515:—were transferred to the underground factory at Leitmeritz, comprising 180 machines in total. From 3 November, entire Maybach HL230 engines were manufactured in Leitmeritz; the first was completed on 14 November. The production lines were manned by selected skilled prisoners whose detachment was known as Elsabe AG. The lack of air circulation in the underground factory exacerbated the illness and exhaustion of many inmates and rusted the production machines, causing many of the completed products to fail quality control. In February, the command made efforts to improve the conditions for Elsabe prisoners in order to reduce death rates. The prisoners were housed separately in a warehouse with washrooms and given increased rations of food, while they did not have to participate in as many roll calls. Production at Richard I continued until 5 May 1945.
266:
1165:
471:
1049:
38:
234:
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prisoners renovated the buildings in order to house more prisoners. A kitchen was set up in June 1944 and the infirmary was built around
September. Additional barracks were built during the winter of 1944–1945 to accommodate increases in the prisoner population. By April 1945, seven additional barracks had been built for prisoners while an additional two were planned. The capacity was 4,300 men—which had already been exceeded—and 1,000 women in the separate women's camp.
524:
well as 300 civilian workers and 600 prisoners. The
Hamburg company Robert Kieserling was contracted to construct this space. The cover name of Osram operating in Leitmeritz was Kalkspat K.G., which was responsible for machinery, power, access roads, and accommodation for civilian workers. Production was scheduled to begin by the end of 1944, but none ever took place because Osram executives recognized the hopelessness of the war situation.
1073:, showing that nearly half had the disease. By February 1945, a third of prisoners were incapacitated by disease, preventing sufficient prisoners from being mustered for slave labor. As a result, the companies constantly had to train new prisoners. Initially the prisoners were grouped in quarters based on the transport they arrived in; later they were organized by work group but not nationality as was typical elsewhere.
287:
241:
301:
273:
1136:. The number of deaths during the evacuation is unknown. About 1,222 prisoners, mostly Jewish men—some from Leitmeritz itself, others who had arrived after death marches from elsewhere—ended up in Theresienstadt Ghetto. However, some of them may have been sent there after liberation. Ninety-eight died in Theresienstadt.
457:, Mineral-Öl – Baugesellschaft m.b.H., set up to subcontract construction tasks, hired many enterprises from Germany, the Sudetenland and the Protectorate for various roles involving the camp. There was continual conflict between the SS and the companies because the goal of terrorizing and killing prisoners by
1076:
Prisoners called it the "death factory"; about 4,500 prisoners died at the camp. According to records, 150 people died through
November 1944 and after that the mortality rate climbed, with 706 deaths in December, 934 in January 1945, and 862 in February. The increase in the death rate coincided with
523:
On 15 May 1944, the Reich
Ministry of Armaments and War Production decided to use Leitmeritz to expand the production of tungsten and molybdenum wire and sheet metal produced by Osram's Berlin factory. For this, 15,000 square metres (160,000 sq ft) of underground floor space was required as
489:
at the time or $ 43–87 million in 2023 dollars. In early April 1944, the SS' goal was to begin production of the engines by July, which would have required 3,500 prisoners. However, the SS withdrew from the project—possibly because it was unwilling to accept the responsibility for a risky project—and
1060:
base. The SS guards and administrators as well as civilian laborers lived in the original soldiers' quarters, while prisoners were warehoused in the former stables, indoor riding arena, and storage depot, which were surrounded by a double barbed-wire fence and seven watchtowers. During mid-1944, the
420:
on 24 or 25 March 1944. Due to the lack of accommodation at the work site, they stayed at the Small
Fortress (temporarily a FlossenbĂĽrg subcamp) until June. The Small Fortress was 7 kilometres (4 mi) away from the Leitmeritz camp site. From 27 March, they went each day to work in Leitmeritz. By
1238:
was convicted by a German court of murdering seven Jewish prisoners in an anti-tank trench in the spring of 1945, despite having claimed to be in Vienna when the murders were committed. The information which led to his conviction was given by a
Hungarian-born former SS man, Adalbert Lallier. More
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at the Small
Fortress. Due to the large number of deaths, another crematorium was built at Leitmeritz in April. The remains of 66 others, who had been buried in seven mass graves, were exhumed in 1946; another 723 bodies were found in a 40-metre (130 ft) long anti-tank ditch. After the war,
461:
