 3127: 2660: 2427: 2248: 2063: 1434: 1344: 1303: 884: 858: 815: 760: 681: 622: 610: 518: 473: 457: 449: 389: 96: 68: 6300: 1173:

to students in rural areas through broadcast television channels, such as

795:

in Alberta was also formerly operated by Access, before being sold to the

362: 308: 138:

of good programming may raise the question of individual or public taste.

8988: 8638: 8548: 8533: 8493: 8453: 8312: 7804: 7779: 7613: 7563: 7417: 7412: 7325: 7117: 6864: 6585:"Corporacion de Radio y Television Espanola (RTVE) – State Media Monitor" 5907: 5502: 4637: 4541: 4376: 4372: 4235: 4124: 4070: 3933: 3860: 3828:) in Sweden (all in 1925). In 1926 Yleisradio, (Swedish: Rundradion) now 3743: 3735: 3696: 3692: 3641: 3592:

is the only independent broadcaster that has public service commitments.

3187: 2826: 2712:) and BRT (lang-nl|Belgische Radio – en Televisieomroep). 2346:

Kan also includes the following 8 public radio stations, taken from IBA:

1938: 1757: 1753: 837:

Corporation pour l'Avancement de Nouvelles Applications des Langages Ltée

669: 590: 578: 570: 233: 197:

Additionally, public broadcasting may facilitate the implementation of a

159: 38: 6949:. Acamedia research monographs. Vol. 17. Indiana University Press. 4442:, a publicly owned, commercially funded public service broadcaster, and 4062: 3912:(RTP), which in 1957 began regular broadcasts of its first channel, now 3097: 776:

in August 2011, due to the expense of transitioning the two stations to

300: 288: 8993: 8700: 8398: 8307: 8263: 8233: 8211: 7977: 7859: 7799: 7588: 7474: 7276: 7039: 4886: 4246:

children's channel since 2005; and its international worldwide service

4143: 4004: 3996: 3665: 3653: 3637: 3135: 2723: 2585: 2071: 1965: 1686: 1275: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1178: 1051: 781: 420:) and Rádio Cultura, a public radio station which broadcasts in FM for 358: 357:

in 1967 and includes a national educational public television network (

56: 6860:"PM: Potential RNZ-TVNZ merger would not harm commercial broadcasters" 6632: 6241: 4882:"The Roundtable – What is the state of public media around the world?" 4351: 4199: 3983:, founded in 1992 and dedicated to Eurovision, Asia and Americas, and 3522: 2603: 1748:

is India's public broadcaster. It is an autonomous corporation of the

8978: 8443: 8258: 8025: 7469: 7427: 7056:

Radio College, Internet Resources for Radio Journalists and Producers

4935:"EBC inaugura banda estendida FM e estreia programação em 5 capitais" 4586:

announced that it would oppose any plans to merge Radio NZ and TVNZ.

4521: 4439: 4276: 4251: 3758: 3704: 3649: 3645: 3600: 3561: 3400: 3219: 3057: 2955:(ERR) organises the public radio and television stations of Estonia. 2534: 2433: 2243:

In Thailand, there are two primary public broadcasters. First is the

2198: 2075: 2067: 1961: 1836: 1682: 1508:

as a whole, when in fact "public radio" includes many organizations.

1190: 969:

frequency, is governed by a seven-member board appointed by both the

713: 712:. These educational public broadcasters include the English-language 677: 665: 534: 320: 280: 6409: 6272:"Hans-Bredow-Institut für Medienforschung feierte seinen Geburtstag" 6217:

Public Service Broadcasting: A German-Ukrainian Exchange of Opinions

5718:"How Public Radio Scotch-Taped Its Way Into Public Broadcasting Act" 4909:"Isle of Man's future of public service media report splits Tynwald" 4551:

Aside from television, New Zealand has a rich public radio culture,

3325:

for British military staff, Voice of Russia, RFE and Radio Liberty.

2889: 2091: 1989: 1872: 1681:

which also broadcasts worldwide through its satellite based branch,

1616: 1250: 1071: 990: 888:" were given hours on the country's two public television channels ( 8973: 8963: 8880: 8705: 8528: 7139: 5755: 5488: 4401: 4388: 4139: 4058: 3673: 3661: 3657: 3549: 3295: 3259: 3101: 3075:

freed the frequencies that it had used, witch has been affected to

3049: 3041: 2940:. Merged with Sjónvarp Føroya TV station on 1 January 2007 to form 2663:). ORF also takes part in the German-language satellite TV network 2263:. TPBS operates Thai PBS (ไทยพีบีเอส), which was formerly known as 1848: 1769: 1761: 1340: 1058:

so that the sessions could be transmitted live to all the country.

935: 879: 828: 773: 654: 594: 538: 396:), a public corporation created in 2016 modelled on EBC, formed by 88: 7495: 5812:

Public Broadcasting; The Role of the Federal Government, 1919–1976

3510: 3506: 3502: 3498:

since 2006. Up to 2006 the licence fee was given entirely to RTÉ.

3464:

In Ireland there are two state owned public service broadcasters,

2885: 2716: 2594: 2309:(Hebrew for "here"), the Israeli Public Broadcasting Corporation. 1477:, as well as repeater stations and a large network of affiliates. 421: 30:"Public service broadcasting" redirects here. For other uses, see 8968: 8953: 8171: 7942: 7181: 6980:"Public service broadcasting in transition: a documentary reader" 6337:"Radio and Television of Montenegro (RTCG) – State Media Monitor" 4629:, non-profit distribution, peer review and licensing organization 4405: 4093: 3925: 3855:

was seen to be the last remaining form of public broadcasting as

3426: 3299: 3239: 3162: 3089: 3080: 3072: 3064: 2990: 2983: 2865: 2802: 2747:

Belgische Radio- en Televisieomroep Nederlandstalige Uitzendingen

2656: 2631:

key player in the field. It has three nationwide radio channels (

2478: 2283: 1957: 1941:. RTM was previously funded publicly through money obtained from 1765: 1578: 1569:

Since 1998, the Venezuelan state had only one television channel

1544: 1442: 1388: 1384: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1174: 893: 824: 800: 785: 769: 721: 630: 626: 614: 606: 586: 546: 530: 153:

Public broadcasters may receive their funding from an obligatory

7049: 5116:"Funcionários da TV Cultura entram em greve por aumento e abono" 3955:

in 1993, the philosophy of the public service changed: in 1995,

3352: 2877: 2220:

South Korea also has another public broadcasting channel called

448:) and the public radio station FM Cultura (which broadcasts for 409: 27:

Electronic media outlets whose primary mission is public service

8998: 8958: 8280: 7065: 6132:"New study: Netflix continues to dominate the streaming market" 4119: 4050: 3992: 3969: 3929: 3380: 3211: 3183: 2857: 2675:

Belgium has three networks, one for each linguistic community:

2400: 2328: 1201:(UNAM in Spanish) began transmissions as the sister channel of 729: 542: 316: 283:(launched in 2007, being the merger of TVE Brasil, launched in 7055: 4803: 3833: 3557: 3465: 3422: 2873: 2869: 2730:, the French-language section of RTB-BRT became RTBF (French: 2659:), one Eurovision-wide version of ORF 2 and a sports channel ( 1573:, and after 2002 the government decided to launch the channel 629:

disaffiliated in August of that year (to become affiliates of

8983: 8920: 8228: 7196: 7025: 6663: 4458: 4272: 3973: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3317:

In Germany foreign public broadcasters also exist. These are

3249: 3131: 3105: 2755:

Vlaamse Radio – en Televisieomroeporganisatie

2652: 2648: 2560:

Radio Tirana 3 (Programi i Tretë, Radio Tirana International)

2319:

Kan has inherited the two main public TV channels in Israel:

965:

Televisión Nacional, popularly known as Channel 7 due to its

600:

As of 2017, all of CBC Television's terrestrial stations are

52: 7060: 6561:"Radio and Television Slovakia (RTVS) – State Media Monitor" 5085:"EBC e Eletrobras são incluídas no programa de privatização" 3145: 2647:). Its TV portfolio includes two general interest channels ( 2636: 2632: 8925: 7684: 6637: 6435:"Radio e Televisao de Portugal (RTP) – State Media Monitor" 5924:

The Vanishing Vision: The Inside Story of Public Television

4780:. Asian Media Information and Communication Centre (AMIC). 4343: 4312: 4300: 4164: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 3988: 3961: 3921: 3913: 3781: 3727: 3613: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3332:

is a French/German cultural TV channel operated jointly by

3329: 3322: 3093: 3076: 3068: 2998: 2960: 2861: 2685: 2664: 1976:

History of public broadcasting in Nepal started from 1951.

