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1762:, where the cats have better access to water, prey and shelter (via vegetation). The area occupied by a pride is called a "pride area" whereas that occupied by a nomad is a "range". Males associated with a pride patrol the fringes. Both males and females defend the pride against intruders, but the male lion is better-suited for this purpose due to its stockier, more powerful build. Some individuals consistently lead the defense against intruders, while others lag behind. Lions tend to assume specific roles in the pride; slower-moving individuals may provide other valuable services to the group. Alternatively, there may be rewards associated with being a leader that fends off intruders; the rank of lionesses in the pride is reflected in these responses. The male or males associated with the pride must defend their relationship with the pride from outside males who may attempt to usurp them.
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1995:
2137:, perhaps because females do not become fertile and receptive until their cubs mature or die. Females often fiercely defend their cubs from a usurping male but are rarely successful unless a group of three or four mothers within a pride join forces against the male. Cubs also die from starvation and abandonment, and predation by leopards, hyenas and wild dogs. Male cubs are excluded from their maternal pride when they reach maturity at around two or three years of age, while some females may leave when they reach the age of two. When a new male lion takes over a pride, adolescents both male and female may be evicted.
2016:, lions subsist largely on kills stolen from hyenas, causing them to increase their kill rate. In Botswana's Chobe National Park, the situation is reversed as hyenas there frequently challenge lions and steal their kills, obtaining food from 63% of all lion kills. When confronted on a kill, hyenas may either leave or wait patiently at a distance of 30–100 m (98–328 ft) until the lions have finished. Hyenas may feed alongside lions and force them off a kill. The two species attack one another even when there is no food involved for no apparent reason. Lions can account for up to 71% of hyena deaths in
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leftovers. Large kills are shared more widely among pride members. An adult lioness requires an average of about 5 kg (11 lb) of meat per day while males require about 7 kg (15 lb). Lions gorge themselves and eat up to 30 kg (66 lb) in one session. If it is unable to consume all of the kill, it rests for a few hours before continuing to eat. On hot days, the pride retreats to shade with one or two males standing guard. Lions defend their kills from scavengers such as vultures and hyenas.
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lion cubs lack confidence when confronted with adults other than their mother. They soon begin to immerse themselves in the pride life, however, playing among themselves or attempting to initiate play with the adults. Lionesses with cubs of their own are more likely to be tolerant of another lioness's cubs than lionesses without cubs. Male tolerance of the cubs varies—one male could patiently let the cubs play with his tail or his mane, while another may snarl and bat the cubs away.
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prey fleeing from other lionesses. Males attached to prides do not usually participate in group hunting. Some evidence suggests, however, that males are just as successful as females; they are typically solo hunters who ambush prey in small bushland. They may join in the hunting of large, slower-moving prey like buffalo; and even hunt them on their own. Moderately-sized hunting groups generally have higher success rates than lone females and larger groups.
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competitors by hunting at different times and habitats. Leopards, by contrast, do not appear to be motivated by an avoidance of lions, as they use heavy vegetation regardless of whether lions are present in an area and both cats are active around the same time of day. In addition, there is no evidence that lions effect leopard abundance. Leopards take refuge in trees, though lionesses occasionally attempt to climb up and retrieve their kills.
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are born blind, their eyes opening around seven days after birth. They weigh 1.2–2.1 kg (2.6–4.6 lb) at birth and are almost helpless, beginning to crawl a day or two after birth and walking around three weeks of age. To avoid a buildup of scent attracting the attention of predators, the lioness moves her cubs to a new den site several times a month, carrying them one-by-one by the nape of the neck.
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1304:, which fade as the cub reaches adulthood, although faint spots may still be seen on the legs and underparts. The tail of all lions ends in a dark, hairy tuft that, in some lions, conceals an approximately 5 mm (0.20 in)-long, hard "spine" or "spur" that is formed from the final, fused sections of tail bone. The functions of the spur are unknown. The tuft is absent at birth and develops at around
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their numbers are rapidly decreasing, and fell by an estimated 30–50% in the late half of the 20th century. Primary causes of the decline include disease and human interference. In 1975, it was estimated that since the 1950s, lion numbers had decreased by half to 200,000 or fewer. Estimates of the
African lion population range between 16,500 and 47,000 living in the wild in 2002–2004.
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decay, is not favoured by all researchers; an analysis of teeth and jaws of man-eating lions in museum collections suggests that while tooth decay may explain some incidents, prey depletion in human-dominated areas is a more likely cause of lion predation on humans. Sick or injured animals may be more prone to man-eating but the behaviour is not unusual, nor necessarily aberrant.
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and 52,000 years ago. Due to the expansion of the Sahara between 83,100 and 26,600 years ago, lion populations in West and North Africa became separated. As the rainforest decreased and thus gave rise to more open habitats, lions moved from West to
Central Africa. Lions from North Africa dispersed to southern Europe and Asia between 38,800 and 8,300 years ago.
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equal chance of survival, and sucklings are not dominated by older cubs. Weaning occurs after six or seven months. Male lions reach maturity at about three years of age and at four to five years are capable of challenging and displacing adult males associated with another pride. They begin to age and weaken at between 10 and 15 years of age at the latest.
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48–59 km/h (30–37 mph) and need to be close to their prey before starting the attack. One study in 2018 recorded a lion running at a top speed of 74.1 km/h (46.0 mph). They take advantage of factors that reduce visibility; many kills take place near some form of cover or at night. The lion accelerates at the start of the chase by 9.5
2677:; although his designs were popular, the use of bars and caged enclosures prevailed in many zoos until the 1960s. In the late 20th century, larger, more natural enclosures and the use of wire mesh or laminated glass instead of lowered dens allowed visitors to come closer than ever to the animals; some attractions such as the Cat Forest/Lion Overlook of
2331:, meowing and roaring. Other sounds produced include purring, puffing, bleating and humming. Roaring is used to advertise its presence. Lions most often roar at night, a sound that can be heard from a distance of 8 kilometres (5 mi). They tend to roar in a very characteristic manner starting with a few deep, long roars that subside into grunts.
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consistently interact with multiple males at once. Another hypothesis suggests that the mane also serves to protect the neck in fights, but this is disputed. During fights, including those involving maneless females and adolescents, the neck is not targeted as much as the face, back, and hindquarters. Injured lions also begin to lose their manes.
2187:) in 1962, resulting in lions becoming emaciated and covered in bloody, bare patches. Lions sought unsuccessfully to evade the biting flies by climbing trees or crawling into hyena burrows; many died or migrated and the local population dropped from 70 to 15 individuals. A more recent outbreak in 2001 killed six lions.
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acts as the central display of circus shows and entered public consciousness in the early 20th century with cinema. In demonstrating the superiority of human over animal, lion taming served a purpose similar to animal fights of previous centuries. The ultimate proof of a tamer's dominance and control
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Pride lionesses often synchronise their reproductive cycles and communal rearing and suckling of the young, which suckle indiscriminately from any or all of the nursing females in the pride. The synchronisation of births is advantageous because the cubs grow to being roughly the same size and have an
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of males to females. Males with darker manes appear to have greater reproductive success and are more likely to remain in a pride for longer. They have longer and thicker hair and higher testosterone levels, but they are also more vulnerable to heat stress. Unlike in other felid species, female lions
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Manuel, M. d.; Barnett, R.; Sandoval-Velasco, M.; Yamaguchi, N.; Vieira, F. G.; Mendoza, M. L. Z.; Liu, S.; Martin, M. D.; Sinding, M-S. S.; Mak, S. S. T.; Carøe, C.; Liu, S.; Guo, C.; Zheng, J.; Zazula, G.; Baryshnikov, G.; Eizirik, E.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Johnson, W. E.; Antunes, A.; Sicheritz-Ponten,
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Lions may live 12–17 years in the wild. Although adult lions have no natural predators, evidence suggests most die violently from attacks by humans or other lions. Lions often inflict serious injuries on members of other prides they encounter in territorial disputes or members of the home pride when
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Usually, the mother does not integrate herself and her cubs back into the pride until the cubs are six to eight weeks old. Sometimes the introduction to pride life occurs earlier, particularly if other lionesses have given birth at about the same time. When first introduced to the rest of the pride,
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up to around 15 years old in exceptional cases, with the victims being calves, juveniles, and even subadults. In typical hunts, each lioness has a favoured position in the group, either stalking prey on the "wing", then attacking, or moving a smaller distance in the centre of the group and capturing
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The male lion's mane is the most recognisable feature of the species. It may have evolved around 320,000–190,000 years ago. It grows downwards and backwards, covering most of the head, neck, shoulders, and chest. The mane is typically brownish and tinged with yellow, rust, and black hairs. It starts
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and started to diverge in sub-Saharan Africa during the Late
Pleistocene. Lion populations in East and Southern Africa became separated from populations in West and North Africa when the equatorial rainforest expanded 183,500 to 81,800 years ago. They shared a common ancestor probably between 98,000
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were taken by lions over nine months during the construction of a bridge in Kenya. The hunter who killed the lions wrote a book detailing the animals' predatory behaviour; they were larger than normal and lacked manes, and one seemed to suffer from tooth decay. The infirmity theory, including tooth
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Lions are part of a group of exotic animals that have been central to zoo exhibits since the late 18th century. Although many modern zoos are more selective about their exhibits, there are more than 1,000 African and 100 Asiatic lions in zoos and wildlife parks around the world. They are considered
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Several large and well-managed protected areas in Africa host large lion populations. Where an infrastructure for wildlife tourism has been developed, cash revenue for park management and local communities is a strong incentive for lion conservation. Most lions now live in East and
Southern Africa;
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days; the female gives birth to a litter of between one and four cubs in a secluded den, which may be a thicket, a reed-bed, a cave, or some other sheltered area, usually away from the pride. She will often hunt alone while the cubs are still helpless, staying relatively close to the den. Lion cubs
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Bertola, L. D.; Van Hooft, W. F.; Vrieling, K.; Uit De Weerd, D. R.; York, D. S.; Bauer, H.; Prins, H. H. T.; Funston, P. J.; Udo De Haes, H. A.; Leirs, H.; Van
Haeringen, W. A.; Sogbohossou, E.; Tumenta, P. N. & De Iongh, H. H. (2011). "Genetic diversity, evolutionary history and implications
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Manuel, M. d.; Ross, B.; Sandoval-Velasco, M.; Yamaguchi, N.; Vieira, F. G.; Mendoza, M. L. Z.; Liu, S.; Martin, M. D.; Sinding, M.-H. S.; Mak, S. S. T.; Carøe, C.; Liu, S.; Guo, C.; Zheng, J.; Zazula, G.; Baryshnikov, G.; Eizirik, E.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Johnson, W. E.; Antunes, A.; Sicheritz-Ponten,
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Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O'Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.;
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Lion hunting has occurred since ancient times and was often a royal tradition, intended to demonstrate the power of the king over nature. Such hunts took place in a reserved area in front of an audience. The monarch was accompanied by his men and controls were put in place to increase their safety
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among primates. Head rubbing, nuzzling the forehead, face and neck against another lion appears to be a form of greeting and is seen often after an animal has been apart from others or after a fight or confrontation. Males tend to rub other males, while cubs and females rub females. Social licking
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when the opportunity arises, scavenging animals dead from natural causes such as disease or those that were killed by other predators. Scavenging lions keep a constant lookout for circling vultures, which indicate the death or distress of an animal. Most carrion on which both hyenas and lions feed
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accelerate by 5 m/s², 5.6 m/s² and 4.5 m/s², respectively; acceleration appears to be more important than steady displacement speed in lion hunts. The lion's attack is short and powerful; it attempts to catch prey with a fast rush and final leap, usually pulls it down by the rump, and kills with a
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Young lions first display stalking behaviour at around three months of age, although they do not participate in hunting until they are almost a year old and begin to hunt effectively when nearing the age of two. Single lions are capable of bringing down zebra and wildebeest, while larger prey like
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for the
Asiatic lion to increase its chances of survival. In 1987, it was found that most lions in North American zoos were hybrids between African and Asiatic lions. Breeding programs need to note origins of the participating animals to avoid cross-breeding different subspecies and thus reducing
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revealed that nomadic coalitions gain residency at between 3.5 and 7.3 years of age. In Kruger
National Park, dispersing male lions move more than 25 km (16 mi) away from their natal pride in search of their own territory. Female lions stay closer to their natal pride. Therefore, female
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In 2005, Lion
Conservation Strategies were developed for West and Central Africa, and or East and Southern Africa. The strategies seek to maintain suitable habitat, ensure a sufficient wild prey base for lions, reduce factors that lead to further fragmentation of populations, and make lion–human
2011:
occupy a similar ecological niche and compete for prey and carrion; a review of data across several studies indicates a dietary overlap of 58.6%. Lions typically ignore hyenas unless they are on a kill or are being harassed, while the latter tend to visibly react to the presence of lions with or
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The lion is one of the most widely recognised animal symbols in human culture. It has been extensively depicted in sculptures and paintings, on national flags, and in contemporary films and literature. It is considered to be the monarch of the beasts; symbolizing power, royalty and protection.
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was considered a lion stronghold in the 1990s. By 2014, no lions were recorded in the protected area so the population is considered locally extinct. The West
African lion population is isolated from the one in Central Africa, with little or no exchange of breeding individuals. In 2015, it was
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and leopards, steal their kills and kill their cubs and even adults when given the chance. Cheetahs often lose their kills to lions or other predators. A study in the
Serengeti ecosystem revealed that lions killed at least 17 of 125 cheetah cubs born between 1987 and 1990. Cheetahs avoid their
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Lions typically consume prey at the location of the hunt but sometimes drag large prey into cover. They tend to squabble over kills, particularly the males. Cubs suffer most when food is scarce but otherwise all pride members eat their fill, including old and crippled lions, which can live on
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Asiatic lion prides differ in group composition. Male Asiatic lions are solitary or associate with up to three males, forming a loose pride while females associate with up to 12 other females, forming a stronger pride together with their cubs. Female and male lions associate only when mating.
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near the Mozambican border. While the expansion of villages into bush country is one concern, the authors argue conservation policy must mitigate the danger because in this case, conservation contributes directly to human deaths. Cases in Lindi in which lions seize humans from the centres of
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Lions are not particularly known for their stamina. For instance, a lioness's heart comprises only 0.57% of her body weight and a male's is about 0.45% of his body weight, whereas a hyena's heart comprises almost 1% of its body weight. Thus, lions run quickly only in short bursts at about
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Nomadic lions range widely and move around sporadically, either in pairs or alone. Pairs are more frequent among related males. A lion may switch lifestyles; nomads can become residents and vice versa. Interactions between prides and nomads tend to be hostile, although pride females in
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Salis, Alexander T.; Bray, Sarah C. E.; Lee, Michael S. Y.; Heiniger, Holly; Barnett, Ross; Burns, James A.; Doronichev, Vladimir; Fedje, Daryl; Golovanova, Liubov; Harington, C. Richard; Hockett, Bryan; Kosintsev, Pavel; Lai, Xulong; Mackie, Quentin; Vasiliev, Sergei (December 2022).
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in lion samples from East and Southern Africa, which indicates that this group has a longer evolutionary history than genetically less diverse lion samples from Asia and West and Central Africa. A whole genome-wide sequence of lion samples showed that samples from West Africa shared
1562:. Savannahs with an annual rainfall of 300 to 1,500 mm (12 to 59 in) make up the majority of lion habitat in Africa, estimated at 3,390,821 km (1,309,203 sq mi) at most, but remnant populations are also present in tropical moist forests in West Africa and
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often occurs in tandem with head rubbing; it is generally mutual and the recipient appears to express pleasure. The head and neck are the most common parts of the body licked; this behaviour may have arisen out of utility because lions cannot lick these areas themselves.
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According to Robert R. Frump, Mozambican refugees regularly crossing Kruger National Park, South Africa, at night are attacked and eaten by lions; park officials have said man-eating is a problem there. Frump said thousands may have been killed in the decades after
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with samples from Southern Africa, and samples from Central Africa shared alleles with samples from Asia. This phenomenon indicates that Central Africa was a melting pot of lion populations after they had become isolated, possibly migrating through corridors in the
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has been systematically examined. American and Tanzanian scientists report that man-eating behaviour in rural areas of Tanzania increased greatly from 1990 to 2005. At least 563 villagers were attacked and many eaten over this period. The incidents occurred near
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virus (CDV) since at least the mid-1970s. CDV is spread by domestic dogs and other carnivores; a 1994 outbreak in Serengeti National Park resulted in many lions developing neurological symptoms such as seizures. During the outbreak, several lions died from
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The presence of numerous human settlements close to Gir National Park resulted in conflict between lions, local people and their livestock. Some consider the presence of lions a benefit, as they keep populations of crop damaging herbivores in check.
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However, there seems to be some degree of overlap between both groups in northern Central Africa. DNA analysis from a more recent study indicates that Central African lions are derived from both northern and southern lions, as they cluster with
1726:. The average pride consists of around 15 lions, including several adult females and up to four males and their cubs of both sexes. Large prides, consisting of up to 30 individuals, have been observed. The sole exception to this pattern is the
9141:
Roelke-Parker, M. E.; Munson, L.; Packer, C.; Kock, R.; Cleaveland, S.; Carpenter, M.; O'Brien, S. J.; Pospischil, A.; Hofmann-Lehmann, R.; L., Hans; Mwanengele, G. L. M.; Mgasa, M. N.; Machange, G. A.; Summers, B. A.; Appel, M. J. G. (1996).
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Bertola, L. D.; Jongbloed, H.; Van Der Gaag, K. J.; De Knijff, P.; Yamaguchi, N.; Hooghiemstra, H.; Bauer, H.; Henschel, P.; White, P. A.; Driscoll, C. A.; Tende, T.; Ottosson, U.; Saidu, Y.; Vrieling, K. & de Iongh, H. H. (2016).
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2039:, taking their kills and dispatching pups or adult dogs. Population densities of wild dogs are low in areas where lions are more abundant. However, there are a few reported cases of old and wounded lions falling prey to wild dogs.
1527:. Nevertheless, 17 births have been recorded in five prides between 2007 and 2015. White lions are selected for breeding in captivity. They have reportedly been bred in camps in South Africa for use as trophies to be killed during
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Lions spend much of their time resting; they are inactive for about twenty hours per day. Although lions can be active at any time, their activity generally peaks after dusk with a period of socialising, grooming, and defecating.
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since 1996 because populations in African countries have declined by about 43% since the early 1990s. Lion populations are untenable outside designated protected areas. Although the cause of the decline is not fully understood,
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levels increase, and reach their full size at around four years old. Cool ambient temperatures in European and North American zoos may result in a heavier mane. On average, Asiatic lions have sparser manes than African lions.
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1722:". Groups of male lions are called "coalitions". Females form the stable social unit in a pride and do not tolerate outside females. The majority of females remain in their birth prides while all males and some females will
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cluster genetically with those from Cameroon and Chad, while lions from other areas of Ethiopia cluster with samples from East Africa. Researchers, therefore, assume Ethiopia is a contact zone between the two subspecies.
10345:"Multi-institutional survey of social, management, husbandry and environmental factors for the SSP African lion Panthera leo population: examining the effects of a breeding moratorium in relation to reproductive success"
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Among felids, the lion is second only to the tiger in size. The size and weight of adult lions vary across its range and habitats. Accounts of a few individuals that were larger than average exist from Africa and India.
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Coalitions of males hold territory for a longer time than single lions. Males in coalitions of three or four individuals exhibit a pronounced hierarchy, in which one male dominates the others and mates more frequently.
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Lions imported to Europe before the middle of the 19th century were possibly foremost Barbary lions from North Africa, or Cape lions from Southern Africa. Another 11 animals thought to be Barbary lions kept in
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and in Southwest Asia until the late 19th century. By the late 19th century, it had been extirpated in most of Turkey. The last live lion in Iran was sighted in 1942, about 65 km (40 mi) northwest of
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region and broader nasal openings than those of the tiger. Due to the amount of skull variation in the two species, usually only the structure of the lower jaw can be used as a reliable indicator of species.
2490:. By 2015, the population had grown to 523 individuals inhabiting an area of 7,000 km (2,700 sq mi) in Saurashtra. In 2017, about 650 individuals were recorded during the Asiatic Lion Census.
2316:, which a lion makes when sniffing chemical signals and involves an open mouth with bared teeth, raised muzzle, wrinkled nose, closed eyes and relaxed ears. Lions also use chemical and visual marking; males
528:
One of the most widely recognised animal symbols in human culture, the lion has been extensively depicted in sculptures and paintings, on national flags, and in literature and films. Lions have been kept in
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have traditionally viewed the killing of lions as a rite of passage. Historically, lions were hunted by individuals, however, due to reduced lion populations, elders discourage solo lion hunts. During the
4949:; Yamaguchi, N.; Higham, T. F. G.; Wheeler, H. T.; Rosendahl, W.; Sher, A. V.; Sotnikova, M.; Kuznetsova, T.; Baryshnikov, G. F.; Martin, L. D.; Harington, C. R.; Burns, J. A. & Cooper, A. (2009).
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latest by 11,900 years ago. Bone fragments excavated in European, North Asian, Canadian and Alaskan caves indicate that it ranged from Europe across Siberia into western Alaska. It likely derived from
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Miller, J. R. B.; Pitman, R. T.; Mann, G. K. H.; Fuller, A. K.; Balme, G. A. (2018). "Lions and leopards coexist without spatial, temporal or demographic effects of interspecific competition".
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estimated that this population consists of about 400 animals, including fewer than 250 mature individuals. They persist in three protected areas in the region, mostly in one population in the
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457:, forming groups called prides. A lion's pride consists of a few adult males, related females, and cubs. Groups of female lions usually hunt together, preying mostly on medium-sized and large
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Hazzah, L.; Borgerhoof Mulder, M.; Frank, L. (2009). "Lions and warriors: Social factors underlying declining African lion populations and the effect of incentive-based management in Kenya".
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of England. The male's mane makes it a particularly recognisable feature and thus has been represented more than the female. Nevertheless, the lioness has also had importance as a guardian.
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Marciszak, A.; Ivanoff, D. V.; Semenov, Y. A.; Talamo, S.; Ridush, B.; Stupak, A.; Yanish, Y. & Kovalchuk, O. (2022). "The Quaternary lions of Ukraine and a trend of decreasing size in
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sealed the park and forced refugees to cross the park at night. For nearly a century before the border was sealed, Mozambicans had regularly crossed the park in daytime with little harm.
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Mammals as predators: the proceedings of a symposium held by the Zoological Society of London and the Mammal Society, London. Volume 65 of Symposia of the Zoological Society of London
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coexistence sustainable. Lion depredation on livestock is significantly reduced in areas where herders keep livestock in improved enclosures. Such measures contribute to mitigating
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The evolution of sociability in lions was likely driven both by high population density and the clumped resources of savannah habitats. The larger the pride, the more high-quality
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Wilson, A. M.; Hubel, T. Y.; Wilshin, S. D.; Lowe, J. C.; Lorenc, M.; Dewhirst, O. P.; Bartlam-Brooks, H. L.; Diack, R.; Bennitt, E.; Golabek, K. A. & Woledge, R. C. (2018).
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The skeletal muscles of the lion make up 58.8% of its body weight and represent the highest percentage of muscles among mammals. The lion has a high concentration of glycolytic
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Tumenta, P. N.; Kok, J. S.; van Rijssel, J. C.; Buij, R.; Croes, B. M.; Funston, P. J.; de Iongh, H. H.; de Haes, H. A. Udo (2009). "Threat of rapid extermination of the lion (
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of Morocco. However, a genetic analysis showed that the captive lions at Addis Ababa Zoo were not Barbary lions, but rather closely related to wild lions in Chad and Cameroon.
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When resting, lion socialisation occurs through a number of behaviours; the animal's expressive movements are highly developed. The most common peaceful, tactile gestures are
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Extinction of lions in southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East interrupted gene flow between lion populations in Asia and Africa. Genetic evidence revealed numerous
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Green, D. S.; Johnson-Ulrich, L.; Couraud, H. E.; Holekamp, K. E. (2018). "Anthropogenic disturbance induces opposing population trends in spotted hyenas and African lions".
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designed enclosures with concrete "rocks", more open space and a moat instead of bars, more closely resembling a natural habitat. Hagenbeck designed lion enclosures for both
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Rarely, lionesses (in the wild and in captivity) have been observed to grow manes. Increased testosterone may be the cause of maned lionesses reported in northern Botswana.
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an ambassador species and are kept for tourism, education and conservation purposes. Lions can live over twenty years in captivity; for example, three sibling lions at the
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fighting at a kill. Crippled lions and cubs may fall victim to hyenas and leopards or be trampled by buffalo or elephants. Careless lions may be maimed when hunting prey.
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2551:. Wild-born lions were imported to American zoos from Africa between 1989 and 1995. Breeding was continued in 1998 in the frame of an African lion Species Survival Plan.
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substantial villages have been documented. Another study of 1,000 people attacked by lions in southern Tanzania between 1988 and 2009 found that the weeks following the
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Barnett, R.; Mendoza, M. L. Z.; Soares, A. E. R.; Ho, S. Y. W.; Zazula, G.; Yamaguchi, N.; Shapiro, B.; Kirillova, I. V.; Larson, G. & Gilbert, M. T. P. (2016).
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3001:, god of the air, was depicted kneeing between two lions while holding a headrest. The lions mark where the sun rises and sets and symbolise yesterday and tomorrow.
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in 2006 were of unknown origin; these animals might have carried genes that are extinct in the wild and may therefore be important to the maintenance of the overall
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The lion's repertoire of vocalisations is large; variations in intensity and pitch appear to be central to communication. Most lion vocalisations are variations of
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The lion is a muscular, broad-chested cat with a short, rounded head, a reduced neck, and round ears; males have broader heads. The fur varies in colour from light
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11299:
10151:"Using ancient DNA techniques to identify the origin of unprovenanced museum specimens, as illustrated by the identification of a 19th century lion from Amsterdam"
5282:(PhD). Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. p. 8–10.
3902:
8756:
Pacifici, M.; Santini, L.; Di Marco, M.; Baisero, D.; Francucci, L.; Grottolo Marasini, G.; Visconti, P.; Rondinini, C. (2013). "Generation length for mammals".
2434:. These were the first sightings of lions in the country in 39 years. In the same year, a population of up to 200 lions that was previously thought to have been
6486:
Riggio, J.; Jacobson, A.; Dollar, L.; Bauer, H.; Becker, M.; Dickman, A.; Funston, P.; Groom, R.; Henschel, P.; de Iongh, H.; Lichtenfeld, L.; Pimm, S. (2013).
17685:
10258:
O'Brien, S. J.; Joslin, P.; Smith, G. L. III; Wolfe, R.; Schaffer, N.; Heath, E.; Ott-Joslin, J.; Rawal, P. P.; Bhattacharjee, K. K.; Martenson, J. S. (1987).
4521:
2965:
which also means "aggressive", "king" and "strong". In parts of West and East Africa, the lion is associated with healing and provides the connection between
2474:
in Gujarat State, India. The population has risen from approximately 180 lions in 1974 to about 400 in 2010. It is geographically isolated, which can lead to
10069:
1192:
between the two lineages, indicating that they did not share the same geographic area. The Eurasian and American cave lions became extinct at the end of the
10449:
10418:
6260:
11394:
10504:
7230:
2716:
over a lion is demonstrated by the placing of the tamer's head in the lion's mouth. The now-iconic lion tamer's chair was possibly first used by American
10259:
8380:
1597:, around 8,000-6,000 years ago, the range of lions expanded into Southeastern and Eastern Europe, partially re-occupying the range of the now extinct
10219:
Bruche, S.; Gusset, M.; Lippold, S.; Barnett, R.; Eulenberger, K.; Junhold, J.; Driscoll, C. A.; Hofreiter, M. (2012). "A genetically distinct lion (
7951:
Mammals as Predators: The Proceedings of a Symposium Held by The Zoological Society of London and Mammal Society: London, 22nd and 23rd November 1991
7034:
Hanby, J. P. & Bygott, J. D. (1979). "Population changes in lions and other predators". In Sinclair, A. R. E. & Norton-Griffiths, M. (eds.).
10734:
7815:
7445:. Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki: US Agency for International Development, Conservation of Biodiverse Resource Areas Project, 623-0247-C-00-3002-00.
1877:
are the most common wild prey, while livestock contributes significantly to lion kills outside protected areas. It usually avoids fully grown adult
10387:
9739:
9525:
5383:
8331:
7756:
4520:
Burger, J.; Rosendahl, W.; Loreille, O.; Hemmer, H.; Eriksson, T.; Götherström, A.; Hiller, J.; Collins, M. J.; Wess, T. & Alt, K. W. (2004).
17229:
11527:
3425:
Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
2426:, where between approximately 14 and 21 animals persisted as of 2009. In addition, 50 to 150 lions are estimated to be present in Burkina Faso's
9993:
Venkataraman, M. (2016). "Wildlife and human impacts in the Gir landscape". In Agrawal, P.K; Verghese, A.; Krishna, S.R.; Subaharan, K. (eds.).
3375:
Nicholson, S.; Bauer, H.; Strampelli, P.; Sogbohossou, E.; Ikanda, D.; Tumenta, P. F.; Venktraman, M.; Chapron, G. & Loveridge, A. (2024) .
2985:, lions were linked both with the sun and the waters of the Nile. Several gods were conceived as being partially lion including the war deities
16410:
6547:
2312:
Lions have an array of facial expressions and body postures that serve as visual gestures. A common facial expression is the "grimace face" or
1718:
The lion is the most social of all wild felid species, living in groups of related individuals with their offspring. Such a group is called a "
1321:
Its skull is very similar to that of the tiger, although the frontal region is usually more depressed and flattened and has a slightly shorter
9802:
17307:
17281:
16481:
10134:
Meena, V. (2016). "Wildlife and human impacts in the Gir landscape". In Agrawal, P.K.; Verghese, A.; Radhakrishna, S.; Subaharan, K. (eds.).