was incompatible with the aim of securing the highest production possible. Whether they were working on the camp or underground, prisoners were not given appropriate equipment and even the most basic safety precautions were not followed. Many prisoners died in accidents due to these deliberately
727:
due to the advance of Allied armies. Leitmeritz began as a male camp, but from
February to April 1945, 770 women also were imprisoned at the site, to work for Osram. An unusually high number of the prisoners, about 3,600 or 4,000, were Jews, most of whom were from Poland and the first of whom
714:
By August 1944, there were more than 2,800 prisoners, which increased further to 5,000 by
November. In April 1945, the population peaked at 9,000, nearly as many as were held in the FlossenbĂĽrg main camp. An estimated 18,000 people passed through the camp. The plurality of prisoners came from
1258:
Companies involved included Fuchs & Co. Cottbus, Siemens-Schuckertwerke A. G. Teplitz-Schönau, Siemens-Halske A. G. Dresden, Wolfferts & Wittmer Berlin, Fritz
Pollems K. G. Berlin, Dyckerhoff & Widmann Dresden, Polensky & Zöllner Driesen Nm., Alwin Böhme & Sohn Leipzig,
1155:
arrived at the site, finding 1,200 sick prisoners who had been left behind. The Czechoslovak militia guarded the site until 16 May, when it was taken over by the Red Army. Parts of the Soviet and Czech medical missions to Theresienstadt were diverted to Leitmeritz. The last prisoners were
1222:
Karl Opitz was convicted of responsibility for the execution of thirty prisoners and sentenced to life in prison by a Czechoslovak court. In 1974, former guard Henryk Matuszkowiak was convicted and sentenced to death in Poland for committing fourteen murders at Leitmeritz. In 2001,
265:
1132:. Thousands of prisoners arrived at the camp, where there was no space for them. Some prisoners had to sleep outside while others, during the last few days of the war, slept in the tunnels. Prisoners were bundled into almost 100 transports and deported south into
496:(GB-Bau, "Office of General Representative for Regulation of the Construction Industry"), part of the Reich Ministry of Armaments and War Production. On 30 April, Hitler ordered that the dispersal to Leitmeritz be expedited because the Maybach plant in
1064:
Despite the continual increase in the number of prisoners, not enough accommodation was built, resulting in serious overcrowding and major problems with hygiene. Rations of food were completely inadequate. The rate of infectious disease, especially
1143:. On the afternoon of 5 May, Panicke summoned the prisoners to announce that the war was over and they would be released. Between 6 and 8 May, many prisoners received certificates for their release. The camp was officially dissolved by the
1179:, while the barracks were returned to use by the Czechoslovak Army, and used until 2003. The crematorium is the only part of the former camp open to the public. Nearby, a memorial to the victims of the camp designed by the Czech artist
370:(now Litoměřice in the Czech Republic). Although there was an existing quarry, the facility had to be expanded in order to accommodate planned spaces for production and assembly several kilometers long. The site was located in
728:
arrived on 9 August 1944. By country of origin, the largest groups were Poles (almost 9,000), Soviet citizens (3,500), Germans (950), Hungarians (850), French (800), Yugoslavs (more than 600) and Czechs (more than 500).
1259:
Oberschlesische Baugesellschaft m.b.H. Kattowitz, Josef Kargel Reichenberg, Ferngas A. G. Teplitz-Schönau, Wiener Baugesellschaft m.b.H. Dniepropetrowsk, Paul Schreck K. G. Halle und Robert Kieserling Hamburg.
1098:
1108:. Before the evacuation of the camp, 3,869 prisoners, primarily those unable to work, were sent to other camps, including 1,657 to FlossenbĂĽrg and its subcamps and 1,200 (suffering from
1213:
that it had commissioned into its activity during the Nazi era. According to the report, the company bore "moral responsibility" for the 4,500 deaths that occurred at Leitmeritz.
702:
Edmund Johann in November. As the camp expanded, the number of Luftwaffe guards increased to as many as 300, who had been seconded from Vienna, Leipzig and Buchenwald. Guards who
393:, whose remote location was favored for armaments production because it was not easily accessible to Allied bombers. Official names for the camp included "SS Kommando B 5", "
1194:. Leitmeritz is known as "one of the most infamous and best researched FlossenbĂĽrg subcamps"; the TerezĂn Memorial has sponsored research into the camp's history. In 2014,
1086:
188:). Established on 24 March 1944 as part of an effort to disperse and increase war production, its prisoners were forced to work in the caverns Richard I and II, producing
1139:
After FlossenbĂĽrg main camp was liberated by the United States Army on 23 April 1945, Leitmeritz continued to operate, administering nearby concentration camps such as
507:
On 11 September 1944, the Auto Union plant in Chemnitz-Siegmar was bombed. Between 25 September and 30 October, the two most important production lines of components—
1272:, pp. 233–234 Transports with fewer than 200 prisoners are not listed. Also not listed are evacuation transports that occurred in late April and early May.
