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738:"he reforms of the 1990s were mainly the work of the advisers brought in under then president Boris Yeltsin. Fearing that the population might soon have a change of heart and turn its back on reform, Yegor Gaidar and Anatoly Chubais, the chief Russian architects of the process, decided to accelerate it, selling off state resources and enterprises at little or no charge. Not long into the process, ownership of some of Russia's most valuable resources was auctioned off by oligarch-owned banks under a scheme called "Loans for Shares." Although they were supposedly acting on behalf of the state, the bank auctioneers rigged the process-and in almost every case ended up as the successful bidders. This was how Khodorkovsky got a 78 percent share of ownership in Yukos, worth about $ 5 billion, for a mere $ 310 million, and how Boris Berezovsky got Sibneft, another oil giant, worth $ 3 billion, for about $ 100 million. he government was generally unable to exercise much control. Since the state was very weak, these "new Russians" paid little or no taxes on their purchases."
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revert towards a
Communist resurgence if progress was not maintained, and that in light of these concerns, the long term political goals of democratization and asset distribution from state hands to private ownership might have been deemed more important than possible short term gains from the asset sales: "f that meant undervaluing State assets then so be it".
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and lacked competition, being largely controlled by favored insiders with political connections or used for the benefit of the commercial banks themselves. As neither the loans nor the leased enterprises were returned in time, this effectively became a form of selling, or privatizing, state assets at
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The scheme was structured in a manner that made
Yeltsin's victory a strong interest of the investors involved. The two-stage program was structured so that the loans would be allocated before the election, but the auction of the shares could only take place after the election, making it of financial
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A "less cynical" interpretation was proposed by
Professor of political science and international studies, Russell Bova, who offered as an alternative, that Chubais may have been motivated by concerns that privatization would fail, that in the face of mid-1990s economic difficulty, the country might
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On August 31, 1995, Yeltsin held an initial meeting attended by ten
Russian business moguls about banking issues. In his remarks, Yeltsin made comments about his belief that the banks should have a political role. "Russian bankers take part in the country’s political life. … The banks, like all of
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in Russia and contributing to political instability. In the medium term, this scheme impeded
Russian growth; the oligarchs, realizing that their purchases could be seen as fraudulent by future governments, attempted to strip assets from the government enterprises rather than build them up.
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The loans-for-shares auctions in
November–December 1995 allowed the more conspicuous of "the oligarchs", as they were now known, to reposition as captains of industry. Initially dreamt up by Vladimir Potanin of Oneximbank, this privatization scheme was backed by Chubais but also by Kremlin
758:"Much of the second wave of privatization that did take place—in particular, the "loans-for-shares" scheme, in which major Russian banks obtained shares in firms with strong potential as collateral for loans to the state—turned into a fraudulent shambles, which drew criticism from many"
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To make companies whose shares were sold by the government profitable, the new investors sought to restructure them and install a western-style management approach by eliminating communist
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and lacked competition, being largely controlled by favored insiders with political connections or used for the benefit of the commercial banks themselves.
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and endorsed by
Chubais, then a deputy prime minister, whereby some of the largest state industrial assets (including state-owned shares in
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and restructuring freshly-sold companies at the same time (in order to outweigh communist sympathizers as one source speculated).
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conservatives like
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The scheme implementation ultimately resulted in the emergence of an influential class of enterprise owners, known as
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing
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State-Building in Russia: The
Yeltsin Legacy and the Challenge of the Future
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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Loans-for-shares auctions held in Russia in November-December 1995
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Privatization in Transition Economies: The Ongoing Story
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to this template: there are already 932 articles in the
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adopted a "loans-for-shares" scheme proposed by banker
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who was linked to USAID program managed by head of the
1313:- John Nellis, pub. in the quarterly magazine of the
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Time to Rethink Privatization in Transition Economies?
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concern for them that Yeltsin would win the election.
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NPF «Surgutneftegas» (guarantor — ONEXIM Bank)
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a machine-translated version of the Russian article.