1729: 1712:(RTB) is the only public broadcaster in Brunei Darussalam. 1586: 1582: 1574: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1454: 1404: 1392: 1193:

was founded and began operations eleven years later by the

1137:. On 4 November 1964 the Government of El Salvador founded 643:

Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission

7044: 5825:"Articles of Incorporation of Public Broadcasting Service" 5298:"Broadcast Distribution Regulations (ss. 17(d) and 17(f))" 3501:

RTÉ offers a range of free to air services on television;

3344:. It is a binational channel broadcast in both countries. 2892:. Czech television is funded through a monthly fee of 135 6361:"Nederlandse Publieke Omroep (NPO) – State Media Monitor" 5722: 4443: 4435: 4147:

Rádio_FM and Rádio Patria), one satellite radio channel (

3829: 3677: 3609: 3579: 3553: 3484:(1960). TG4 was formed as a subsidiary of RTÉ in 1996 as 3469: 3337: 3053: 2971: 2912: 2893: 2640: 2152:

The Philippines' primary state television broadcaster is

2050:

In Pakistan, the public broadcasters are the state-owned

1823: 1815: 1517: 1408: 1331:, public broadcasters may receive some funding from both 1320: 1316: 717: 701: 697: 689: 400:, a statewide television network and the two stations of 271:

In Brazil, the two main national public broadcasters are

6507:"Radio Television of Serbia (RTS) – State Media Monitor" 6246:

Public Television Service Foundation (Taiwan) 公共電視台研究發展部

4528:) was broken up into separate state-owned corporations, 3924:. In the 1970s, TV arrived in the Portuguese islands of 3079:

each day from 19.00 to 3. In 1994 a new public channel,

2183:

in 1946. Currently, PBS broadcasts its flagship network

1213:

which is part of the university and cultural diffusion.

521:

in 1932, modeled on recommendations made in 1929 by the

121:

Contribution to national identity and sense of community

6928:

Public service broadcasting in the age of globalization

6926:

Banerjee, Indrajit; Seneviratne, Kalinga, eds. (2006).

6892:"National threatens to drop RNZ-TVNZ merger if elected" 4859:

Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983: Section 6

4778:

Public service broadcasting in the age of globalization

1720: 514:(CRBC), which was established by the administration of 494:

In Canada, the main public broadcaster is the national

7030: 7020: 5176:"Televisões universitárias e a força das transmissões" 3108:, a channel dedicated to kids, was partially owned by 1933:

The public broadcaster in Malaysia is the state-owned

1585:(2007) (a signal that until that year was occupied by 7061:

The Public Polish Radio Program Directors Association

5855: 4359:

Sweden has three public service broadcasters, namely

4077:. It does not have independence from its government. 1724:

Broadcasting House, the longtime headquarters of RTHK

1699:

Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (Bangladesh)

831:, operates as an educational station owned by CANAL ( 6930:. Asian Media Information and Communication Centre. 6483:"Romanian Radio Company (SRR) – State Media Monitor" 1685:. There are also terrestrial state run TV channels: 1677:

The Bengali primary state television broadcaster is

1219:

Sistema Público de Radiodifusión del Estado Mexicano

6925: 6531:"Consumer protection group wants TV fees abolished" 6297:"RÚV's official website (English-language version)" 6214: 4665:. UNESCO & World Radio and Television Council. 4575:" network. All these networks are commercial-free. 4206:since 1989 and its international worldwide service 3425:("The Icelandic National Broadcasting Service") is 1693:that covers the proceedings of the Parliament. The 1189:and certain regions of the United States. In 1982, 444:, the state-wide public television channel TVE-RS ( 130:

Competition in good programming rather than numbers

5615:. Dissertations in Broadcasting. Ayer Publishing. 2856:Czech Television broadcasts from three studios in 1185:was established and began transmitting in Mexico, 680:, and the launch of online news services, such as 373:FM and Rádio Cultura Brasil, both broadcasting to 6693:"Sveriges Television (SVT) – State Media Monitor" 6459:"Romanian Television (TVR) – State Media Monitor" 5477:Citytv expanding into Quebec & Western Canada 4430:Public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom 3472:. RTÉ was established in 1960 with the merger of 3122:Beitragsservice von ARD, ZDF und Deutschlandradio 2732:Radio-Télévision Belge de la Communauté française 2407:" – Multilingual, mostly Russian language station 2392:Kol Hamusika ("The Sound of Music"), as of 2017 " 2354:" – Podcasts and talk programs related to culture 1430:as well as through public and private donations. 1383:did not show up in U.S. law until 1941, when the 369:through its 135 affiliates), two radio stations ( 9119: 4555:being the main provider, with a varied network ( 4234:) since 1966, that offers cultural programming; 3987:, founded in 1998 focused on Africa, mainly the 3908:In Portugal, the national public broadcaster is 2440:In addition, the ministry of education owns the 1750:Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India) 1534:National Association of Educational Broadcasters 1313:National Association of Educational Broadcasters 664:In recent years, the CBC has also expanded into 6919: 6801:"Media and politics - Ownership and Regulation" 6745:Community Broadcasting Association of Australia 5533:UNC-Chapel Hill Master of Public Administration 5206:"UPFTV transmitirá a programação da TV Cultura" 5091:(in Brazilian Portuguese). EBC. 10 April 2021. 4932: 4721:"BRU definition of public service broadcasting" 4482:and is 100% taxpayer funded. The multicultural 3979:The group also has two international channels: 3612:– Radiotelevisione Italiana, founded as URI in 2274:Second is the state-owned state media known as 1565:Bolivarian Communication and Information System 1141:as an educational television with the channels 621:defected from CBC Television that February and 557:CBC operates two national television networks ( 7045:AIR, the Association for Independents in Radio 7031:The Public Radio Program Directors Association 5788:Future Active: Media Activism and the Internet 4104:is the company's international radio station. 3932:, with the creation of two regional channels: 1728:In Hong Kong, the Radio Television Hong Kong ( 1375:began under this structure. The concept of a " 1221:(SPR), an agency from the Federal Government. 8041: 7511: 7081: 6162:Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism 5345: 4832: 4211: 4179: 4138:(RTVS) is the national public broadcaster in 3608:The Italian national broadcasting company is 3540:The Sound and Vision Fund is operated by the 3036:Office de radiodiffusion télévision française 2993:is the most viewed TV channel in Finland and 2765:There are two public media in Bulgaria - the 2201:is the only public broadcaster in Singapore. 1814:In Japan, the main public broadcaster is the 1387:was authorized to begin normal broadcasting. 930:on channels 8 and 4. Channel 8, in 133:Guidelines that liberate rather than restrict 6803:. Te Ara - The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 4226:) since 1956, that is a generalist channel; 4118:(RTS) is the national public broadcaster in 3033: 928:Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaíso 668:ventures including the online radio service 657:) that serves the four provinces comprising 32:Public service broadcasting (disambiguation) 9056:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 6208: 5348:"Canada-U.S. cross-border station shake-up" 4755:. Indiana University Press. pp. 6–10. 4258:, and replaced in 2021 its previous online 3485: 3479: 3473: 2382:" – Persian language station, internet only 2120:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2018:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1901:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1645:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1441:), which allege that its programming has a 1217:was founded in 2012 and is operated by the 1100:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1019:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 9092: 8048: 8034: 7518: 7504: 7088: 7074: 6977: 5584:"About Us: 50 Years of HoustonPBS History" 5409:"Applicant response dated 6 December 2010" 4799: 4797: 4633:Public, educational, and government access 4563:). RNZ also provides the Pacific with its 2403:(Aliyah integration network), as of 2017 " 2276:National Broadcasting Services of Thailand 1309:University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign 1177:in Mexico City. With the launching of the 649:, although it maintains only one station ( 525:and stemming from lobbying efforts by the 353:created by the government of the state of 127:Direct funding and universality of payment 6978:Price, Monroe Edwin; Raboy, Marc (2003). 6825: 5920: 5715: 5001:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 11 June 2016. 4489:In addition, there is a large Australian 3816:) in Denmark, Kringkastingselskapet (now 2701:Institut national belge de radiodiffusion 2430:) – broadcasting news and current affairs 2312:In Arabic, the IPBC is known by the name 2158:Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation 2140:Learn how and when to remove this message 2038:Learn how and when to remove this message 1921:Learn how and when to remove this message 1665:Learn how and when to remove this message 1291:Learn how and when to remove this message 1197:as part of the "RED México". In 2005 the 1120:Learn how and when to remove this message 1039:Learn how and when to remove this message 954:(Channel 9, on 23 October 1990) and 639:Canada's transition to digital television 185:An alternative funding model proposed by 6947:Public broadcasting for the 21st century 6668:À Punt Mèdia, the public valencian media 6233: 5331:"Canadian cablecos to do the FOX trot". 4775: 4769: 4753:Public broadcasting for the 21st century 4654: 4652: 4392: 4350: 4342: 3899: 3699:, and LRT Opus), and three TV channels ( 3689:Lithuanian National Radio and Television 3599: 3351: 3144: 2745:BRT was renamed in 1991 to BRTN (Dutch: 2436:– broadcasting music and traffic reports 1752:, Government of India and comprises the 1719: 1347:. The great majority operate as private 1302: 1231:Public broadcasting in the United States 1199:National Autonomous University of Mexico 742: 412:, the state-funded foundation FUNTELPA ( 377:), two educational TV channels aimed at 226: 7036:A Model Public Service Broadcasting Law 7026:American Archive of Public Broadcasting 5730:from the original on September 21, 2017 5458:Citytv and SCN Sign Affiliate Agreement 5434:"Sask. TV network sold to Ontario firm" 4794: 4746: 4744: 4742: 2974:, (pronounced /yle/) or Yleisradio (in 2698:Originally named INR – 2655:), one cultural-instructional channel ( 2414:" – Jewish-related news and programming 1209:(both radio stations founded in 1959), 432:), with its television channel TVE-ES ( 14: 9120: 8055: 6792: 6717:"Sveriges Radio – State Media Monitor" 6215:Khabyuk, Olexiy; Manfred Kops (2011). 6138:from the original on 20 September 2019 5898:from the original on September 6, 2015 5849: 5785: 5113: 4987: 4402:Public Broadcasting Company of Ukraine 2972:Yle - The Finnish Broadcasting Company 2371:Reshet Dalet (Network D), as of 2017 " 2364:Reshet Gimel (Network C), as of 2017 " 523:Royal Commission on Radio Broadcasting 512:Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission 287:in 1975, and TV Nacional, launched in 247:List of public broadcasters by country 8029: 7499: 7069: 6944: 6751:from the original on 28 February 2020 6383: 6263: 6019:"Zprávy z ekonomiky – ČeskéNoviny.cz" 5748: 5716:Hellewell, Emily (November 8, 2012). 5697:from the original on October 17, 2017 5608: 5278:from the original on October 17, 2017 4933:Ivo de Oliveira, Pedro (7 May 2021). 4750: 4672:from the original on 27 February 2012 4649: 4618:, on the democratic role of the media 4438:, established in 1922, there is also 4053:, along with six regional studios in 3533:, as well as a number of channels on 3048:group. In 1984, the European channel 2350:Reshet Alef (Network A), as of 2017 " 1437:politicians and think-tanks (such as 9102: 8008: 7021:America's Public Television Stations 6904:from the original on 29 January 2020 6872:from the original on 30 January 2020 6840:from the original on 28 January 2020 6807:from the original on 30 January 2020 6798: 6239: 6074:"The most used contents of the year" 6025:from the original on 22 October 2014 5661:from the original on October 3, 2013 5539:from the original on August 26, 2017 5529:"The History of Public Broadcasting" 4975:from the original on 21 October 2021 4945:from the original on 26 January 2022 4926: 4876: 4874: 4739: 4526:New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation 3871:calling it a government mouthpiece. 2643:), nine regional ones (one for each 2477:(RTSH) is the public broadcaster in 2378:Reshet Hey (Network E), as of 2017 " 2357:Reshet Bet (Network B), as of 2017 " 2118:adding citations to reliable sources 2085: 2016:adding citations to reliable sources 1983: 1899:adding citations to reliable sources 1866: 1704: 1643:adding citations to reliable sources 1610: 1273:adding citations to reliable sources 1244: 1098:adding citations to reliable sources 1065: 1017:adding citations to reliable sources 984: 946:". After the military government of 7525: 6826:Patterson, Jane (29 January 2020). 5751:"Defunding NPR? It's not that easy" 5688:Corporation for Public Broadcasting 5586:. KUHT – HoustonPBS. Archived from 5509:from the original on 16 August 2019 5236:"Radiodifusão: licenças e outorgas" 4559:) and a classical musical network ( 4476:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 4082:Romanian Radio Broadcasting Company 3807: 3616:. RAI transmits thirteen channels: 3088:permitted to give plain channel to 3019:Radiodiffusion-télévision française 2920:operating under the brand of TV 2. 1424:Corporation for Public Broadcasting 1311:hosted an important meeting of the 1237:Corporation for Public Broadcasting 1139:Televisión Educativa de El Salvador 215:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 24: 6270:Mediennetz Hamburg (2010-09-27). 