204:. Of the 18,000 prisoners who passed through the camp, about 4,500 died due to disease, malnutrition, and accidents caused by the disregard for safety by the
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for war production, which involved mass forced labor) was planning to disperse the Maybach production from the Chemnitz plant to an underground factory under
2459:
Poloncarz, Marek (1999). "Die Evakuierungstransporte nach Theresienstadt (April – Mai 1945)" [The Evacuation-Transports to Terezin (April–May 1945)].
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723:(1,995), and Dachau (1,441). In March and April 1945, 2,000 people were deported to Leitmeritz from various FlossenbĂĽrg subcamps and 800 from subcamps of
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2731:
1736:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
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Schanetzky, Tim (2016). "Kriegswirtschaft und Arbeitseinsatz bei der Auto Union AG Chemnitz im Zweiten Weltkrieg by Martin Kukowski and Rudolph Boch".
347:
2516:
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Benešová, Miroslava (1995). "Das Konzentrationslager in Leitmeritz und seine Häftlinge" [Leitmeritz concentration camp and its prisoners].
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murderous working conditions. Almost every day, the tunnels suffered collapses; 60 prisoners died in just one such incident in May 1944.
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233:
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Adamczyk, A (1980). "Ostatnie dni w szpitalu obozu w Litomierzycach" [The Last Days in the Hospital of the Leitmeritz Camp].
1756:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
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command in Nordhausen. The first commander of the guard was Emanuel Fritz, a former prosecutor from Vienna, who was replaced by
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2599:] (Master's thesis) (in Czech). Charles University: Catholic Theological Faculty, Institute of the History of Christian Art.
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Die Chemnitzer Auto Union AG und die "Demokratisierung" der Wirtschaft in der Sowjetischen Besatzungszone von 1945 bis 1948
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1103:
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Karl Opitz—had a reputation for arbitrary cruelty. Supervising prisoners in their barracks was the responsibility of the
406:
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Early Camps, Youth Camps, and Concentration Camps and Subcamps under the SS-Business Administration Main Office (WVHA)
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Early Camps, Youth Camps, and Concentration Camps and Subcamps under the SS-Business Administration Main Office (WVHA)
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1199:
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169:
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The Chemnitz Auto Union AG and the "Democratization" of the Economy in the Soviet Occupation Zone from 1945 to 1948
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Hans Kohn initially commanded the supply department. In 1945, Kohn was put in charge of the prisoners' kitchen and
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225:
2095:
2300:
2321:">>Vernichtung durch Arbeit<< in Leitmeritz. Dei SS-Führungsstäbe in der deutschen Kriegswirtschaft"
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1516:
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early April, there were also 740 civilian workers, mostly skilled, and 100 prisoners were sent back to Dachau.
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projects, including some of the most important to the war effort. In the meantime, many war factories had been
2320:
2166:
1813:
1532:
990:
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417:
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Schreiber, arrived with a contingent of 10 SS men who accompanied the transport. Schreiber was replaced by
1797:
1763:
1743:
1183:, was unveiled in 1992. The memorial and the surviving archives of the former camp are administered by the
905:
200:) and preparing the second site for intended production of tungsten and molybdenum wire and sheet metal by
2324:
458:
439:, was created to oversee the forced labor projects at Leitmeritz. The companies involved, Auto Union and
1189:
2656:
2419:
The Greater German Reich and the Jews: Nazi Persecution Policies in the Annexed Territories 1935–1945
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1164:
1129:
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754:
413:
401:
Leitmeritz". The camp was located west of downtown Leitmeritz, 5 kilometres (3 mi) distant from
209:
2726:
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577:
470:
327:
2612:]. Die AuĂźenlager des KZ FlossenbĂĽrg (in German). Vol. 12. Bielefeld: Lorbeer-Verlag.
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1823:
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831:
720:
402:
371:
254:
181:
55:
2421:. War and Genocide. Translated by Heise, Bernard. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 68–98.