5283:
6326:
1841:
and is considered to be both an apex and keystone predator due to its wide prey spectrum. Its prey consists mainly of medium-sized to large
504:
period, the lion ranged throughout Africa and Eurasia, from Southeast Europe to India, but it has been reduced to fragmented populations in
9492:
7916:
5771:
Chellam, R. and A. J. T. Johnsingh (1993). "Management of Asiatic lions in the Gir Forest, India". In Dunstone, N.; Gorman, M. L. (eds.).
4154:
T.; Gopalakrishnan, S.; Larson, G.; Yang, H.; O'Brien, S. J.; Hansen, A. J.; Zhang, G.; Marques-Bonet, T. & Gilbert, M. T. P. (2020).
4025:
T.; Gopalakrishnan, S.; Larson, G.; Yang, H.; O’Brien, S. J.; Hansen, A. J.; Zhang, G.; Marques-Bonet, T. & Gilbert, M. T. P. (2020).
1746:
allow nomadic males to approach them. Males spend years in a nomadic phase before gaining residence in a pride. A study undertaken in the
10150:
2957:
In sub-Saharan Africa, the lion has been a common character in stories, proverbs and dances, but rarely featured in visual arts. In the
2466:
The last refuge of the Asiatic lion population is the 1,412 km (545 sq mi) Gir National Park and surrounding areas in the
6792:
5808:
4002:
17610:
6418:
Turner, J. A.; Vasicek, C. A.; Somers, M. J. (2015). "Effects of a colour variant on hunting ability: the white lion in South Africa".
5450:
8227:
Trinkel, M.; Kastberger, G. (2005). "Competitive interactions between spotted hyenas and lions in the Etosha National Park, Namibia".
17675:
17665:
17590:
9754:
4267:
3205:. In some medieval stories, lions were portrayed as allies and companions. Lions continue to appear in modern literature such as the
1678:
continue until dawn, when hunting most often takes place. They spend an average of two hours a day walking and fifty minutes eating.
9951:
Singh, H. S.; Gibson, L. (2011). "A conservation success story in the otherwise dire megafauna extinction crisis: The Asiatic lion (
2419:
revealed that lion occupancy is lowest in the W National Park, and higher in areas with permanent staff and thus better protection.
17467:
17203:
3483:
3052:
symbolized the power of the king and protection of the land against enemies, but was also invoked for good luck. The constellation
2555:
9062:
8426:"To kill, stay or flee: the effects of lions and landscape factors on habitat and kill site selection of cheetahs in South Africa"
2079:
Most lionesses reproduce by the time they are four years of age. Lions do not mate at a specific time of year and the females are
1515:. It is not albino; it has normal pigmentation in the eyes and skin. White lions have occasionally been encountered in and around
122:
17255:
11157:
Watanabe, C. E. (2015). "The symbolic role of animals in Babylon: a contextual approach to the lion, the bull and the mušḫuššu".
8647:
Schramm, Ralph Dee; Briggs, Michael B.; Reeves, Jerry J. (1994). "Spontaneous and induced ovulation in the lion (Panthera leo)".
2280:
9916:
Bauer, H.; de Iongh, H.; Sogbohossou, E. (2010). "Assessment and mitigation of human-lion conflict in West and Central Africa".
7694:
6396:
5997:
Yamaguchi, Nobuyuki; Cooper, A.; Werdelin, L.; MacDonald, David W. (2004). "Evolution of the mane and group-living in the lion (
4816:
4326:
3596:
1169:
ancestors possibly continued until about 2.1 million years ago. The lion-leopard clade was distributed in the Asian and African
17680:
17670:
17625:
6044:
2678:
2665:
until a larger lion house with roomier cages was built in the 1870s. Further changes took place in the early 20th century when
6365:
5896:
4584:
1300:
to silvery grey, yellowish red, and dark brown. The colours of the underparts are generally lighter. A new-born lion has dark
17645:
17299:
11440:
11347:
11328:
11293:
11099:
11032:
10970:
10765:
10624:
10579:
10320:
9335:
8956:
8728:
8685:
8187:
7006:
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6467:
6442:
6117:
5981:
5890:
5850:
5802:
5660:
5619:
5557:
5422:
5313:
5253:
5064:
Barnett, R.; Yamaguchi, N.; Shapiro, B.; Ho, S. Y.; Barnes, I.; Sabin, R.; Werdelin, L.; Cuisin, J. & Larson, G. (2014).
4810:
4533:
3996:
3340:
17260:
11374:
8078:
4950:
2622:
The first European "zoos" spread among noble and royal families in the 13th century, and until the 17th century were called
2531:
with the aim of identifying and breeding Barbary lions in captivity for eventual reintroduction into a national park in the
17705:
17695:
17660:
17635:
9836:
4354:(Reichenau, 1906) (Felidae, Carnivora) from Za Hájovnou Cave (Moravia, The Czech Republic): A Fossil Record from 1987–2007"
3903:"A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group"
3225:
8132:
7499:
17715:
17655:
11580:
2828:
in the 19th century, the hunting of lions was encouraged because they were considered pests and lion skins were sold for
10099:
Saberwal, V. K.; Gibbs, J. P.; Chellam, R.; Johnsingh, A. J. T. (1994). "Lion-Human Conflict in the Gir Forest, India".
10012:): 50 Years Journey for Conservation of an Endangered Carnivore and its Habitat in Gir Protected Area, Gujarat, India".
4674:"Lions and brown bears colonized North America in multiple synchronous waves of dispersal across the Bering Land Bridge"
1624:
In Asia the lion once ranged in regions where climatic conditions supported an abundance of prey. It was present in the
1184:
Estimates for the divergence time of the modern and cave lion lineages range from 529,000 to 392,000 years ago based on
549:, and depictions have occurred in virtually all ancient and medieval cultures in the lion's historic and current range.
17650:
17620:
17190:
11368:
11205:
11000:
9007:
Sachs, R. (1969). "Untersuchungen zur Artbestimmung und Differenzierung der Muskelfinnen ostafrikanischer Wildtiere ".
8158:
5941:
2087:
that point backward. During withdrawal of the penis, the spines rake the walls of the female's vagina, which may cause
1613:, the modern lion was present from about 6,400 to 2,000 years Before Present. In Greece, it was common, as reported by
952:
17403:
3518:
Johnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W. J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2006).
17690:
17640:
12950:
11471:
11404:
9310:
8314:
7984:
Christiansen, P. & Wroe, S. (2007). "Bite forces and evolutionary adaptations to feeding ecology in carnivores".
2539:
1835:
718:
for the Asiatic lion population. In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group revised lion
10847:
Packer, C.; Ikanda, D.; Kissui, B.; Kushnir, H. (2005). "Conservation biology: lion attacks on humans in Tanzania".
4566:
3318:
2020:. Hyenas have adapted by frequently mobbing lions that enter their home ranges. When the lion population in Kenya's
2832:
each. The widely reproduced imagery of the heroic hunter chasing lions would dominate a large part of the century.
17312:
13294:
4275:
2866:
Lions do not usually hunt humans but some (usually males) seem to seek them out. One well-publicised case is the
2853:
2699:, who both toured widely and whose techniques were copied by a number of followers. Van Amburgh performed before
1030:, and was genetically isolated and highly distinct from the modern lion in Africa and Eurasia. It is depicted in
346:
10799:
10782:
10457:
10426:
6268:
17630:
10512:
7183:
6641:
5214:
3662:
3565:
3036:
times, where it was strongly associated with kingship. The big cat was a symbol and steed of fertility goddess
2099:
and courtship activities. Males will also head-rub and roll around with each other before mounting each other.
1558:, the lion has been recorded up to an elevation of 3,600 m (11,800 ft) and close to the snow line on
1520:
7997:
5677:
2547:
their conservation value. Captive breeding of lions was halted to eliminate individuals of unknown origin and
2238:
17485:
15512:
7377:
4217:"Phylogeny of the great cats (Felidae: Pantherinae), and the influence of fossil taxa and missing characters"
2204:
10832:
10815:
5473:
1909:
and hippopotamus, and even uncommon cases of prides taking down an adult hippopotamus. Unusual prey include
10282:
6833:
3056:
was first recognised by the Sumerians around 4,000 years ago and is considered to be the fifth sign of the
2917:
2520:
542:
10724:
7774:
3775:
3041:
1783:
1550:
African lions live in scattered populations across sub-Saharan Africa. The lion prefers grassy plains and
17710:
17294:
17242:
15503:
12706:
10315:(Second ed.). Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid: Cambridge University Press. pp. 430–452.
3162:. Statues of the beast have guarded the entrances to the imperial palace and many religious shrines. The
3085:
2646:
in the 13th century; this was probably stocked with animals from an earlier menagerie started in 1125 by
2507:
2385:
2021:
1418:
10395:
9510:
5515:
17500:
16968:
16624:
9620:
Henschel, P.; Petracca, L. S.; Hunter, L. T.; Kiki, M.; Sewadé, C.; Tehou, A.; Robinson, H. S. (2016).
7717:
5735:
Smuts, G. L.; Robinson, G. A.; Whyte, I. J. (1980). "Comparative growth of wild male and female lions (
3215:
3104:
2935:
1731:
887:
14990:
9203:
Bull, M. E.; Kennedy-Stoskopf, S.; Levine, J. F.; Loomis, M.; Gebhard, D. G.; Tompkins, W. A. (2003).
5342:
3880:
1967:
upon are killed by hyenas rather than lions. Carrion is thought to provide a large part of lion diet.
1523:
in eastern South Africa. They were removed from the wild in the 1970s, thus decreasing the white lion
1200:
descendants on other continents. The modern lion was probably widely distributed in Africa during the
17615:
13829:
11550:
8852:
Packer, C.; Pusey, A. E. (May 1983). "Adaptations of female lions to infanticide by incoming males".
5541:
3448:
2837:
2789:
2317:
2252:
939:. This result suggested that the taxonomic position of lions in Central Africa may require revision.
800:
370:
210:
9606:
7486:
6556:
2900:, when there was less moonlight, were a strong indicator of increased night-time attacks on people.
1994:
1128:. Results of analyses differ in the phylogenetic relationship of the lion; it was thought to form a
1050:
during the Late Pleistocene. It diverged from the cave lion around 165,000 years ago. A fossil from
17385:
16887:
16782:
15521:
13811:
13539:
13506:
13482:
13303:
12555:
10343:
Daigle, C. L.; Brown, J. L.; Carlstead, K.; Pukazhenthi, B.; Freeman, E. W.; Snider, R. J. (2015).
5552:]. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation. pp. 83–95.
4087:"Phylogeographic patterns in Africa and High Resolution Delineation of genetic clades in the Lion (
3077:
2096:
1931:
1570:
in Gujarat, western India. Its habitat is a mixture of dry savannah forest and very dry, deciduous
1475:
5965:
5270:
3416:
2638:
to the rest of Europe. In England, although the seraglio tradition was less developed, lions were
994:. Bone fragments were excavated in caves in the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy and Czech Republic.
17600:
16549:
15530:
15261:
14954:
14889:
14271:
13847:
13320:
12842:
11573:
9582:"The status of savanna carnivores in the Odzala-Kokoua National Park, northern Republic of Congo"
7869:
3453:
3230:
2969:
and the supernatural. In other East African traditions, the lion represents laziness. In much of
2779:
2447:
2416:
1825:
1747:
967:
131:
10200:
Yamaguchi, N.; Haddane, B. (2002). "The North African Barbary Lion and the Atlas Lion Project".
7946:
7151:"Landscape heterogeneity and behavioral traits drive the evolution of lion group territoriality"
3838:
3128:, erected by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century CE, depicts four lions standing back to back. In
3089:
2161:
may also kill and eat lions, evidenced by the occasional lion claw found in crocodile stomachs.
17364:
17351:
17234:
17106:
17068:
16773:
16525:
16338:
16214:
15826:
15808:
15636:
15330:
15321:
14963:
13701:
12493:
11020:
10610:
9477:
7481:
3747:
3178:
3125:
2651:
2631:
2396:
1790:
1590:
desert. In the 1960s, it became extinct in North Africa, except in the southern part of Sudan.
1504:
1459:
1023:
982:, which was attributed to a lion. It is thought to have become extinct around 39,000 years ago.
807:
10308:
10178:
9478:"An acoustic analysis of lion roars. I: Data collection and spectrogram and waveform analyses"
9407:
8720:
8714:
5834:
5301:
4890:
Tseng, Z. J.; Wang, X.; Slater, G. J.; Takeuchi, G. T.; Li, Q.; Liu, J. & Xie, G. (2014).
3942:
3623:"Supermatrix and species tree methods resolve phylogenetic relationships within the big cats,
2973:, the lion is portrayed as having low intelligence and is easily tricked by other animals. In
2133:
When one or more new males oust the previous males associated with a pride, the victors often
1554:, scrub bordering rivers, and open woodlands with bushes. It rarely enters closed forests. On
17359:
17346:
16950:
16205:
16187:
16178:
16169:
15654:
15645:
15017:
13787:
13778:
13769:
13718:
13656:
13638:
13629:
13566:
13515:
13353:
13344:
11781:
9733:
8175:
6776:
5790:
5607:
5341:
Zhang, Z.; Chen, J.; Li, L.; Tao, M.; Zhang, C.; Qin, Q.; Xiao, J.; Liu, Y.; Liu, S. (2014).
3980:
3899:
3468:
3254:
2951:
2655:
2543:
2439:
2412:
2381:
2134:
1922:
1719:
915:
in mtDNA-based phylogenies whereas their genomic DNA indicates a closer relationship with P.
562:
325:
20:
17338:
14972:
14868:
11430:
11283:
11085:
9622:"Determinants of distribution patterns and management needs in a critically endangered lion
5485:
3991:(Second ed.). London, Oxford, New York, New Delhi, Sydney: Bloomsbury. pp. 46−47.
3330:
1947:. It can hold the prey's throat for up to 13 minutes, until the prey stops moving. It has a
17454:
17398:
17273:
17164:
17115:
16791:
16692:
16651:
16365:
15876:
15604:
14930:
13995:
13745:
13736:
13692:
13647:
13270:
12776:
12511:
12337:
11494:
10915:
10858:
10673:
10108:
9964:
9159:
8492:
8437:
8346:
8271:
8236:
7884:
7732:
7639:
7307:
7256:
7198:
6586:
6503:
6142:
6067:
5972:. In Kingdon, J.; Happold, D.; Butynski, T.; Hoffmann, M.; Happold, M.; Kalina, J. (eds.).
5188:
5141:
5081:
4971:
4760:
4685:
4633:
4542:
4398:
4221:
4169:
4102:
4083:
4038:
3700:
3638:
3533:
3249:
3116:
Indo-Persian chroniclers regarded the lion as keeper of order in the realm of animals. The
2696:
2639:
2017:
1935:
1723:
1516:
1471:
700:
672:
638:
The upper cladogram is based on the 2006 study, the lower one on the 2010 and 2011 studies.
9777:
6575:"Examining the Extinction of the Barbary Lion and Its Implications for Felid Conservation"
6555:. Paris, France: International Foundation for the Conservation of Wildlife. Archived from
4280:
4266:
Manamendra-Arachchi, K.; Pethiyagoda, R.; Dissanayake, R. & Meegaskumbura, M. (2005).
3427:. Vol. Tomus I (decima, reformata ed.). Holmiae: Laurentius Salvius. p. 41.
1751:
lions in an area are more closely related to each other than male lions in the same area.
1691:
931:-wide data of a wild-born historical lion sample from Sudan showed that it clustered with
449:; a short, rounded head; round ears; and a dark, hairy tuft at the tip of its tail. It is
8:
17445:
17031:
16977:
16749:
16196:
16082:
16064:
15909:
15758:
15663:
14913:
14859:
14608:
14350:
14341:
13605:
12878:
12860:
12715:
12564:
12067:
7958:
6303:
4843:"Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae)"
3314:
3053:
2884:
2825:
2813:
2559:
2471:
2467:
1948:
1918:
1910:
1905:, however there have been several occasions of lions taking calves of African elephants,
1763:
1193:
1099:
923:
743:
675:
in 2005. They were distinguished mostly by the size and colour of their manes and skins.
668:
158:
14101:
10919:
10862:
10677:
10120:
10112:
9968:
9163:
8496:
8441:
8350:
8275:
8240:
7888:
7736:
7643:
7311:
7260:
7202:
6677:
6590:
6507:
6146:
6133:
Peyton, P. M.; Packer, C. (2002). "Sexual selection, temperature, and the lion's mane".
6071:
5192:
5145:
5085:
4975:
4955:
ssp.) reveals three distinct taxa and a late Pleistocene reduction in genetic diversity"
4764:
4689:
4673:
4637:
4546:
4402:
4173:
4106:
4042:
3857:
3704:
3642:
3537:
16846:
16073:
15595:
15285:
15008:
14981:
14244:
13986:
13838:
12941:
12833:
12733:
12673:
12058:
11994:
11671:
11566:
10938:
10901:
10882:
10729:
10240:
10170:
10053:
10032:
9933:
9688:
9248:
Poli, A.; Abramo, F.; Cavicchio, P.; Bandecchi, P.; Ghelardi, E.; Pistello, M. (1995).
9180:
9143:
9070:
9047:
8869:
8460:
8425:
8403:
8287:
7908:
7807:
7748:
7686:
7406:
7381:
7331:
7280:
7222:
7114:
7083:
6998:
6992:
6988:
6742:
6609:
6574:
6166:
6083:
5752:
5591:
5574:
5477:
5375:
5277:
5206:
5157:
5104:
5065:
4995:
4918:
4892:"Himalayan fossils of the oldest known pantherine establish ancient origin of big cats"
4891:
4867:
4842:
4776:
4751:
4248:
4192:
4155:
4123:
4086:
4061:
4026:
3809:
3723:
3688:
3557:
2998:
2692:
2647:
2431:
2423:
2393:
2340:
1755:
1646:
1629:
1583:
1330:
1252:
are relatively small compared to their parents because of reciprocal gene effects. The
1201:
1103:
991:
758:
719:
513:
505:
450:
205:
173:
11544:
9202:
9118:
9093:
8358:
4265:
4152:
3376:
2695:. The practice began in the early 19th century by Frenchman Henri Martin and American
2167:
commonly infest the ears, neck and groin regions of the lions. Adult forms of several
403:
17700:
17605:
17333:
17138:
17120:
16725:
16642:
16422:
15918:
15885:
14809:
14316:
14038:
13820:
13674:
13548:
13432:
12785:
12615:
12573:
12520:
12300:
12282:
12040:
11467:
11436:
11400:
11364:
11343:
11324:
11289:
11201:
11095:
11089:
11028:
10996:
10966:
10943:
10874:
10761:
10725:"Killer of Cecil the lion finds out that he is a target now, of internet vigilantism"
10620:
10614:
10575:
10344:
10342:
10316:
10257:
10037:
and its survival in human-dominated landscape outside the Gir forest, Gujarat, India"
9674:
9446:
9331:
9306:
9271:
9250:"Lentivirus infection in an African lion: a clinical, pathologic and virologic study"
9230:
9185:
9123:
9016:
8989:
8952:
8834:
8724:
8681:
8675:
8560:
8539:
8508:
8465:
8310:
8248:
8183:
8176:"Interspecific competition and the population biology of extinction-prone carnivores"
8154:
8128:
8001:
7900:
7666:
7651:
7571:
7554:
7411:
7323:
7272:
7214:
7119:
7002:
6994:
The behavior guide to African mammals: including hoofed mammals, carnivores, primates
6782:
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6614:
6463:
6438:
6307:
6158:
6113:
5977:
5937:
5886:
5846:
5798:
5708:
5656:
5615:
5553:
5481:
5418:
5367:
5309:
5249:
5236:
Benirschke, K. (1967). "Sterility and Fertility of Interspecific Mammalian Hybrids".
5153:
5109:
4987:
4983:
4962:
4923:
4872:
4806:
4798:
4738:
4719:
4711:
4617:
4558:
4425:
4298:
4240:
4235:
4216:
4197:
4128:
4066:
3992:
3728:
3654:
3588:
3549:
3524:
3346:
3336:
3174:
3158:. Though they were never native to the country, lions have played important roles in
3045:
3009:
2548:
2524:
2479:
2352:
2173:
2013:
1567:
1544:
1451:
1301:
985:
538:
466:
10260:"Evidence for African origins of founders of the Asiatic lion Species Survival Plan"
9937:
9692:
8873:
8291:
7811:
7690:
7284:
7226:
6170:
6091:
6087:
5693:
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology
5379:
5161:
4999:
4780:
4410:
4322:
4252:
3811:
3561:
3124:
signifies a lion as king of animals in general or deer in particular. In India, the
840:
469:; although some lions scavenge when opportunities occur and have been known to hunt
17143:
17004:
16837:
16115:
15545:
14835:
14617:
14367:
13557:
13456:
13240:
13231:
12815:
12606:
12597:
12391:
12382:
11940:
11234:
11166:
11139:
10933:
10923:
10886:
10866:
10849:
10827:
10794:
10681:
10356:
10274:
10232:
10174:
10162:
10116:
10048:
9972:
9925:
9719:
9678:
9670:
9637:
9593:
9436:
9261:
9220:
9175:
9167:
9113:
9105:
9043:
8861:
8656:
8588:
8555:
8500:
8455:
8445:
8399:
8354:
8279:
8244:
8124:
7993:
7954:
7912:
7892:
7797:
7789:
7752:
7740:
7678:
7647:
7566:
7533:
7491:
7443:
Living with lions: carnivore conservation and livestock in Laikipia District, Kenya
7401:
7393:
7335:
7319:
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7264:
7206:
7162:
7109:
7099:
7062:
6944:
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6695:
6658:
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6604:
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6511:
6357:
6299:
6243:
6150:
6075:
6010:
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5748:
5700:
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5469:
5357:
5241:
5210:
5196:
5149:
5099:
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5041:
4979:
4913:
4903:
4862:
4854:
4768:
4701:
4693:
4651:
4641:
4550:
4485:
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4406:
4365:
4318:
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4187:
4177:
4118:
4110:
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4046:
3938:
3875:
3833:
3718:
3708:
3646:
3541:
3374:
3004:
2970:
2958:
2435:
2348:
2313:
2191:
2036:
1906:
1705:
1618:
1598:
1512:
1162:
1069:
1015:
998:
876:
792:
734:
363:
11223:"Animals with rich histories: the case of the lions of Gir Forest, Gujarat, India"
10244:
9109:
8577:"Predator–prey relationships among the larger mammals of the Kruger National Park"
7793:
7084:"Genetic insights into dispersal distance and disperser fitness of African lions (
6715:
Schnitzler, A. & Hermann, L. (2019). "Chronological distribution of the tiger
5279:
Growth and Behaviour: Epigenetic and Genetic Factors Involved in Hybrid Dysgenesis
4385:
Stuart, A. J. & Lister, A. M. (2011). "Extinction chronology of the cave lion
2181:
meat. Lions in the Ngorongoro Crater were afflicted by an outbreak of stable fly (
17430:
17320:
17022:
17013:
16941:
16896:
16558:
16508:
16499:
16374:
16320:
16264:
16133:
16106:
15999:
15817:
15776:
15741:
15486:
14549:
14262:
14229:
14220:
13727:
13465:
12914:
12364:
12291:
12249:
11985:
11790:
11724:
11701:
11426:
11358:
10928:
10685:
9976:
9832:
8450:
6599:
5526:. Vol. Mammalia. Volume 1. London: Taylor and Francis Ltd. pp. 212–222.
5245:
4772:
3713:
3182:
3159:
3129:
3081:
3049:
2867:
2643:
2532:
2516:
2430:
ecosystem. In 2015, an adult male lion and a female lion were sighted in Ghana's
2390:
2100:
1854:
1846:
1800:
1235:
1107:
1019:
751:
723:
655:
646:
619:
600:
17377:
17286:
9091:
8070:
7081:
4889:
4554:
3650:
3442:
683:
17595:
17550:
17538:
17526:
16995:
16914:
16716:
16463:
16356:
16329:
15382:
14999:
14599:
14463:
14146:
13683:
13665:
13596:
13207:
13198:
12800:
12761:
11715:
11627:
9759:
Meyer, 1826, sightings in Mole National Park, Ghana, and possible first serval
8101:
7462:
6654:
5704:
4946:
4646:
4161:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3855:
3170:
3141:
3073:
3065:
2943:
2871:
2833:
2829:
2711:("the lions of Mysore"), an idea Amburgh quickly borrowed. These acts eclipsed
2700:
2666:
2256:
2158:
2052:
1866:
1838:
1606:
1244:
to create hybrids for the curiosity of visitors or for scientific purpose. The
1076:
959:
797:. Multiple authors referred to it as 'northern lion' and 'northern subspecies'.
454:
446:
378:
17156:
10236:
10166:
9724:
9441:
9420:
9301:
Sparks, J. (1967). "Allogrooming in primates: a review". In Morris, D. (ed.).
9266:
9249:
9225:
9204:
8755:
8283:
7495:
7104:
6516:
6487:
6079:
6014:
5362:
2066:
1980:
1428:
1411:
634:
453:; adult male lions are larger than females and have a prominent mane. It is a
17584:
17562:
17268:
16959:
16855:
16828:
16454:
16152:
16097:
15619:
15563:
15304:
14945:
14400:
13962:
13127:
13094:
12896:
12887:
12824:
12724:
12682:
12534:
12127:
11317:
8593:
8576:
7382:"Selfish partners: resource partitioning in male coalitions of Asiatic lions"
6725:
4715:
3866:
3824:
3385:
3326:
3235:
3210:
3206:
3109:
3061:
2982:
2820:
2793:
2767:
2763:
2712:
2670:
2597:
2587:
2487:
2344:
2092:
2084:
2008:
1952:
1675:
1662:
1463:
1297:
1197:
1185:
1178:
1037:
858:
829:
781:
707:
692:
650:
623:
586:
546:
517:
509:
462:
342:
178:
73:
27:
17195:
13584:
13396:
10902:"Fear of Darkness, the Full Moon and the Nocturnal Ecology of African Lions"
9642:
9621:
9247:
8504:
7870:"Biomechanics of predator–prey arms race in lion, zebra, cheetah and impala"
7397:
7365:. University of Edinburgh, UK: Department of Forestry and Natural Resources.
7268:
7210:
7167:
7150:
7067:
7050:
6948:
6678:
Daróczi-Szabó, M.; Kovács, Z. E.; Raczky, P. & Bartosiewicz, L. (2020).
6154:
5885:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. pp. 17–21, 37–41.
5094:
5063:
4182:
4051:
3545:
3350:
2922:
2145:
2103:
of the lion is about seven years. The average gestation period is around 110
1123:
816:
and lion populations in East and Southern African regions. Synonyms include
17574:
17533:
17247:
16986:
16932:
16633:
16401:
16347:
16124:
16023:
15578:
15554:
15373:
15364:
15184:
15151:
15074:
15035:
14445:
14427:
14289:
14161:
13620:
13021:
12984:
12869:
12851:
12264:
12210:
12136:
11814:
11558:
11390:
11127:
10947:
10878:
10278:
9450:
9234:
8660:
8512:
8469:
8178:. In Gittleman, J. L.; Funk, S. M.; Macdonald, D. W.; Wayne, R. K. (eds.).
8005:
7904:
7415:
7327:
7123:
6618:
6311:
6162:
5712:
5371:
5113:
4991:
4942:
4927:
4908:
4876:
4723:
4562:
4244:
4201:
4132:
4070:
3810:
Breitenmoser, U.; Mallon, D. P.; Ahmad Khan, J. & Driscoll, C. (2008).
3732:
3687:
Mazák, J. H.; Christiansen, P.; Kitchener, A. C. & Goswami, A. (2011).
3658:
3553:
3099:
2966:
2931:
2892:
2888:
2861:
2801:
2775:
2735:
2729:
2717:
2616:
2528:
2404:
2260:
2200:
2177:
have been isolated from lion intestines, having been ingested as larvae in
1944:
1940:
1886:
1850:
1821:
1571:
1443:
1166:
1156:
1138:
1129:
1116:
754:
747:
534:
522:
493:
397:
Historical and present distribution of the lion in Africa, Asia and Europe
11143:
10783:"Tooth Breakage and Dental Disease as Causes of Carnivore–Human Conflicts"
9929:
9598:
9581:
9275:
9189:
9127:
9020:
8993:
8838:
7667:"Lion predation on elephants in the Savuti, Chobe National Park, Botswana"
7555:"Implications of diet composition of Asiatic lions for their conservation"
7538:
7517:
7276:
7218:
7088:) from the latitudinal extremes of the Kruger National Park, South Africa"
4858:
4370:
4349:
1149:
671:
were described and proposed as subspecies, of which 11 were recognised as
17514:
17439:
17325:
17216:
17100:
16600:
15791:
15708:
15681:
15430:
15344:
15276:
15202:
15193:
15160:
15118:
15083:
14800:
14693:
14525:
14065:
13977:
13885:
13530:
13103:
12923:
12588:
12502:
12485:
12462:
12425:
12309:
12273:
12118:
11907:
11762:
11641:
10758:
The Lions of Tsavo: Exploring the Legacy of Africa's Notorious Man-Eaters
7682:
7552:
6485:
4797:
Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2010).
3587:
Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2010).
3259:
3220:
3202:
3186:
3151:
3021:
2947:
2836:
of lions in recent years has been met with controversy, notably with the
2762:
and ease of killing. The earliest surviving record of lion hunting is an
2684:
2674:
2635:
2427:
2150:
2080:
1874:
1633:
1566:
forests in East Africa. The Asiatic lion now survives only in and around
1563:
1559:
1555:
1528:
1322:
1031:
664:
497:
292:
48:
17130:
11502:
11170:
7896:
7772:
7048:
6663:
5046:
5021:
4706:
1913:
and small reptiles. Lions kill other predators but seldom consume them.
1582:
In Africa, the range of the lion originally spanned most of the central
17472:
17208:
17091:
16809:
16055:
15986:
15973:
15940:
15726:
15464:
15224:
14772:
14749:
14635:
14626:
14575:
14540:
14516:
14280:
14179:
14128:
14074:
14056:
14029:
13936:
13886:
13285:
13258:
13186:
13169:
12932:
12905:
12751:
12655:
12639:
12475:
12355:
12195:
12031:
11898:
11690:
11658:
11642:
11514:
11239:
11222:
7775:"Lion hunting behaviour and vegetation structure in an African savanna"
7744:
4656:
4490:
3163:
2879:
2744:
2662:
2580:
2483:
2475:
2304:
2224:
2208:
2183:
1882:
1759:
1727:
1498:
1479:
1275:
A tuft at the end of the tail is a distinct characteristic of the lion.