5927:. University of California Press. 5833:. January 14, 2000. Archived from 5827:. Public Broadcasting PolicyBase. 5767:from the original on July 17, 2017 5629:from the original on June 28, 2021 5364:from the original on July 26, 2017 5312:from the original on July 14, 2014 5271:Canadian Communications Foundation 5246:from the original on 10 April 2021 5216:from the original on 10 April 2021 5186:from the original on 10 April 2021 5156:from the original on 10 April 2021 5126:from the original on 10 April 2021 5095:from the original on 10 April 2021 5065:from the original on 10 April 2021 5035:from the original on 10 April 2021 5005:from the original on 10 April 2021 4857:Charter of the Corporation (ABC). 4727:from the original on 8 August 2020 4516:Public broadcasting in New Zealand 4416:, Radio Promin, Radio Kultura and 3820:) in Norway, and Radiotjänst (now 3321:for US-military staff in Germany, 2868:and operates several TV channels: 2734:), German-language section became 2726:and the establishment of separate 1486:National Educational Radio Network 1411:-affiliated television station in 1307:The Gregory Hall on the campus of 857:Canada also has a large number of 385:, available nationally on pay TV. 192: 112:Universal geographic accessibility 25: 9144: 7014: 5960:"Chavez bid to counter Hollywood" 5749:Hagey, Keach (October 23, 2010). 5681:"Public Broadcasting Act of 1967" 5649:"Television in the United States" 5335:. September 12, 1994. p. 43. 4871: 4837:. Disruption Books. p. 145. 4660:"Public Broadcasting – Why, How?" 4423: 3542:Broadcasting Authority of Ireland 3496:Broadcasting Authority of Ireland 3379:(located in Thessaloniki city), 3361:Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation 2809: 2164:in the former state broadcaster, 2052:Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation 1553:Radiodifusión Nacional de Uruguay 1532:, an organization founded by the 1518:Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) 1480:A national public radio network, 496:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 490:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 446:TV Educativa do Rio Grande do Sul 414:Fundação Paraense de Radiodifusão 9101: 9091: 9082: 9081: 9070: 8691:Free-space optical communication 8007: 7996: 7995: 7202:BitTorrent television and movies 7095: 5921:James Day (September 16, 1969). 5886:"Public TV Faces Fund Struggles" 5790:. Psychology Press. p. 71. 4100:. Broadcasting in 12 languages, 4080:The public radio broadcaster is 4016:taxa de contribuição audiovisual 3794:Dutch public broadcasting system 2928: 2918:regional public service stations 2742:) and Dutch-language stays BRT. 2584:is the local version of RTSH in 2575:is the local version of RTSH in 2245:Thai Public Broadcasting Service 2090: 1988: 1871: 1824:British Broadcasting Corporation 1790:Public broadcasting in Indonesia 1615: 1524:(NET). NET was shut down by the 1315:in the 1940s, that spawned both 1249: 1224: 1159:National Politechnical Institute 1070: 989: 430:Rádio e Televisão Espírito Santo 209:for culture). Examples include: 7458:Director of network programming 6884: 6852: 6819: 6781:from the original on 2023-04-18 6763: 6733: 6709: 6685: 6674:from the original on 2021-03-09 6656: 6645:from the original on 2022-04-03 6625: 6601: 6577: 6553: 6523: 6499: 6475: 6451: 6427: 6402: 6377: 6353: 6329: 6307: 6289: 6278:from the original on 2013-10-24 6252:from the original on 2013-10-19 6197:from the original on 2019-06-04 6179: 6168:from the original on 2023-03-06 6150: 6124: 6113:from the original on 2019-06-03 6095: 6084:from the original on 2023-03-07 6066: 6055:from the original on 2019-09-01 6037: 6011: 5987: 5973: 5952: 5914: 5878: 5817: 5804: 5779: 5742: 5709: 5673: 5641: 5602: 5576: 5565:from the original on 2017-02-08 5551: 5521: 5495: 5470: 5451: 5426: 5415:from the original on 2013-06-28 5401: 5390:from the original on 2012-10-04 5376: 5346:Etan Vlessing (July 31, 2009). 5339: 5324: 5290: 5258: 5228: 5198: 5168: 5138: 5114:Castro, Daniel (19 June 2015). 5107: 5077: 5047: 5017: 4957: 4901: 4580:Labour-led coalition government 4567:. Aside from RNZ almost all of 4565:Radio New Zealand International 3052:is created. The first channel ( 2222:Educational Broadcasting System 2215:Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation 2173:Philippine Broadcasting Service 1530:Educational Television Stations 1522:National Educational Television 1420:Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 1260:needs additional citations for 1056:Ecuadorian Constituent Assembly 875:RTVC Sistema de Medios Públicos 464:, said in his campaign for the 404:, which operates in AM, FM and 7160:Digital terrestrial television 6741:"About Community Broadcasting" 5856:Laurence Ariel Jarvik (1997). 4851: 4826: 4807:The Review of Economic Studies 4713: 4684: 4509: 4327:'s Radio Galega stations and 3787: 3294:) emerged from the remains of 3134:to create a powerful means of 2963:has about 20% audience share. 2602:is the local version of RT in 2593:is the local version of RT in 2442:Israeli Educational Television 2342:" – Arabic language TV channel 2301:Israeli Broadcasting Authority 2289: 2204: 2081: 1361:cooperative extension services 1061: 716:(TVO) and the French-language 434:TV Educativa do Espírito Santo 394:Empresa Mineira de Comunicação 124:Distance from vested interests 13: 1: 7795:Needle and syringe programmes 7649:Universal access to education 7433:Television news screen layout 6609:"Spain – State Media Monitor" 6386:"Poland's State of the Media" 6384:Kalan, Dariusz (2019-11-25). 6317:Canone RAI a 90 euro dal 2017 5333:Alberta Report / Newsmagazine 4692:"Public Service Broadcasting" 4136:Radio and Television Slovakia 3910:Rádio e Televisão de Portugal 3896:Rádio e Televisão de Portugal 3776: 3032:RTF was transformed into the 2775:Bulgarian National Television 2767:Bulgarian National Television 2573:Radio Televizioni Gjirokastra 2410:Reshet Moreshet, as of 2017 " 1606: 1511: 1157:is owned and operated by the 466:presidential election in 2018 291:in 1960), the radio stations 273:Empresa Brasil de Comunicação 263:Empresa Brasil de Comunicação 102: 18:Public television broadcaster 9077:Telecommunication portal 8858:Telecommunications equipment 7400:Broadcast television systems 7306:Children's television series 6985:. Kluwer Law International. 6920:General and cited references 5561:. United States Government. 5467:CNW press release 2011-12-20 4643: 4498:stations (most operating as 4484:Special Broadcasting Service 4469: 4331:(TVG) channels broadcast in 4149:Radio Slovakia International 3734:) and three radio services ( 3720:Public Broadcasting Services 3683: 2953:Estonian Public Broadcasting 2777:was founded in 1959 and the 2749:) and again in 1998 to VRT ( 2361:" – News and current affairs 2193: 1820:British Broadcasting Company 1783: 1715: 1591:Asamblea Nacional Televisión 1558: 944:Televisión Nacional de Chile 921:Televisión Nacional de Chile 365:, which is available in all 220:Special Broadcasting Service 148: 7: 8594:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 7878:Publicly funded health care 7302:Children's interest channel 5814:(Praeger Publishers, 1977). 5609:Burke, John Edward (1980). 5242:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 5212:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 5182:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 5152:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 5122:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 5061:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 5031:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 4971:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 4941:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 4776:Banerjee, Indrajit (2006). 4589: 4418:Radio Ukraine International 4238:sports channel since 1994; 4153:European broadcasting union 4130: 4102:Radio Romania International 4020:Portuguese financial crisis 3889: 3771:Radio Moldova Internaţional 3435:European Broadcasting Union 3287:Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen 2760: 2722:In 1977, following Belgian 2462:European Broadcasting Union 2375:" – Arabic language station 2238: 2154:People's Television Network 1979: 1862: 1800:Televisi Republik Indonesia 1549:Televisión Nacional Uruguay 1377:non-commercial, educational 1349:not-for-profit corporations 868: 747:Amherst Island public radio 690:Public Broadcasting Service 436:) and an AM radio station ( 251: 240: 49:public service broadcasting 10: 9149: 8298:Telecommunications history 6240:Chen, (程宗明) (2001-05-25). 4611:International broadcasting 4578:In late January 2020, the 4557:Radio New Zealand National 4513: 4464: 4427: 4386: 4382: 4355:The logo of Sveriges Radio 4256:over-the-top media service 4116:Radio Television of Serbia 4025: 3893: 3844:) per household per year. 3791: 3749: 3568:, etc. Pay TV broadcaster 3459: 3417: 3204:), merged from SDR and SWF 3190:), merged from SFB and ORB 3119: 3115: 2966: 2947: 2944:. Funded by licence fees. 2916:to finance the network of 2903: 2845:, respectively. Until the 2785: 2670: 2613: 2609: 2475:Radio Televizioni Shqiptar 2469: 2459: 2211:Korean Broadcasting System 1857:high-definition television 1787: 1562: 1539: 1516:In the United States, the 1490:Public Radio International 1354: 1234: 1228: 980: 918: 872: 823:. One television station, 812:government of Saskatchewan 487: 325:Rádio Nacional da Amazônia 260: 244: 36: 29: 9065: 9007: 8944: 8906:Public Switched Telephone 8866: 8830: 8787: 8728: 8718:telecommunication circuit 8679:Fiber-optic communication 8662: 8424:Francis Blake (telephone) 8371: 8219:Optical telecommunication 8063: 7991: 7935: 7903:National health insurance 7868: 7855:Supervised injection site 7765: 7715: 7662: 7556: 7533: 7408:Digital on-screen graphic 7380: 7321:Movie television channels 7297:Adult television channels 7285: 7211: 7103: 5210:University of Passo Fundo 4969:Padre Anchieta Foundation 4561:Radio New Zealand Concert 4506:stations have in the US. 4365:Sveriges Utbildningsradio 4338: 4242:news channel since 1997; 4212: 4180: 4110: 3869:Reporters Without Borders 3847: 3765:, and the radio channels 3347: 3232:), split from former NWDR 3012: 2625:Österreichischer Rundfunk 2455: 2396:" – Classical music, jazz 2294: 2233:Public Television Service 2227: 2166:Radio Philippines Network 1935:Radio Televisyen Malaysia 1369:South Dakota Public Radio 1148: 619:Terrace, British Columbia 575:Ici Radio-Canada Première 483: 256: 63:whose primary mission is 8817:Orbital angular-momentum 8254:Satellite communications 8093:Communications satellite 7898:Single-payer health care 7707:Universal basic services 7654:Universal basic services 7372:Women's interest channel 7050:Public Radio Fan website 6963:Linke, Benjamin (2016), 5180:Observatório da Imprensa 4569:New Zealand's 16 regions 4504:public access television 4176:Radio Nacional de España 4165:Radiotelevisión Española 4158: 3832:was founded in Finland. 