1180:
1169:
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8:
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791:
481:
The estimated cost of establishing Maybach production at Leitmeritz was 10 to 20 million
208:
staff who administered the camp. In the last weeks of the war, the camp became a hub for
2249:
605:
569:
560:
536:
2629:
Kriegswirtschaft und Arbeitseinsatz bei der Auto Union AG Chemnitz im Zweiten Weltkrieg
2495:
2468:
374:, a territory of Czechoslovakia that had been annexed to Germany in 1938 following the
37:
1198:(the successor to Auto Union) released a report by Audi historian Martin Kukowski and
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592:
551:
2636:
2613:
2577:
2546:
2524:
2499:
2445:
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2396:
From the Normandy Beaches to the Baltic Sea: The Northwest Europe Campaign, 1944–1945
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2296:
Foreign Claims Settlement Commission of the United States: Decisions and Annotations
355:
2487:
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Heiling, who had the most brutal reputation of the SS leaders. From February 1945,
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Völkner, tried to improve conditions for prisoners but was replaced in November by
375:
213:
129:
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on the night of 27–28 April. From early May, the SS took over the project again.
394:
354:
tank engines, much in demand due to attrition on the Eastern Front. By late 1943,
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501:
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The Elsabe production lines were dismantled and shipped to the Soviet Union as
359:
185:
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651:
598:
286:
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of the camp had the greatest control over camp conditions. All three of them—
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454:
351:
331:
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205:
189:
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War Economy and Employment at Auto Union AG Chemnitz in the Second World War
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Part of the evacuation of the camp; 68 prisoners died during the transport.
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and SS guards; a third did not survive. Victims were first cremated at the
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382:
300:
173:
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29:
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FlossenbĂĽrg: das Konzentrationslager FlossenbĂĽrg und seine AuĂźenlager
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512:
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1999: Zeitschrift fĂĽr Sozialgeschichte des 20. Und 21. Jahrhunderts
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1152:
212:. The camp operated until 8 May 1945, when it was dissolved by the
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Arming the Luftwaffe: The German Aviation Industry in World War II
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in Leitmeritz. The SS leadership in the German war economy.].
2123:"Auto Union: Historiker legen braune Vergangenheit von Audi offen"
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2519:. Vol. 1. Translated by Pallavicini, Stephen. Bloomington:
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1914:
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342:, leading to the decision to disperse production. In 1943, the
321:; the Main Fortress on the left of the river housed the ghetto.
1953:
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Amt des Generalbevollmächtigten für Regelung der Bauwirtschaft
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2014:
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1421:
1419:
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Willi Czibulka in 1944, Kurt Panicke through March 1945 and
440:
435:(SS Leadership Staff) B 5, under the authority of SS magnate
201:
84:
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FlossenbĂĽrg: FlossenbĂĽrg Concentration Camp and its Subcamps
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1413:
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1409:
1407:
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Volume 1. Translated by Pallavicini, Stephen. Bloomington:
2002:
1990:
1938:
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1841:
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1603:
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1195:
1128:
In the last week of the war, Leitmeritz was a hub for many
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deployed hundreds of thousands of prisoners on war-related
314:
197:
80:
1968:
1966:
1829:
1657:
1574:
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1472:
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Aerial photograph of the concentration camp barracks, 1945
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Erich von Berg within a few months. The third commandant,
2379:] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. pp. 169–175.
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1635:
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1494:
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Alfons Kraft. Initially, the camp was guarded by thirty
2050:
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than 360 witnesses were interviewed by the prosecutors.
1069:, was very high; at the end of 1944 many prisoners were
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The camp was established by a transport of 500 men from
1978:
1963:
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Leitmeritz and Theresienstadt on opposite sides of the
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1593:
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1504:
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601:, while the Labor Operations Department (commanded by
1431:
1384:
1382:
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2635:] (in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
2352:] (in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
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Information Portal to European Sites of Remembrance
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1645:
1584:
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715:FlossenbĂĽrg (3,649); large numbers also came from
350:was ordered to be turned over to the production of
1379:
1306:
2367:Langhamerová, Miroslava (2007). "Leitmeritz". In
1168:Memorial to the victims of the camp, designed by
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2610:Leitmeritz Concentration Camp: Women for Richard
451:Reich Ministry of Armaments and War Production
706:were rewarded with leave and a commendation.