1219:
1170:
975:
906:. It has been referred to as 'southern subspecies' and 'southern lion'.
696:
489:
272:
93:
58:
11524:"Rare desert lion killed in Angola after supplying unprecedented data"
10899:
10780:
10360:
10218:
9706:
Bauer, H.; Van Der Merwe, S. (2004). "Inventory of free-ranging lions
9683:
7802:
6738:
6573:
Black, S. A.; Fellous, A.; Yamaguchi, N. & Roberts, D. L. (2013).
4697:
4114:
4023:
1318:
months of age. It is readily identifiable at the age of seven months.
17221:
17177:
16740:
16675:
16288:
16228:
16014:
15835:
15450:
15442:
15391:
15241:
15127:
15109:
14823:
14657:
14490:
14332:
14298:
14110:
13802:
13076:
12546:
12022:
11590:
10136:
Human Animal Conflict in Agro-Pastoral Context: Issues & Policies
9995:
Human Animal Conflict in Agro-Pastoral Context: Issues & Policies
9511:"An acoustic analysis of lion roars. II: Vocal tract characteristics"
9171:
6935:
Milius, S. (2002). "Biology: Maneless lions live one guy per pride".
5448:
5201:
3950:
3155:
3133:
3033:
2905:
2897:
2809:
2704:
2627:
2196:
2088:
1614:
1524:
1189:
1047:
979:
813:
757:, and lion populations in West and northern parts of Central Africa.
727:
530:
501:
492:
than other wild cats, but when persecuted, it adapts to being active
485:
477:
262:
222:
98:
17062:
11543:
10870:
9997:. New Delhi: Indian Council of Agricultural Research. p. 32−40.
9915:
7082:
van Hooft, P.; Keet, D.F.; Brebner, D.K. & Bastos, A.D. (2018).
6834:"The past and present distribution of the lion in southeastern Asia"
6700:
6679:
5176:
5126:
3622:
3520:"The late miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment"
3519:
389:
17545:
17424:
17182:
17085:
16437:
15900:
15717:
15693:
15054:
14904:
14850:
14786:
14781:
14734:
14666:
14584:
14454:
14203:
14194:
14092:
14047:
13927:
13760:
13497:
13406:
13375:
13335:
13222:
13154:
13062:
13053:
12373:
12169:
11922:
11805:
11772:
11621:
11609:
11091:
Shamanism: An Encyclopedia of World Beliefs, Practices, and Culture
10906:
8865:
7184:"Complex cooperative strategies in group-territorial African lions"
4796:
3856:
Henschel, P.; Bauer, H.; Sogbohoussou, E. & Nowell, K. (2015).
3586:
3194:
3190:
3117:
2978:
2848:
2797:
2623:
2328:
2324:
2178:
2168:
1878:
1842:
1766:
do not appear to exist among individuals of either sex in a pride.
1625:
1594:
1551:
1223:
1209:
1174:
1051:
1011:
481:
458:
433:
302:
242:
149:
140:
88:
83:
68:
63:
53:
11396:
The Lion: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation of an Iconic Species
9561:
Bauer, H.; Van Der Merwe, S. (2002). "The African lion database".
8261:
6244:
Schoe, M.; Sogbohossou, E. A.; Kaandorp, J.; De Iongh, H. (2010).
5770:
5676:
Kohn, T. A.; Burroughs, R.; Hartman, M. J.; Noakes, T. D. (2011).
4480:
3517:
3229:. The lion's role as king of the beasts has been used in the 1994
3166:
has been performed in China and beyond for over a thousand years.
1734:, and members will split into subgroups that keep in contact with
1539:
1063:
17480:
16819:
16666:
16540:
16255:
15767:
15097:
14563:
14119:
14083:
13950:
13918:
13902:
13415:
13118:
12697:
12178:
12085:
12003:
11931:
11873:
11850:
11743:
10574:. Vol. 2: G–P. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 733–739.
9508:
9475:
8716:
Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity
7247:
Morell, V. (1995). "Cowardly lions confound cooperation theory".
5070:
using ancient DNA and a spatially explicit genealogical analysis"
3947:
The Illustrated Natural History <volume=((Mammalia, Volume 1))
3686:
3332:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
3095:
3029:
3013:
2986:
2927:
2805:
2771:
2748:
2604:
2028:
1963:
1890:
1862:
1858:
1814:
1641:, although the corpse of a lioness was found on the banks of the
1610:
1602:
1508:
1214:
1188:
per generation time of the modern lion. There is no evidence for
1144:
1111:
1007:
947:
428:
282:
103:
78:
17459:
10394:. WAZA (World Association of Zoos and Aquariums). Archived from
9509:
Ananthakrishnan, G.; Eklund, R.; Peters, G.; Mabiza, E. (2011).
9476:
Eklund, R.; Peters, G.; Ananthakrishnan, G.; Mabiza, E. (2011).
8424:
Rostro-García, S.; Kamler, J. F. & Hunter, L. T. B. (2015).
8153:(2nd ed.). Echo Point Books & Media. pp. 128–138.
6246:
Progress Report—collaring operation Pendjari Lion Project, Benin
5996:
5734:
4268:"A second extinct big cat from the late Quaternary of Sri Lanka"
2502:
17169:
16923:
16870:
16615:
16303:
16037:
14757:
14418:
14253:
14010:
13447:
12219:
12145:
12094:
12076:
12049:
11970:
11832:
11615:
11603:
11489:
11130:(1981). "Le roi et le lion" [The king & the lion].
9803:"Hidden population of up to 200 lions found in remote Ethiopia"
9092:
Myers, D. L.; Zurbriggen, A.; Lutz, H.; Pospischil, A. (1997).
6045:"Lost populations and preserving genetic diversity in the lion
5845:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 832–834.
3198:
3137:
3057:
3037:
2994:
2990:
2870:; in 1898, 28 officially recorded railway workers building the
2688:
1902:
1870:
1743:
1658:
1654:
1638:
1605:, the modern lion was present from about 4,500 to 3,200 years
1587:
1384:
118.37–143.52 kg (261.0–316.4 lb) in Southern Africa,
1253:
1181:
in Tanzania and are estimated to be up to 2 million years old.
1133:
972:
928:
525:
and conflicts with humans are the greatest causes for concern.
473:, lions typically do not actively seek out and prey on humans.
438:
252:
232:
10995:. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 254–560.
10963:
The Man-Eaters of Eden: Life and Death in Kruger National Park
10505:"Medieval Lion Skulls Reveal Secrets of Tower of London "Zoo""
9518:
Speech, Music and Hearing Quarterly Progress and Status Report
9485:
Speech, Music and Hearing Quarterly Progress and Status Report
8182:(First ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–60.
5340:
4841:
Li, G.; Davis, B. W.; Eizirik, E. & Murphy, W. J. (2016).
4515:
4513:
2230:
Head rubbing among pride members is a common social behaviour.
2000:
Lioness stealing a kill from a leopard in Kruger National Park
1955:
at the canine tip and 2023.7 Newton at the carnassial notch.
1482:
lions often have little to no mane because the removal of the
667:
in 1816. Between the mid-18th and mid-20th centuries, 26 lion
17372:
16905:
16764:
16707:
16580:
16383:
16240:
15867:
15849:
15472:
15142:
14391:
14376:
13037:
12328:
11823:
10148:
10098:
9140:
8983:
8949:
Crocodiles: Their Natural History, Folklore, and Conservation
7553:
Meena, V.; Jhala, Y.V.; Chellam, R. & Pathak, B. (2011).
7038:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 249–262.
6634:
6327:"Five wild lionesses grow a mane and start acting like males"
4519:
3335:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 546.
3146:
3069:
3025:
2974:
2408:
2400:
2320:
and scrape plots of ground and objects within the territory.
1894:
1642:
1483:
1467:
1269:
1249:
1245:
1241:
703:
594:
589:
571:
470:
442:
195:
189:
10663:
10149:
Barnett, R.; Yamaguchi, N.; Shapiro, B.; Nijman, V. (2007).
8151:
The Spotted Hyena: A Study of Predation and Social Behaviour
7049:
Borrego, N.; Ozgul, A.; Slotow, R. & Packer, C. (2018).
6572:
6389:"No, those aren't male lions mating. One is likely a female"
6248:. The Dutch Zoo Conservation Fund (for funding the project).
6042:
1391:
186.55–225 kg (411.3–496.0 lb) in Southern Africa,
722:, and recognises two subspecies based on results of several
17390:
16279:
15175:
14500:
14436:
12109:
11699:
10993:
The Continuum Encyclopedia of Animal Symbolism in World Art
10800:
10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0190:TBADDA>2.0.CO;2
9034:
Fosbrooke, H. (1963). "The stomoxys plague in Ngorongoro".
7375:
6043:
Barnett, R.; Yamaguchi, N.; Barnes, I.; Cooper, A. (2006).
4510:
4311:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen
3490:(Revised and augmented ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2458:
2164:
1898:
1735:
1650:
1177:. The earliest fossils recognisable as lions were found at
10781:
Patterson, B. D.; Neiburger, E. J.; Kasiki, S. M. (2003).
9861:
Conservation Strategy for the Lion West and Central Africa
9699:
9619:
9418:
7773:
Loarie, S. R.; Tambling, C. J. & Asner, G. P. (2013).
7718:"Cooperative hunting in lions: the role of the individual"
6261:"Are Maneless Tsavo Lions Prone to Male Pattern Baldness?"
5675:
4358:
Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae, Series B, Historia Naturalis
3689:"Oldest known pantherine skull and evolution of the tiger"
2770:
killing 102 lions in ten years "with his own arrows". The
2024:
declined, the spotted hyena population increased rapidly.
17521:
14409:
14018:
12346:
11500:
10900:
Packer, C.; Swanson, A.; Ikanda, D.; Kushnir, H. (2011).
10846:
9884:
9857:
9825:
9656:
8423:
7998:
10.1890/0012-9658(2007)88[347:bfaeat]2.0.co;2
7033:
3776:"Untersuchungen zur Stammesgeschichte der Pantherkatzen (
2091:. A lioness may mate with more than one male when she is
1730:
pride that always has just one adult male. Prides act as
17509:
11196:
Borowski, O. (2008). "Lion". In Sakenfeld, K. D. (ed.).
9833:"Lions rediscovered in Ethiopia's Alatash National Park"
9763:
Schreber, 1776 record after 39 years (Mammalia Felidae)"
5930:
Ecology of wildlife with special reference to the lion (
5775:. London: Zoological Society of London. pp. 409–23.
5546:
Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola
2942:
Several leaders have had "lion" in their name including
2703:
in 1838 when he toured Great Britain. Martin composed a
2244:
A male lion raises his tail while marking his territory.
935:
in mtDNA-based phylogenies, but with a high affinity to
10833:
10.2982/0012-8317(2001)90[1:TSOMAL]2.0.CO;2
9205:"Evaluation of T lymphocytes in captive African lions (
6038:
6036:
5474:
10.1644/1545-1410(2005)762[0001:PL]2.0.CO;2
5019:
4896:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4805:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 59–82.
4622:) in South America: Palaeobiogeographical implications"
4208:
3481:
1986:
Lioness chasing a spotted hyena in Kruger National Park
687:
Range map showing distribution of subspecies and clades
11432:
The Serengeti Lion: A Study of Predator–Prey Relations
11319:
The Ark in the Park: The Zoo in the Nineteenth Century
8482:
7867:
7516:
Mukherjee, S.; Goyal, S. P. & Chellam, R. (1994).
5524:
The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma
4940:
4453:
4156:"The evolutionary history of extinct and living lions"
4027:"The evolutionary history of extinct and living lions"
2766:
inscription dated circa 1380 BC that mentions Pharaoh
2681:
placed the den on ground level, higher than visitors.
2083:. Like those of other cats, the male lion's penis has
17498:
10306:
10138:. New Delhi: Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
9579:
7518:"Refined techniques for the analysis of Asiatic lion
7515:
6997:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp.
5990:
5883:
Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan
5575:"Allometric relationships in Lions vs. Domestic Cats"
5308:. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 120.
4801:. In Macdonald, D. W. & Loveridge, A. J. (eds.).
4582:
2852:
The Tsavo maneaters of East Africa on display in the
2661:
Lions were kept in cramped and squalid conditions at
537:
and have been a key species sought for exhibition in
15240:
12636:
10199:
9988:
9986:
9305:(2011 ed.). Chicago: Aldine. pp. 148–175.
8329:
8304:
7051:"Lion population dynamics: do nomadic males matter?"
6033:
5417:. New York: Taplinger Publishing. pp. 138–179.
4840:
4670:
2778:
had one of his lion hunts depicted on a sequence of
10723:Capecchi, Christina; Rogers, Katie (30 July 2015).
9330:(in German) (Second ed.). Berlin: Paul Parey.
8984:Yeoman, Guy Henry; Walker, Jane Brotherton (1967).
8646:
7148:
6417:
5976:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 150–159.
5678:"Fiber type and metabolic characteristics of lion (
5343:"Research advances in animal distant hybridization"
5240:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 218––234.
3805:
3803:
3801:
1789:Male lion and cub feeding on an African buffalo in
11316:
11094:. Vol. 1. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 3–6.
10570:Grisham, J. (2001). "Lion". In Bell, C. E. (ed.).
10193:
9705:
9560:
9094:"Distemper: not a new disease in lions and tigers"
8951:. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. p. 195.
7953:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–13.
7363:The Asiatic lion: a study of ecology and behaviour
6460:Mystery of the White Lions—Children of the Sun God
5906:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5722:
5449:Haas, S. K.; Hayssen, V.; Krausman, P. R. (2005).
4460:(Goldfuss, 1810), resolve its position within the
4296:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4142:
3788:Veröffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung
3441:
3144:. In Buddhist art, lions are associated with both
3008:Roaring and striding lion from the Throne Room of
2482:. Since 2008, the Asiatic lion has been listed as
1806:Four lionesses catching a buffalo in the Serengeti
565:
11521:
11200:. Vol. 3. Abingdon Press. pp. 669–670.
10070:"Lion population roars to 650 in Gujarat forests"
9983:
9795:
9580:Henschel, P.; Malanda, G.-A.; Hunter, L. (2014).
9375:
9373:
9371:
9144:"A canine distemper epidemic in Serengeti lions (
8601:
8537:
8226:
7622:Joubert, D. (2006). "Hunting behaviour of lions (
7181:
6714:
6541:
6539:
5404:
5402:
5400:
5398:
5396:
5059:
5057:
3881:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T68933833A54067639.en
3621:Davis, B. W.; Li, G. & Murphy, W. J. (2010).
2981:was associated with the flooding of the Nile. In
2554:About 77% of the captive lions registered in the
2125:Video of a lioness and her cubs in Phinda Reserve
1046:, ranged in the Americas from Canada to possibly
990:was larger than the modern lion and lived in the
962:to the modern lion existed in prehistoric times:
17582:
13036:
11285:Zoo: A History of Zoological Gardens in the West
9992:
8988:. London: Commonwealth Institute of Entomology.
8017:
8015:
7983:
7369:
6630:
6628:
6481:
6479:
6126:
5934:) in Gir Wildlife Sanctuary, Saurashtra, Gujurat
3798:
1617:in 480 BC; it was considered rare by 300 BC and
1248:is bigger than a lion and a tiger, whereas most
10813:
9009:Zeitschrift für Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie
8940:
8800:
8798:
8796:
8630:
8628:
8544:. I. Diagnosing and treating causes of decline"
8330:O'Brien, S. J.; Wildt, D. E.; Bush, M. (1986).
8173:
8106:) and degree of dietary overlap with the lion (
7456:
7454:
7452:
5719:
5539:
5066:"Revealing the maternal demographic history of
4792:
4790:
4615:
4139:
4031:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3901:Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z. & Tobe, S. (2017).
3851:
3849:
3758:. Jena: August Schmid & Comp. p. 1052.
2634:. They spread from France and Italy during the
2607:of a lion tamer in a cage with lions and tigers
2523:. WildLink International in collaboration with
2095:. Lions of both sexes may be involved in group
1034:cave paintings, ivory carvings, and clay busts.
11282:Baratay, E. & Hardouin-Fugier, E. (2002).
11220:
10722:
10593:
10591:
10307:Frankham, R.; Ballou, J.; Briscoe, D. (2009).
10212:
9944:
9457:
9368:
9209:) infected with feline immunodeficiency virus"
7944:
7461:Hayward, M. W. & Kerley, G. I. H. (2005).
6831:
6536:
6386:
6290:Munson, L. (2006). "Contraception in felids".
5788:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5550:Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume II, Part 2
5393:
5235:
5054:
4522:"Molecular phylogeny of the extinct cave lion
4449:
4447:
3440:
3280:Populations of India are listed in Appendix I.
2042:
1462:are either maneless or have very short manes.
541:across the world since the late 18th century.
17686:National symbols of the Republic of the Congo
13900:
11741:
11574:
11268:, pp. 7, 96, 99, 103–105, 128, 135, 150, 197.
11083:
10986:
10984:
10982:
9752:
9661:) in Waza National Park, Northern Cameroon".
9356:
8928:
8916:
8309:. New York: Barnes & Noble. p. 198.
8167:
8012:
7849:
7665:Power, R. J. & Compion, R. X. S. (2009).
7460:
7149:Mosser, A. A.; Kosmala, M; Packer, C (2015).
6879:
6877:
6875:
6838:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
6625:
6476:
6237:
5865:
5513:
5174:
4616:Chimento, N. R. & Agnolin, F. L. (2017).
4290:
3978:
3974:
3972:
3620:
3513:
3511:
3509:
1758:they can defend; "hotspots" being near river
691:In the 19th and 20th centuries, several lion
11588:
11195:
9738:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
9421:"Urinary volatile constituents of the lion,
9397:
9344:
8965:
8904:
8793:
8781:
8694:
8625:
8568:
8538:Woodroffe, R. & Ginsberg, J. R. (1999).
8519:
8208:
8196:
8051:
8027:
7926:
7664:
7603:
7449:
6759:
6566:
6132:
5927:
5912:
5649:"Evolution of Protein Metabolism in Mammals"
4836:
4834:
4787:
4609:
4384:
4307:Goldfuss, 1810 from the Bisnik Cave, Poland"
4299:"Two forms of cave lion: Middle Pleistocene
4214:
3846:
3682:
3680:
2259:, which have been compared with the role of
1711:A lioness (left) and two males in Masai Mara
951:Skull of an American lion on display at the
653:in 1758, who described the lion in his work
609:
604:
411:Lion distribution as of IUCN Red List, 2023
10814:Peterhans, J. C. K.; Gnoske, T. P. (2001).
10633:
10588:
10309:"Genetic management of Captive Populations"
10251:
10067:
10030:
10007:
9950:
9282:
8880:
8851:
8831:The management of wild animals in captivity
8771:
8769:
8767:
8613:
7354:
6906:
6904:
6860:
6848:
6825:
5959:
5957:
5955:
5953:
5784:
5782:
5759:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5238:Comparative Aspects of Reproductive Failure
5120:
4799:"Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)"
4736:
4444:
4077:
3839:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T15952A5327221.en
3616:
3614:
3589:"Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)"
3580:
3042:Processional Way leading to the Ishtar Gate
3020:The lion was a prominent symbol in ancient
2565:
1534:
1442:growing when lions enter adolescence, when
1395:160–190 kg (350–420 lb) in India
1393:174.9 kg (386 lb) in East Africa,
1388:110–120 kg (240–260 lb) in India
1386:119.5 kg (263 lb) in East Africa,
710:assessors used only two subspecific names:
580:
574:
11761:
11581:
11567:
10979:
10749:
10385:
10127:
9542:Myers, N. (1975). "The silent savannahs".
9419:Andersen, K. F. & Vulpius, T. (1999).
8946:
8845:
8372:
7509:
7434:
7360:
7298:Jahn, G. C. (1996). "Lioness Leadership".
6889:
6872:
6816:
6545:
5963:
5797:. London: Voyageur Press. pp. 50–67.
5507:
5495:
5408:
5293:
4423:
4417:
4378:
4297:Marciszak, A. & Stefaniak, K. (2010).
3989:The Field Guide to Carnivores of the World
3969:
3773:
3506:
3410:
3408:
3313:
2442:, Ethiopia, close to the Sudanese border.
1921:, large prides have been observed hunting
1450:This feature likely evolved to signal the
402:
388:
167:
139:
121:
15984:
12473:
11656:
11238:
11198:New Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible
11014:
11012:
10937:
10927:
10893:
10840:
10831:
10798:
10755:
10539:
10133:
10052:
9723:
9682:
9641:
9597:
9440:
9325:
9265:
9224:
9179:
9117:
9098:Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology
9054:
9033:
8719:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp.
8592:
8559:
8459:
8449:
8385:) and its consequences for maternal care"
8378:
8102:"Prey preferences of the spotted hyaena (
7949:. In Dunstone, N.; Gorman, M. L. (eds.).
7801:
7630:) in the Chobe National Park, Botswana".
7570:
7537:
7485:
7405:
7166:
7113:
7103:
7066:
6986:
6982:
6980:
6978:
6976:
6974:
6972:
6970:
6699:
6688:International Journal of Osteoarchaeology
6680:"Pending danger: Recent copper age lion (
6662:
6608:
6598:
6524:
6515:
5921:
5590:
5540:Heptner, V. G.; Sludskii, A. A. (1992) .
5361:
5200:
5103:
5093:
5045:
4917:
4907:
4883:
4866:
4831:
4737:King, L. M. & Wallace, S. C. (2014).
4705:
4655:
4645:
4489:
4479:
4369:
4341:
4234:
4191:
4181:
4122:
4060:
4050:
3879:
3837:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3722:
3712:
3677:
1869:despite it being much smaller. In India,
14330:
11435:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
11156:
11077:
10527:
8833:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
8828:
8764:
8712:
8174:Creel, S.; Spong, G.; Creel, N. (2001).
6901:
6812:
6810:
6768:
6488:"The size of savannah Africa: a lion's (
6358:"The rare case of a lioness with a mane"
5950:
5917:. Johannesburg, South Africa: MacMillan.
5828:
5826:
5779:
5653:Mammalian Protein Metabolism: Volume III
5431:
5299:
4730:
4576:
4456:"Mitogenomics of the Extinct Cave Lion,
4279:(Supplement 12): 423–434. Archived from
3931:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3611:
3414:
3094:
3068:. Lions are frequently mentioned in the
3003:
2921:
2911:
2847:
2739:
2556:International Species Information System
2501:
2457:
2362:
2144:
2114:
1970:
1934:, whereas plains zebras, wildebeest and
1668:
1538:
1256:is a hybrid between a lion and leopard.
1062:
946:
682:
633:
13404:
12167:
11688:
10990:
10820:Journal of East African Natural History
10609:
10569:
10419:"Honolulu zoo's old lion roars no more"
10008:Singh, A.P. (2017). "The Asiatic Lion (
9874:from the original on 19 September 2015.
9213:American Journal of Veterinary Research
8574:
8305:Denis-Hoot, C.; Denis-Hoot, M. (2003).
8099:
7715:
7621:
6432:
6258:
6112:. New Delhi: Dorling Kindersley India.
5614:. Courier Corporation. pp. 17–21.
5535:
5533:
5020:Argant, A. & Brugal, J.-P. (2017).
4934:
4803:Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids
3593:Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids
3482:Liddell, H. G. & Scott, R. (1940).
3405:
2934:, dated 1403–1365 BC, exhibited in the
2926:Granite statue of the Egyptian goddess
2626:. At that time, they came to be called
2570:
2140:
1820:A skeletal mount of a lion attacking a
1466:have also been reported in Senegal, in
17583:
16497:
14733:
11126:
11009:
10760:. New York: McGraw Hill Professional.
10416:
9300:
9060:
8673:
8413:from the original on 20 November 2017.
8381:"High juvenile mortality in cheetahs (
8142:
7246:
6967:
6934:
6774:
6457:
6356:Young, Lauren J. (23 September 2016).
6324:
6289:
5936:(PhD). Rajkot: Saurashtra University.
5605:
4819:from the original on 25 September 2018
4605:from the original on 29 December 2015.
4329:from the original on 25 September 2018
4303:Reichenau, 1906 and Upper Pleistocene
3780:) Teil 3. Zur Artgeschichte des Löwen
3762:
3599:from the original on 25 September 2018
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
2190:Captive lions have been infected with
1376:82.5–93.5 cm (32.5–36.8 in)
614:may also be related. The generic name
585:), which in turn was a borrowing from
17067:
17066:
15971:
15428:
14732:
13884:
13019:
12460:
11640:
11562:
11342:. Ringwood, Victoria: Penguin Books.
11018:
10960:
10551:
10379:
10367:
10313:Introduction to Conservation Genetics
10225:European Journal of Wildlife Research
9573:
9541:
9006:
8148:
8093:
8077:. African Wildlife Foundation. 1996.
7709:
7440:
7182:Heinsohn, R. & C. Packer (1995).
6807:
6368:from the original on 19 November 2023
6355:
6107:
6101:
5832:
5823:
5646:
5572:
5389:from the original on 30 October 2018.
4583:Packer, C. & Clottes, J. (2000).
4534:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
4347:
3979:Hunter, L. & Barrett, P. (2018).
3888:
3665:from the original on 21 November 2021
3631:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3173:, the lion is featured in several of
2950:, who was called "Lion of Mali", and
2347:. The Indian population is listed on
2012:without the presence of food. In the
1681:
17486:DB265300-FB04-4DBA-B843-8DD236484EE4
10502:
10450:"Zoo puts end to 2 lions' suffering"
9839:from the original on 1 February 2016
9813:from the original on 1 February 2016
9531:from the original on 1 October 2011.
9498:from the original on 1 October 2011.
8680:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
8063:
7821:from the original on 16 August 2017.
7297:
7236:from the original on 10 August 2017.
6937:Society for Science & the Public
6304:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.03.016
5530:
3937:
3919:from the original on 17 January 2020
3756:Lehrbuch der Zoologie. 2. Abtheilung
3745:
3469:participating institution membership
3226:The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
2792:. Lions were also hunted during the
2723:
2527:launched an ambitious International
2519:are descendants of animals owned by
1917:buffalo and giraffe are riskier. In
1628:until the 10th century. It lived in
1434:Young male in Pendjari National Park
1373:72–89.5 cm (28.3–35.2 in)
922:Lion samples from some parts of the
16:Large cat native to Africa and India
12951:South African small-spotted genet (
11413:from the original on 28 August 2023
11027:. Infobase Publishing. p. 63.
10447:
10121:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08020501.x
9888:Conservation Strategy for the Lion
9753:Angelici, F. M.; Rossi, L. (2017).
8138:from the original on 30 April 2011.
8075:African Wildlife Foundation website
7725:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
7697:from the original on 31 August 2018
7036:Serengeti: dynamics of an ecosystem
5859:
5409:Guggisberg, C. A. W. (1975). "Lion
5268:
5262:
5009:from the original on 8 August 2017.
4747:, based on craniodental characters"
4498:from the original on 3 October 2020
3867:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
3825:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
3568:from the original on 4 October 2020
3386:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
3357:
3298:
3140:, battles and slays the evil ruler
3088:where he is miraculously unharmed (
2800:is said to have excelled at it. In
2497:
1773:
1577:
1492:
1486:inhibits testosterone production.
1240:In zoos, lions have been bred with
706:until 2017. Between 2008 and 2016,
699:, with about a dozen recognised as
605:
445:. It has a muscular, broad-chested
13:
10080:from the original on 8 August 2017
9905:from the original on 19 June 2015.
9885:IUCN Cat Specialist Group (2006).
9858:IUCN Cat Specialist Group (2006).
9630:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
9061:Nkwame, V. M. (9 September 2006).
9048:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1963.tb00190.x
8677:Patterns of mammalian reproduction
8404:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1994.tb04855.x
7959:10.1093/oso/9780198540670.003.0001
7947:"Legs and locomotion of carnivora"
7922:from the original on 5 March 2020.
7505:from the original on 27 June 2015.
6337:from the original on 11 April 2024
5811:from the original on 14 April 2021
5753:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1980.tb01433.x
5592:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1962.tb03240.x
5217:from the original on 26 March 2022
3494:from the original on 11 April 2008
3201:were also heroes slaying lions in
2804:, lions were kept by emperors for
2687:has been part of both established
2506:Two captive male Asiatic lions in
2422:A population occurs in Cameroon's
2399:protected area complex, shared by
2269:
1697:Lion pride in Etosha National Park
953:National Museum of Natural History
714:for African lion populations, and
14:
17727:
17611:Extant Pliocene first appearances
13295:Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose (
11482:
11377:from the original on 5 March 2024
11132:Revue de l'Histoire des Religions
10737:from the original on 29 July 2015
10616:How Does Aspirin Find a Headache?
8540:"Conserving the African wild dog
8368:from the original on 13 May 2011.
8359:10.1038/scientificamerican0586-84
8081:from the original on 19 July 2019
7762:from the original on 18 May 2015.
5902:from the original on 29 May 2005.
5628:from the original on 5 March 2024
5289:from the original on 18 May 2019.
4005:from the original on 5 March 2024
2540:Association of Zoos and Aquariums
942:
17676:National symbols of South Africa
17666:National symbols of Sierra Leone
17591:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
17568:
17556:
17544:
17532:
17520:
17508:
13020:
11488:
11259:
11247:
11214:
11189:
11177:
11150:
11120:
11108:
11084:Hogarth, C.; Butler, N. (2004).
11065:
11053:
11041:
10954:
10807:
10774:
10716:
10704:
10692:
10657:
10645:
10603:
10572:Encyclopedia of the World's Zoos
10563:
10496:
10484:
10472:
10441:
10410:
10336:
10300:
10142:
10092:
10061:
10033:"Dispersion of the Asiatic lion
10024:
10001:
9909:
9898:. Pretoria, South Africa: IUCN.