3714: 3595: 3531:RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta 3023:Radiodiffusion française 2795:Hrvatska radiotelevizija 2791:Croatian Radiotelevision 2779:Bulgarian National Radio 2771:Bulgarian National Radio 1971: 1809: 1796:Radio Republik Indonesia 1739: 1571:Venezolana de Televisión 1448: 914: 565:), four radio networks ( 554:CBC Television service. 456:Since the government of 172:television documentaries 37:Not to be confused with 8696:Molecular communication 8519:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 8348:Undersea telegraph line 8083:Cable protection system 7599:Public good (economics) 7236:Multichannel television 7226:Commercial broadcasting 7197:Peer-to-peer television 5786:Meikle, Graham (2002). 5654:Encyclopædia Britannica 5503:"El Once y su historia" 4820:10.1111/0034-6527.00357 4142:, with headquarters in 3859:(TVP) has been seen as 3112:between 2005 and 2014. 2839:Czechoslovak Television 2582:Radio Televizioni Korça 1822:, the precursor to the 1710:Radio Television Brunei 1601: 1439:The Heritage Foundation 1135:Alfonso Quiñónez Molina 277:Fundação Padre Anchieta 267:Fundação Padre Anchieta 118:Attention to minorities 93:Commercial broadcasting 59:, and other electronic 8838:Communication protocol 8624:Charles Sumner Tainter 8439:Walter Houser Brattain 8384:Edwin Howard Armstrong 8192:Information revolution 7316:Men's interest channel 7272:Religious broadcasting 6219:. LIT Verlag Münster. 5995:"Funding Arrangements" 5858:PBS, behind the screen 5384:"Decision CRTC 95-472" 5353:The Hollywood Reporter 4833:Michael Slaby (2021). 4601:Editorial independence 4530:Television New Zealand 4478:(ABC) is owned by the 4398: 4356: 4348: 4291:channels broadcast in 4289:Televisió de Catalunya 4098:Radio România Regional 3953:Televisão Independente 3905: 3605: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3357: 3285: 3230:North Rhine-Westphalia 3222:), established in 1991 3171:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 3150: 3034: 2834: 2822: 2794: 2754: 2746: 2739: 2731: 2710:Radio-Télévision Belge 2709: 2420:Israeli Defense Forces 2316:(Arabic for "place"). 2269:Television of Thailand 1734:editorial independence 1725: 1689:owned and operated by 1401:University of Missouri 1373:Wisconsin Public Radio 1324: 836: 748: 651:Moncton, New Brunswick 503: 361:, launched in 1969 in 176:educational programmes 87:; television; and the 8812:Polarization-division 8544:Narinder Singh Kapany 8509:Erna Schneider Hoover 8429:Jagadish Chandra Bose 8409:Alexander Graham Bell 8140:online video platform 7747:Public infrastructure 7584:Public administration 7569:Free-culture movement 6721:statemediamonitor.com 6697:statemediamonitor.com 6613:statemediamonitor.com 6589:statemediamonitor.com 6565:statemediamonitor.com 6511:statemediamonitor.com 6487:statemediamonitor.com 6463:statemediamonitor.com 6439:statemediamonitor.com 6365:statemediamonitor.com 6341:statemediamonitor.com 5308:. February 28, 2014. 5306:Department of Justice 4627:Public Radio Exchange 4480:Australian Government 4396: 4354: 4346: 4329:Televisión de Galicia 4009:São Tomé and Príncipe 3945:generalist programmes 3903: 3603: 3355: 3173:), split from former 3148: 2978:) and Rundradion (in 2399:REKA - Reshet Klitat 2389:" – Alternative music 2054:(PBC), also known as 1756:television network ( 1723: 1679:Bangladesh Television 1596:Bolivarian Revolution 1498:Public Radio Exchange 1494:American Public Media 1482:National Public Radio 1397:University of Houston 1306: 791:Public radio station 746: 563:Ici Radio-Canada Télé 527:Canadian Radio League 472:Brazil also has many 392:, which has the EMC ( 351:non-profit foundation 227:Public Media Alliance 75:Common media include 8654:Vladimir K. Zworykin 8614:Almon Brown Strowger 8584:Charles Grafton Page 8239:Prepaid mobile phone 8167:Electrical telegraph 7465:Outside broadcasting 6945:Raboy, Marc (1995). 6747:. 14 November 2014. 5761:Capitol News Company 5535:. October 21, 2013. 5482:May 9, 2012, at the 5386:. CRTC. 1995-07-20. 5360:. Associated Press. 5302:Justice Laws Website 4751:Raboy, Marc (1995). 4496:community television 4397:The logo of Suspilne 4169:autonomous community 3453:Desperate Housewives 3308:Hans-Bredow-Institut 3202:Rhineland-Palatinate 2728:language communities 2491:Televizioni Shqiptar 2162:controlling interest 2114:improve this section 2012:improve this section 1943:television licensing 1895:improve this section 1639:improve this section 1269:improve this article 1163:government of Mexico 1094:improve this section 1013:improve this section 504:Société Radio-Canada 438:Rádio Espírito Santo 9128:Public broadcasting 8604:Johann Philipp Reis 8363:Wireless revolution 8325:The Telephone Cases 8182:Hydraulic telegraph 7983:Public viewing area 7752:Public water system 7740:Municipal broadband 7697:Public broadcasting 7367:Sports broadcasting 7311:Documentary channel 7267:Public broadcasting 7174:Internet television 6900:. 29 January 2020. 6868:. 29 January 2020. 6775:legislation.govt.nz 6541:on October 19, 2013 6193:. 12 October 2018. 6134:. 17 January 2019. 6007:on October 9, 2009. 5862:Rocklin, California 5358:The Nielsen Company 4542:controversial issue 4361:Sveriges Television 4297:Valencian Community 4265:regional variations 4182:Televisión Española 4031:Romanian Television 3834:Ríkisútvarpið (RÚV) 3826:Sveriges Television 3487:Teilifís na Gaeilge 3423:Ríkisútvarpið (RÚV) 2740:Belgischer Rundfunk 2336:Channel 33 (Israel) 2332:" – Main TV channel 2060:Pakistan Television 1778:Parliament of India 1418:The passage of the 1241:Current (newspaper) 1195:Ministry of Culture 1171:secondary education 1169:in 1968 to provide 788:chain of stations. 402:Rádio Inconfidência 45:Public broadcasting 8802:Frequency-division 8779:Telephone exchange 8649:Charles Wheatstone 8579:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 8554:Innocenzo Manzetti 8489:Reginald Fessenden 8224:Optical telegraphy 8057:Telecommunications 7948:Government auction 7634:Public procurement 7480:Television licence 7448:Broadcast designer 6897:New Zealand Herald 6633:"RTVE corporation" 6322:2017-11-12 at the 6109:. 2 January 2019. 5891:The Morning Record 5810:George H. Gibson, 5463:2013-09-29 at the 4864:2007-11-23 at the 4835:For All the People 4474:In Australia, the 4399: 4357: 4349: 3906: 3606: 3582:is an independent 3556:Northern Ireland, 3431:television licence 3358: 3334:France Télévisions 3167:Schleswig-Holstein 3151: 3149:Map of ARD-members 2843:Czechoslovak Radio 2385:88FM, as of 2017 " 2181:became independent 2177:Insular Government 1726: 1691:Bengali parliament 1428:federal government 1325: 901:Caracol Televisión 757:Alberta government 749: 710:U.S.–Canada border 647:Canadian provinces 602:owned and operated 408:; in the state of 379:distance education 213:In Australia, the 155:television licence 9115: 9114: 8853:Store and forward 8848:Data transmission 8762:Network switching 8713:Transmission line 8559:Guglielmo Marconi 8524:Internet pioneers 8389:Mohamed M. Atalla 8358:Whistled language 8023: 8022: 7850:Public university 7830:Public open space 7775:Drinking fountain 7735:Telecommunication 7493: 7492: 7485:Television studio 7453:Broadcast license 7440:Network affiliate 7423:On-screen display 7390:Broadcast network 7360:Livestreamed news 7350:Business channels 7345:News broadcasting 7262:Pirate television 7253:News broadcasting 7133:Mobile television 6973:978-3-631-66568-8 6833:Radio New Zealand 6080:. 23 April 2019. 5797:978-0-415-94322-2 4844:978-1-63331-051-3 4606:Independent media 4553:Radio New Zealand 4546:Radio New Zealand 4534:Radio New Zealand 4248:TVE Internacional 3981:RTP Internacional 3755:Teleradio-Moldova 3198:Baden-Württemberg 3110:France Télévision 3046:France Télévision 3007:the Yle NewsWatch 2957:Eesti Televisioon 2616:ORF (broadcaster) 2368:" – Israeli music 2257:government agency 2253:legal personality 2150: 2149: 2142: 2048: 2047: 2040: 1931: 1930: 1923: 1853:BBC World Service 1705:Brunei Darussalam 1675: 1674: 1667: 1536:(NAEB), in 1973. 1365:Iowa Public Radio 1301: 1300: 1293: 1130: 1129: 1122: 1049: 1048: 1041: 851:community channel 845: 808:City Saskatchewan 734:Knowledge Network 508:crown corporation 442:Rio Grande do Sul 375:Greater São Paulo 207:investment policy 203:industrial policy 16:(Redirected from 9140: 9105: 9104: 9095: 9094: 9085: 9084: 9075: 9074: 9073: 8946:Notable networks 8936:Wireless network 8876:Cellular network 8868:Types of network 8843:Computer network 8730:Network topology 8644:Thomas A. Watson 8499:Oliver Heaviside 8484:Philo Farnsworth 8459:Daniel Davis Jr. 8434:Charles Bourseul 8394:John Logie Baird 8103:Data compression 8098:Computer network 8050: 8043: 8036: 8027: 8026: 8011: 8010: 7999: 7998: 7910:Social insurance 7757:Waste management 7725:Electric utility 7702:Public transport 7619:Public ownership 7538:Municipalization 7520: 7513: 7506: 7497: 7496: 7340:Shopping channel 7330:Music television 7090: 7083: 7076: 7067: 7066: 7010: 7008: 7007: 7001: 6995:. Archived from 6984: 6960: 6941: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6888: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6856: 6850: 6849: 6847: 6845: 6823: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6812: 6799:McMillan, Kate. 6796: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6786: 6767: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6756: 6737: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6727: 6713: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6703: 6689: 6683: 6682: 6680: 6679: 6660: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6650: 6629: 6623: 6622: 6620: 6619: 6605: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6595: 6581: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6571: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6537:. Archived from 6527: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6517: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6493: 6479: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6469: 6455: 6449: 6448: 6446: 6445: 6431: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6421: 6406: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6396: 6381: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6371: 6357: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6347: 6333: 6327: 6315: 6311: 6305: 6304: 6303:on May 22, 2006. 