2626:
2517:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945
2366:
2268:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945
1957:
1920:
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1081:detainees were specifically targeted by the
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2507:Skriebeleit, Jörg (2009). "Leitmeritz". In
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1670:
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1425:
1254:
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389:, Leitmeritz was one of the largest of the
2732:Nazi concentration camps in Czechoslovakia
2475:
2153:
330:prisoner population reached its peak. The
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2458:
2413:Osterloh, Jörg (2015). "Sudetenland". In
2209:
2056:
2044:
2032:
2020:
1717:Foreign Claims Settlement Commission 1968
1099:cemetery at Theresienstadt Small Fortress
2603:
2567:
2444:] (in Czech). Brno: Computer Press.
2435:
2412:
2398:. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group.
2343:
2239:
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2008:
1996:
1984:
1972:
1932:
1819:
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1578:
1538:
1522:
1498:
1437:
1296:
1269:
1249:
1163:
1056:The camp itself was located in a former
1047:
469:
317:; Small Fortress is on the right of the
2675:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
2627:Kukowski, Martin; Boch, Rudolf (2014).
2521:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
2273:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
2256:
1772:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"
1510:
574:Benno BrĂĽckner was the commandant. The
2714:
2597:The End of the War: Litoměřice in 1945
2461:Theresienstädter Studien und Dokumente
2393:
2257:Brenner, Hans (2009). "Hainichen". In
2242:Theresienstädter Studien und Dokumente
2212:"Former SS man breaks oath of silence"
2096:"Slave probe exposes Audi's Nazi past"
1803:
616:Piasek) oversaw labor deployment. The
2537:
2315:
1791:
1770:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
1651:
1639:
1597:
1563:
1388:
1341:
1324:
1312:
1077:the arrival of Jewish prisoners. The
671:Werner Meyer, and from November 1944
326:During the last year of the war, the
2291:Foreign Claims Settlement Commission
2592:Konec války, Litoměřice v roce 1945
1097:these victims were reburied in the
407:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
13:
2561:
732:Transports to Leitmeritz, 1944-45
366:Mountain just west of the town of
14:
2748:
2650:
2606:KZ Leitmeritz: Frauen fĂĽr Richard
2436:Plch, Milan; Plch, Roman (2018).
2210:Eisenthal, Bram (10 April 2001).
1200:Chemnitz University of Technology
659:There was a separate command for
1118:Bergen-Belsen concentration camp
299:
285:
271:
264:
239:
232:
226:The Holocaust in the Sudetenland
219:
58:(now Litoměřice, Czech Republic)
36:
2301:U.S. Government Printing Office
2203:
2185:
2159:
2115:
2094:Le Blond, Josie (26 May 2014).
2087:
2062:
1262:
443:, worked closely with both the
1347:
1145:German Instrument of Surrender
1123:
656:Eduard Schwarz succeeded him.
424:
387:FlossenbĂĽrg concentration camp
170:FlossenbĂĽrg concentration camp
1:
1279:
1043:
730:
518:
418:Theresienstadt Small Fortress
409:, a transit ghetto for Jews.
1764:American Antiquarian Society
1744:American Antiquarian Society
1284:
1159:
709:
465:
103:Poles were the largest group
7:
2589:BursĂková, Barbora (2017).
2442:Mysterious places of Nazism
2325:Extermination through labor
1120:. Their fate is not known.
459:extermination through labor
429:In May 1944, the authority
391:subcamps in the Sudetenland
143:.gedenkstaette-flossenbuerg
111:9,000 (maximum, April 1945)
10:
2753:
2463:(in German) (6): 242–262.
2371:; Distel, Barbara (eds.).
2244:(in German) (2): 217–240.
2232:
2193:"German Nazi jailed at 83"
1156:repatriated in July 1945.
1087:Theresienstadt crematorium
869:Warsaw Uprising detainees
629:Willi Bacher and later by
527:
253:Location of Leitmeritz in
223:
95:24 March 1944 – 8 May 1945
2604:Cziborra, Pascal (2017).
2417:; Osterloh, Jörg (eds.).
2344:Kukowski, Martin (2003).
2216:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
2171:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
1327:, pp. 190, 195, 203.
1147:on 8 May. On 9–10 May,
620:was headed originally by
414:Dachau concentration camp
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125:
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107:
99:
91:
72:
62:
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35:
28:
23:
2545:. Jefferson: McFarland.
2394:Levine, Alan J. (2000).
1242:
696:Jelinek in mid-1944 and
416:, who arrived at nearby
153:/pottenstein-1-3-2-14-15
2737:Subcamps of FlossenbĂĽrg
532:This first commandant,
500:had been bombed by the
1218:
1172:
1053:
863:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
698:
690:
684:, who reported to the
673:
667:
661:
649:
643:
637:
631:
622:
612:
603:
590:
584:
576:
567:
558:
549:
543:
534:
492:
478:
445:
431:
2698:50.54111°N 14.11222°E
2666:Exhumation of victims
2509:Megargee, Geoffrey P.