9878:
9851:
9746:
9675:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01181.x
9650:
9613:
9605:
9554:
9535:
9502:
9469:
9412:
9385:
9319:
9294:
9241:
9196:
9134:
9085:
9063:"King of the jungle in jeopardy"
9027:
9000:
8977:
8892:
8822:
8810:
8749:
8737:
8706:
8667:
8640:
8561:10.1046/j.1365-3008.1999.00052.x
8531:
8476:
8417:
8323:
8298:
8255:
8249:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2005.00574.x
8220:
8129:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00183.x
8039:
7977:
7965:
7938:
7861:
7837:
7825:
7766:
7658:
7652:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00626.x
7615:
7591:
7579:
7572:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00780.x
7546:
7422:
7342:
7291:
7240:
7175:
7142:
7130:
7075:
7042:
7027:
7015:
6723:in their common range in Asia".
6325:Gruber, Karl (24 October 2022).
5964:West, P. M.; Packer, C. (2013).
5872:(Linnaeus, 1758); Asiatic lion,
5866:Nowell, K.; Jackson, P. (1996).
5612:Size, Function, and Life History
5154:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02500.x
4984:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04134.x
4236:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00226.x
2619:lived to the age of 22 in 2007.
2596:
2579:
2303:Problems playing this file? See
2285:
2237:
2223:
2214:
2065:
2051:
1993:
1979:
1813:
1799:
1782:
1704:
1690:
1507:with a genetic condition called
1427:
1410:
1365:184–208 cm (72–82 in)
1362:160–184 cm (63–72 in)
1282:
1268:
1087:Maximal range of the modern lion
209:
46:
15429:
12461:
11501:IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group.
11449:from the original on 5 May 2024
11302:from the original on 5 May 2024
7463:"Prey preferences of the lion (
6955:
6928:
6916:
6795:from the original on 5 May 2024
6781:. I. B. Tauris. pp. 5–67.
6753:
6708:
6671:
6451:
6426:
6420:Open Science Repository Biology
6411:
6380:
6349:
6318:
6283:
6252:
6225:
6213:
6201:
6189:
6177:
6110:A Field Guide to Indian Mammals
6021:
5669:
5640:
5599:
5566:
5334:
5322:from the original on 5 May 2024
5306:Carnivores: Meat-eating Mammals
5229:
5168:
5132:) in West and Central Africa".
5013:
4664:
4411:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.04.023
4276:The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology
4259:
4017:
3957:from the original on 5 May 2024
3739:
2854:Field Museum of Natural History
2826:European colonisation of Africa
2411:. This population is listed as
2334:
1676:Intermittent bursts of activity
1054:dates to 11,355 ± 55 years ago.
695:were described and proposed as
15972:
11399:. Princeton University Press.
9892:in Eastern and Southern Africa
8332:"The Cheetah in Genetic Peril"
7320:10.1126/science.271.5253.1215a
6642:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
5128:for conservation of the lion (
4426:"The story of the cave lion –
3475:
3434:
3274:
3044:in Babylon which was built by
2462:A lioness in Gir National Park
2351:and the African population on
1521:Timbavati Private Game Reserve
1511:, which is caused by a double
1259:
1:
17681:National symbols of Sri Lanka
17671:National symbols of Singapore
17626:Mammals of Sub-Saharan Africa
12707:Malabar large-spotted civet (
11462:Scott, J.; Scott, A. (2002).
11425:
10711:Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier
10598:Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier
10491:Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier
10479:Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier
10223:) population from Ethiopia".
9463:
9403:
9391:
9379:
9362:
9350:
9288:
9110:10.1128/CDLI.4.2.180-184.1997
9036:East African Wildlife Journal
8971:
8947:Guggisberg, C. A. W. (1972).
8934:
8922:
8910:
8886:
8804:
8787:
8743:
8700:
8634:
8619:
8607:
8525:
8264:Biodiversity and Conservation
8214:
8202:
8057:
8045:
8033:
8021:
7971:
7932:
7855:
7843:
7794:10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.01.018
7609:
7597:
7585:
7428:
7021:
6922:
6895:
6883:
6866:
6854:
6817:Guggisberg, C. A. W. (1961).
6684:L., 1758) finds from Hungary"
6530:
6462:. Mapumulanga: Npenvu Press.
6207:
5843:Walker's Mammals of the World
5501:
3287:
2843:
2782:
2752:
2679:Oklahoma City Zoological Park
2642:in a seraglio established by
2205:Feline immunodeficiency virus
1649:in 1944. It once ranged from
1089:and its prehistoric relatives
746:lion subspecies includes the
678:
17646:National symbols of Eswatini
16969:Indonesian mountain weasel (
16625:North American river otter (
15513:Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk (
12567:Macrogalidia musschenbroekii
11466:. New York: Harper Collins.
11356:
11281:
11265:
11253:
11183:
11114:
11071:
11059:
11047:
10929:10.1371/journal.pone.0022285
10710:
10698:
10686:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.06.006
10651:
10639:
10597:
10509:National Geographic Magazine
10490:
10478:
10388:"Lion: In the Zoo (subpage)"
10054:10.18520/cs/v112/i05/933-940
9977:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.02.009
9776:(2): 749–752. Archived from
9254:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
8986:The ixodid ticks of Tanzania
8451:10.1371/journal.pone.0117743
6821:. Cape Town: Howard Timmins.
6600:10.1371/journal.pone.0060174
6549:Conservation of African lion
6437:. Johannesburg: E. Stanton.
6435:The White Lions of Timbavati
5686:) and human skeletal muscle"
5246:10.1007/978-3-642-48949-5_12
4945:; Barnes, I.; Ho, S. Y. W.;
4773:10.1080/08912963.2013.861462
4430:(Goldfuss, 1810) – A review"
3714:10.1371/journal.pone.0025483
3292:
3048:in the 6th century BCE. The
2918:Cultural depictions of lions
2691:and individual acts such as
2358:
2135:kill any existing young cubs
1058:
595:
552:
543:Cultural depictions of lions
7:
17706:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
17696:National symbols of Tunisia
17661:National symbols of Morocco
17636:National symbols of Burundi
13830:Somalian slender mongoose (
11389:
11337:
11323:. London: Hamish Hamilton.
11086:"Animal Symbolism (Africa)"
10816:"The Science of Man-eating"
10619:. New York: HarperCollins.
10557:
10373:
9867:. Yaounde, Cameroon: IUCN.
9328:Verhaltensstudien an Katzen
8674:Asdell, Sydney A. (1993) .
7831:
7348:
7136:
6961:
6910:
6819:Simba: the life of the lion
6231:
6219:
6195:
6183:
6027:
5350:Science China Life Sciences
5271:"Hybrid dysgenesis effects"
5034:Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia
5028:Panthera spelaea intermedia
4618:"The fossil American lion (
4555:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.07.020
4323:10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0117
3912:. Special Issue 11: 71–73.
3651:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.036
3242:
3102:meets the Cowardly Lion in
2640:kept at the Tower of London
2508:Sanjay Gandhi National Park
2386:Odzala-Kokoua National Park
2211:also affect captive lions.
2043:Reproduction and life cycle
2022:Masai Mara National Reserve
1865:. It also frequently takes
1419:Phinda Private Game Reserve
1018:. It became extinct due to
629:
610:
10:
17732:
17716:Vulnerable biota of Africa
17656:National symbols of Malawi
16783:Asian small-clawed otter (
15522:American hog-nosed skunk (
15504:Molina's hog-nosed skunk (
13812:Angolan slender mongoose (
13507:Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (
12556:Small-toothed palm civet (
11551:Collier's New Encyclopedia
11522:The Portugal News (2014).
11461:
11363:. London: Reaktion Books.
11314:
11288:. London: Reaktion Books.
11088:. In Walter, M. N. (ed.).
10545:
10533:
10349:International Zoo Yearbook
9663:African Journal of Ecology
8898:
8816:
8775:
8575:Pienaar, U. de V. (1969).
8229:African Journal of Ecology
7632:African Journal of Ecology
6778:The complete fauna of Iran
6655:10.1007/s10914-022-09635-3
6259:Trivedi, Bijal P. (2005).
5795:Big Cats: Kingdom of Might
5705:10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.02.006
4951:"Phylogeography of lions (
4647:10.1016/j.crpv.2017.06.009
4391:Quaternary Science Reviews
3943:"Felidæ; or the Cat Tribe"
3862:West Africa subpopulation"
3216:The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
3105:The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
3084:and is forced to sleep in
2936:National Museum of Denmark
2915:
2859:
2747:of a wounded lioness from
2733:
2727:
2453:
2058:Lions mating at Masai Mara
1496:
1233:
1229:
590:
25:
18:
17651:National symbols of Kenya
17621:Mammals described in 1758
17414:
17075:
16868:
16817:
16808:
16762:
16738:
16705:
16688:
16664:
16613:
16596:
16579:
16550:Saharan striped polecat (
16538:
16521:
16480:
16435:
16418:
16409:
16400:
16301:
16277:
16253:
16236:
16227:
16150:
16095:
16053:
16036:
16012:
15995:
15980:
15967:
15939:
15898:
15865:
15848:
15789:
15739:
15706:
15689:
15680:
15617:
15576:
15543:
15531:Striped hog-nosed skunk (
15484:
15463:
15441:
15437:
15424:
15360:
15343:
15302:
15274:
15262:Mediterranean monk seal (
15257:
15223:
15173:
15140:
15105:
15096:
15070:
15053:
15034:
14991:Juan Fernández fur seal (
14955:South American fur seal (
14943:
14926:
14902:
14890:South American sea lion (
14885:
14848:
14831:
14822:
14798:
14770:
14748:
14744:
14728:
14692:
14665:
14656:
14597:
14571:
14562:
14538:
14514:
14499:
14488:
14389:
14363:
14315:
14272:South American gray fox (
14242:
14216:
14192:
14175:
14160:
14145:
14008:
13975:
13958:
13949:
13916:
13896:
13880:
13848:Common slender mongoose (
13800:
13758:
13714:
13618:
13592:
13583:
13528:
13495:
13478:
13445:
13428:
13395:
13374:
13333:
13321:Narrow-striped mongoose (
13316:
13283:
13266:
13257:
13220:
13194:
13185:
13168:
13152:
13116:
13090:
13075:
13051:
13032:
13028:
13015:
12983:
12979:
12843:Crested servaline genet (
12798:
12759:
12750:
12695:
12669:
12654:
12632:
12586:
12542:
12533:
12484:
12469:
12456:
12424:
12326:
12262:
12245:
12236:
12208:
12191:
12158:
12107:
12020:
11983:
11966:
11957:
11920:
11896:
11887:
11871:
11803:
11770:
11757:
11737:
11684:
11667:
11652:
11636:
11598:
10991:Werness, Hope B. (2007).
10756:Patterson, B. D. (2004).
10386:Dollinger, P.; Geser, S.
10237:10.1007/s10344-012-0668-5
10167:10.1163/18759866-07602002
9757:Panthera leo senegalensis
9725:10.1017/S0030605304000055
9267:10.7589/0090-3558-31.1.70
9226:10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.1293
8485:Journal of Animal Ecology
8379:Laurenson, M. K. (1994).
8284:10.1007/s10531-017-1469-7
7496:10.1017/S0952836905007508
7105:10.1186/s12863-018-0607-x
6517:10.1007/s10531-012-0381-4
6496:Biodiversity Conservation
6234:, pp. 133, 137, 145, 148.
6080:10.1007/s10592-005-9062-0
6015:10.1017/S0952836904005242
5363:10.1007/s11427-014-4707-1
4585:"When Lions Ruled France"
4301:Panthera spelaea fossilis
4215:Christiansen, P. (2008).
3449:Oxford English Dictionary
3154:and may be ridden by the
3136:, an avatar of the deity
2997:the goddess of moisture.
2838:killing of Cecil the lion
2790:Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal
2035:Lions similarly dominate
1503:The white lion is a rare
1458:Almost all male lions in
1173:since at least the early
958:Other lion subspecies or
410:
401:
396:
387:
359:
354:
331:
324:
206:Scientific classification
204:
187:
165:
156:
147:
138:
129:
120:
37:
17691:National symbols of Togo
17641:National symbols of Chad
16906:Stoat/Beringian ermine (
16774:African clawless otter (
16526:African striped weasel (
16339:Yellow-throated marten (
16215:Formosan ferret-badger (
15919:Western mountain coati (
15910:Eastern mountain coati (
15827:Western lowland olingo (
15809:Eastern lowland olingo (
15637:Southern spotted skunk (
15331:Southern elephant seal (
15322:Northern elephant seal (
15112:Pagophilus groenlandicus
13889:("dog-like" carnivorans)
13702:Stripe-necked mongoose (
13323:Mungotictis decemlineata
12198:Herpailurus yagouaroundi
11645:("cat-like" carnivorans)
11515:"Lion Conservation Fund"
11274:
11256:, pp. 113, 119–122, 124.
11025:African Mythology A to Z
10155:Contributions to Zoology
9728:(inactive 31 July 2024).
8829:Crandall, L. S. (1964).
8713:Bagemihl, Bruce (1999).
8594:10.4102/koedoe.v12i1.753
5300:Rafferty, J. P. (2011).
5074:BMC Evolutionary Biology
4305:Panthera spelaea spelaea
3329:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
3267:
2658:lions had been stocked.
2650:at his hunting lodge in
2566:Interactions with humans
2072:A lion cub in Masai Mara
1732:fission–fusion societies
1535:Distribution and habitat
1476:Tsavo East National Park
622:word 'panthēra' and the
512:. It has been listed as
26:Not to be confused with
16951:Yellow-bellied weasel (
16206:Burmese ferret-badger (
16188:Chinese ferret-badger (
16179:Bornean ferret badger (
16170:Vietnam ferret-badger (
15655:Eastern spotted skunk (
15646:Western spotted skunk (
15376:Leptonychotes weddellii
15018:Subantarctic fur seal (
14964:Australasian fur seal (
13788:Black-footed mongoose (
13770:Bushy-tailed mongoose (
13719:White-tailed mongoose (
13657:Indian brown mongoose (
13639:Short-tailed mongoose (
13630:Small Indian mongoose (
13567:Flat-headed kusimanse (
13540:Alexander's kusimanse (
13516:Common dwarf mongoose (
13483:Pousargues's mongoose (
13345:Brown-tailed mongoose (
13304:Grandidier's mongoose (
12558:Arctogalidia trivirgata
11782:Sunda clouded leopard (
11221:Rangarajan, M. (2013).
10666:Biological Conservation
9957:Biological Conservation
9643:10.3389/fevo.2016.00110
9442:10.1093/chemse/24.2.179
8505:10.1111/1365-2656.12883
8307:The Art of Being a Lion
8100:Hayward, M. W. (2006).
7945:McNeill, R. A. (1993).
7834:, p. 150, 153, 164–165.
7716:Stander, P. E. (1992).
7269:10.1126/science.7652566
7211:10.1126/science.7652573
6949:10.1002/scin.5591611614
6832:Kinnear, N. B. (1920).
6546:Chardonnet, P. (2002).
6387:Dell'Amore, C. (2016).
6155:10.1126/science.1073257
6049:: Implications for its
5789:Brakefield, T. (1993).
5134:Journal of Biogeography
5095:10.1186/1471-2148-14-70
4183:10.1073/pnas.1919423117
4052:10.1073/pnas.1919423117
3782:Panthera (Panthera) leo
3546:10.1126/science.1122277
3488:A Greek-English Lexicon
3454:Oxford University Press
3231:Disney animated feature
3012:, 6th century BC, from
2961:, the lion is known as
2780:Assyrian palace reliefs
2415:. Field surveys in the
2372:Video of a wild lioness
2027:Lions tend to dominate
1826:The Museum of Osteology
1748:Serengeti National Park
1417:A six-year-old male in
1401:
1336:
1124:11.75 to 0.97
1091:in the late Pleistocene
812:− includes the extinct
626:word πάνθηρ 'panther'.
566:
132:Serengeti National Park
16792:Congo clawless otter (
16695:Hydrictis maculicollis
16693:Spotted-necked otter (
16652:Southern river otter (
16603:Pteronura brasiliensis
16366:European pine marten (
15877:South American coati (
15605:Palawan stink badger (
14931:New Zealand sea lion (
13996:Japanese raccoon dog (
13693:Crab-eating mongoose (
13648:Indian grey mongoose (
13271:Ring-tailed vontsira (
13082:(bone-crushing hyenas)
12777:Central African oyan (
12338:Chinese mountain cat (
11338:de Courcy, C. (1995).
10279:10.1002/zoo.1430060202
10202:International Zoo News
9544:International Wildlife
9326:Leyhausen, P. (1960).
8661:10.1002/zoo.1430130403
8180:Carnivore Conservation
7376:Chakrabarti, S. &
5791:"Lion: Sociable Simba"
5606:Calder, W. A. (1996).
5514:Pocock, R. I. (1939).
5415:Wild Cats of the World
5175:Pocock, R. I. (1898).
5024:Panthera (Leo) spelaea
4909:10.1098/rspb.2013.2686
4626:Comptes Rendus Palevol
3179:The Lion and the Mouse
3126:Lion Capital of Ashoka
3113:
3017:
3010:Nebuchadnezzar II
2938:
2878:Lions' proclivity for
2862:Man-eater § Lions
2857:
2758:
2652:Woodstock, Oxfordshire
2632:cabinet of curiosities
2630:, an extension of the
2521:Emperor Haile Selassie
2511:
2463:
2373:
2339:The lion is listed as
2295:A captive lion roaring
2274:
2153:
2126:
1923:African bush elephants
1791:Sabi Sand Game Reserve
1547:
1460:Pendjari National Park
1157:4.32 to 0.02
1139:3.46 to 1.22
1117:9.32 to 4.47
1092:
955:
688:
639:
581:
575:
533:since the time of the
508:and one population in
17631:Mammals of South Asia
17360:Paleobiology Database
17347:Paleobiology Database
17032:Back-striped weasel (
16978:Black-footed ferret (
16750:Smooth-coated otter (
16528:Poecilogale albinucha
16197:Javan ferret-badger (
16083:Sumatran hog badger (
16065:Northern hog badger (
15759:Crab-eating raccoon (
15664:Pygmy spotted skunk (
15385:Lobodon carcinophagus
15121:Histriophoca fasciata
14914:Australian sea lion (
14860:California sea lion (
14609:American black bear (
14351:Black-backed jackal (
14342:Side-striped jackal (
14182:Chrysocyon brachyurus
13606:Long-nosed mongoose (
12879:Rusty-spotted genet (
12716:Large-spotted civet (
12565:Sulawesi palm civet (
12494:Owston's palm civet (
12068:Andean mountain cat (
11144:10.3406/rhr.1981.4828
11019:Lynch, P. A. (2004).
10961:Frump, R. R. (2006).
9930:10.1515/MAMM.2010.048
9599:10.1644/13-mamm-a-306
7539:10.4098/AT.arch.94-50
7441:Frank, L. G. (1998).
7398:10.1093/beheco/arx118
7168:10.1093/beheco/arv046
7068:10.1093/beheco/ary018
6760:Üstay, A. H. (1990).
6719:and the Asiatic lion
6060:Conservation Genetics
5928:Sinha, S. P. (1987).
5913:Smuts, G. L. (1982).
5833:Nowak, R. M. (1999).
5647:Munro, H. N. (1969).
5573:Davis, D. D. (1962).
4859:10.1101/gr.186668.114
4572:on 25 September 2007.
4371:10.14446/AMNP.2014.59
3627:(Carnivora: Felidae)"
3415:Linnaeus, C. (1758).
3255:Mapogo lion coalition
3189:is slain by the hero
3098:
3060:. In ancient Israel,
3040:. Lions decorate the
3007:
2952:Richard the Lionheart
2925:
2912:Cultural significance
2860:Further information:
2851:
2743:
2656:William of Malmesbury
2654:, where according to
2544:Species Survival Plan
2505:
2461:
2440:Alatash National Park
2413:Critically Endangered
2382:Republic of the Congo
2371:
2273:
2171:species of the genus
2149:Lions in a tree near
2148:
2124:
1971:Predatory competition
1939:clamping bite to the
1764:Dominance hierarchies
1669:Behaviour and ecology
1542:
1497:Further information:
1359:Head-and-body length
1234:Further information:
1150:3.1 to 1.95
1102:is estimated to have
1066:
950:
686:
637:
488:. It is usually more
21:Lion (disambiguation)
16847:Long-tailed weasel (
16425:Lyncodon patagonicus
16074:Greater hog badger (
15596:Sunda stink badger (
15286:Hawaiian monk seal (
15009:Guadalupe fur seal (
14982:Antarctic fur seal (
14973:Galápagos fur seal (
14869:Galápagos sea lion (
13987:Common raccoon dog (
13839:Cape gray mongoose (
13779:Jackson's mongoose (
13739:Paracynictis selousi
13730:Cynictis penicillata
13354:Durrell's vontsira (
12942:Giant forest genet (
12734:Large Indian civet (
12674:Small Indian civet (
12283:Sunda leopard cat (
12059:Southern tiger cat (
11995:African golden cat (
11672:African palm civet (
11497:at Wikimedia Commons
11357:Jackson, D. (2010).
10787:Journal of Mammalogy
10398:on 29 September 2011
10101:Conservation Biology
10068:Kaushik, H. (2017).
10035:Panthera leo persica
10031:Singh, H.S. (2017).
10010:Panthera leo persica
9953:Panthera leo persica
9770:Biodiversity Journal
9586:Journal of Mammalogy
9073:on 29 September 2007
7683:10.3377/004.044.0104
7520:Panthera leo persica
6721:Panthera leo persica
6562:on 10 November 2013.
6433:McBride, C. (1977).
5932:Panthera leo persica
5874:Panthera leo persica
4524:Panthera leo spelaea
4428:Panthera Leo Spelaea
3832:: e.T15952A5327221.
3393:: e.T15951A259030422
3250:List of largest cats
3193:who wears its skin.
2571:In zoos and circuses
2529:Barbary Lion Project
2468:region of Saurashtra
2141:Health and mortality
2018:Etosha National Park
1889:and small prey like
1517:Kruger National Park
1472:Dinder National Park
1143:, but also with the
1104:genetically diverged
618:is traceable to the
19:For other uses, see
16890:M. aistoodonnivalis
16726:Hairy-nosed otter (
16643:Neotropical otter (
16423:Patagonian weasel (
15886:White-nosed coati (
15086:Cystophora cristata
15077:Erignathus barbatus
14810:Northern fur seal (
14587:Helarctos malayanus
14223:Atelocynus microtis
13930:U. cinereoargenteus
13821:Egyptian mongoose (
13748:Rhynchogale melleri
13746:Meller's mongoose (
13737:Selous's mongoose (
13721:Ichneumia albicauda
13675:Collared mongoose (
13549:Angolan kusimanse (
13433:Liberian mongoose (
12786:West African oyan (
12685:Civettictis civetta
12616:Golden palm civet (
12574:Masked palm civet (
12549:Arctictis binturong
12523:Hemigalus derbyanus
12521:Banded palm civet (
12512:Hose's palm civet (
12301:Rusty-spotted cat (
11464:Big Cat Diary: Lion
11171:10.1017/irq.2015.17
11117:, pp. 107–108, 111.
10965:. The Lyons Press.
10920:2011PLoSO...622285P
10863:2005Natur.436..927P
10678:2009BCons.142.2428H
10454:Honolulu Advertiser
10429:on 25 December 2018
10423:Honolulu Advertiser
10417:Aguiar, E. (2007).
10288:on 25 February 2014
10113:1994ConBi...8..501S
9969:2011BCons.144.1753S
9164:1996Natur.379..441R
8854:American Naturalist
8758:Nature Conservation
8497:2018JAnEc..87.1709M
8442:2015PLoSO..1017743R
8351:1986SciAm.254e..84O
8339:Scientific American
8276:2018BiCon..27..871G
8241:2005AfJEc..43..220T
8071:"Behavior and Diet"
7897:10.1038/nature25479
7889:2018Natur.554..183W
7737:1992BEcoS..29..445S
7644:2006AfJEc..44..279J
7361:Joslin, P. (1973).
7312:1996Sci...271.1215J
7261:1995Sci...269.1216M
7255:(5228): 1216–1217.
7203:1995Sci...269.1260H
7197:(5228): 1260–1262.
7139:, pp. 195–196, 222.
6775:Firouz, E. (2005).
6591:2013PLoSO...860174B
6508:2013BiCon..22...17R
6458:Tucker, L. (2003).
6399:on 28 February 2021
6393:National Geographic
6265:National Geographic
6147:2002Sci...297.1339W
6141:(5585): 1339–1343.
6072:2006ConG....7..507B
5413:(Linnaeus, 1758)".
5193:1898Natur..58Q.200P
5177:"Lion-Tiger Hybrid"
5146:2011JBiog..38.1356B
5086:2014BMCEE..14...70B
5047:10.3409/azc.60_2.59
5026:and its evolution:
4976:2009MolEc..18.1668B
4765:2014HBio...26..827K
4690:2022MolEc..31.6407S
4638:2017CRPal..16..850C
4547:2004MolPE..30..841B
4424:Hemmer, H. (2011).
4403:2011QSRv...30.2329S
4174:2020PNAS..11710927D
4168:(20): 10927–10934.
4107:2016NatSR...630807B
4043:2020PNAS..11710927D
4037:(20): 10927–10934.
3953:. p. 129−148.
3774:Hemmer, H. (1974).
3705:2011PLoSO...625483M
3643:2010MolPE..56...64D
3538:2006Sci...311...73J
3452:(Online ed.).
3080:refuses to worship
2885:Selous Game Reserve
2709:Les Lions de Mysore
2693:Siegfried & Roy
2560:genetic variability
2472:Kathiawar Peninsula
2448:human–lion conflict
2184:Stomoxys calcitrans
1919:Chobe National Park
1194:last glacial period
924:Ethiopian Highlands
159:Conservation status
44:Pleistocene–Present
17711:Vulnerable animals
17005:European polecat (
16838:Colombian weasel (
16488:(African polecats)
16116:Caucasian badger (
16044:(Eurasian badgers)
15494:(hog-nosed skunks)
15231:("southern seals")
15130:Halichoerus grypus
15061:("northern seals")
14933:Phocarctos hookeri
14838:Eumetopias jubatus
14836:Steller sea lion (
14618:Asian black bear (
14368:African wild dog (
14322:(wolf-like canids)
13599:Atilax paludinosus
13558:Common kusimanse (
13485:Dologale dybowskii
13457:Gambian mongoose (
13241:Western falanouc (
13232:Eastern falanouc (
13201:Cryptoprocta ferox
13106:Parahyaena brunnea
12861:Johnston's genet (
12816:Abyssinian genet (
12768:(African linsangs)
12676:Viverricula indica
12607:Brown palm civet (
12598:Asian palm civet (
12505:Cynogale bennettii
12496:Chrotogale owstoni
12392:European wildcat (
12383:Black-footed cat (
11973:Leptailurus serval
11941:Asian golden cat (
11707:(Asiatic linsangs)
11315:Blunt, W. (1975).
11240:10.1111/hith.10690
11227:History and Theory
11138:(198–4): 355–401.
10730:The New York Times
10515:on 5 November 2005
10460:on 6 November 2020
10074:The Times of India
9955:) of Gir forest".
9835:. BBC News. 2016.
9761:Leptailurus serval
8392:Journal of Zoology
8149:Kruuk, H. (2014).
8117:Journal of Zoology
7974:, p. 244, 263–267.
7858:, pp. 233, 247–248
7745:10.1007/BF00170175
7628:Loxodonta africana
7559:Journal of Zoology
7474:Journal of Zoology
7386:Behavioral Ecology
7155:Behavioral Ecology
7055:Behavioral Ecology
6987:Estes, R. (1991).
6108:Menon, V. (2003).
6097:on 24 August 2006.
6003:Journal of Zoology
5741:Journal of Zoology
4902:(1774): 20132686.
4752:Historical Biology
4739:"Phylogenetics of
4348:Sabol, M. (2014).
4095:Scientific Reports
3114:
3018:
2939:
2858:
2768:Amenhotep III
2759:
2512:
2464:
2438:was filmed in the
2432:Mole National Park
2424:Waza National Park
2374:
2275:
2154:
2127:
1962:Lions scavenge on
1682:Group organisation
1665:in central India.
1647:Khuzestan province
1584:African rainforest
1548:
1331:fast-twitch muscle
1202:Middle Pleistocene
1093:
992:Middle Pleistocene
956:
937:P. l. melanochaita
847:P. l. bleyenberghi
802:P. l. melanochaita
770:P. l. senegalensis
752:regionally extinct
689:
640:
545:were prominent in
539:zoological gardens
506:sub-Saharan Africa
476:The lion inhabits
451:sexually dimorphic
371:P. l. melanochaita
17496:
17495:
17334:Open Tree of Life
17069:Taxon identifiers
17060:
17059:
17056:
17055:
17052:
17051:
17048:
17047:
17044:
17043:
17023:Siberian weasel (
17014:American ermine (
16942:Japanese weasel (
16897:Mountain weasel (
16881:
16804:
16803:
16590:
16575:
16574:
16571:
16570:
16559:Striped polecat (
16509:Marbled polecat (
16491:
16476:
16475:
16448:
16396:
16395:
16375:Japanese marten (
16321:American marten (
16314:
16172:M. cucphuongensis
16163:
16146:
16145:
16134:European badger (
16107:Japanese badger (
16047:
16000:American badger (
15963:
15962:
15959:
15958:
15935:
15934:
15931:
15930:
15859:
15818:Northern olingo (
15802:
15777:Cozumel raccoon (
15752:
15676:
15675:
15630:
15589:
15497:
15478:
15420:
15419:
15416:
15415:
15412:
15411:
15408:
15407:
15404:
15403:
15394:Ommatophoca rossi
15367:Hydrurga leptonyx
15354:
15351:(Antarctic seals)
15324:M. angustirostris
15315:
15298:
15297:
15264:Monachus monachus
15251:
15234:
15219:
15218:
15215:
15214:
15064:
15047:
15030:
15029:
14892:Otaria flavescens
14881:
14880:
14792:
14760:Odobenus rosmarus
14724:
14723:
14720:
14719:
14716:
14715:
14712:
14711:
14675:
14652:
14651:
14648:
14647:
14550:Spectacled bear (
14508:
14484:
14483:
14480:
14479:
14476:
14475:
14324:
14311:
14310:
14230:Crab-eating fox (
14221:Short-eared dog (
14169:
14154:
14141:
14140:
14023:
13965:Otocyon megalotis
13909:
13876:
13875:
13872:
13871:
13868:
13867:
13864:
13863:
13860:
13859:
13728:Yellow mongoose (
13579:
13578:
13466:Banded mongoose (
13435:Liberiictus kuhni
13389:
13370:
13369:
13366:
13365:
13253:
13252:
13179:
13148:
13147:
13144:
13143:
13140:
13139:
13084:
13045:
13011:
13010:
13007:
13006:
13003:
13002:
12975:
12974:
12971:
12970:
12967:
12966:
12963:
12962:
12915:Servaline genet (
12834:Bourlon's genet (
12809:
12770:
12746:
12745:
12628:
12627:
12600:P. hermaphroditus
12452:
12451:
12448:
12447:
12444:
12443:
12420:
12419:
12416:
12415:
12412:
12411:
12408:
12407:
12404:
12403:
12365:African wildcat (
12322:
12321:
12292:Flat-headed cat (
12232:
12231:
12016:
12015:
11953:
11952:
11867:
11866:
11863:
11862:
11791:Clouded leopard (
11750:
11725:Spotted linsang (
11709:
11674:Nandinia binotata
11493:Media related to
11442:978-0-226-73639-6
11349:978-0-14-023919-5
11330:978-0-241-89331-9
11295:978-1-86189-111-2
11101:978-1-57607-645-3
11034:978-0-8160-4892-2
10972:978-1-59228-892-2
10826:(1&2): 1–40.