6299:. Archived from 6293: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6283: 6267: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6257: 6237: 6231: 6230: 6212: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6202: 6183: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6173: 6154: 6148: 6147: 6145: 6143: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6118: 6099: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6089: 6070: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6060: 6041: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6015: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6000:. Archived from 5999: 5991: 5985: 5984: 5977: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5967: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5943: 5941: 5918: 5912: 5911: 5905: 5903: 5882: 5876: 5875: 5853: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5837:on April 6, 2001 5821: 5815: 5808: 5802: 5801: 5783: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5746: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5713: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5696: 5685: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5606: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5570: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5499: 5493: 5474: 5468: 5455: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5445: 5430: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5420: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5395: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5172: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5081: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5051: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5021: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5010: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4920: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4895: 4878: 4869: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4801: 4792: 4791: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4748: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4707: 4698:. Archived from 4688: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4671: 4664: 4656: 4410:Suspilne Kultura 4217: 4216: 4185: 4184: 3918:segundo programa 3857:Telewizja Polska 3843: 3839: 3808:Nordic countries 3489: 3483: 3481:Teilifís Éireann 3477: 3292:Deutschlandradio 3039: 2987:radio services. 2942:Kringvarp Føroya 2934:Kringvarp Føroya 2815:Czech Television 2394:Kan Kol Hamusika 2261:state enterprise 2145: 2138: 2134: 2131: 2125: 2094: 2086: 2043: 2036: 2032: 2029: 2023: 1992: 1984: 1926: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1906: 1875: 1867: 1845:NHK BS Premium4K 1695:Bangladesh Betar 1670: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1650: 1619: 1611: 1471:Washington, D.C. 1296: 1289: 1285: 1282: 1276: 1253: 1245: 1125: 1118: 1114: 1111: 1105: 1074: 1066: 1044: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1024: 993: 985: 948:Augusto Pinochet 840: 738:British Columbia 583:CBC News Network 552:English language 428:has the RTV-ES ( 418:Brazilian Amazon 367:Brazilian states 341:FM extended band 115:Universal appeal 21: 9148: 9147: 9143: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9138: 9137: 9118: 9117: 9116: 9111: 9071: 9069: 9061: 9003: 8940: 8862: 8826: 8783: 8732: 8724: 8665: 8658: 8564:Robert Metcalfe 8419:Tim Berners-Lee 8367: 8187:Information Age 8059: 8054: 8024: 8019: 7987: 7973:Public security 7963:Public offering 7931: 7920:Social security 7870:Social services 7864: 7820:Public hospital 7815:Public computer 7810:Public bookcase 7761: 7711: 7680:Law enforcement 7675:Fire department 7658: 7609:Public interest 7552: 7548:Progressive tax 7543:Nationalization 7529: 7527:Public services 7524: 7494: 7489: 7382: 7376: 7288: 7281: 7231:Community radio 7213: 7207: 7187:Streaming media 7099: 7094: 7017: 7005: 7003: 6999: 6993: 6982: 6957: 6938: 6922: 6917: 6907: 6905: 6890: 6889: 6885: 6875: 6873: 6858: 6857: 6853: 6843: 6841: 6824: 6820: 6810: 6808: 6797: 6793: 6784: 6782: 6769: 6768: 6764: 6754: 6752: 6739: 6738: 6734: 6725: 6723: 6715: 6714: 6710: 6701: 6699: 6691: 6690: 6686: 6677: 6675: 6662: 6661: 6657: 6648: 6646: 6631: 6630: 6626: 6617: 6615: 6607: 6606: 6602: 6593: 6591: 6583: 6582: 6578: 6569: 6567: 6559: 6558: 6554: 6544: 6542: 6529: 6528: 6524: 6515: 6513: 6505: 6504: 6500: 6491: 6489: 6481: 6480: 6476: 6467: 6465: 6457: 6456: 6452: 6443: 6441: 6433: 6432: 6428: 6419: 6417: 6408: 6407: 6403: 6394: 6392: 6382: 6378: 6369: 6367: 6359: 6358: 6354: 6345: 6343: 6335: 6334: 6330: 6324:Wayback Machine 6313: 6312: 6308: 6295: 6294: 6290: 6281: 6279: 6268: 6264: 6255: 6253: 6238: 6234: 6227: 6213: 6209: 6200: 6198: 6185: 6184: 6180: 6171: 6169: 6156: 6155: 6151: 6141: 6139: 6130: 6129: 6125: 6116: 6114: 6101: 6100: 6096: 6087: 6085: 6072: 6071: 6067: 6058: 6056: 6051:. 24 May 2018. 6043: 6042: 6038: 6028: 6026: 6017: 6016: 6012: 6004: 5997: 5993: 5992: 5988: 5979: 5978: 5974: 5965: 5963: 5958: 5957: 5953: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5919: 5915: 5901: 5899: 5884: 5883: 5879: 5872: 5854: 5850: 5840: 5838: 5823: 5822: 5818: 5809: 5805: 5798: 5784: 5780: 5770: 5768: 5747: 5743: 5733: 5731: 5714: 5710: 5700: 5698: 5694: 5683: 5679: 5678: 5674: 5664: 5662: 5647: 5646: 5642: 5632: 5630: 5623: 5607: 5603: 5593: 5591: 5590:on May 11, 2011 5582: 5581: 5577: 5568: 5566: 5557: 5556: 5552: 5542: 5540: 5527: 5526: 5522: 5512: 5510: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5484:Wayback Machine 5475: 5471: 5465:Wayback Machine 5456: 5452: 5443: 5441: 5432: 5431: 5427: 5418: 5416: 5407: 5406: 5402: 5393: 5391: 5382: 5381: 5377: 5367: 5365: 5344: 5340: 5330: 5329: 5325: 5315: 5313: 5296: 5295: 5291: 5281: 5279: 5264: 5263: 5259: 5249: 5247: 5234: 5233: 5229: 5219: 5217: 5204: 5203: 5199: 5189: 5187: 5174: 5173: 5169: 5159: 5157: 5144: 5143: 5139: 5129: 5127: 5112: 5108: 5098: 5096: 5083: 5082: 5078: 5068: 5066: 5053: 5052: 5048: 5038: 5036: 5023: 5022: 5018: 5008: 5006: 4993: 4992: 4988: 4978: 4976: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4948: 4946: 4931: 4927: 4918: 4916: 4907: 4906: 4902: 4893: 4891: 4880: 4879: 4872: 4866:Wayback Machine 4856: 4852: 4845: 4831: 4827: 4802: 4795: 4788: 4774: 4770: 4763: 4749: 4740: 4730: 4728: 4719: 4718: 4714: 4705: 4703: 4690: 4689: 4685: 4675: 4673: 4669: 4662: 4658: 4657: 4650: 4646: 4592: 4518: 4512: 4491:community radio 4472: 4467: 4432: 4426: 4414:Ukrainian Radio 4391: 4385: 4347:The logo of SVT 4341: 4319:or Spanish. In 4285:Catalunya Ràdio 4260:video on demand 4161: 4133: 4113: 4028: 3898: 3892: 3850: 3841: 3837: 3810: 3796: 3790: 3779: 3752: 3717: 3686: 3598: 3462: 3420: 3350: 3124: 3118: 3015: 2995:Yle Radio Suomi 2969: 2950: 2931: 2906: 2812: 2788: 2763: 2673: 2618: 2612: 2472: 2464: 2458: 2299:In Israel, the 2297: 2292: 2280:Thai Government 2255:, but is not a 2241: 2230: 2207: 2196: 2185:Radyo Pilipinas 2146: 2135: 2129: 2126: 2111: 2095: 2084: 2044: 2033: 2027: 2024: 2009: 1993: 1982: 1974: 1927: 1916: 1910: 1907: 1892: 1876: 1865: 1839:only services ( 1833:NHK Educational 1812: 1792: 1786: 1774:All India Radio 1742: 1718: 1707: 1671: 1660: 1654: 1651: 1636: 1620: 1609: 1604: 1567: 1561: 1542: 1526:Ford Foundation 1514: 1451: 1357: 1297: 1286: 1280: 1277: 1266: 1254: 1243: 1233: 1227: 1187:Central America 1151: 1126: 1115: 1109: 1106: 1091: 1075: 1064: 1045: 1034: 1028: 1025: 1010: 994: 983: 923: 917: 877: 871: 863:community radio 753:CTV Two Alberta 674:music streaming 659:Atlantic Canada 492: 486: 478:community radio 424:. The state of 299:, broadcast to 269: 259: 254: 249: 243: 229: 199:cultural policy 195: 193:Cultural policy 151: 105: 85:shortwave radio 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9146: 9136: 9135: 9130: 9113: 9112: 9110: 9109: 9099: 9089: 9079: 9066: 9063: 9062: 9060: 9059: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9031: 9030: 9025: 9017: 9011: 9009: 9005: 9004: 9002: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8950: 8948: 8942: 8941: 8939: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8872: 8870: 8864: 8863: 8861: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8834: 8832: 8828: 8827: 8825: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8797:Space-division 8793: 8791: 8785: 8784: 8782: 8781: 8776: 8775: 8774: 8769: 8759: 8758: 8757: 8747: 8742: 8736: 8734: 8726: 8725: 8723: 8722: 8721: 8720: 8710: 8709: 8708: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8687: 8686: 8676: 8670: 8668: 8660: 8659: 8657: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8634:Camille Tissot 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8609:Claude Shannon 8606: 8601: 8599:Tivadar Puskás 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8569:Antonio Meucci 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8539:Charles K. Kao 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8514:Harold Hopkins 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8414:Emile Berliner 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8375: 8373: 8369: 8368: 8366: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8353:Videotelephony 8350: 8345: 8344: 8343: 8338: 8328: 8321: 8316: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8289: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8268: 8267: 8266: 8256: 8251: 8249:Radiotelephone 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8215: 8214: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8153: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8135:Internet video 8127: 8126: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8069: 8067: 8061: 8060: 8053: 8052: 8045: 8038: 8030: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8017: 8005: 7992: 7989: 7988: 7986: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7958:Public holiday 7955: 7950: 7945: 7939: 7937: 7933: 7932: 7930: 7929: 7927:Youth services 7924: 7923: 7922: 7917: 7915:Social pension 7907: 7906: 