2492:10.1353/gsr.2016.0033
2479:German Studies Review
2438:Tajemná mĂsta nacismu
2259:Megargee, Geoffrey P.
2070:"Litoměřice Memorial"
1362:Shoah Resource Center
1219:SchutzhaftlagerfĂĽhrer
1167:
1051:
832:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
721:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
665:B 5, headed first by
578:SchutzhaftlagerfĂĽhrer
490:it was taken over by
473:
403:Theresienstadt Ghetto
372:Reichsgau Sudetenland
255:Reichsgau Sudetenland
182:Reichsgau Sudetenland
56:Reichsgau Sudetenland
2657:Timeline of the camp
2523:. pp. 626–628.
2299:. Washington, D.C.:
2275:. pp. 605–607.
2035:, pp. 243, 248.
2023:, pp. 255, 259.
1539:Plch & Plch 2018
1523:Plch & Plch 2018
1297:Plch & Plch 2018
743:Number of deportees
618:Political Department
340:bombed by the Allies
2694: /
2662:by TerezĂn Memorial
2011:, pp. 235–236.
1999:, pp. 231–232.
1935:, pp. 233–234.
1923:, pp. 171–172.
1871:, pp. 170–171.
1688:, pp. 627–628.
792:Slovenian partisans
733:
647:GĂĽnter Schmidt and
638:SS-UnterscharfĂĽhrer
613:SS-UnterscharfĂĽhrer
585:SS-HauptscharfĂĽhrer
544:SS-HauptscharfĂĽhrer
2703:50.54111; 14.11222
2173:. 26 February 1974
1173:
1054:
731:
699:SS-OberscharfĂĽhrer
668:SS-ObersturmfĂĽhrer
644:SS-OberscharfĂĽhrer
610:Tilling and later
479:
328:concentration camp
184:(now Litoměřice,
73:Companies involved
42:Former crematorium
16:Concentration camp
2642:978-3-515-10618-4
2619:978-3-938969-53-3
2570:Przeglad Lekarski
2530:978-0-253-35328-3
2451:978-80-264-1900-6
2428:978-1-78238-444-1
2405:978-0-275-96920-2
2359:978-3-515-08059-0
2282:978-0-253-35328-3
1958:Langhamerová 2007
1921:Langhamerová 2007
1909:Langhamerová 2007
1890:Langhamerová 2007
1869:Langhamerová 2007
1857:Langhamerová 2007
1705:Langhamerová 2007
1642:, pp. 41–42.
1625:Langhamerová 2007
1467:Langhamerová 2007
1344:, pp. 38–39.
1058:Czechoslovak Army
1041:
1040:
487:US$ 2.5–5 million
397:Leitmeritz" and "
192:tank engines for
159:
158:
108:Number of inmates
2744:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2661:
2646:
2623:
2600:
2585:
2556:
2534:
2503:
2472:
2455:
2432:
2409:
2390:
2363:
2340:
2312:
2286:
2253:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1961:
1955:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1893:
1887:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1839:
1836:Skriebeleit 2009
1833:
1827:
1817:
1811:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1767:
1761:
1747:
1741:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1689:
1686:Skriebeleit 2009
1683:
1674:
1671:Skriebeleit 2009
1668:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1628:
1622:
1601:
1595:
1582:
1576:
1567:
1561:
1546:
1536:
1530:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1485:
1482:Skriebeleit 2009
1479:
1470:
1464:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1426:Skriebeleit 2009
1423:
1392:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1359:
1355:"Four-Year Plan"
1351:
1345:
1339:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1294:
1273:
1266:
1260:
1256:
1237:
1221:
1216:In 1946, former
1212:
1193:
1185:TerezĂn Memorial
1107:
1095:
737:Date of arrival
734:
701:
695:
682:Luftwaffe guards
679:
670:
664:
655:
646:
640:
635:Hans RĂĽhrmeyer.