10767:978-0-07-136333-4
10672:(11): 2428–2437.
10626:978-0-06-016923-7
10581:978-1-57958-174-9
10503:Owen, J. (2005).
10361:10.1111/izy.12073
10322:978-0-521-70271-3
9337:978-3-489-71836-9
9219:(10): 1293–1300.
9158:(6564): 441–445.
8958:978-0-7153-5272-4
8730:978-0-312-19239-6
8687:978-0-8014-1753-5
8189:978-0-521-66232-1
7883:(7691): 183–188.
7526:Acta Theriologica
7008:978-0-520-08085-0
6788:978-1-85043-946-2
6762:Hunting in Turkey
6739:10.1111/mam.12166
6469:978-0-620-31409-1
6444:978-0-949997-32-6
6119:978-0-14-302998-4
5983:978-1-4081-8996-2
5974:Mammals of Africa
5892:978-2-8317-0045-8
5852:978-0-8018-5789-8
5804:978-0-89658-329-0
5662:978-1-4832-7290-0
5621:978-0-486-69191-6
5608:"Skeletal muscle"
5559:978-90-04-08876-4
5462:Mammalian Species
5424:978-0-8008-8324-9
5315:978-1-61530-340-3
5255:978-3-642-48949-5
4963:Molecular Ecology
4812:978-0-19-923445-5
4698:10.1111/mec.16267
4684:(24): 6407–6421.
4678:Molecular Ecology
4352:Panthera fossilis
4286:on 7 August 2007.
4115:10.1038/srep30807
3998:978-1-4729-5080-2
3784:(Linnaeus, 1758)"
3746:Oken, L. (1816).
3467:(Subscription or
3342:978-0-8018-8221-0
3315:Wozencraft, W. C.
3072:, notably in the
3046:Nebuchadnezzar II
2756: 645–635 BC
2724:Hunting and games
2697:Isaac Van Amburgh
2525:Oxford University
2480:genetic diversity
2369:
2353:CITES Appendix II
2290:
2122:
2101:Generation length
2037:African wild dogs
2014:Ngorongoro crater
1936:Thomson's gazelle
1568:Gir National Park
1545:Gir National Park
1519:and the adjacent
1399:
1398:
1222:during the early
1165:between lion and
1159:million years ago
1152:million years ago
1141:million years ago
1126:million years ago
1119:million years ago
836:P. l. sabakiensis
818:P. l. somaliensis
659:. The genus name
557:The English word
467:keystone predator
461:. The lion is an
415:
414:
199:
182:
17723:
17616:Felids of Africa
17573:
17572:
17571:
17561:
17560:
17559:
17549:
17548:
17537:
17536:
17525:
17524:
17513:
17512:
17504:
17489:
17488:
17476:
17475:
17463:
17462:
17450:
17449:
17448:
17435:
17434:
17433:
17407:
17406:
17394:
17393:
17381:
17380:
17368:
17367:
17355:
17354:
17342:
17341:
17329:
17328:
17316:
17315:
17303:
17302:
17290:
17289:
17277:
17276:
17264:
17263:
17251:
17250:
17238:
17237:
17225:
17224:
17212:
17211:
17199:
17198:
17186:
17185:
17173:
17172:
17160:
17159:
17147:
17146:
17134:
17133:
17124:
17123:
17111:
17110:
17109:
17096:
17095:
17094:
17064:
17063:
16996:Malayan weasel (
16915:Steppe polecat (
16888:Sichuan weasel (
16880:
16879:
16875:
16815:
16814:
16752:L. perspicillata
16717:Eurasian otter (
16594:
16593:
16589:
16588:
16584:
16495:
16494:
16490:
16489:
16485:
16464:Greater grison (
16447:
16446:
16442:
16416:
16415:
16407:
16406:
16357:Nilgiri marten (
16330:Pacific marten (
16313:
16312:
16308:
16234:
16233:
16217:M. subaurantiaca
16162:
16161:
16160:(ferret-badgers)
16157:
16051:
16050:
16046:
16045:
16041:
15993:
15992:
15982:
15981:
15969:
15968:
15863:
15862:
15858:
15857:
15853:
15801:
15800:
15796:
15751:
15750:
15746:
15687:
15686:
15629:
15628:
15627:(spotted skunks)
15624:
15588:
15587:
15583:
15496:
15495:
15491:
15482:
15481:
15477:
15476:
15468:
15439:
15438:
15426:
15425:
15383:Crabeater seal (
15358:
15357:
15353:
15352:
15348:
15314:
15313:
15312:(elephant seals)
15309:
15288:N. schauinslandi
15255:
15254:
15250:
15249:
15245:
15238:
15237:
15233:
15232:
15228:
15103:
15102:
15068:
15067:
15063:
15062:
15058:
15051:
15050:
15046:
15045:
15039:
15000:Brown fur seal (
14975:A. galapagoensis
14862:Z. californianus
14829:
14828:
14796:
14795:
14791:
14790:
14776:
14746:
14745:
14738:
14730:
14729:
14674:
14673:
14669:
14663:
14662:
14578:Melursus ursinus
14569:
14568:
14512:
14511:
14507:
14504:
14497:
14496:
14464:Ethiopian wolf (
14328:
14327:
14323:
14320:
14173:
14172:
14168:
14165:
14158:
14157:
14153:
14150:
14039:Blanford's fox (
14022:
14015:
13956:
13955:
13914:
13913:
13908:
13905:
13898:
13897:
13890:
13882:
13881:
13684:Ruddy mongoose (
13666:Javan mongoose (
13597:Marsh mongoose (
13590:
13589:
13569:C. platycephalus
13402:
13401:
13393:
13392:
13388:
13385:
13383:
13264:
13263:
13208:Malagasy civet (
13192:
13191:
13183:
13182:
13178:
13173:
13166:
13165:
13161:
13088:
13087:
13083:
13080:
13049:
13048:
13044:
13041:
13034:
13033:
13030:
13029:
13017:
13016:
12981:
12980:
12808:
12805:
12769:
12766:
12757:
12756:
12667:
12666:
12663:
12652:
12651:
12647:
12634:
12633:
12540:
12539:
12482:
12481:
12471:
12470:
12458:
12457:
12252:Otocolobus manul
12243:
12242:
12165:
12164:
12041:Geoffroy's cat (
11964:
11963:
11894:
11893:
11885:
11884:
11880:
11768:
11767:
11759:
11758:
11755:
11754:
11749:
11746:
11739:
11738:
11716:Banded linsang (
11708:
11705:
11697:
11696:
11686:
11685:
11665:
11664:
11654:
11653:
11646:
11638:
11637:
11583:
11576:
11569:
11560:
11559:
11555:
11547:
11539:
11537:
11535:
11530:on 2 August 2018
11526:. Archived from
11518:
11510:
11492:
11477:
11458:
11456:
11454:
11422:
11420:
11418:
11386:
11384:
11382:
11353:
11334:
11322:
11311:
11309:
11307:
11269:
11263:
11257:
11251:
11245:
11244:
11242:
11218:
11212:
11211:
11193:
11187:
11181:
11175:
11174:
11154:
11148:
11147:
11124:
11118:
11112:
11106:
11105:
11081:
11075:
11069:
11063:
11057:
11051:
11045:
11039:
11038:
11016:
11007:
11006:
10988:
10977:
10976:
10958:
10952:
10951:
10941:
10931:
10897:
10891:
10890:
10857:(7053): 927–28.
10844:
10838:
10837:
10835:
10811:
10805:
10804:
10802:
10778:
10772:
10771:
10753:
10747:
10746:
10744:
10742:
10720:
10714:
10708:
10702:
10696:
10690:
10689:
10661:
10655:
10649:
10643:
10637:
10631:
10630:
10607:
10601:
10595:
10586:
10585:
10567:
10561:
10555:
10549:
10543:
10537:
10531:
10525:
10524:
10522:
10520:
10511:. Archived from
10500:
10494:
10488:
10482:
10481:, pp. 19–21, 42.
10476:
10470:
10469:
10467:
10465:
10456:. Archived from
10448:Lum, C. (2007).
10445:
10439:
10438:
10436:
10434:
10425:. Archived from
10414:
10408:
10407:
10405:
10403:
10383:
10377:
10371:
10365:
10364:
10340:
10334:
10333:
10331:
10329:
10304:
10298:
10297:
10295:
10293:
10287:
10281:. Archived from
10264:
10255:
10249:
10248:
10216:
10210:
10209:
10197:
10191:
10190:
10188:
10186:
10177:. Archived from
10146:
10140:
10139:
10131:
10125:
10124:
10096:
10090:
10089:
10087:
10085:
10065:
10059:
10058:
10056:
10028:
10022:
10021:
10005:
9999:
9998:
9990:
9981:
9980:
9963:(5): 1753–1757.
9948:
9942:
9941:
9913:
9907:
9906:
9904:
9897:
9882:
9876:
9875:
9873:
9866:
9855:
9849:
9848:
9846:
9844:
9829:
9823:
9822:
9820:
9818:
9799:
9793:
9792:
9790:
9788:
9783:on 10 March 2018
9782:
9767:
9750:
9744:
9743:
9737:
9729:
9727:
9703:
9697:
9696:
9686:
9659:Panthera leo leo
9654:
9648:
9647:
9645:
9617:
9611:
9610:
9609:
9603:
9601:
9577:
9571:
9570:
9558:
9552:
9551:
9539:
9533:
9532:
9530:
9515:
9506:
9500:
9499:
9497:
9482:
9473:
9467:
9461:
9455:
9454:
9444:
9416:
9410:
9401:
9395:
9389:
9383:
9377:
9366:
9360:
9354:
9348:
9342:
9341:
9323:
9317:
9316:
9303:Primate Ethology
9298:
9292:
9286:
9280:
9279:
9269:
9245:
9239:
9238:
9228:
9200:
9194:
9193:
9183:
9172:10.1038/379441a0
9138:
9132:
9131:
9121:
9089:
9083:
9082:
9080:
9078:
9069:. Archived from
9067:The Arusha Times
9058:
9052:
9051:
9031:
9025:
9024:
9004:
8998:
8997:
8981:
8975:
8969:
8963:
8962:
8944:
8938:
8932:
8926:
8920:
8914:
8908:
8902:
8896:
8890:
8884:
8878:
8877:
8849:
8843:
8842:
8826:
8820:
8814:
8808:
8802:
8791:
8785:
8779:
8773:
8762:
8761:
8753:
8747:
8741:
8735:
8734:
8710:
8704:
8698:
8692:
8691:
8671:
8665:
8664:
8644:
8638:
8632:
8623:
8617:
8611:
8605:
8599:
8598:
8596:
8572:
8566:
8565:
8563:
8535:
8529:
8523:
8517:
8516:
8491:(6): 1709–1726.
8480:
8474:
8473:
8463:
8453:
8421:
8415:
8414:
8412:
8389:
8383:Acinonyx jubatus
8376:
8370:
8369:
8367:
8336:
8327:
8321:
8320:
8302:
8296:
8295:
8259:
8253:
8252:
8224:
8218:
8212:
8206:
8200:
8194:
8193:
8171:
8165:
8164:
8146:
8140:
8139:
8137:
8114:
8097:
8091:
8090:
8088:
8086:
8067:
8061:
8055:
8049:
8043:
8037:
8031:
8025:
8019:
8010:
8009:
7981:
7975:
7969:
7963:
7962:
7942:
7936:
7930:
7924:
7923:
7921:
7874:
7865:
7859:
7853:
7847:
7841:
7835:
7829:
7823:
7822:
7820:
7805:
7782:Animal Behaviour
7779:
7770:
7764:
7763:
7761:
7722:
7713:
7707:
7706:
7704:
7702:
7662:
7656:
7655:
7626:) on elephants (
7619:
7613:
7607:
7601:
7595:
7589:
7583:
7577:
7576:
7574:
7550:
7544:
7543:
7541:
7513:
7507:
7506:
7504:
7489:
7471:
7458:
7447:
7446:
7438:
7432:
7426:
7420:
7419:
7409:
7392:(6): 1532–1539.
7373:
7367:
7366:
7358:
7352:
7346:
7340:
7339:
7295:
7289:
7288:
7244:
7238:
7237:
7235:
7188:
7179:
7173:
7172:
7170:
7161:(4): 1051–1059.
7146:
7140:
7134:
7128:
7127:
7117:
7107:
7079:
7073:
7072:
7070:
7046:
7040:
7039:
7031:
7025:
7019:
7013:
7012:
6984:
6965:
6959:
6953:
6952:
6932:
6926:
6920:
6914:
6908:
6899:
6893:
6887:
6881:
6870:
6864:
6858:
6852:
6846:
6845:
6829:
6823:
6822:
6814:
6805:
6804:
6802:
6800:
6772:
6766:
6765:
6764:. Istanbul: BBA.
6757:
6751:
6750:
6712:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6675:
6669:
6668:
6666:
6637:Panthera spelaea
6632:
6623:
6622:
6612:
6602:
6570:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6554:
6543:
6534:
6528:
6522:
6521:
6519:
6483:
6474:
6473:
6455:
6449:
6448:
6430:
6424:
6423:
6415:
6409:
6408:
6406:
6404:
6395:. Archived from
6384:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6373:
6353:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6342:
6322:
6316:
6315:
6287:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6276:
6267:. Archived from
6256:
6250:
6249:
6241:
6235:
6229:
6223:
6217:
6211:
6205:
6199:
6193:
6187:
6181:
6175:
6174:
6130:
6124:
6123:
6105:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6090:. Archived from
6057:
6040:
6031:
6025:
6019:
6018:
5994:
5988:
5987:
5961:
5948:
5947:
5925:
5919:
5918:
5910:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5880:
5863:
5857:
5856:
5830:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5816:
5786:
5777:
5776:
5768:
5757:
5756:
5732:
5717:
5716:
5690:
5673:
5667:
5666:
5644:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5633:
5603:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5570:
5564:
5563:
5537:
5528:
5527:
5511:
5505:
5499:
5493:
5492:
5491:on 28 July 2017.
5490:
5484:. Archived from
5459:
5446:
5429:
5428:
5406:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5365:
5347:
5338:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5297:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5275:
5269:Shi, W. (2005).
5266:
5260:
5259:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5204:
5202:10.1038/058200b0
5172:
5166:
5165:
5140:(7): 1356–1367.
5124:
5118:
5117:
5107:
5097:
5061:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5030:nov. subspecies"
5017:
5011:
5010:
5008:
4970:(8): 1668–1677.
4959:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4921:
4911:
4887:
4881:
4880:
4870:
4838:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4794:
4785:
4784:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4709:
4668:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4649:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4589:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4565:. Archived from
4530:
4517:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4493:
4483:
4458:Panthera spelaea
4451:
4442:
4441:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4387:Panthera spelaea
4382:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4272:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4238:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4195:
4185:
4150:
4137:
4136:
4126:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4064:
4054:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4010:
3976:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3918:
3907:
3897:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3853:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3807:
3796:
3795:
3771:
3760:
3759:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3726:
3716:
3684:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3618:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3515:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3445:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3412:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3372:
3355:
3354:
3311:
3281:
3278:
3132:, the half-lion
3064:represented the
2971:African folklore
2959:Swahili language
2810:gladiator fights
2796:, where Emperor
2787:
2784:
2764:ancient Egyptian
2757:
2754:
2600:
2583:
2498:Captive breeding
2370:
2349:CITES Appendix I
2314:flehmen response
2292:
2291:
2272:
2241:
2227:
2192:canine distemper
2123:
2106:
2069:
2055:
1997:
1983:
1907:white rhinoceros
1824:, on display at
1817:
1803:
1786:
1774:Hunting and diet
1708:
1694:
1578:Historical range
1513:recessive allele
1493:Colour variation
1431:
1414:
1345:
1344:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1286:
1272:
1160:
1153:
1142:
1127:
1120:
1070:Panthera spelaea
1016:Late Pleistocene
968:P. l. sinhaleyus
917:leo melanochaita
905:
904:(Zukowsky, 1964)
901:P. l. webbiensis
898:
891:
880:
872:P. l. hollisteri
869:
862:
854:P. l. roosevelti
851:
850:(Lönnberg, 1914)
844:
833:
822:
811:
796:
785:
774:
767:
741:
740:(Linnaeus, 1758)
726:studies on lion
613:
608:
607:
598:
593:
592:
584:
578:
569:
406:
392:
379:P. l. sinhaleyus
337:
214:
213:
193:
176:
171:
170:
143:
125:
115:
45:
41:Temporal range:
35:
34:
17731:
17730:
17726:
17725:
17724:
17722:
17721:
17720:
17581:
17580:
17579:
17569:
17567:
17557:
17555:
17543:
17531:
17519:
17507:
17499:
17497:
17492:
17484:
17479:
17471:
17466:
17458:
17453:
17444:
17443:
17438:
17429:
17428:
17423:
17410:
17402:
17397:
17389:
17384:
17376:
17371:
17363:
17358:
17350:
17345:
17337:
17332:
17324:
17321:Observation.org
17319:
17311:
17306:
17298:
17293:
17285:
17280:
17272:
17267:
17259:
17254:
17246:
17241:
17233:
17228:
17220:
17215:
17207:
17202:
17194:
17189:
17181:
17176:
17168:
17163:
17155:
17150:
17142:
17137:
17129:
17127:
17119:
17114:
17105:
17104:
17099:
17090:
17089:
17084:
17071:
17061:
17040:
17016:M. richardsonii
16960:European mink (
16877:
16876:
16874:
16864:
16856:American mink (
16829:Amazon weasel (
16800:
16758:
16734:
16701:
16684:
16660:
16609:
16586:
16585:
16583:
16567:
16534:
16517:
16487:
16486:
16484:
16472:
16455:Lesser grison (
16444:
16443:
16441:
16431:
16392:
16310:
16309:
16307:
16297:
16273:
16249:
16223:
16159:
16158:
16156:
16142:
16091:
16043:
16042:
16040:
16032:
16008:
15989:
15976:
15955:
15927:
15894:
15855:
15854:
15852:
15844:
15798:
15797:
15795:
15785:
15748:
15747:
15745:
15735:
15702:
15672:
15639:S. angustifrons
15626:
15625:
15623:
15613:
15586:(stink badgers)
15585:
15584:
15582:
15572:
15564:Striped skunk (
15539:
15533:C. semistriatus
15493:
15492:
15490:
15470:
15469:
15467:
15459:
15453:Ailurus fulgens
15433:
15400:
15350:
15349:
15347:
15339:
15311:
15310:
15308:
15294:
15270:
15247:
15246:
15244:
15230:
15229:
15227:
15211:
15169:
15136:
15092:
15060:
15059:
15057:
15043:
15041:
15040:
15038:
15026:
14939:
14922:
14898:
14877:
14844:
14818:
14785:
14780:
14778:
14777:
14775:
14771:
14766:
14740:
14736:
14708:
14688:
14671:
14670:
14644:
14593:
14558:
14534:
14505:
14503:
14493:
14472:
14401:Golden jackal (
14385:
14359:
14321:
14319:
14307:
14238:
14232:Cerdocyon thous
14212:
14188:
14166:
14164:
14151:
14149:
14137:
14102:Rüppell's fox (
14016:
14014:
14004:
13989:N. procyonoides
13971:
13963:Bat-eared fox (
13945:
13910:
13906:
13892:
13888:
13856:
13841:H. pulverulenta
13796:
13754:
13710:
13677:U. semitorquata
13632:U. auropunctata
13614:
13575:
13524:
13491:
13474:
13441:
13424:
13386:
13384:
13379:
13378:
13362:
13329:
13312:
13279:
13273:Galidia elegans
13249:
13216:
13176:
13174:
13172:
13162:
13157:
13136:
13128:Spotted hyena (
13112:
13095:Striped hyena (
13081:
13079:
13071:
13042:
13040:
13024:
12999:
12959:
12897:Aquatic genet (
12888:Pardine genet (
12825:Angolan genet (
12806:
12804:
12794:
12779:P. richardsonii
12767:
12765:
12742:
12725:Malayan civet (
12691:
12683:African civet (
12659:
12658:
12648:
12643:
12642:
12638:
12624:
12582:
12529:
12514:Diplogale hosei
12478:
12465:
12440:
12400:
12318:
12258:
12238:
12228:
12204:
12187:
12160:
12154:
12128:Eurasian lynx (
12103:
12012:
11979:
11959:
11949:
11916:
11889:
11881:
11876:
11859:
11799:
11751:
11747:
11733:
11706:
11693:
11680:
11661:
11648:
11644:
11632:
11594:
11587:
11542:
11533:
11531:
11513:
11485:
11480:
11474:
11452:
11450:
11443:
11427:Schaller, G. B.
11416:
11414:
11407:
11380:
11378:
11371:
11350:
11331:
11305:
11303:
11296:
11277:
11272:
11264:
11260:
11252:
11248:
11219:
11215:
11208:
11194:
11190:
11186:, pp. 109, 115.
11182:
11178:
11155:
11151:
11125:
11121:
11113:
11109:
11102:
11082:
11078:
11070:
11066:
11058:
11054:
11046:
11042:
11035:
11017:
11010:
11003:
10989:
10980:
10973:
10959:
10955:
10898:
10894:
10871:10.1038/436927a
10845:
10841:
10812:
10808:
10779:
10775:
10768:
10754:
10750:
10740:
10738:
10721:
10717:
10709:
10705:
10697:
10693:
10662:
10658:
10650:
10646:
10638:
10634:
10627:
10608:
10604:
10596:
10589:
10582:
10568:
10564:
10556:
10552:
10544:
10540:
10532:
10528:
10518:
10516:
10501:
10497:
10489:
10485:
10477:
10473:
10463:
10461:
10446:
10442:
10432:
10430:
10415:
10411:
10401:
10399:
10384:
10380:
10372:
10368:
10341:
10337:
10327:
10325:
10323:
10305:
10301:
10291:
10289:
10285:
10262:
10256:
10252:
10217:
10213:
10198:
10194:
10184:
10182:
10147:
10143:
10132:
10128:
10097:
10093:
10083:
10081:
10066:
10062:
10041:Current Science
10029:
10025:
10020:(10): 993–1003.
10014:Indian Forester
10006:
10002:
9991:
9984:
9949:
9945:
9914:
9910:
9902:
9895:
9883:
9879:
9871:
9864:
9856:
9852:
9842:
9840:
9831:
9830:
9826:
9816:
9814:
9801:
9800:
9796:
9786:
9784:
9780:
9765:
9755:"Further lion,
9751:
9747:
9731:
9730:
9704:
9700:
9655:
9651:
9618:
9614:
9604:
9578:
9574:
9559:
9555:
9540:
9536:
9528:
9513:
9507:
9503:
9495:
9480:
9474:
9470:
9462:
9458:
9429:Chemical Senses
9417:
9413:
9402:
9398:
9390:
9386:
9378:
9369:
9361:
9357:
9349:
9345:
9338:
9324:
9320:
9313:
9299:
9295:
9287:
9283:
9246:
9242:
9201:
9197:
9139:
9135:
9090:
9086:
9076:
9074:
9059:
9055:
9032:
9028:
9005:
9001:
8982:
8978:
8970:
8966:
8959:
8945:
8941:
8933:
8929:
8921:
8917:
8909:
8905:
8897:
8893:
8885:
8881:
8850:
8846:
8827:
8823:
8815:
8811:
8803:
8794:
8786:
8782:
8774:
8765:
8754:
8750:
8742:
8738:
8731:
8711:
8707:
8699:
8695:
8688:
8672:
8668:
8645:
8641:
8633:
8626:
8618:
8614:
8606:
8602:
8573:
8569:
8536:
8532:
8524:
8520:
8481:
8477:
8436:(2): e0117743.
8422:
8418:
8410:
8387:
8377:
8373:
8365:
8334:
8328:
8324:
8317:
8303:
8299:
8260:
8256:
8225:
8221:
8213:
8209:
8201:
8197:
8190:
8172:
8168:
8161:
8147:
8143:
8135:
8112:
8104:Crocuta crocuta
8098:
8094:
8084:
8082:
8069:
8068:
8064:
8056:
8052:
8044:
8040:
8032:
8028:
8020:
8013:
7982:
7978:
7970:
7966:
7943:
7939:
7931:
7927:
7919:
7872:
7866:
7862:
7854:
7850:
7842:
7838:
7830:
7826:
7818:
7777:
7771:
7767:
7759:
7720:
7714:
7710:
7700:
7698:
7671:African Zoology
7663:
7659:
7620:
7616:
7608:
7604:
7596:
7592:
7584:
7580:
7551:
7547:
7514:
7510:
7502:
7487:10.1.1.611.8271
7469:
7459:
7450:
7439:
7435:
7427:
7423:
7374:
7370:
7359:
7355:
7347:
7343:
7296:
7292:
7245:
7241:
7233:
7186:
7180:
7176:
7147:
7143:
7135:
7131:
7080:
7076:
7047:
7043:
7032:
7028:
7020:
7016:
7009:
6985:
6968:
6960:
6956:
6933:
6929:
6921:
6917:
6909:
6902:
6894:
6890:
6882:
6873:
6865:
6861:
6853:
6849:
6830:
6826:
6815:
6808:
6798:
6796:
6789:
6773:
6769:
6758:
6754:
6717:Panthera tigris
6713:
6709:
6701:10.1002/oa.2875
6676:
6672:
6633:
6626:
6571:
6567:
6559:
6552:
6544:
6537:
6529:
6525:
6484:
6477:
6470:
6456:
6452:
6445:
6431:
6427:
6416:
6412:
6402:
6400:
6385:
6381:
6371:
6369:
6362:Popular Science
6354:
6350:
6340:
6338:
6323:
6319:
6288:
6284:
6274:
6272:
6257:
6253:
6242:
6238:
6230:
6226:
6218:
6214:
6206:
6202:
6194:
6190:
6186:, pp. 137, 145.
6182:
6178:
6131:
6127:
6120:
6106:
6102:
6094:
6055:
6041:
6034:
6026:
6022:
5995:
5991:
5984:
5962:
5951:
5944:
5926:
5922:
5911:
5907:
5899:
5893:
5878:
5868:"African lion,
5864:
5860:
5853:
5831:
5824:
5814:
5812:
5805:
5787:
5780:
5769:
5760:
5733:
5720:
5688:
5684:Caracal caracal
5674:
5670:
5663:
5645:
5641:
5631:
5629:
5622:
5604:
5600:
5571:
5567:
5560:
5538:
5531:
5512:
5508:
5500:
5496:
5488:
5457:
5447:
5432:
5425:
5407:
5394:
5386:
5345:
5339:
5335:
5325:
5323:
5316:
5298:
5294:
5286:
5273:
5267:
5263:
5256:
5234:
5230:
5220:
5218:
5173:
5169:
5125:
5121:
5062:
5055:
5022:"The cave lion
5018:
5014:
5006:
4957:
4939:
4935:
4888:
4884:
4847:Genome Research
4839:
4832:
4822:
4820:
4813:
4795:
4788:
4735:
4731:
4669:
4665:
4614:
4610:
4602:
4592:Natural History
4587:
4581:
4577:
4569:
4528:
4518:
4511:
4501:
4499:
4468:Open Quaternary
4452:
4445:
4422:
4418:
4397:(17): 2329–40.
4383:
4379:
4346:
4342:
4332:
4330:
4295:
4291:
4283:
4270:
4264:
4260:
4213:
4209:
4151:
4140:
4082:
4078:
4022:
4018:
4008:
4006:
3999:
3977:
3970:
3960:
3958:
3936:
3932:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3905:
3898:
3889:
3854:
3847:
3808:
3799:
3772:
3763:
3744:
3740:
3685:
3678:
3668:
3666:
3619:
3612:
3602:
3600:
3585:
3581:
3571:
3569:
3532:(5757): 73–77.