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1834:The Oligarchs: Wealth and Power in the New Russia
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595:company) and even some targeted investments from
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1172:Hockstader, Lee; Hoffman, David (July 7, 1996).
1329:p.35, ed. Gordon B. Smith, quote by Russel Bova
923:MFK Bank (effectively a consortium of MFK and «
608:Harvard Institute for International Development
591:(who made a loan for a small percentage of the
177:accompanying your translation by providing an
122:Click for important translation instructions.
109:expand this article with text translated from
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1271:- ed. Ira W. Lieberman, Daniel J. Kopf, p.112
1174:"Yeltsin Campaign Rose from Tears to Triumph"
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189:{{Translated|ru|Залоговые аукционы в России}}
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412:"Circling over Shannon" diplomatic incident
1398:Economic history of the Russian Federation
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80:Learn how and when to remove this message
1946:Boris Yeltsin 1996 presidential campaign
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1009:Novorossiysk Shipping Company (Novoship)
998:ZAO «Laguna» (effectively MENATEP Bank)
43:This article includes a list of general
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646:Russia, are learning democracy."
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187:You may also add the template
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765:Center for Global Development
1915:Killing of Vladimir Petukhov
1840:List of Russian billionaires
1464:Petroleum industry in Russia
1286:Council on Foreign Relations
1250:"Loans for Shares Revisited"
1207:"The Harvard Boys Do Russia"
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1885:Russia–Ukraine relations
1569:Viatcheslav Moshe Kantor
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563:1996 reelection campaign
388:1st Chernomyrdin Cabinet
229:This article is part of
1941:Privatization in Russia
1880:Israel–Russia relations
1875:Cyprus–Russia relations
1413:Loans for shares scheme
1367:Privatization in Russia
1129:Privatization in Russia
948:MFK Bank (effectively «
684:In 1995, facing severe
555:loans for shares scheme
474:Death and state funeral
198:For more guidance, see
64:more precise citations.
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294:27th Central Committee
1564:Konstantin Kagalovsky
1042:Oil Financial Company
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656:Mikhail Khodorkovskii
200:Knowledge:Translation
171:copyright attribution
1971:Corruption in Russia
1956:Mikhail Khodorkovsky
1855:Liberalism in Russia
1619:Mikhael Mirilashvili
1584:Mikhail Khodorkovsky
1046:Capital Savings Bank
1044:» (guarantor —
692:, the government of
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1850:Ukrainian oligarchs
1684:Vladimir Vinogradov
1659:Alexander Smolensky
1179:The Washington Post
1149:Richard Morningstar
950:Renaissance Capital
545:Beginning in 1995,
459:Presidential Center
446:International trips
408:International trips
1599:Iskander Makhmudov
1554:Mikhail Gutseriyev
1436:Goskomimushchestvo
1248:(September 2010).
570:Letter of thirteen
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593:Sibneft oil
573: [
559:fundraising
551:privatizing
441:Resignation
420:Second term
398:1993 crisis
383:August Coup
62:introducing
1935:Categories
1803:SUAL Group
1722:Alfa Group
1374:Background
1224:2021-06-19
1211:The Nation
1159:References
1116:wealth gap
925:Alfa Group
589:World Bank
367:First term
264:Yeltsinism
259:Presidency
254:Early life
113:in Russian
45:references
1726:Alfa-Bank
1693:Companies
1519:Petr Aven
1488:Oligarchs
1219:0027-8378
307:Elections
193:talk page
145:Consider
70:July 2018
1826:See also
1748:Interros
1123:See also
1097:NaftaFin
846:MFK Bank
794:received
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331:campaign
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1702:Sibneft
1296:27 June
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469:Illness
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819:170.1
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666:, and
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587:) and
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1808:Rusal
1717:Yukos
1253:(PDF)
1135:Notes
1095:ZAO «
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910:(now
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792:Funds
783:Date
706:Yukos
664:Yukos
597:USAID
577:]
136:DeepL
1419:Blat
1298:2015
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289:26th
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