7905: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7883:Public housing 7880: 7874: 7872: 7866: 7865: 7863: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7825:Public library 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7790:Infrastructure 7787: 7785:Free education 7782: 7777: 7771: 7769: 7763: 7762: 7760: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7743: 7742: 7732: 7727: 7721: 7719: 7717:Public utility 7713: 7712: 7710: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7693: 7692: 7690:Savings system 7685:Postal service 7682: 7677: 7672: 7666: 7664: 7663:Basic services 7660: 7659: 7657: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7579:Product sample 7576: 7574:Free newspaper 7571: 7566: 7560: 7558: 7554: 7553: 7551: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7534: 7531: 7530: 7523: 7522: 7515: 7508: 7500: 7491: 7490: 7488: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7461: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7442: 7437: 7436: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7402: 7397: 7395:Broadcast-safe 7392: 7386: 7384: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7363: 7362: 7357: 7355:Public affairs 7352: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7299: 7293: 7291: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7255: 7250: 7249: 7248: 7243: 7241:Pay television 7233: 7228: 7223: 7217: 7215: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7205: 7199: 7194: 7192:Web television 7189: 7184: 7171: 7170: 7169: 7164: 7163: 7162: 7152: 7147: 7137: 7136: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7107: 7105: 7101: 7100: 7093: 7092: 7085: 7078: 7070: 7064: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7047: 7042: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7016: 7015:External links 7013: 7012: 7011: 6991: 6975: 6967:, Peter Lang, 6961: 6955: 6942: 6936: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6915: 6883: 6851: 6818: 6791: 6762: 6732: 6708: 6684: 6664:"À Punt Mèdia" 6655: 6624: 6600: 6576: 6552: 6522: 6498: 6474: 6450: 6426: 6410:"Poland | RSF" 6401: 6390:Foreign Policy 6376: 6352: 6328: 6306: 6288: 6262: 6232: 6226:978-3643800947 6225: 6207: 6178: 6149: 6123: 6094: 6065: 6036: 6010: 5986: 5972: 5951: 5934:978-0520086593 5933: 5913: 5877: 5870: 5848: 5816: 5803: 5796: 5778: 5741: 5708: 5672: 5640: 5621: 5601: 5575: 5550: 5520: 5494: 5492:, May 3, 2012. 5469: 5450: 5425: 5400: 5375: 5338: 5323: 5289: 5257: 5227: 5197: 5167: 5137: 5120:Notícias da TV 5106: 5089:Agência Brasil 5076: 5046: 5016: 4986: 4956: 4939:Agência Brasil 4925: 4900: 4870: 4850: 4843: 4825: 4814:(4): 947–972. 4793: 4786: 4768: 4761: 4738: 4712: 4683: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4624: 4619: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4591: 4588: 4584:National Party 4538:CBC Television 4514:Main article: 4511: 4508: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4428:Main article: 4425: 4424:United Kingdom 4422: 4387:Main article: 4384: 4381: 4369:Sveriges Radio 4340: 4337: 4309:Basque Country 4208:Radio Exterior 4188:Radio Nacional 4160: 4157: 4132: 4129: 4112: 4109: 4027: 4024: 3894:Main article: 3891: 3888: 3880:non-commercial 3865:PiS government 3849: 3846: 3822:Sveriges Radio 3809: 3806: 3792:Main article: 3789: 3786: 3778: 3775: 3751: 3748: 3716: 3713: 3701:LRT televizija 3685: 3682: 3597: 3594: 3584:Irish language 3570:Setanta Sports 3475:Raidió Éireann 3461: 3458: 3419: 3416: 3349: 3346: 3274: 3273: 3263: 3253: 3243: 3233: 3223: 3205: 3191: 3177: 3117: 3114: 3014: 3011: 2968: 2965: 2949: 2946: 2930: 2927: 2905: 2902: 2851:Czechoslovakia 2823:Česká televize 2811: 2810:Czech Republic 2808: 2787: 2784: 2769:(BNT) and the 2762: 2759: 2724:federalization 2696: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2672: 2669: 2614:Main article: 2611: 2608: 2607: 2606: 2597: 2588: 2579: 2564: 2563: 2557: 2554:Radio Tirana 2 2551: 2539: 2538: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2501: 2500: 2494: 2471: 2468: 2457: 2454: 2438: 2437: 2431: 2416: 2415: 2408: 2397: 2390: 2383: 2376: 2369: 2362: 2355: 2344: 2343: 2338:, as of 2017 " 2333: 2326:, as of 2017 " 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2240: 2237: 2229: 2226: 2206: 2203: 2195: 2192: 2148: 2147: 2098: 2096: 2089: 2083: 2080: 2056:Radio Pakistan 2046: 2045: 1996: 1994: 1987: 1981: 1978: 1973: 1970: 1929: 1928: 1879: 1877: 1870: 1864: 1861: 1811: 1808: 1788:Main article: 1785: 1782: 1746:Prasar Bharati 1741: 1738: 1717: 1714: 1706: 1703: 1673: 1672: 1623: 1621: 1614: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1560: 1557: 1541: 1538: 1513: 1510: 1502:Pacifica Radio 1459:Pacifica Radio 1450: 1447: 1356: 1353: 1299: 1298: 1257: 1255: 1248: 1229:Main article: 1226: 1223: 1167:Telesecundaria 1150: 1147: 1128: 1127: 1078: 1076: 1069: 1063: 1060: 1047: 1046: 997: 995: 988: 982: 979: 926:2010, and the 916: 913: 905:RCN Televisión 873:Main article: 870: 867: 559:CBC Television 516:Prime Minister 485: 482: 462:Jair Bolsonaro 426:Espírito Santo 337:Agência Brasil 313:Belo Horizonte 305:Rio de Janeiro 293:Rádio Nacional 285:Rio de Janeiro 275:(EBC) and the 258: 255: 253: 250: 242: 239: 228: 225: 224: 223: 194: 191: 164:public affairs 150: 147: 135: 134: 131: 128: 125: 122: 119: 116: 113: 104: 101: 65:public service 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9145: 9134: 9133:Radio formats 9131: 9129: 9126: 9125: 9123: 9108: 9100: 9098: 9090: 9088: 9080: 9078: 9068: 9067: 9064: 9057: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9020: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9012: 9010: 9006: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8951: 8949: 8947: 8943: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8873: 8871: 8869: 8865: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8835: 8833: 8829: 8823: 8822:Code-division 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8807:Time-division 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8794: 8792: 8790: 8786: 8780: 8777: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8764: 8763: 8760: 8756: 8753: 8752: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8737: 8735: 8733:and switching 8731: 8727: 8719: 8716: 8715: 8714: 8711: 8707: 8704: 8703: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8685: 8684:optical fiber 8682: 8681: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8674:Coaxial cable 8672: 8671: 8669: 8667: 8661: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8589:Radia Perlman 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8479:Lee de Forest 8477: 8475: 8474:Thomas Edison 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8464:Donald Davies 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8449:Claude Chappe 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8376: 8374: 8370: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8333: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8326: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8293:Smoke signals 8291: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8273: 8272: 8271:Semiconductor 8269: 8265: 8262: 8261: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8213: 8210: 8209: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8132: 8131: 8130:Digital media 8128: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8105: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8070: 8068: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8051: 8046: 8044: 8039: 8037: 8032: 8031: 8028: 8016: 8015: 8006: 8004: 8003: 7994: 7993: 7990: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7968:Public sector 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7940: 7938: 7934: 7928: 7925: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7912: 7911: 7908: 7904: 7901: 7900: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7893:Job guarantee 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7875: 7873: 7871: 7867: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7845:Public toilet 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7835:Public school 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7772: 7770: 7768: 7764: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7741: 7738: 7737: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7730:Oil & gas 7728: 7726: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7718: 7714: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7691: 7688: 7687: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7670:Civil service 7668: 7667: 7665: 7661: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7629:Public rights 7627: 7625: 7624:Public policy 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7604:Public health 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7594:Public domain 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7561: 7559: 7555: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7535: 7532: 7528: 7521: 7516: 7514: 7509: 7507: 7502: 7501: 7498: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7445: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7405: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7379: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7347: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7290: 7284: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7238: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7210: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7172: 7168: 7165: 7161: 7158: 7157: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7142: 7141: 7138: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7113:Radio program 7111: 7110: 7109: 7108: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7091: 7086: 7084: 7079: 7077: 7072: 7071: 7068: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7002:on 2012-01-17 6998: 6994: 6992:90-411-2212-5 6988: 6981: 6976: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6956:1-86020-006-0 6952: 6948: 6943: 6939: 6937:981-4136-01-8 6933: 6929: 6924: 6923: 6903: 6899: 6898: 6893: 6887: 6871: 6867: 6866: 6861: 6855: 6839: 6835: 6834: 6829: 6822: 6806: 6802: 6795: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6766: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6736: 6722: 6718: 6712: 6698: 6694: 6688: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6659: 6644: 6640: 6639: 6634: 6628: 6614: 6610: 6604: 6590: 6586: 6580: 6566: 6562: 6556: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6526: 6512: 