3516:
3507:
3497:
3495:
3480:
3476:
3466:
3458:
3456:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3413:
3406:
3396:
3394:
3373:
3358:
3343:
3312:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3245:
3203:medieval Europe
3183:Greek mythology
3160:Chinese culture
3130:Hindu mythology
3076:, in which the
3050:Lion of Babylon
2977:, The lion-god
2920:
2914:
2868:Tsavo maneaters
2864:
2846:
2788:, known as the
2785:
2755:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2601:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2584:
2573:
2568:
2533:Atlas Mountains
2517:Addis Ababa Zoo
2500:
2456:
2363:
2361:
2337:
2310:
2309:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2286:
2283:
2276:
2270:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2217:
2159:Nile crocodiles
2143:
2115:
2104:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2045:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1973:
1855:African buffalo
1847:blue wildebeest
1845:, particularly
1832:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1818:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1787:
1776:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1684:
1671:
1657:in Pakistan to
1593:During the mid-
1580:
1537:
1501:
1495:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1415:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1339:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1262:
1238:
1236:Panthera hybrid
1232:
1155:
1148:
1137:
1122:
1115:
1108:common ancestor
1090:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1073:
1061:
1024:human expansion
1020:climate warming
945:
903:
897:(Roberts, 1948)
896:
885:
874:
867:
856:
849:
838:
827:
820:
805:
790:
779:
772:
765:
739:
724:phylogeographic
681:
656:Systema Naturae
647:scientific name
632:
620:classical Latin
561:is derived via
555:
350:
339:
333:
320:
208:
200:
183:
172:
168:
161:
116:
114:
113:
112:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
43:
42:
39:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
17729:
17719:
17718:
17713:
17708:
17703:
17698:
17693:
17688:
17683:
17678:
17673:
17668:
17663:
17658:
17653:
17648:
17643:
17638:
17633:
17628:
17623:
17618:
17613:
17608:
17603:
17601:Apex predators
17598:
17593:
17578:
17577:
17565:
17553:
17541:
17529:
17517:
17494:
17493:
17491:
17490:
17477:
17464:
17451:
17436:
17420:
17418:
17412:
17411:
17409:
17408:
17395:
17382:
17369:
17356:
17343:
17330:
17317:
17304:
17291:
17278:
17265:
17252:
17239:
17226:
17213:
17200:
17187:
17174:
17161:
17148:
17135:
17125:
17112:
17097:
17081:
17079:
17073:
17072:
17058:
17057:
17054:
17053:
17050:
17049:
17046:
17045:
17042:
17041:
17039:
17038:
17034:M. strigidorsa
17029:
17020:
17011:
17002:
16993:
16987:Least weasel (
16984:
16975:
16966:
16957:
16948:
16939:
16933:Haida ermine (
16930:
16921:
16917:M. eversmannii
16912:
16903:
16894:
16884:
16882:
16866:
16865:
16863:
16862:
16853:
16844:
16835:
16825:
16823:
16812:
16806:
16805:
16802:
16801:
16799:
16798:
16789:
16780:
16770:
16768:
16760:
16759:
16757:
16756:
16746:
16744:
16736:
16735:
16733:
16732:
16723:
16713:
16711:
16703:
16702:
16700:
16699:
16689:
16686:
16685:
16683:
16682:
16672:
16670:
16662:
16661:
16659:
16658:
16649:
16645:L. longicaudis
16640:
16634:Marine otter (
16631:
16621:
16619:
16611:
16610:
16608:
16607:
16597:
16591:
16577:
16576:
16573:
16572:
16569:
16568:
16566:
16565:
16556:
16546:
16544:
16536:
16535:
16533:
16532:
16522:
16519:
16518:
16516:
16515:
16505:
16503:
16492:
16478:
16477:
16474:
16473:
16471:
16470:
16461:
16451:
16449:
16433:
16432:
16430:
16429:
16419:
16413:
16404:
16398:
16397:
16394:
16393:
16391:
16390:
16381:
16372:
16363:
16354:
16348:Beech marten (
16345:
16336:
16327:
16317:
16315:
16299:
16298:
16296:
16295:
16285:
16283:
16275:
16274:
16272:
16271:
16261:
16259:
16251:
16250:
16248:
16247:
16237:
16231:
16225:
16224:
16222:
16221:
16212:
16203:
16194:
16185:
16176:
16166:
16164:
16148:
16147:
16144:
16143:
16141:
16140:
16131:
16125:Asian badger (
16122:
16113:
16103:
16101:
16093:
16092:
16090:
16089:
16080:
16071:
16067:A. albogularis
16061:
16059:
16048:
16034:
16033:
16031:
16030:
16024:Honey badger (
16020:
16018:
16010:
16009:
16007:
16006:
15996:
15990:
15985:
15978:
15977:
15965:
15964:
15961:
15960:
15957:
15956:
15954:
15953:
15952:
15951:
15945:
15943:
15937:
15936:
15933:
15932:
15929:
15928:
15926:
15925:
15916:
15906:
15904:
15896:
15895:
15893:
15892:
15883:
15873:
15871:
15860:
15846:
15845:
15843:
15842:
15833:
15824:
15815:
15805:
15803:
15787:
15786:
15784:
15783:
15774:
15765:
15761:P. cancrivorus
15755:
15753:
15737:
15736:
15734:
15733:
15729:B. sumichrasti
15724:
15714:
15712:
15704:
15703:
15701:
15700:
15690:
15684:
15678:
15677:
15674:
15673:
15671:
15670:
15661:
15652:
15643:
15633:
15631:
15615:
15614:
15612:
15611:
15602:
15592:
15590:
15574:
15573:
15571:
15570:
15561:
15555:Hooded skunk (
15551:
15549:
15541:
15540:
15538:
15537:
15528:
15519:
15510:
15500:
15498:
15479:
15461:
15460:
15458:
15457:
15447:
15445:
15435:
15434:
15422:
15421:
15418:
15417:
15414:
15413:
15410:
15409:
15406:
15405:
15402:
15401:
15399:
15398:
15389:
15380:
15374:Weddell seal (
15371:
15365:Leopard seal (
15361:
15355:
15341:
15340:
15338:
15337:
15328:
15318:
15316:
15300:
15299:
15296:
15295:
15293:
15292:
15282:
15280:
15272:
15271:
15269:
15268:
15258:
15252:
15235:
15221:
15220:
15217:
15216:
15213:
15212:
15210:
15209:
15200:
15191:
15185:Caspian seal (
15181:
15179:
15171:
15170:
15168:
15167:
15158:
15152:Spotted seal (
15148:
15146:
15138:
15137:
15135:
15134:
15125:
15116:
15106:
15100:
15094:
15093:
15091:
15090:
15081:
15075:Bearded seal (
15071:
15065:
15048:
15044:or true seals)
15042:(earless seals
15032:
15031:
15028:
15027:
15025:
15024:
15015:
15006:
14997:
14988:
14979:
14970:
14961:
14951:
14949:
14941:
14940:
14938:
14937:
14927:
14924:
14923:
14921:
14920:
14910:
14908:
14900:
14899:
14897:
14896:
14886:
14883:
14882:
14879:
14878:
14876:
14875:
14866:
14856:
14854:
14846:
14845:
14843:
14842:
14832:
14826:
14820:
14819:
14817:
14816:
14806:
14804:
14793:
14768:
14767:
14765:
14764:
14754:
14752:
14742:
14741:
14726:
14725:
14722:
14721:
14718:
14717:
14714:
14713:
14710:
14709:
14707:
14706:
14705:
14704:
14698:
14696:
14690:
14689:
14687:
14686:
14685:
14684:
14678:
14676:
14660:
14654:
14653:
14650:
14649:
14646:
14645:
14643:
14642:
14633:
14624:
14615:
14605:
14603:
14595:
14594:
14592:
14591:
14582:
14572:
14566:
14560:
14559:
14557:
14556:
14546:
14544:
14536:
14535:
14533:
14532:
14528:A. melanoleuca
14522:
14520:
14509:
14494:
14489:
14486:
14485:
14482:
14481:
14478:
14477:
14474:
14473:
14471:
14470:
14461:
14452:
14446:Eastern wolf (
14443:
14434:
14428:African wolf (
14425:
14416:
14410:Domestic dog (
14407:
14397:
14395:
14387:
14386:
14384:
14383:
14374:
14364:
14361:
14360:
14358:
14357:
14348:
14338:
14336:
14325:
14313:
14312:
14309:
14308:
14306:
14305:
14296:
14290:Sechuran fox (
14287:
14283:L. gymnocercus
14278:
14269:
14263:Darwin's fox (
14260:
14250:
14248:
14240:
14239:
14237:
14236:
14227:
14217:
14214:
14213:
14211:
14210:
14200:
14198:
14190:
14189:
14187:
14186:
14176:
14170:
14155:
14143:
14142:
14139:
14138:
14136:
14135:
14126:
14117:
14108:
14099:
14090:
14081:
14072:
14063:
14054:
14045:
14036:
14032:V. bengalensis
14026:
14024:
14006:
14005:
14003:
14002:
13993:
13983:
13981:
13973:
13972:
13970:
13969:
13959:
13953:
13947:
13946:
13944:
13943:
13934:
13924:
13922:
13911:
13901:
13894:
13893:
13878:
13877:
13874:
13873:
13870:
13869:
13866:
13865:
13862:
13861:
13858:
13857:
13855:
13854:
13845:
13836:
13827:
13818:
13808:
13806:
13798:
13797:
13795:
13794:
13785:
13776:
13772:B. crassicauda
13766:
13764:
13756:
13755:
13753:
13752:
13743:
13734:
13725:
13715:
13712:
13711:
13709:
13708:
13699:
13690:
13681:
13672:
13663:
13654:
13645:
13636:
13626:
13624:
13616:
13615:
13613:
13612:
13603:
13593:
13587:
13581:
13580:
13577:
13576:
13574:
13573:
13564:
13555:
13546:
13536:
13534:
13526:
13525:
13523:
13522:
13513:
13503:
13501:
13493:
13492:
13490:
13489:
13479:
13476:
13475:
13473:
13472:
13463:
13453:
13451:
13443:
13442:
13440:
13439:
13429:
13426:
13425:
13423:
13422:
13412:
13410:
13399:
13390:
13372:
13371:
13368:
13367:
13364:
13363:
13361:
13360:
13351:
13341:
13339:
13331:
13330:
13328:
13327:
13317:
13314:
13313:
13311:
13310:
13306:G. grandidieri
13301:
13291:
13289:
13281:
13280:
13278:
13277:
13267:
13261:
13255:
13254:
13251:
13250:
13248:
13247:
13238:
13228:
13226:
13218:
13217:
13215:
13214:
13205:
13195:
13189:
13180:
13163:
13153:
13150:
13149:
13146:
13145:
13142:
13141:
13138:
13137:
13135:
13134:
13124:
13122:
13114:
13113:
13111:
13110:
13101:
13091:
13085:
13073:
13072:
13070:
13069:
13059:
13057:
13046:
13026:
13025:
13013:
13012:
13009:
13008:
13005:
13004:
13001:
13000:
12998:
12997:
12996:
12995:
12989:
12987:
12977:
12976:
12973:
12972:
12969:
12968:
12965:
12964:
12961:
12960:
12958:
12957:
12948:
12939:
12930:
12921:
12912:
12903:
12894:
12885:
12876:
12870:Letaba genet (
12867:
12858:
12852:Common genet (
12849:
12840:
12831:
12822:
12812:
12810:
12796:
12795:
12793:
12792:
12783:
12773:
12771:
12754:
12748:
12747:
12744:
12743:
12741:
12740:
12731:
12722:
12713:
12703:
12701:
12693:
12692:
12690:
12689:
12680:
12670:
12664:
12649:
12637:
12630:
12629:
12626:
12625:
12623:
12622:
12618:P. zeylonensis
12613:
12604:
12594:
12592:
12584:
12583:
12581:
12580:
12576:Paguma larvata
12571:
12562:
12553:
12543:
12537:
12531:
12530:
12528:
12527:
12518:
12509:
12500:
12490:
12488:
12479:
12474:
12467:
12466:
12454:
12453:
12450:
12449:
12446:
12445:
12442:
12441:
12439:
12438:
12437:
12436:
12430:
12428:
12422:
12421:
12418:
12417:
12414:
12413:
12410:
12409:
12406:
12405:
12402:
12401:
12399:
12398:
12389:
12380:
12371:
12362:
12353:
12347:Domestic cat (
12344:
12334:
12332:
12324:
12323:
12320:
12319:
12317:
12316:
12307:
12303:P. rubiginosus
12298:
12289:
12280:
12276:P. bengalensis
12270:
12268:
12260:
12259:
12257:
12256:
12250:Pallas's cat (
12246:
12240:
12234:
12233:
12230:
12229:
12227:
12226:
12216:
12214:
12206:
12205:
12203:
12202:
12192:
12189:
12188:
12186:
12185:
12175:
12173:
12162:
12156:
12155:
12153:
12152:
12143:
12137:Iberian lynx (
12134:
12125:
12115:
12113:
12105:
12104:
12102:
12101:
12092:
12083:
12074:
12065:
12056:
12047:
12038:
12028:
12026:
12018:
12017:
12014:
12013:
12011:
12010:
12001:
11991:
11989:
11981:
11980:
11978:
11977:
11967:
11961:
11955:
11954:
11951:
11950:
11948:
11947:
11938:
11928:
11926:
11918:
11917:
11915:
11914:
11904:
11902:
11891:
11882:
11872:
11869:
11868:
11865:
11864:
11861:
11860:
11858:
11857:
11848:
11839:
11830:
11821:
11815:Snow leopard (
11811:
11809:
11801:
11800:
11798:
11797:
11788:
11778:
11776:
11765:
11752:
11742:
11735:
11734:
11732:
11731:
11722:
11712:
11710:
11694:
11689:
11682:
11681:
11679:
11678:
11668:
11662:
11657:
11650:
11649:
11634:
11633:
11631:
11630:
11628:Laurasiatheria
11624:
11618:
11612:
11606:
11599:
11596:
11595:
11586:
11585:
11578:
11571:
11563:
11557:
11556:
11540:
11519:
11511:
11498:
11484:
11483:External links
11481:
11479:
11478:
11472:
11459:
11441:
11423:
11405:
11387:
11370:978-1861896551
11369:
11354:
11348:
11335:
11329:
11312:
11294:
11278:
11276:
11273:
11271:
11270:
11258:
11246:
11233:(4): 109–127.
11213:
11207:978-0687333653
11206:
11188:
11176:
11149:
11119:
11107:
11100:
11076:
11064:
11052:
11040:
11033:
11008:
11002:978-0826419132
11001:
10978:
10971:
10953:
10892:
10839:
10806:
10793:(1): 190–196.
10773:
10766:
10748:
10715:
10703:
10691:
10656:
10644:
10632:
10625:
10602:
10587:
10580:
10562:
10550:
10538:
10526:
10495:
10483:
10471:
10440:
10409:
10378:
10366:
10355:(1): 198–213.
10335:
10321:
10299:
10250:
10231:(2): 215–225.
10211:
10192:
10181:on 22 May 2011
10141:
10126:
10107:(2): 501–507.
10091:
10060:
10047:(5): 933–940.
10023:
10000:
9982:
9943:
9924:(4): 363–367.
9908:
9877:
9850:
9824:
9794:
9745:
9698:
9649:
9612:
9592:(4): 882−892.
9572:
9553:
9534:
9501:
9468:
9466:, pp. 103–113.
9456:
9435:(2): 179–189.
9411:
9396:
9384:
9382:, pp. 103–117.
9367:
9355:
9343:
9336:
9318:
9311:
9293:
9281:
9240:
9195:
9133:
9104:(2): 180–184.
9084:
9053:
9042:(6): 124–126.
9026:
8999:
8976:
8964:
8957:
8939:
8927:
8915:
8903:
8891:
8879:
8866:10.1086/284097
8844:
8821:
8809:
8792:
8780:
8763:
8748:
8736:
8729:
8705:
8693:
8686:
8666:
8655:(4): 301–307.
8639:
8624:
8612:
8600:
8587:(1): 108–176.
8567:
8554:(2): 132–142.
8530:
8518:
8475:
8416:
8398:(3): 387–408.
8371:
8322:
8315:
8297:
8270:(4): 871–889.
8254:
8235:(3): 220–224.
8219:
8207:
8195:
8188:
8166:
8160:978-1626549050
8159:
8141:
8123:(4): 606–614.
8092:
8062:
8050:
8038:
8026:
8011:
7992:(2): 347–358.
7976:
7964:
7937:
7925:
7860:
7848:
7836:
7824:
7788:(5): 899–906.
7765:
7731:(6): 445–454.
7708:
7657:
7638:(2): 279–281.
7614:
7602:
7600:, pp. 220–221.
7590:
7578:
7545:
7532:(4): 425–430.
7508:
7480:(3): 309–322.
7448:
7433:
7421:
7368:
7353:
7341:
7306:(5253): 1215.
7290:
7239:
7174:
7141:
7129:
7074:
7061:(3): 660–666.
7041:
7026:
7014:
7007:
6966:
6954:
6927:
6915:
6900:
6888:
6871:
6859:
6847:
6824:
6806:
6787:
6767:
6752:
6733:(4): 340–353.
6707:
6694:(4): 469–481.
6670:
6649:(1): 109–135.
6624:
6565:
6535:
6523:
6475:
6468:
6450:
6443:
6425:
6410:
6379:
6348:
6317:
6298:(1): 126–134.
6292:Theriogenology
6282:
6271:on 5 June 2002
6251:
6236:
6224:
6212:
6200:
6188:
6176:
6125:
6118:
6100:
6066:(4): 507–514.
6032:
6020:
6009:(4): 329–342.
6001:): a review".
5989:
5982:
5949:
5943:978-3844305456
5942:
5920:
5905:
5891:
5876:(Meyer, 1826)"
5858:
5851:
5822:
5803:
5778:
5758:
5747:(3): 365–373.
5718:
5699:(2): 125–133.
5668:
5661:
5639:
5620:
5598:
5585:(4): 505–514.
5565:
5558:
5529:
5506:
5494:
5430:
5423:
5392:
5356:(9): 889–902.
5333:
5314:
5292:
5261:
5254:
5228:
5167:
5119:
5053:
5012:
4933:
4882:
4830:
4811:
4786:
4759:(6): 827–833.
4745:Panthera atrox
4729:
4663:
4632:(8): 850–864.
4620:Panthera atrox
4608:
4575:
4541:(3): 841–849.
4509:
4443:
4416:
4377:
4364:(1–2): 59–70.
4340:
4317:(3): 339–351.
4289:
4258:
4229:(6): 977–992.
4207:
4138:
4076:
4016:
3997:
3968:
3930:
3887:
3845:
3797:
3761:
3738:
3699:(10): e25483.
3676:
3610:
3579:
3505:
3474:
3433:
3404:
3356:
3341:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3175:Aesop's fables
3171:ancient Greece
3142:Hiranyakashipu
3086:the lions' den
3078:eponymous hero
3074:Book of Daniel
3066:tribe of Judah
2944:Sundiata Keita
2916:Main article:
2913:
2910:
2872:Uganda Railway
2845:
2842:
2834:Trophy hunting
2728:Main article:
2725:
2722:
2701:Queen Victoria
2667:Carl Hagenbeck
2602:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2585:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2499:
2496:
2455:
2452:
2360:
2357:
2336:
2333:
2300:
2294:
2284:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2257:social licking
2243:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2142:
2139:
2071:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2009:spotted hyenas
1999:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1867:common warthog
1839:hypercarnivore
1834:The lion is a
1819:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1788:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1710:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1670:
1667:
1607:Before Present
1579:
1576:
1536:
1533:
1494:
1491:
1464:Maneless lions
1433:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1416:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1338:
1335:
1288:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1231:
1228:
1147:that diverged
1136:that diverged
1077:Panthera atrox
1060:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1035:
995:
983:
960:sister species
944:
943:Fossil records
941:
908:
907:
868:(Heller, 1914)
825:P. l. massaica
798:
788:P. l. azandica
693:type specimens
680:
677:
663:was coined by
631:
628:
554:
551:
455:social species
413:
412:
408:
407:
399:
398:
394:
393:
385:
384:
383:
382:
374:
367:
357:
356:
352:
351:
340:
329:
328:
322:
321:
314:
312:
308:
307:
300:
296:
295:
290:
286:
285:
280:
276:
275:
270:
266:
265:
260:
256:
255:
250:
246:
245:
240:
236:
235:
230:
226:
225:
220:
216:
215:
202:
201:
188:
185:
184:
166:
163:
162:
157:
154:
153:
145:
144:
136:
135:
127:
126:
118:
117:
109:
108:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
40:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17728:
17717:
17714:
17712:
17709:
17707:
17704:
17702:
17699:
17697:
17694:
17692:
17689:
17687:
17684:
17682:
17679:
17677:
17674:
17672:
17669:
17667:
17664:
17662:
17659:
17657:
17654:
17652:
17649:
17647:
17644:
17642:
17639:
17637:
17634:
17632:
17629:
17627:
17624:
17622:
17619:
17617:
17614:
17612:
17609:
17607:
17604:
17602:
17599:
17597:
17594:
17592:
17589:
17588:
17586:
17576:
17566:
17564:
17554:
17552:
17547:
17542:
17540:
17535:
17530:
17528:
17523:
17518:
17516:
17511:
17506:
17505:
17502:
17487:
17482:
17478:
17474:
17469:
17465:
17461:
17456:
17452:
17447:
17441:
17437:
17432:
17426:
17422:
17421:
17419:
17417:
17413:
17405:
17400:
17396:
17392:
17387:
17383:
17379:
17374:
17370:
17366:
17361:
17357:
17353:
17348:
17344:
17340:
17335:
17331:
17327:
17322:
17318:
17314:
17309:
17305:
17301:
17296:
17292:
17288:
17283:
17279:
17275:
17270:
17266:
17262:
17257:
17253:
17249:
17244:
17240:
17236:
17231:
17227:
17223:
17218:
17214:
17210:
17205:
17201:
17197:
17192:
17188:
17184:
17179:
17175:
17171:
17166:
17162:
17158:
17153:
17149:
17145:
17140:
17136:
17132:
17126:
17122:
17117:
17113:
17108:
17102:
17098:
17093:
17087:
17083:
17082:
17080:
17078:
17074:
17070:
17065:
17037:
17035:
17030:
17028:
17026:
17021:
17019:
17017:
17012:
17010:
17008:
17003:
17001:
16999:
16994:
16992:
16990:
16985:
16983:
16981:
16976:
16974:
16972:
16971:M. lutreolina
16967:
16965:
16963:
16958:
16956:
16954:
16949:
16947:
16945:
16940:
16938:
16936:
16931:
16929:
16927:
16922:
16920:
16918:
16913:
16911:
16909:
16904:
16902:
16900:
16895:
16893:
16891:
16886:
16885:
16883:
16873:
16872:
16867:
16861:
16859:
16854:
16852:
16850:
16845:
16843:
16841:
16836:
16834:
16832:
16827:
16826:
16824:
16822:
16821:
16816:
16813:
16811:
16807:
16797:
16795:
16790:
16788:
16786:
16781:
16779:
16777:
16772:
16771:
16769:
16767:
16766:
16761:
16755:
16753:
16748:
16747:
16745:
16743:
16742:
16737:
16731:
16729:
16724:
16722:
16720:
16715:
16714:
16712:
16710:
16709:
16704:
16698:
16696:
16691:
16690:
16687:
16681:
16679:
16674:
16673:
16671:
16669:
16668:
16663:
16657:
16655:
16650:
16648:
16646:
16641:
16639:
16637:
16632:
16630:
16628:
16627:L. canadensis
16623:
16622:
16620:
16618:
16617:
16612:
16606:
16604:
16601:Giant otter (
16599:
16598:
16595:
16592:
16582:
16578:
16564:
16562:
16557:
16555:
16553:
16548:
16547:
16545:
16543:
16542:
16537:
16531:
16529:
16524:
16523:
16520:
16514:
16512:
16507:
16506:
16504:
16502:
16501:
16496:
16493:
16483:
16479:
16469:
16467:
16462:
16460:
16458:
16453:
16452:
16450:
16440:
16439:
16434:
16428:
16426:
16421:
16420:
16417:
16414:
16412:
16408:
16405:
16403:
16399:
16389:
16387:
16382:
16380:
16378:
16373:
16371:
16369:
16364:
16362:
16360:
16359:M. gwatkinsii
16355:
16353:
16351:
16346:
16344:
16342:
16337:
16335:
16333:
16328:
16326:
16324:
16319:
16318:
16316:
16306:
16305:
16300:
16294:
16292:
16287:
16286:
16284:
16282:
16281:
16276:
16270:
16268:
16263:
16262:
16260:
16258:
16257:
16252:
16246:
16244:
16239:
16238:
16235:
16232:
16230:
16226:
16220:
16218:
16213:
16211:
16209:
16204:
16202:
16200:
16199:M. orientalis
16195:
16193:
16191:
16186:
16184:
16182:
16177:
16175:
16173:
16168:
16167:
16165:
16155:
16154:
16149:
16139:
16137:
16132:
16130:
16128:
16123:
16121:
16119:
16114:
16112:
16110:
16105:
16104:
16102:
16100:
16099:
16094:
16088:
16086:
16081:
16079:
16077:
16072:
16070:
16068:
16063:
16062:
16060:
16058:
16057:
16052:
16049:
16039:
16035:
16029:
16027:
16022:
16021:
16019:
16017:
16016:
16011:
16005:
16003:
16002:Taxidea taxus
15998:
15997:
15994:
15991:
15988:
15983:
15979:
15975:
15970:
15966:
15949:
15948:
15947:
15946:
15944:
15942:
15938:
15924:
15922:
15917:
15915:
15913:
15912:N. meridensis
15908:
15907:
15905:
15903:
15902:
15897:
15891:
15889:
15884:
15882:
15880:
15875:
15874:
15872:
15870:
15869:
15864:
15861:
15851:
15847:
15841:
15839:
15834:
15832:
15830:
15825:
15823:
15821:
15816:
15814:
15812:
15807:
15806:
15804:
15794:
15793:
15788:
15782:
15780:
15775:
15773:
15771:
15766:
15764:
15762:
15757:
15756:
15754:
15744:
15743:
15738:
15732:
15730:
15725:
15723:
15721:
15716:
15715:
15713:
15711:
15710:
15705:
15699:
15697:
15692:
15691:
15688:
15685:
15683:
15679:
15669:
15667:
15662:
15660:
15658:
15653:
15651:
15649:
15644:
15642:
15640:
15635:
15634:
15632:
15622:
15621:
15616:
15610:
15608:
15603:
15601:
15599:
15598:M. javanensis
15594:
15593:
15591:
15581:
15580:
15575:
15569:
15567:
15562:
15560:
15558:
15553:
15552:
15550:
15548:
15547:
15542:
15536:
15534:
15529:
15527:
15525:
15524:C. leuconotus
15520:
15518:
15516:
15515:C. humboldtii
15511:
15509:
15507:
15502:
15501:
15499:
15489:
15488:
15483:
15480:
15474:
15466:
15462:
15456:
15454:
15449:
15448:
15446:
15444:
15440:
15436:
15432:
15427:
15423:
15397:
15395:
15390:
15388:
15386:
15381:
15379:
15377:
15372:
15370:
15368:
15363:
15362:
15359:
15356:
15346:
15342:
15336:
15334:
15329:
15327:
15325:
15320:
15319:
15317:
15307:
15306:
15301:
15291:
15289:
15284:
15283:
15281:
15279:
15278:
15273:
15267:
15265:
15260:
15259:
15256:
15253:
15243:
15239:
15236:
15226:
15222:
15208:
15206:
15203:Baikal seal (
15201:
15199:
15197:
15194:Ringed seal (
15192:
15190:
15188:
15183:
15182:
15180:
15178:
15177:
15172:
15166:
15164:
15161:Harbor seal (
15159:
15157:
15155:
15150:
15149:
15147:
15145:
15144:
15139:
15133:
15131:
15126:
15124:
15122:
15119:Ribbon seal (
15117:
15115:
15113:
15108:
15107:
15104:
15101:
15099:
15095:
15089:
15087:
15084:Hooded seal (
15082:
15080:
15078:
15073:
15072:
15069:
15066:
15056:
15052:
15049:
15037:
15033:
15023:
15021:
15020:A. tropicalis
15016:
15014:
15012:
15007:
15005:
15003:
14998:
14996:
14994:
14989:
14987:
14985:
14980:
14978:
14976:
14971:
14969:
14967:
14962:
14960:
14958:
14953:
14952:
14950:
14948:
14947:
14946:Arctocephalus
14942:
14936:
14934:
14929:
14928:
14925:
14919:
14917:
14912:
14911:
14909:
14907:
14906:
14901:
14895:
14893:
14888:
14887:
14884:
14874:
14872:
14871:Z. wollebaeki
14867:
14865:
14863:
14858:
14857:
14855:
14853:
14852:
14847:
14841:
14839:
14834:
14833:
14830:
14827:
14825:
14821:
14815:
14813:
14808:
14807:
14805:
14803:
14802:
14797:
14794:
14788:
14783:
14779:(eared seals:
14774:
14769:
14763:
14761:
14756:
14755:
14753:
14751:
14747:
14743:
14739:
14731:
14727:
14702:
14701:
14700:
14699:
14697:
14695:
14691:
14682:
14681:
14680:
14679:
14677:
14668:
14664:
14661:
14659:
14655:
14641:
14639:
14634:
14632:
14630:
14625:
14623:
14621:
14620:U. thibetanus
14616:
14614:
14612:
14611:U. americanus
14607:
14606:
14604:
14602:
14601:
14596:
14590:
14588:
14583:
14581:
14579:
14574:
14573:
14570:
14567:
14565:
14561:
14555:
14553:
14548:
14547:
14545:
14543:
14542:
14537:
14531:
14529:
14526:Giant panda (
14524:
14523:
14521:
14519:
14518:
14513:
14510:
14502:
14498:
14495:
14492:
14487:
14469:
14467:
14462:
14460:
14458:
14453:
14451:
14449:
14444:
14442:
14440:
14435:
14433:
14431:
14426:
14424:
14422:
14417:
14415:
14413:
14412:C. familiaris
14408:
14406:
14404:
14399:
14398:
14396:
14394:
14393:
14388:
14382:
14380:
14375:
14373:
14371:
14370:Lycaon pictus
14366:
14365:
14362:
14356:
14354:
14349:
14347:
14345:
14340:
14339:
14337:
14335:
14334:
14329:
14326:
14318:
14314:
14304:
14302:
14297:
14295:
14293:
14288:
14286:
14284:
14279:
14277:
14275:
14270:
14268:
14266:
14261:
14259:
14257:
14252:
14251:
14249:
14247:
14246:
14241:
14235:
14233:
14228:
14226:
14224:
14219:
14218:
14215:
14209:
14207:
14202:
14201:
14199:
14197:
14196:
14191:
14185:
14183:
14178:
14177:
14174:
14171:
14163:
14159:
14156:
14148:
14144:
14134:
14132:
14127:
14125:
14123:
14118:
14116:
14114:
14109:
14107:
14105:
14100:
14098:
14096:
14091:
14089:
14087:
14082:
14080:
14078:
14073:
14071:
14069:
14066:Tibetan fox (
14064:
14062:
14060:
14055:
14053:
14051:
14046:
14044:
14042:
14037:
14035:
14033:
14028:
14027:
14025:
14020:
14013:
14012:
14007:
14001:
13999:
13998:N. viverrinus
13994:
13992:
13990:
13985:
13984:
13982:
13980:
13979:
13974:
13968:
13966:
13961:
13960:
13957:
13954:
13952:
13948:
13942:
13940:
13939:U. littoralis
13935:
13933:
13931:
13926:
13925:
13923:
13921:
13920:
13915:
13912:
13904:
13899:
13895:
13891:
13883:
13879:
13853:
13851:
13846:
13844:
13842:
13837:
13835:
13833:
13828:
13826:
13824:
13819:
13817:
13815:
13814:H. flavescens
13810:
13809:
13807:
13805:
13804:
13799:
13793:
13791:
13786:
13784:
13782:
13777:
13775:
13773:
13768:
13767:
13765:
13763:
13762:
13757:
13751:
13749:
13744:
13742:
13740:
13735:
13733:
13731:
13726:
13724:
13722:
13717:
13716:
13713:
13707:
13705:
13704:U. vitticolla
13700:
13698:
13696:
13691:
13689:
13687:
13682:
13680:
13678:
13673:
13671:
13669:
13664:
13662:
13660:
13655:
13653:
13651:
13646:
13644:
13642:
13637:
13635:
13633:
13628:
13627:
13625:
13623:
13622:
13617:
13611:
13609:
13608:Xenogale naso
13604:
13602:
13600:
13595:
13594:
13591:
13588:
13586:
13582:
13572:
13570:
13565:
13563:
13561:
13556:
13554:
13552:
13547:
13545:
13543:
13538:
13537:
13535:
13533:
13532:
13527:
13521:
13519:
13514:
13512:
13510:
13505:
13504:
13502:
13500:
13499:
13494:
13488:
13486:
13481:
13480:
13477:
13471:
13469:
13464:
13462:
13460:
13455:
13454:
13452:
13450:
13449:
13444:
13438:
13436:
13431:
13430:
13427:
13421:
13419:
13414:
13413:
13411:
13409:
13408:
13403:
13400:
13398:
13394:
13391:
13382:
13381:sensu stricto
13377:
13373:
13359:
13357:
13352:
13350:
13348:
13343:
13342:
13340:
13338:
13337:
13332:
13326:
13324:
13319:
13318:
13315:
13309:
13307:
13302:
13300:
13298:
13293:
13292:
13290:
13288:
13287:
13282:
13276:
13274:
13269:
13268:
13265:
13262:
13260:
13256:
13246:
13244:
13239:
13237:
13235:
13230:
13229:
13227:
13225:
13224:
13219:
13213:
13211:
13210:Fossa fossana
13206:
13204:
13202:
13197:
13196:
13193:
13190:
13188:
13184:
13181:
13171:
13167:
13164:
13160:
13156:
13151:
13133:
13131:
13126:
13125:
13123:
13121:
13120:
13115:
13109:
13107:
13104:Brown hyena (
13102:
13100:
13098:
13097:Hyaena hyaena
13093:
13092:
13089:
13086:
13078:
13074:
13068:
13066:
13061:
13060:
13058:
13056:
13055:
13050:
13047:
13039:
13035:
13031:
13027:
13023:
13018:
13014:
12993:
12992:
12991:
12990:
12988:
12986:
12982:
12978:
12956:
12954:
12949:
12947:
12945:
12940:
12938:
12936:
12931:
12929:
12927:
12924:Hausa genet (
12922:
12920:
12918:
12913:
12911:
12909:
12904:
12902:
12900:
12895:
12893:
12891:
12886:
12884:
12882:
12877:
12875:
12873:
12868:
12866:
12864:
12859:
12857:
12855:
12850:
12848:
12846:
12841:
12839:
12837:
12832:
12830:
12828:
12827:G. angolensis
12823:
12821:
12819:
12818:G. abyssinica
12814:
12813:
12811:
12803:
12802:
12797:
12791:
12789:
12784:
12782:
12780:
12775:
12774:
12772:
12764:
12763:
12758:
12755:
12753:
12749:
12739:
12737:
12732:
12730:
12728:
12727:V. tangalunga
12723:
12721:
12719:
12714:
12712:
12710:
12705:
12704:
12702:
12700:
12699:
12694:
12688:
12686:
12681:
12679:
12677:
12672:
12671:
12668:
12665:
12662:
12661:sensu stricto
12657:
12653:
12650:
12646:
12641:
12635:
12631:
12621:
12619:
12614:
12612:
12610:
12605:
12603:
12601:
12596:
12595:
12593:
12591:
12590:
12585:
12579:
12577:
12572:
12570:
12568:
12563:
12561:
12559:
12554:
12552:
12550:
12545:
12544:
12541:
12538:
12536:
12535:Paradoxurinae
12532:
12526:
12524:
12519:
12517:
12515:
12510:
12508:
12506:
12503:Otter civet (
12501:
12499:
12497:
12492:
12491:
12489:
12487:
12483:
12480:
12477:
12472:
12468:
12464:
12459:
12455:
12434:
12433:
12432:
12431:
12429:
12427:
12423:
12397:
12395:
12394:F. silvestris
12390:
12388:
12386:
12381:
12379:
12377:
12372:
12370:
12368:
12363:
12361:
12359:
12354:
12352:
12350:
12345:
12343:
12341:
12336:
12335:
12333:
12331:
12330:
12325:
12315:
12313:
12312:P. viverrinus
12310:Fishing cat (
12308:
12306:
12304:
12299:
12297:
12295:
12290:
12288:
12286:
12285:P. javanensis
12281:
12279:
12277:
12274:Leopard cat (
12272:
12271:
12269:
12267:
12266:
12261:
12255:
12253:
12248:
12247:
12244:
12241:
12235:
12225:
12223:
12218:
12217:
12215:
12213:
12212:
12207:
12201:
12199:
12194:
12193:
12190:
12184:
12182:
12177:
12176:
12174:
12172:
12171:
12166:
12163:
12157:
12151:
12149:
12144:
12142:
12140:
12135:
12133:
12131:
12126:
12124:
12122:
12121:L. canadensis
12119:Canada lynx (
12117:
12116:
12114:
12112:
12111:
12106:
12100:
12098:
12093:
12091:
12089:
12084:
12082:
12080:
12075:
12073:
12071:
12066:
12064:
12062:
12057:
12055:
12053:
12048:
12046:
12044:
12039:
12037:
12035:
12030:
12029:
12027:
12025:
12024:
12019:
12009:
12007:
12002:
12000:
11998:
11993:
11992:
11990:
11988:
11987:
11982:
11976:
11974:
11969:
11968:
11965:
11962:
11956:
11946:
11944:
11943:C. temminckii
11939:
11937:
11935:
11930:
11929:
11927:
11925:
11924:
11919:
11913:
11911:
11908:Marbled cat (
11906:
11905:
11903:
11901:
11900:
11895:
11892:
11886:
11883:
11879:
11878:sensu stricto
11875:
11870:
11856:
11854:
11849:
11847:
11845:
11840:
11838:
11836:
11831:
11829:
11827:
11822:
11820:
11818:
11813:
11812:
11810:
11808:
11807:
11802:
11796:
11794:
11789:
11787:
11785:
11780:
11779:
11777:
11775:
11774:
11769:
11766:
11764:
11760:
11756:
11753:
11745:
11740:
11736:
11730:
11728:
11727:P. pardicolor
11723:
11721:
11719:
11714:
11713:
11711:
11704:
11703:
11698:
11695:
11692:
11687:
11683:
11677:
11675:
11670:
11669:
11666:
11663:
11660:
11655:
11651:
11647:
11639:
11635:
11629:
11625:
11623:
11619:
11617:
11613:
11611:
11607:
11605:
11601:
11600:
11597:
11592:
11584:
11579:
11577:
11572:
11570:
11565:
11564:
11561:
11553:
11552:
11546:
11541:
11529:
11525:
11520:
11516:
11512:
11508:
11506:
11499:
11496:
11491:
11487:
11486:
11475:
11473:9780007146666
11469:
11465:
11460:
11448:
11444:
11438:
11434:
11433:
11428:
11424:
11412:
11408:
11406:9780691215297
11402:
11398:
11397:
11392:
11388:
11376:
11372:
11366:
11362:
11361:
11355:
11351:
11345:
11341:
11340:The Zoo Story
11336:
11332:
11326:
11321:
11320:
11313:
11301:
11297:
11291:
11287:
11286:
11280:
11279:
11267:
11262:
11255:
11250:
11241:
11236:
11232:
11228:
11224:
11217:
11209:
11203:
11199:
11192:
11185:
11180:
11172:
11168:
11164:
11160:
11153:
11145:
11141:
11137:
11134:(in French).
11133:
11129:
11128:Cassin, Elena
11123:
11116:
11111:
11103:
11097:
11093:
11092:
11087:
11080:
11073:
11068:
11061:
11056:
11049:
11044:
11036:
11030:
11026:
11022:
11015:
11013:
11004:
10998:
10994:
10987:
10985:
10983:
10974:
10968:
10964:
10957:
10949:
10945:
10940:
10935:
10930:
10925:
10921:
10917:
10914:(7): e22285.
10913:
10909:
10908:
10903:
10896:
10888:
10884:
10880:
10876:
10872:
10868:
10864:
10860:
10856:
10852:
10851:
10843:
10834:
10829:
10825:
10821:
10817:
10810:
10801:
10796:
10792:
10788:
10784:
10777:
10769:
10763:
10759:
10752:
10736:
10732:
10731:
10726:
10719:
10712:
10707:
10700:
10695:
10687:
10683:
10679:
10675:
10671:
10667:
10660:
10653:
10648:
10642:, p. 156–159.
10641:
10636:
10628:
10622:
10618:
10617:
10612:
10606:
10599:
10594:
10592:
10583:
10577:
10573:
10566:
10559:
10554:
10547:
10542:
10535:
10530:
10514:
10510:
10506:
10499:
10492:
10487:
10480:
10475:
10459:
10455:
10451:
10444:
10428:
10424:
10420:
10413:
10397:
10393:
10392:Visit the Zoo
10389:
10382:
10375:
10370:
10362:
10358:
10354:
10350:
10346:
10339:
10324:
10318:
10314:
10310:
10303:
10284:
10280:
10276:
10273:(2): 99–116.
10272:
10268:
10261:
10254:
10246:
10242:
10238:
10234:
10230:
10226:
10222:
10215:
10207:
10203:
10196:
10180:
10176:
10172:
10168:
10164:
10160:
10156:
10152:
10145:
10137:
10130:
10122:
10118:
10114:
10110:
10106:
10102:
10095:
10079:
10075:
10071:
10064:
10055:
10050:
10046:
10042:
10038:
10036:
10027:
10019:
10015:
10011:
10004:
9996:
9989:
9987:
9978:
9974:
9970:
9966:
9962:
9958:
9954:
9947:
9939:
9935:
9931:
9927:
9923:
9919:
9912:
9901:
9894:
9893:
9889:
9881:
9870:
9863:
9862:
9854:
9838:
9834:
9828:
9812:
9808:
9807:New Scientist
9804:
9798:
9779:
9775:
9771:
9764:
9762:
9758:
9749:
9741:
9735:
9726:
9721:
9717:
9713:
9709:
9702:
9694:
9690:
9685:
9680:
9676:
9672:
9668:
9664:
9660:
9653:
9644:
9639:
9635:
9631:
9627:
9625:
9616:
9608:
9600:
9595:
9591:
9587:
9583:
9576:
9568:
9564:
9557:
9549:
9545:
9538:
9527:
9523:
9519:
9512:
9505:
9494:
9490:
9486:
9479:
9472:
9465:
9460:
9452:
9448:
9443:
9438:
9434:
9430:
9426:
9424:
9415:
9409:
9405:
9400:
9393:
9388:
9381:
9376:
9374:
9372:
9364:
9359:
9352:
9347:
9339:
9333:
9329:
9322:
9314:
9312:9780202368160
9308:
9304:
9297:
9290:
9285:
9277:
9273:
9268:
9263:
9259:
9255:
9251:
9244:
9236:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9218:
9214:
9210:
9208:
9199:
9191:
9187:
9182:
9177:
9173:
9169:
9165:
9161:
9157:
9153:
9149:
9147:
9137:
9129:
9125:
9120:
9115:
9111:
9107:
9103:
9099:
9095:
9088:
9072:
9068:
9064:
9057:
9049:
9045:
9041:
9037:
9030:
9022:
9018:
9014:
9011:(in German).
9010:
9003:
8995:
8991:
8987:
8980:
8973:
8968:
8960:
8954:
8950:
8943:
8937:, pp. 189–90.
8936:
8931:
8925:, pp. 188–89.
8924:
8919:
8912:
8907:
8900:
8895:
8888:
8883:
8875:
8871:
8867:
8863:
8860:(5): 716–28.
8859:
8855:
8848:
8840:
8836:
8832:
8825:
8818:
8813:
8806:
8801:
8799:
8797:
8789:
8784:
8777:
8772:
8770:
8768:
8759:
8752:
8745:
8740:
8732:
8726:
8722:
8718:
8717:
8709:
8702:
8697:
8689:
8683:
8679:
8678:
8670:
8662:
8658:
8654:
8650:
8643:
8636:
8631:
8629:
8621:
8616:
8609:
8604:
8595:
8590:
8586:
8582:
8578:
8571:
8562:
8557:
8553:
8549:
8545:
8543:
8542:Lycaon pictus
8534:
8527:
8522:
8514:
8510:
8506:
8502:
8498:
8494:
8490:
8486:
8479:
8471:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8443:
8439:
8435:
8431:
8427:
8420:
8409:
8405:
8401:
8397:
8393:
8386:
8384:
8375:
8364:
8360:
8356:
8352:
8348:
8344:
8340:
8333:
8326:
8318:
8316:9780760747674
8312:
8308:
8301:
8293:
8289:
8285:
8281:
8277:
8273:
8269:
8265:
8258:
8250:
8246:
8242:
8238:
8234:
8230:
8223:
8217:, pp. 273–74.
8216:
8211:
8204:
8199:
8191:
8185:
8181:
8177:
8170:
8162:
8156:
8152:
8145:
8134:
8130:
8126:
8122:
8118:
8111:
8109:
8105:
8096:
8080:
8076:
8072:
8066:
8060:, p. 213–216.
8059:
8054:
8047:
8042:
8035:
8030:
8024:, pp. 270–76.
8023:
8018:
8016:
8007:
8003:
7999:
7995:
7991:
7987:
7980:
7973:
7968:
7960:
7956:
7952:
7948:
7941:
7934:
7929:
7918:
7914:
7910:
7906:
7902:
7898:
7894:
7890:
7886:
7882:
7878:
7871:
7864:
7857:
7852:
7845:
7840:
7833:
7828:
7817:
7813:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7795:
7791:
7787:
7783:
7776:
7769:
7758:
7754:
7750:
7746:
7742:
7738:
7734:
7730:
7726:
7719:
7712:
7696:
7692:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7676:
7672:
7668:
7661:
7653:
7649:
7645:
7641:
7637:
7633:
7629:
7625:
7618:
7611:
7606:
7599:
7594:
7587:
7582:
7573:
7568:
7564:
7560:
7556:
7549:
7540:
7535:
7531:
7527:
7523:
7521:
7512:
7501:
7497:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7479:
7475:
7468:
7466:
7457:
7455:
7453:
7444:
7437:
7430:
7425:
7417:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7399:
7395:
7391:
7387:
7383:
7379:
7372:
7364:
7357:
7351:, pp. 42, 57.
7350:
7345:
7337:
7333:
7329:
7325:
7321:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7301:
7294:
7286:
7282:
7278:
7274:
7270:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7243:
7232:
7228:
7224:
7220:
7216:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7185:
7178:
7169:
7164:
7160:
7156:
7152:
7145:
7138:
7133:
7125:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7097:
7093:
7089:
7087:
7078:
7069:
7064:
7060:
7056:
7052:
7045:
7037:
7030:
7023:
7018:
7010:
7004:
7000:
6996:
6995:
6990:
6983:
6981:
6979:
6977:
6975:
6973:
6971:
6964:, pp. 25, 31.
6963:
6958:
6950:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6931:
6924:
6919:
6912:
6907:
6905:
6897:
6892:
6885:
6880:
6878:
6876:
6869:, pp. 120–21.
6868:
6863:
6856:
6851:
6843:
6839:
6835:
6828:
6820:
6813:
6811:
6794:
6790:
6784:
6780:
6779:
6771:
6763:
6756:
6748:
6744:
6740:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6727:
6726:Mammal Review
6722:
6718:
6711:
6702:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6683:
6674:
6665:
6660:
6656:
6652:
6648:
6644:
6643:
6638:
6631:
6629:
6620:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6585:(4): e60174.
6584:
6580:
6576:
6569:
6558:
6551:
6550:
6542:
6540:
6532:
6527:
6518:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6491:
6482:
6480:
6471:
6465:
6461:
6454:
6446:
6440:
6436:
6429:
6421:
6414:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6383:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6352:
6336:
6332:
6331:New Scientist
6328:
6321:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6286:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6255:
6247:
6240:
6233:
6228:
6221:
6216:
6209:
6204:
6197:
6192:
6185:
6180:
6172:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6129:
6121:
6115:
6111:
6104:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6054:
6053:conservation"
6052:
6048:
6039:
6037:
6029:
6024:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5993:
5985:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5969:
5960:
5958:
5956:
5954:
5945:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5924:
5916:
5909:
5898:
5894:
5888:
5884:
5877:
5875:
5871:
5862:
5854:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5838:
5829:
5827:
5810:
5806:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5785:
5783:
5774:
5767:
5765:
5763:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5725:
5723:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5687:
5685:
5681:
5672:
5664:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5643:
5627:
5623:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5602:
5593:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5569:
5561:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5536:
5534:
5525:
5521:
5519:
5510:
5503:
5498:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5456:
5454:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5426:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5405:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5397:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5344:
5337:
5321:
5317:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5296:
5285:
5281:
5280:
5272:
5265:
5257:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5232:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5187:(1496): 200.
5186:
5182:
5178:
5171:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5123:
5115:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5069:
5060:
5058:
5048:
5043:
5040:(2): 58–103.
5039:
5035:
5031:
5029:
5025:
5016:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4964:
4956:
4954:
4948:
4944:
4941:Barnett, R.;
4937:
4929:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4886:
4878:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4837:
4835:
4818:
4814:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4793:
4791:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4733:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4667:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4621:
4612:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4586:
4579:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4535:
4527:
4525:
4516:
4514:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4481:10.5334/oq.24
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4463:
4459:
4450:
4448:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4429:
4420:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4381:
4372:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4353:
4344:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4293:
4282:
4278:
4277:
4269:
4262:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4211:
4203:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4134:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4090:
4080:
4072:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4020:
4004:
4000:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3984:
3975:
3973:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3915:
3911:
3904:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3882:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3861:
3852:
3850:
3840:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3757:
3753:
3751:
3742:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3683:
3681:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3626:
3617:
3615:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3583:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3478:
3470:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3444:
3437:
3426:
3422:
3420:
3411:
3409:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3380:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3327:Wilson, D. E.
3324:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3297:
3277:
3273:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3236:The Lion King
3232:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3211:L. Frank Baum
3208:
3207:Cowardly Lion
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3111:
3110:W. W. Denslow
3107:
3106:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2983:Ancient Egypt
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2909:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2855:
2850:
2841:
2840:in mid-2015.
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2821:Maasai people
2817:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2794:Mughal Empire
2791:
2786: 640 BC
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2721:
2720:(1903–1965).
2719:
2714:
2713:equestrianism
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2673:and Sydney's
2672:
2671:Melbourne Zoo
2668:
2664:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2618:
2606:
2603:19th-century
2599:
2589:
2588:Melbourne Zoo
2582:
2563:
2562:of the lion.
2561:
2557:
2552:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2538:In 1982, the
2536:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2509:
2504:
2495:
2491:
2489:
2488:IUCN Red List
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2460:
2451:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2418:
2417:WAP ecosystem
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2345:IUCN Red List
2342:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2306:
2282:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2240:
2226:
2215:Communication
2212:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2160:
2152:
2147:
2138:
2136:
2131:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2068:
2054:
2040:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2010:
1996:
1982:
1968:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1802:
1792:
1785:
1771:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1707:
1693:
1679:
1677:
1666:
1664:
1663:Narmada River
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1586:zone and the
1585:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1541:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1448:
1445:
1430:
1420:
1413:
1390:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1303:
1299:
1285:
1271:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1198:mitochondrial
1195:
1191:
1187:
1186:mutation rate
1182:
1180:
1179:Olduvai Gorge
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1163:Hybridisation
1158:
1151:
1146:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1065:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1044:American lion
1041:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
1000:
996:
993:
989:
988:
984:
981:
978:excavated in
977:
974:
970:
969:
965:
964:
963:
961:
954:
949:
940:
938:
934:
930:
925:
920:
918:
914:
902:
895:
894:P. l. vernayi
889:
884:
883:P. l. krugeri
878:
873:
866:
865:P. l. nyanzae
860:
855:
848:
842:
837:
831:
826:
819:
815:
809:
804:
803:
799:
794:
789:
783:
778:
777:P. l. kamptzi
773:(Meyer, 1826)
771:
766:(Meyer, 1826)
764:
763:P. l. persica
760:
756:
753:
749:
745:
738:
737:
733:
732:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
716:P. l. persica
713:
709:
708:IUCN Red List
705:
702:
698:
694:
685:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
657:
652:
651:Carl Linnaeus
648:
644:
636:
627:
625:
624:ancient Greek
621:
617:
612:
602:
597:
588:
587:Ancient Greek
583:
579:(nominative:
577:
573:
568:
564:
560:
550:
548:
547:Ancient Egypt
544:
540:
536:
532:
526:
524:
519:
518:IUCN Red List
515:
511:
510:western India
507:
503:
500:. During the
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
435:
431:of the genus
430:
427:) is a large
426:
425:
420:
409:
405:
400:
395:
391:
386:
381:
380:
375:
373:
372:
368:
366:
365:
361:
360:
358:
353:
348:
344:
338:
336:
330:
327:
326:Binomial name
323:
319:
318:
313:
310:
309:
306:
305:
301:
298:
297:
294:
291:
288:
287:
284:
281:
278:
277:
274:
271:
268:
267:
264:
261:
258:
257:
254:
251:
248:
247:
244:
241:
238:
237:
234:
231:
228:
227:
224:
221:
218:
217:
212:
207:
203:
197:
191:
186:
180:
175:
164:
160:
155:
151:
146:
142:
137:
133:
128:
124:
119:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
36:
33:
29:
28:Mountain lion
22:
17415:
17386:Tree of Life
17157:panthera-leo
17121:Panthera_leo
17107:Panthera leo
17077:Panthera leo
17076:
17033:
17024:
17015:
17006:
16997:
16988:
16979:
16970:
16961:
16952:
16943:
16934:
16925:
16916:
16907:
16898:
16889:
16869:
16857:
16848:
16839:
16830:
16818:
16793:
16784:
16775:
16763:
16751:
16739:
16728:L. sumatrana
16727:
16718:
16706:
16694:
16677:
16665:
16653:
16644:
16635:
16626:
16614:
16602:
16560:
16551:
16539:
16527:
16511:V. peregusna
16510:
16498:
16465:
16456:
16436:
16424:
16411:Lyncodontini
16402:Ictonychinae
16386:M. zibellina
16385:
16376:
16367:
16358:
16349:
16341:M. flavigula
16340:
16331:
16323:M. americana
16322:
16302:
16290:
16278:
16266:
16254:
16243:Eira barbara
16242:
16216:
16208:M. personata
16207:
16198:
16189:
16180:
16171:
16151:
16135:
16126:
16118:M. canescens
16117:
16108:
16096:
16084:
16075:
16066:
16054:
16025:
16013:
16001:
15920:
15911:
15899:
15887:
15878:
15866:
15837:
15828:
15819:
15810:
15790:
15778:
15769:
15760:
15740:
15728:
15727:Cacomistle (
15719:
15707:
15696:Potos flavus
15695:
15665:
15656:
15647:
15638:
15618:
15606:
15597:
15577:
15565:
15556:
15544:
15532:
15523:
15514:
15505:
15485:
15452:
15393:
15384:
15375:
15366:
15332:
15323:
15303:
15287:
15275:
15263:
15248:(monk seals)
15204:
15195:
15186:
15174:
15162:
15153:
15141:
15129:
15120:
15111:
15085:
15076:
15019:
15011:A. townsendi
15010:
15001:
14993:A. philippii
14992:
14983:
14974:
14965:
14957:A. australis
14956:
14944:
14932:
14915:
14903:
14891:
14870:
14861:
14849:
14837:
14811:
14799:
14759:
14638:U. maritimus
14637:
14636:Polar bear (
14628:
14627:Brown bear (
14619:
14610:
14598:
14586:
14577:
14576:Sloth bear (
14551:
14539:
14527:
14515:
14465:
14456:
14447:
14438:
14429:
14420:
14411:
14402:
14390:
14379:Cuon alpinus
14378:
14369:
14353:L. mesomelas
14352:
14343:
14331:
14300:
14291:
14282:
14281:Pampas fox (
14273:
14264:
14255:
14243:
14231:
14222:
14206:S. venaticus
14205:
14193:
14181:
14180:Maned wolf (
14162:Cerdocyonina
14130:
14129:Fennec fox (
14121:
14112:
14104:V. rueppelli
14103:
14094:
14085:
14076:
14075:Arctic fox (
14068:V. ferrilata
14067:
14058:
14057:Corsac fox (
14049:
14040:
14031:
14030:Bengal fox (
14009:
13997:
13988:
13976:
13964:
13938:
13937:Island fox (
13929:
13917:
13850:H. sanguinea
13849:
13840:
13831:
13823:H. ichneumon
13822:
13813:
13801:
13789:
13780:
13771:
13759:
13747:
13738:
13729:
13720:
13703:
13694:
13685:
13676:
13667:
13658:
13650:U. edwardsii
13649:
13641:U. brachyura
13640:
13631:
13619:
13607:
13598:
13568:
13559:
13550:
13542:C. alexandri
13541:
13529:
13517:
13508:
13496:
13484:
13467:
13459:M. gambianus
13458:
13446:
13434:
13418:S. suricatta
13417:
13405:
13380:
13355:
13346:
13334:
13322:
13305:
13296:
13284:
13272:
13242:
13233:
13221:
13209:
13200:
13177:carnivorans)
13158:
13129:
13117:
13105:
13096:
13064:
13052:
13022:Herpestoidea
12985:Herpestoidea
12952:
12944:G. victoriae
12943:
12934:
12933:Cape genet (
12925:
12917:G. servalina
12916:
12907:
12906:King genet (
12899:G. piscivora
12898:
12889:
12880:
12871:
12863:G. johnstoni
12862:
12853:
12844:
12835:
12826:
12817:
12799:
12788:P. leightoni
12787:
12778:
12760:
12735:
12726:
12718:V. megaspila
12717:
12709:V. civettina
12708:
12696:
12684:
12675:
12660:
12644:
12617:
12608:
12599:
12587:
12575:
12566:
12557:
12548:
12522:
12513:
12504:
12495:
12393:
12384:
12376:F. margarita
12375:
12366:
12357:
12356:Jungle cat (
12348:
12339:
12327:
12311:
12302:
12294:P. planiceps
12293:
12284:
12275:
12265:Prionailurus
12263:
12251:
12221:
12209:
12197:
12196:Jaguarundi (
12180:
12168:
12147:
12138:
12129:
12120:
12108:
12096:
12087:
12078:
12069:
12060:
12051:
12043:L. geoffroyi
12042:
12033:
12032:Pampas cat (
12021:
12005:
11996:
11984:
11972:
11942:
11933:
11921:
11910:P. marmorata
11909:
11897:
11877:
11852:
11843:
11841:
11834:
11825:
11816:
11804:
11792:
11783:
11771:
11726:
11717:
11700:
11673:
11626:Superorder:
11620:Infraclass:
11549:
11545:"Lion"
11532:. Retrieved
11528:the original
11505:Panthera leo
11504:
11463:
11451:. Retrieved
11431:
11415:. Retrieved
11395:
11379:. Retrieved
11359:
11339:
11318:
11304:. Retrieved
11284:
11261:
11249:
11230:
11226:
11216:
11197:
11191:
11179:
11162:
11158:
11152:
11135:
11131:
11122:
11110:
11090:
11079:
11067:
11055:
11043:
11024:
10992:
10962:
10956:
10911:
10905:
10895:
10854:
10848:
10842:
10823:
10819:
10809:
10790:
10786:
10776:
10757:
10751:
10739:. Retrieved
10728:
10718:
10706:
10694:
10669:
10665:
10659:
10647:
10635:
10615:
10605:
10571:
10565:
10553:
10541:
10529:
10517:. Retrieved
10513:the original
10508:
10498:
10486:
10474:
10464:29 September
10462:. Retrieved
10458:the original
10453:
10443:
10431:. Retrieved
10427:the original
10422:
10412:
10400:. Retrieved
10396:the original
10391:
10381:
10369:
10352:
10348:
10338:
10326:. Retrieved
10312:
10302:
10290:. Retrieved
10283:the original
10270:
10266:
10253:
10228:
10224:
10221:Panthera leo
10220:
10214:
10205:
10201:
10195:
10183:. Retrieved
10179:the original
10161:(2): 87–94.