634:
628:
615:
609:
606:UnterscharfĂĽhrer
596:
587:
581:
573:
570:UntersturmfĂĽhrer
564:
561:HauptsturmfĂĽhrer
555:
546:
540:
537:HauptscharfĂĽhrer
495:
488:
485:, equivalent to
448:
434:
376:Munich Agreement
348:Chemnitz-Siegmar
308:
303:
294:
289:
280:
275:
268:
248:
243:
236:
214:German surrender
164:was the largest
155:
152:
151:/satellite-camps
150:
148:
146:
144:
142:
130:German surrender
40:
21:
20:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2712:
2711:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2659:
2653:
2643:
2620:
2564:
2562:Further reading
2559:
2553:
2531:
2452:
2429:
2406:
2387:
2360:
2317:Kárný, Miroslav
2283:
2235:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2208:
2204:
2199:. 3 April 2001.
2191:
2190:
2186:
2176:
2174:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2154:Schanetzky 2016
2152:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2104:
2092:
2088:
2078:
2076:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1964:
1956:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1907:
1896:
1888:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1818:
1814:
1802:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1759:
1751:McCusker, J. J.
1739:
1731:McCusker, J. J.
1727:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1692:
1684:
1677:
1669:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1638:
1631:
1623:
1604:
1596:
1585:
1577:
1570:
1562:
1549:
1537:
1533:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1497:
1488:
1480:
1473:
1465:
1444:
1436:
1432:
1424:
1395:
1387:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1340:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1250:
1245:
1227:
1206:
1187:
1177:war reparations
1162:
1149:5th Guards Army
1126:
1101:
1089:
1079:Warsaw Uprising
1046:
840:Warsaw Uprising
712:
704:shot a prisoner
676:SturmbannfĂĽhrer
662:SS-FĂĽhrungsstab
632:SS-RottenfĂĽhrer
593:OberscharfĂĽhrer
552:ObersturmfĂĽhrer
530:
521:
502:Royal Air Force
498:Friedrichshafen
486:
468:
446:SS-FĂĽhrungsstab
432:SS-FĂĽhrungsstab
427:
324:
323:
322:
311:
310:
309:
306:
304:
296:
295:
292:
290:
282:
281:
278:
276:
260:
259:
258:
251:
250:
249:
246:
244:
228:
222:
139:
112:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2750:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2678:
2677:
2668:
2663:
2652:
2651:External links
2649:
2648:
2647:
2641:
2624:
2618:
2601:
2586:
2576:(1): 184–186.
2563:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2551:
2535:
2529:
2504:
2486:(1): 186–188.
2473:
2456:
2450:
2433:
2427:
2410:
2404:
2391:
2385:
2369:Benz, Wolfgang
2364:
2358:
2341:
2313:
2287:
2281:
2254:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2202:
2184:
2158:
2156:, p. 186.
2146:
2114:
2086:
2061:
2059:, p. 251.
2057:Poloncarz 1999
2049:
2047:, p. 259.
2045:Poloncarz 1999
2037:
2033:Poloncarz 1999
2025:
2021:Poloncarz 1999
2013:
2001:
1989:
1987:, p. 236.
1977:
1975:, p. 218.
1962:
1960:, p. 172.
1937:
1925:
1913:
1911:, p. 174.
1894:
1892:, p. 173.
1873:
1861:
1859:, p. 175.
1840:
1838:, p. 638.
1828:
1812:
1796:
1784:
1768:1800–present:
1721:
1719:, p. 655.
1709:
1707:, p. 170.
1690:
1675:
1673:, p. 628.
1656:
1644:
1629:
1627:, p. 171.
1602:
1583:
1581:, p. 233.
1568:
1547:
1531:
1515:
1513:, p. 607.
1503:
1486:
1484:, p. 626.
1471:
1469:, p. 169.
1442:
1430:
1428:, p. 627.
1393:
1378:
1346:
1329:
1317:
1305:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1261:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1161:
1158:
1125:
1122:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1003:
999:
998:
996:
993:
988:
984:
983:
980:
977:
972:
968:
967:
965:
962:
959:
955:
954:
952:
949:
946:
942:
941:
938:
935:
932:
928:
927:
925:
922:
919:
915:
914:
911:
908:
903:
899:
898:
897:For Richard I
895:
892:
889:
885:
884:
883:For Richard I
881:
878:
875:
871:
870:
867:
864:
861:
857:
856:
854:
851:
848:
844:
843:
837:
834:
829:
825:
824:
821:
818:
815:
811:
810:
807:
804:
799:
795:
794:
790:Included many
788:
785:
782:
778:
777:
775:
772:
767:
763:
762:
760:
757:
752:
748:
747:
744:
741:
738:
711:
708:
529:
526:
520:
517:
509:cylinder heads
467:
464:
426:
423:
360:Four Year Plan
356:Hermann Göring
312:
305:
298:
297:
291:
284:
283:
277:
270:
269:
263:
262:
261:
252:
245:
238:
237:
231:
230:
229:
221:
218:
186:Czech Republic
172:, operated by
157:
156:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
113:18,000 (total)
109:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
49:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2749:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2710:
2707:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2644:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2572:(in Polish).