6508: 6502: 6488: 6484: 6478: 6464: 6460: 6454: 6440: 6436: 6430: 6415: 6411: 6405: 6391: 6387: 6380: 6366: 6362: 6356: 6342: 6338: 6332: 6325: 6321: 6318: 6310: 6302: 6298: 6292: 6277: 6273: 6266: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6236: 6228: 6222: 6218: 6211: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6182: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6153: 6137: 6133: 6127: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6098: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6069: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6045:"This is Yle" 6040: 6024: 6020: 6014: 6003: 5996: 5990: 5982: 5976: 5961: 5955: 5947: 5936: 5930: 5926: 5925: 5917: 5909: 5897: 5893: 5892: 5887: 5881: 5873: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5852: 5836: 5832: 5831: 5826: 5820: 5813: 5807: 5799: 5793: 5789: 5782: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5757: 5752: 5745: 5729: 5725: 5724: 5719: 5712: 5693: 5689: 5682: 5676: 5660: 5656: 5655: 5650: 5644: 5628: 5624: 5622:0-405-11756-6 5618: 5614: 5613: 5605: 5589: 5585: 5579: 5564: 5560: 5554: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5524: 5508: 5504: 5498: 5491: 5490: 5485: 5481: 5478: 5473: 5466: 5462: 5459: 5454: 5439: 5435: 5429: 5414: 5410: 5404: 5389: 5385: 5379: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5354: 5349: 5342: 5334: 5327: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5293: 5277: 5273: 5272: 5267: 5261: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5201: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5171: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5141: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5110: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5080: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5020: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4990: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4960: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4929: 4914: 4910: 4904: 4889: 4888: 4883: 4877: 4875: 4867: 4863: 4860: 4854: 4846: 4840: 4836: 4829: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4808: 4800: 4798: 4789: 4787:981-4136-01-8 4783: 4779: 4772: 4764: 4762:1-86020-006-0 4758: 4754: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4726: 4722: 4716: 4702:on 2022-03-21 4701: 4697: 4693: 4687: 4668: 4661: 4655: 4653: 4648: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4622:Press freedom 4620: 4617: 4616:Mediatization 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4596:Citizen media 4594: 4593: 4587: 4585: 4581: 4576: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4549: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4517: 4507: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4462: 4460: 4455: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4431: 4421: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4395: 4390: 4380: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4353: 4345: 4336: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4287:stations and 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4192:Radio Clásica 4189: 4183: 4177: 4172: 4170: 4166: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4128: 4126: 4121: 4117: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4023: 4021: 4017: 4012: 4010: 4006: 4002: 4001:Guinea-Bissau 3998: 3994: 3991:countries of 3990: 3986: 3982: 3977: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3964:in 2015; and 3963: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3902: 3897: 3887: 3883: 3881: 3876: 3875:Polskie Radio 3872: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3853:Polskie Radio 3845: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3805: 3802: 3795: 3785: 3783: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3767:Radio Moldova 3764: 3760: 3756: 3747: 3745: 3741: 3740:Radju Malta 2 3737: 3733: 3732:Parliament TV 3729: 3725: 3721: 3712: 3710: 3709:LRT Lituanica 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3681: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3602: 3593: 3591: 3587: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3499: 3497: 3491: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3471: 3467: 3457: 3455: 3454: 3449: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3415: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3381:ERT SPORTS HD 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3354: 3345: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3288: 3283: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3217: 3216:Saxony-Anhalt 3213: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3147: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3123: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3038: 3037: 3030: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3010: 3009:application. 3008: 3002: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2945: 2943: 2939: 2938:Útvarp Føroya 2935: 2929:Faroe Islands 2926: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2910: 2901: 2897: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2835:Český rozhlas 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2807: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2783: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2718: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2702: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2677: 2676: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2605: 2601: 2600:Radio Shkodra 2598: 2596: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2569: 2568: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2545: 2544: 2543: 2536: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2506: 2505: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2488: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2467: 2463: 2453: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2425: 2424: 2423: 2421: 2413: 2409: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2395: 2391: 2388: 2384: 2381: 2377: 2374: 2370: 2367: 2363: 2360: 2356: 2353: 2349: 2348: 2347: 2341: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2330: 2325: 2322: 2321: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2310: 2308: 2307: 2302: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2236: 2234: 2225: 2223: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2202: 2200: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2144: 2141: 2133: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2104: 2099:This section 2097: 2093: 2088: 2087: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2042: 2039: 2031: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2007: 2006: 2002: 1997:This section 1995: 1991: 1986: 1985: 1977: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1925: 1922: 1914: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1885: 1880:This section 1878: 1874: 1869: 1868: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1807: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1791: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1722: 1713: 1711: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1669: 1666: 1658: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1634: 1633: 1629: 1624:This section 1622: 1618: 1613: 1612: 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941: 937: 933: 929: 922: 912: 910: 909:programadoras 906: 902: 899: 898:programadoras 895: 891: 887: 886: 885:programadoras 881: 876: 866: 864: 860: 855: 852: 847: 843: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 817: 813: 809: 805: 802: 798: 794: 789: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 762: 758: 754: 745: 741: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 685: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 662: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 603: 598: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 567:CBC Radio One 564: 560: 555: 553: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 491: 481: 479: 475: 470: 467: 463: 459: 454: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 386: 384: 383:TV Rá-Tim-Bum 380: 376: 372: 371:Rádio Cultura 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 268: 264: 248: 238: 235: 221: 216: 212: 211: 210: 208: 204: 200: 190: 188: 187:Michael Slaby 183: 179: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 156: 146: 143: 139: 132: 129: 126: 123: 120: 117: 114: 111: 110: 109: 100: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 73: 70: 66: 62: 61:media outlets 58: 54: 50: 46: 40: 33: 19: 8789:Multiplexing 8664:Transmission 8629:Nikola Tesla 8619:Henry Sutton 8574:Samuel Morse 8504:Robert Hooke 8469:Amos Dolbear 8404:John Bardeen 8323: 8303:Telautograph 8207:Mobile phone 8162:Edholm's law 8145:social media 8078:Broadcasting 8012: 8000: 7953:Public float 7888:Job creation 7840:Public space 7767:Public works 7696: 7644:Public value 7639:Public trust 7444:Occupations 7335:Quiz channel 7266: 7258:Pirate radio 7246:Pay-per-view 7221:Campus radio 7212:Broadcasting 7097:Broadcasting 7004:. 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Retrieved 6048: 6039: 6027:. Retrieved 6013: 6002:the original 5989: 5975: 5964:. Retrieved 5962:. 2006-06-04 5954: 5946:Google Books 5944:– via 5938:. Retrieved 5923: 5916: 5906:– via 5900:. Retrieved 5889: 5880: 5857: 5851: 5839:. Retrieved 5835:the original 5828: 5819: 5811: 5806: 5787: 5781: 5769:. Retrieved 5754: 5744: 5732:. Retrieved 5721: 5711: 5699:. Retrieved 5675: 5663:. Retrieved 5652: 5643: 5631:. Retrieved 5611: 5604: 5592:. Retrieved 5588:the original 5578: 5567:. Retrieved 5553: 5541:. Retrieved 5532: 5523: 5511:. Retrieved 5497: 5487: 5472: 5453: 5442:. Retrieved 5440:. 2010-06-21 5437: 5428: 5417:. Retrieved 5403: 5392:. Retrieved 5378: 5366:. Retrieved 5351: 5341: 5332: 5326: 5314:. Retrieved 5301: 5292: 5280:. Retrieved 5269: 5260: 5248:. Retrieved 5239: 5230: 5218:. Retrieved 5209: 5200: 5188:. Retrieved 5179: 5170: 5158:. Retrieved 5149: 5140: 5128:. Retrieved 5119: 5109: 5097:. Retrieved 5088: 5079: 5067:. Retrieved 5058: 5049: 5037:. 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On radio; 3515:RTÉ News Now 3500: 3492: 3463: 3451: 3445: 3442:human rights 3439: 3437:since 1956. 3421: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3359: 3328:Eventually, 3327: 3316: 3312:broadcasting 3307: 3305: 3275: 3159:Lower Saxony 3128:World War II 3125: 3104:. 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