10158:
10154:
10144:
10135:
10129:
10104:
10100:
10094:
10082:. Retrieved
10073:
10063:
10044:
10040:
10034:
10026:
10017:
10013:
10009:
10003:
9994:
9960:
9956:
9952:
9946:
9921:
9917:
9911:
9891:
9890:Panthera leo
9887:
9880:
9860:
9853:
9841:. Retrieved
9827:
9815:. Retrieved
9806:
9797:
9785:. Retrieved
9778:the original
9773:
9769:
9760:
9756:
9748:
9734:cite journal
9718:(1): 26–31.
9715:
9711:
9710:in Africa".
9708:Panthera leo
9707:
9701:
9666:
9662:
9658:
9652:
9633:
9629:
9624:Panthera leo
9623:
9615:
9589:
9585:
9575:
9566:
9562:
9556:
9547:
9543:
9537:
9521:
9517:
9504:
9488:
9484:
9471:
9459:
9432:
9428:
9423:Panthera leo
9422:
9414:
9399:
9387:
9365:, pp. 88–91.
9358:
9353:, pp. 85–88.
9346:
9327:
9321:
9302:
9296:
9284:
9260:(1): 70–74.
9257:
9253:
9243:
9216:
9212:
9207:Panthera leo
9206:
9198:
9155:
9151:
9146:Panthera leo
9145:
9136:
9101:
9097:
9087:
9075:. Retrieved
9071:the original
9066:
9056:
9039:
9035:
9029:
9015:(1): 39–50.
9012:
9008:
9002:
8985:
8979:
8967:
8948:
8942:
8930:
8918:
8906:
8894:
8882:
8857:
8853:
8847:
8830:
8824:
8812:
8807:, p. 147-49.
8783:
8757:
8751:
8739:
8715:
8708:
8696:
8676:
8669:
8652:
8648:
8642:
8615:
8603:
8584:
8580:
8570:
8551:
8547:
8541:
8533:
8521:
8488:
8484:
8478:
8433:
8429:
8419:
8395:
8391:
8382:
8374:
8345:(5): 68–76.
8342:
8338:
8325:
8306:
8300:
8267:
8263:
8257:
8232:
8228:
8222:
8210:
8198:
8179:
8169:
8150:
8144:
8120:
8116:
8108:Panthera leo
8107:
8103:
8095:
8083:. Retrieved
8074:
8065:
8053:
8041:
8029:
7989:
7985:
7979:
7967:
7950:
7940:
7928:
7880:
7876:
7863:
7851:
7839:
7827:
7785:
7781:
7768:
7728:
7724:
7711:
7699:. Retrieved
7677:(1): 36–44.
7674:
7670:
7660:
7635:
7631:
7627:
7624:Panthera leo
7623:
7617:
7605:
7593:
7581:
7565:(1): 60–67.
7562:
7558:
7548:
7529:
7525:
7519:
7511:
7477:
7473:
7465:Panthera leo
7464:
7442:
7436:
7424:
7389:
7385:
7378:Jhala, Y. V.
7371:
7362:
7356:
7344:
7303:
7299:
7293:
7252:
7248:
7242:
7194:
7190:
7177:
7158:
7154:
7144:
7132:
7095:
7092:BMC Genetics
7091:
7086:Panthera leo
7085:
7077:
7058:
7054:
7044:
7035:
7029:
7024:, pp. 52–54.
7017:
6993:
6957:
6940:
6936:
6930:
6918:
6891:
6862:
6850:
6841:
6837:
6827:
6818:
6799:25 September
6797:. Retrieved
6777:
6770:
6761:
6755:
6730:
6724:
6720:
6716:
6710:
6691:
6687:
6682:Panthera leo
6681:
6673:
6664:11585/903022
6646:
6640:
6636:
6582:
6578:
6568:
6557:the original
6548:
6526:
6502:(1): 17–35.
6499:
6495:
6490:Panthera leo
6489:
6459:
6453:
6434:
6428:
6422:: e45011830.
6419:
6413:
6401:. Retrieved
6397:the original
6392:
6382:
6370:. Retrieved
6361:
6351:
6339:. Retrieved
6330:
6320:
6295:
6291:
6285:
6273:. Retrieved
6269:the original
6264:
6254:
6245:
6239:
6227:
6215:
6203:
6191:
6179:
6138:
6134:
6128:
6109:
6103:
6092:the original
6063:
6059:
6050:
6047:Panthera leo
6046:
6023:
6006:
6002:
5999:Panthera leo
5998:
5992:
5973:
5968:Panthera leo
5967:
5933:
5929:
5923:
5914:
5908:
5882:
5873:
5870:Panthera leo
5869:
5861:
5842:
5837:Panthera leo
5836:
5813:. Retrieved
5794:
5772:
5744:
5740:
5737:Panthera leo
5736:
5696:
5692:
5683:
5682:), Caracal (
5680:Panthera leo
5679:
5671:
5655:. Elsevier.
5652:
5642:
5630:. Retrieved
5611:
5601:
5582:
5578:
5568:
5549:
5545:
5523:
5518:Panthera leo
5517:
5509:
5504:, pp. 28–30.
5497:
5486:the original
5465:
5461:
5453:Panthera leo
5452:
5414:
5411:Panthera leo
5410:
5353:
5349:
5336:
5324:. Retrieved
5305:
5295:
5278:
5264:
5237:
5231:
5219:. Retrieved
5184:
5180:
5170:
5137:
5133:
5130:Panthera leo
5129:
5122:
5077:
5073:
5068:Panthera leo
5067:
5037:
5033:
5027:
5023:
5015:
4967:
4961:
4953:Panthera leo
4952:
4936:
4899:
4895:
4885:
4850:
4846:
4821:. Retrieved
4802:
4756:
4750:
4744:
4743:, including
4740:
4732:
4707:11343/299180
4681:
4677:
4666:
4629:
4625:
4619:
4611:
4598:(9): 52–57.
4595:
4591:
4578:
4567:the original
4538:
4532:
4523:
4500:. Retrieved
4471:
4467:
4461:
4457:
4437:
4433:
4427:
4419:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4380:
4361:
4357:
4351:
4343:
4331:. Retrieved
4314:
4310:
4304:
4300:
4292:
4281:the original
4274:
4261:
4226:
4220:
4210:
4165:
4159:
4098:
4094:
4089:Panthera leo
4088:
4079:
4034:
4030:
4019:
4007:. Retrieved
3988:
3983:Panthera leo
3982:
3959:. Retrieved
3946:
3933:
3921:. Retrieved
3909:
3871:
3865:
3860:Panthera leo
3859:
3829:
3823:
3817:
3814:Panthera leo
3813:
3791:
3787:
3781:
3777:
3755:
3749:
3741:
3696:
3692:
3667:. Retrieved
3637:(1): 64–76.
3634:
3630:
3624:
3601:. Retrieved
3592:
3582:
3570:. Retrieved
3529:
3523:
3496:. Retrieved
3487:
3477:
3457:. Retrieved
3447:
3436:
3424:
3418:
3395:. Retrieved
3390:
3384:
3379:Panthera leo
3378:
3331:
3321:Panthera leo
3320:
3276:
3234:
3224:
3214:
3168:
3152:bodhisattvas
3145:
3121:
3115:
3103:
3100:Dorothy Gale
3054:Leo the lion
3019:
2962:
2956:
2940:
2932:Luxor Temple
2902:
2893:Lindi Region
2889:Rufiji River
2877:
2865:
2818:
2802:Ancient Rome
2776:Ashurbanipal
2760:
2736:Lion baiting
2730:Lion hunting
2718:Clyde Beatty
2708:
2683:
2660:
2621:
2617:Honolulu Zoo
2613:
2553:
2537:
2513:
2492:
2478:and reduced
2465:
2444:
2421:
2405:Burkina Faso
2379:
2375:
2338:
2335:Conservation
2322:
2311:
2302:
2261:allogrooming
2253:head rubbing
2250:
2201:encephalitis
2189:
2182:
2172:
2163:
2155:
2132:
2128:
2110:
2078:
2034:
2026:
2006:
1961:
1957:
1928:
1915:
1887:hippopotamus
1851:plains zebra
1833:
1822:common eland
1768:
1753:
1740:
1717:
1672:
1623:
1592:
1581:
1572:scrub forest
1549:
1529:canned hunts
1502:
1488:
1457:
1449:
1444:testosterone
1440:
1370:Tail length
1351:Female lions
1340:
1328:
1320:
1295:
1239:
1207:
1183:
1167:snow leopard
1130:sister group
1096:
1094:
1083:Panthera leo
1082:
1075:
1068:
1043:
1038:
1027:
1003:
997:
986:
966:
957:
936:
932:
921:
916:
912:
909:
900:
893:
882:
871:
864:
853:
846:
835:
824:
821:(Noack 1891)
817:
801:
787:
776:
769:
762:
755:Barbary lion
748:Asiatic lion
735:
715:
711:
690:
660:
654:
642:
641:
615:
563:Anglo-Norman
558:
556:
535:Roman Empire
527:
523:habitat loss
475:
437:, native to
432:
424:Panthera leo
423:
422:
418:
416:
377:
369:
362:
335:Panthera leo
334:
332:
316:
315:
303:
32:
17440:Wikispecies
17217:iNaturalist
17101:Wikispecies
17025:M. sibirica
17007:M. putorius
16980:M. nigripes
16962:M. lutreola
16935:M. haidarum
16831:N. africana
16794:A. congicus
16785:A. cinereus
16776:A. capensis
16676:Sea otter (
16654:L. provocax
16561:I. striatus
16482:Ictonychini
16377:M. melampus
16289:Wolverine (
16267:P. pennanti
16190:M. moschata
16181:M. everetti
16127:M. leucurus
16085:A. hoevenii
16076:A. collaris
16026:M. capensis
15921:N. olivacea
15836:Olinguito (
15792:Bassaricyon
15779:P. pygmaeus
15709:Bassariscus
15682:Procyonidae
15657:S. putorius
15648:S. gracilis
15566:M. mephitis
15557:M. macroura
15451:Red panda (
15431:Musteloidea
15392:Ross seal (
15345:Lobodontini
15277:Neomonachus
15205:P. sibirica
15163:P. vitulina
15128:Grey seal (
15110:Harp seal (
15002:A. pusillus
14966:A. forsteri
14801:Callorhinus
14735:Pinnipedia
14694:Musteloidea
14466:C. simensis
14430:C. lupaster
14299:Hoary fox (
14292:L. sechurae
14265:L. fulvipes
14256:L. culpaeus
14152:(true dogs)
14111:Swift fox (
14086:V. macrotis
13978:Nyctereutes
13887:Caniformia
13832:H. ochracea
13790:B. nigripes
13781:B. jacksoni
13668:U. javanica
13585:Herpestinae
13560:C. obscurus
13551:C. ansorgei
13531:Crossarchus
13387:(mongooses)
13376:Herpestidae
13356:S. durrelli
13347:S. concolor
13297:G. fasciata
13234:E. goudotii
13155:Herpestidae
13065:P. cristata
12926:G. thierryi
12881:G. maculata
12845:G. cristata
12836:G. bourloni
12589:Paradoxurus
12547:Binturong (
12486:Hemigalinae
12463:Viverroidea
12426:Viverroidea
12385:F. nigripes
12237:Leopard cat
12222:P. concolor
12139:L. pardinus
12088:L. tigrinus
12079:L. pardalis
12070:L. jacobita
12061:L. guttulus
12034:L. colocola
11793:N. nebulosa
11763:Pantherinae
11643:Feliformia
11165:: 215–224.
10611:Feldman, D.
10519:5 September
10433:4 September
10376:, p. 81-82.
10267:Zoo Biology
9626:population"
9077:4 September
8760:(5): 87–94.
8649:Zoo Biology
6943:(16): 253.
6925:, p. 34–35.
6372:19 November
6341:19 November
5302:"The Liger"
4943:Shapiro, B.
4853:(1): 1–11.
4823:10 February
4657:11336/65990
4491:10576/22920
4434:Quaternaire
3961:23 December
3939:Wood, J. G.
3778:Pantherinae
3603:10 February
3498:20 February
3260:Roar (film)
3221:C. S. Lewis
3187:Nemean lion
3082:King Darius
3022:Mesopotamia
2948:Mali Empire
2685:Lion taming
2675:Taronga Zoo
2636:Renaissance
2428:Arly-Singou
2318:spray urine
2151:Lake Nakuru
2081:polyestrous
1875:sambar deer
1760:confluences
1634:Middle Ages
1621:by AD 100.
1560:Mount Kenya
1556:Mount Elgon
1354:Male lions
1323:postorbital
1260:Description
1032:Paleolithic
1028:P. fossilis
1014:during the
1006:, lived in
987:P. fossilis
665:Lorenz Oken
498:at twilight
355:Subspecies
317:P. leo
293:Pantherinae
289:Subfamily:
192:Appendix II
134:, Tanzania
17585:Categories
16998:M. nudipes
16989:M. nivalis
16953:M. kathiah
16908:M. erminea
16899:M. altaica
16849:N. frenata
16840:N. felipei
16810:Mustelinae
16552:I. libycus
16466:G. vittata
16332:M. caurina
16109:M. anakuma
15987:Mustelidae
15974:Mustelidae
15950:see below↓
15941:Mustelidae
15838:B. neblina
15749:(raccoons)
15720:B. astutus
15718:Ringtail (
15694:Kinkajou (
15666:S. pygmaea
15607:M. marchei
15465:Mephitidae
15333:M. leonina
15225:Monachinae
15196:P. hispida
15187:P. caspica
14984:A. gazella
14916:N. cinerea
14812:C. ursinus
14750:Odobenidae
14703:see below↓
14683:see below↓
14667:Pinnipedia
14585:Sun bear (
14552:T. ornatus
14541:Tremarctos
14517:Ailuropoda
14455:Red wolf (
14421:C. latrans
14344:L. adustus
14301:L. vetulus
14274:L. griseus
14204:Bush dog (
14095:V. pallida
14093:Pale fox (
14077:V. lagopus
14048:Cape fox (
13928:Gray fox (
13686:U. smithii
13518:H. parvula
13509:H. hirtula
13397:Mungotinae
13286:Galidictis
13259:Galidiinae
13187:Euplerinae
13170:Eupleridae
13159:sensu lato
13130:C. crocuta
13063:Aardwolf (
12994:see below↓
12935:G. tigrina
12908:G. poensis
12890:G. pardina
12872:G. letabae
12854:G. genetta
12752:Genettinae
12736:V. zibetha
12656:Viverrinae
12645:sensu lato
12640:Viverrinae
12609:P. jerdoni
12476:Viverridae
12435:see below↓
12374:Sand cat (
12181:A. jubatus
12006:C. caracal
11899:Pardofelis
11718:P. linsang
11659:Feliformia
11453:1 November
11391:Packer, C.
11306:1 November
10208:: 465–481.
9843:1 February
9817:2 February
9684:1887/14372
9669:(4): 1–7.
9636:(4): 110.
9550:(5): 5–10.
7803:2263/41825
7431:, pp. 208.
6222:, pp. 133.
6210:, pp. 360.
6198:, pp. 145.
5815:1 November
5221:7 December
4947:Burger, J.
4440:: 201–208.
4222:Cladistics
4009:1 December
3949:. London:
3794:: 167–280.
3471:required.)
3430:(in Latin)
3288:References
3177:, notably
3164:lion dance
3034:Babylonian
2880:man-eating
2856:in Chicago
2844:Man-eating
2814:executions
2745:Bas-relief
2734:See also:
2663:London Zoo
2628:menageries
2542:started a
2484:Endangered
2476:inbreeding
2436:extirpated
2341:Vulnerable
2305:media help
2209:lentivirus
2097:homosexual
2007:Lions and
1951:of 1314.7
1949:bite force
1911:porcupines
1883:rhinoceros
1836:generalist
1728:Tsavo lion
1632:until the
1619:extirpated
1499:White lion
1220:Nile Basin
1171:Palearctic
999:P. spelaea
976:carnassial
913:P. leo leo
730:, namely:
697:subspecies
679:Subspecies
531:menageries
514:Vulnerable
486:shrublands
478:grasslands
273:Feliformia
269:Suborder:
174:Vulnerable
152:, Namibia
148:Female in
17446:Felis leo
17431:Q15294488
17416:Felis leo
16944:M. itatsi
16878:(weasels)
16741:Lutrogale
16678:E. lutris
16636:L. felina
16445:(grisons)
16368:M. martes
16311:(martens)
16229:Guloninae
16015:Mellivora
15888:N. narica
15829:B. medius
15820:B. gabbii
15811:B. alleni
15799:(olingos)
15768:Raccoon (
15620:Spilogale
15506:C. chinga
15487:Conepatus
15443:Ailuridae
15242:Monachini
15154:P. largha
14824:Otariinae
14787:sea lions
14782:fur seals
14773:Otariidae
14658:Mustelida
14629:U. arctos
14491:Arctoidea
14448:C. lycaon
14403:C. aureus
14333:Lupulella
14245:Lycalopex
14122:V. vulpes
14120:Red fox (
14084:Kit fox (
14059:V. corsac
13803:Herpestes
13416:Meerkat (
13175:(Malagasy
13077:Hyaeninae
13038:Hyaenidae
12953:G. felina
12367:F. lybica
12179:Cheetah (
12097:L. wiedii
12086:Oncilla (
12052:L. guigna
12023:Leopardus
12004:Caracal (
11997:C. aurata
11932:Bay cat (
11853:P. pardus
11851:Leopard (
11826:P. tigris
11784:N. diardi
11702:Prionodon
11602:Kingdom:
11591:Carnivora
11074:, p. 119.
11062:, p. 100.
11050:, p. 133.
10713:, p. 113.
10701:, p. 166.
10654:, p. 142.
10600:, p. 187.
10558:de Courcy
10548:, p. 208.
10374:de Courcy
8974:, p. 184.
8913:, p. 183.
8790:, p. 143.
8746:, p. 137.
8703:, p. 142.
8637:, p. 174.
8610:, p. 188.
8528:, p. 293.
8205:, p. 272.
8048:, p. 276.
8036:, p. 133.
7935:, p. 237.
7846:, p. 248.
7612:, p. 153.
7588:, p. 195.
7482:CiteSeerX
7098:(1): 21.
6857:, p. 122.
6747:202040786
6030:, p. 148.
5579:Evolution
5482:198968757
5080:(1): 70.
4716:0962-1083
4101:: 30807.
3951:Routledge
3748:"1. Art,
3669:25 August
3595:: 59–82.
3572:22 August
3419:Felis leo
3319:"Species
3293:Citations
3262:from 1981
3219:, and in
3156:Manjushri
3134:Narasimha
3122:mrigendra
3108:. Art by
2930:from the
2906:apartheid
2898:full moon
2705:pantomime
2644:King John
2624:seraglios
2359:In Africa
2281:Lion roar
2197:pneumonia
2089:ovulation
1879:elephants
1843:ungulates
1756:territory
1645:river in
1630:Palestine
1615:Herodotus
1599:cave lion
1552:savannahs
1525:gene pool
1480:Castrated
1478:, Kenya.
1210:mutations
1190:gene flow
1132:with the
1106:from the
1059:Evolution
1048:Patagonia
1042:, or the
1004:cave lion
1002:, or the
980:Sri Lanka
933:P. l. leo
814:Cape lion
736:P. l. leo
728:evolution
712:P. l. leo
669:specimens
643:Felis leo
553:Etymology
502:Neolithic
482:savannahs
459:ungulates
364:P. l. leo
311:Species:
263:Carnivora
229:Kingdom:
223:Eukaryota
17701:Panthera
17606:Big cats
17425:Wikidata
17373:Species+
17300:14000228
17235:10196306
17128:BioLib:
17086:Wikidata
16924:Ferret (
16858:N. vison
16719:L. lutra
16587:(otters)
16581:Lutrinae
16438:Galictis
16350:M. foina
16265:Fisher (
16153:Melogale
16136:M. meles
16056:Arctonyx
15901:Nasuella
15879:N. nasua
15856:(coatis)
15770:P. lotor
15546:Mephitis
15305:Mirounga
15055:Phocinae
15036:Phocidae
14905:Neophoca
14851:Zalophus
14758:Walrus (
14457:C. rufus
14439:C. lupus
14419:Coyote (
14254:Culpeo (
14195:Speothos
14131:V. zerda
14113:V. velox
14050:V. chama
13761:Bdeogale
13659:U. fusca
13498:Helogale
13468:M. mungo
13407:Suricata
13336:Salanoia
13243:E. major
13223:Eupleres
13054:Proteles
13043:(hyenas)
12807:(genets)
12358:F. chaus
12349:F. catus
12340:F. bieti
12220:Cougar (
12170:Acinonyx
12148:L. rufus
12146:Bobcat (
12095:Margay (
12077:Ocelot (
12050:Kodkod (
11971:Serval (
11934:C. badia
11923:Catopuma
11833:Jaguar (
11817:P. uncia
11806:Panthera
11773:Neofelis
11691:Feloidea
11622:Eutheria
11616:Mammalia
11610:Chordata
11608:Phylum:
11604:Animalia
11447:Archived
11429:(1972).
11411:Archived
11393:(2023).
11375:Archived
11300:Archived
10948:21799812
10907:PLOS One
10879:16107828
10735:Archived
10613:(1993).
10560:, p. 69.
10536:, p. 15.
10493:, p. 20.
10084:9 August
10078:Archived
9938:86228533
9918:Mammalia
9900:Archived
9869:Archived
9837:Archived
9811:Archived
9809:. 2016.
9693:56451273
9569:: 41–53.
9563:Cat News
9526:Archived
9493:Archived
9464:Schaller
9451:10321819
9404:Schaller
9394:, p. 95.
9392:Schaller
9380:Schaller
9363:Schaller
9351:Schaller
9291:, p. 85.
9289:Schaller
9235:14596469
8972:Schaller
8935:Schaller
8923:Schaller
8911:Schaller
8901:, p. 68.
8889:, p. 44.
8887:Schaller
8874:84927815
8819:, p. 46.
8805:Schaller
8788:Schaller
8778:, p. 45.
8744:Schaller
8701:Schaller
8635:Schaller
8622:, p. 29.
8620:Schaller
8608:Schaller
8526:Schaller
8513:30010193
8470:25693067
8430:PLOS ONE
8408:Archived
8363:Archived
8292:44240882
8215:Schaller
8203:Schaller
8133:Archived
8079:Archived
8058:Schaller
8046:Schaller
8034:Schaller
8022:Schaller
8006:17479753
7972:Schaller
7933:Schaller
7917:Archived
7905:29364874
7856:Schaller
7844:Schaller
7816:Archived
7812:53185309
7757:Archived
7701:20 April
7695:Archived
7691:86371484
7610:Schaller
7598:Schaller
7586:Schaller
7500:Archived
7429:Schaller
7416:29622932
7380:(2017).
7328:17820922
7285:44676637
7231:Archived
7227:35849910
7124:29614950
7022:Schaller
6923:Schaller
6913:, p. 33.
6898:, p. 37.
6896:Schaller
6886:, p. 33.
6884:Schaller
6867:Schaller
6855:Schaller
6844:: 34–39.
6793:Archived
6619:23573239
6579:PLOS ONE
6531:Schaller
6403:18 April
6366:Archived
6335:Archived
6312:16626799
6208:Schaller
6171:15893512
6163:12193785
6088:24190889
5897:Archived
5809:Archived
5713:21320626
5626:Archived
5502:Schaller
5468:: 1–11.
5384:Archived
5380:18179301
5372:25091377
5320:Archived
5284:Archived
5215:Archived
5162:82728679
5114:24690312
5004:Archived
5000:46716748
4992:19302360
4928:24225466
4877:26518481
4817:Archived
4781:84229141
4741:Panthera
4724:34748674
4600:Archived
4563:15012963
4496:Archived
4462:Panthera
4333:14 March
4327:Archived
4253:84497516
4245:34892880
4202:32366643
4133:27488946
4071:32366643
4003:Archived
3955:Archived
3941:(1865).
3923:6 August
3914:Archived
3910:Cat News
3750:Panthera
3733:22016768
3693:PLOS ONE
3663:Archived
3659:20138224
3625:Panthera
3597:Archived
3566:Archived
3562:41672825
3554:16400146
3492:Archived
3484:"πάνθηρ"
3459:20 March
3351:62265494
3317:(2005).
3243:See also
3213:'s 1900
3195:Lancelot
3191:Heracles
3118:Sanskrit
3030:Assyrian
2979:Apedemak
2798:Jahangir
2774:emperor
2772:Assyrian
2689:circuses
2586:Lion at
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2329:snarling
2325:growling
2179:antelope
2169:tapeworm
2029:cheetahs
1724:disperse
1661:and the
1626:Caucasus
1595:Holocene
1543:Lion in
1333:fibers.
1289:Skeleton
1224:Holocene
1196:without
1175:Pliocene
1097:Panthera
1052:Edmonton
1039:P. atrox
1012:Beringia
841:Lönnberg
782:Matschie
761:include
759:Synonyms
744:nominate
720:taxonomy
661:Panthera
649:used by
645:was the
630:Taxonomy
616:Panthera
494:at night
434:Panthera
343:Linnaeus
304:Panthera
279:Family:
253:Mammalia
243:Chordata
239:Phylum:
233:Animalia
219:Domain:
179:IUCN 3.1
150:Okonjima
130:Male in
17551:Biology
17539:Animals
17527:Mammals
17501:Portals
17481:ZooBank
17473:7630906
17460:4443790
17287:1006020
17209:5219404
16926:M. furo
16871:Mustela
16820:Neogale
16667:Enhydra
16541:Ictonyx
16500:Vormela
16457:G. cuja
16384:Sable (
16291:G. gulo
16256:Pekania
16241:Tayra (
16038:Melinae
15850:Nasuina
15742:Procyon
15098:Phocini
14737:(seals)
14672:(seals)
14564:Ursinae
14506:(bears)
14501:Ursidae
14377:Dhole (
14167:(zorro)
14041:V. cana
13951:Vulpini
13919:Urocyon
13903:Canidae
13695:U. urva
13199:Fossa (
13119:Crocuta
12801:Genetta
12698:Viverra
12239:lineage
12161:lineage
12130:L. lynx
11986:Caracal
11960:lineage
11958:Caracal
11890:lineage
11888:Bay cat
11874:Felinae
11835:P. onca
11824:Tiger (
11744:Felidae
11614:Class:
11593:species
11589:Extant
11554:. 1921.
11417:10 July
11266:Jackson
11254:Jackson
11184:Jackson
11115:Jackson
11072:Jackson
11060:Jackson
11048:Jackson
10939:3140494
10916:Bibcode
10887:3190757
10859:Bibcode
10741:30 July
10699:Jackson
10674:Bibcode
10652:Jackson
10640:Jackson
10402:5 April
10185:27 July
10175:2131247
10109:Bibcode
9965:Bibcode
9787:9 March
9408:p. 116.
9276:7563428
9190:8559247
9181:7095363
9160:Bibcode
9128:9067652
9021:5393325
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8461:4333767
8438:Bibcode
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7986:Ecology
7913:4405091
7885:Bibcode
7753:2588727
7733:Bibcode
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7336:5058849
7308:Bibcode
7300:Science
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7257:Bibcode
7249:Science
7219:7652573
7199:Bibcode
7191:Science
7115:5883395
6999:369–376
6610:3616087
6587:Bibcode
6533:, p. 5.
6504:Bibcode
6492:) view"
6143:Bibcode
6135:Science
6068:Bibcode
6051:ex situ
5632:21 July
5211:4056029
5189:Bibcode
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5105:3997813
5082:Bibcode
4972:Bibcode
4919:3843846
4868:4691742
4761:Bibcode
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4399:Bibcode
4193:7245068
4170:Bibcode
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3701:Bibcode
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3534:Bibcode
3525:Science
3397:30 June
3112:, 1900.
3014:Babylon
2987:Sekhmet
2946:of the
2928:Sekhmet
2891:and in
2749:Nineveh
2707:titled
2648:Henry I
2605:etching
2510:, India
2486:on the
2454:In Asia
2380:In the
2343:on the
2093:in heat
1964:carrion
1903:monkeys
1895:hyraxes
1891:dik-dik
1863:giraffe
1859:gemsbok
1611:Ukraine
1603:Hungary
1564:montane
1509:leucism
1474:and in
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1381:Weight
1348:Average
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1230:Hybrids
1215:alleles
1145:leopard
1114:around
1112:Felidae
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1100:lineage
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830:Neumann
810:, 1842)
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784:, 1900)
516:on the
490:diurnal
299:Genus:
283:Felidae
259:Order:
249:Class:
194: (
177: (
110:↓
17563:Africa
17391:123566
17339:563151
17261:183803
17183:PNTHLE
17170:328672
16616:Lontra
16304:Martes
15579:Mydaus
15473:skunks
14437:Wolf (
14317:Canina
14147:Canini
14011:Vulpes
13907:(dogs)
13448:Mungos
12762:Poiana
11844:P. leo
11842:Lion (
11748:(cats)
11534:24 May
11503:"Lion
11470:
11439:
11403:
11381:18 May
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11346:
11327:
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11031:
11021:"Lion"
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10764:
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8721:302–05
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8581:Koedoe
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8085:6 June
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7877:Nature
7832:Packer
7810:
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7217:
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7112:
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6989:"Lion"
6962:Packer
6911:Packer
6785:
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6310:
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4502:18 May
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3028:up to
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2993:, and
2991:Maahes
2174:Taenia
2105:
2085:spines
1953:Newton
1945:muzzle
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1871:chital
1744:estrus
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1484:gonads
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1250:tigons
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11275:Books
10883:S2CID
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10534:Blunt
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8899:Scott
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3917:(PDF)
3906:(PDF)
3816:ssp.
3558:S2CID
3465:
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3268:Notes
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3120:word
3090:Dan 6
3070:Bible
3026:Sumer
3024:from
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2967:seers
2963:simba
2806:hunts
2409:Niger
2401:Benin
2165:Ticks
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1720:pride
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1302:spots
1246:liger
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8548:Oryx
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8311:ISBN
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8087:2014
8002:PMID
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6405:2016
6374:2023
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6308:PMID
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6159:PMID
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5978:ISBN
5938:ISBN
5915:Lion
5887:ISBN
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5817:2020
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