2571:
2566:
2565:
2554:
2552:9780786488797
2548:
2544:
2540:
2539:Uziel, Daniel
2536:
2532:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2386:9783406562297
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2155:
2150:
2135:. 25 May 2014
2134:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2090:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2058:
2053:
2046:
2041:
2034:
2029:
2022:
2017:
2010:
2009:Benešová 1995
2005:
1998:
1997:Benešová 1995
1993:
1986:
1985:Benešová 1995
1981:
1974:
1973:Benešová 1995
1969:
1967:
1959:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1934:
1933:Benešová 1995
1929:
1922:
1917:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1870:
1865:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1837:
1832:
1825:
1821:
1820:Kukowski 2003
1816:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1794:, p. 38.
1793:
1788:
1773:
1765:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1713:
1706:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1687:
1682:
1680:
1672:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1654:, p. 43.
1653:
1648:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1600:, p. 41.
1599:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1580:
1579:Benešová 1995
1575:
1573:
1566:, p. 40.
1565:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1512:
1507:
1501:, p. 87.
1500:
1499:Osterloh 2015
1495:
1493:
1491:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1440:, p. 73.
1439:
1438:Osterloh 2015
1434:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1391:, p. 39.
1390:
1385:
1383:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1350:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1326:
1321:
1315:, p. 37.
1314:
1309:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1271:
1270:Benešová 1995
1265:
1255:
1253:
1248:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1181:Jiřà Sozanský
1178:
1171:
1170:Jiřà Sozanský
1166:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1130:death marches
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1100:
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1088:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1062:
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1037:
1034:
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1004:
1001:
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936:
933:
930:
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904:
901:
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835:
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828:17 September
827:
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718:
707:
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694:
693:
687:
686:Fighter Staff
683:
678:
677:
669:
663:
657:
654:
653:
645:
639:
633:
627:
626:
619:
614:
608:
607:
600:
599:block leaders
595:
594:
586:
580:
579:
572:
571:
563:
562:
554:
553:
545:
539:
538:
525:
516:
514:
510:
505:
503:
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358:(head of the
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2331:(4): 37–61.
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2241:
2219:. Retrieved
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2187:
2175:. Retrieved
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2167:"News Brief"
2161:
2149:
2137:. Retrieved
2126:
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2105:. Retrieved
2099:
2089:
2077:. Retrieved
2073:
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2028:
2016:
2004:
1992:
1980:
1928:
1916:
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1775:. Retrieved
1755:
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1511:Brenner 2009
1506:
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1369:. Retrieved
1361:
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1264:
1215:
1174:
1138:
1127:
1075:
1067:tuberculosis
1063:
1055:
945:23 February
934:Gross-Rosen
931:14 February
891:FlossenbĂĽrg
877:FlossenbĂĽrg
874:25 November
850:FlossenbĂĽrg
817:FlossenbĂĽrg
814:4 September
809:Polish Jews
713:
658:
625:RottenfĂĽhrer
531:
522:
506:
480:
449:B 5 and the
437:Hans Kammler
428:
411:
399:Arbeitslager
381:The largest
380:
336:forced labor
325:
174:Nazi Germany
161:
160:
126:Liberated by
67:Nazi Germany
18:
2701: /
2671:Testimonies
1804:Levine 2000
1777:29 February
1748:1700–1799:
1728:1634–1699:
1525:, pp.
1299:, pp.
1228: [
1225:Julius Viel
1207: [
1204:Rudolf Boch
1188: [
1124:Dissolution
1102: [
1090: [
975:RavensbrĂĽck
948:Königstein
918:27 January
888:8 December
860:28 October
847:18 October
802:FlossenbĂĽrg
770:Gross-Rosen
717:Gross-Rosen
652:ScharfĂĽhrer
483:Reichsmarks
477:tank engine
425:Slave labor
346:factory in
293:Crematorium
92:Operational
63:Operated by
2727:Litoměřice
2722:Auto Union
2716:Categories
2689:14°06′44″E
2686:50°32′28″N
2660:(in Czech)
2309:1041397012
2139:13 January
2079:11 January
1822:, p.
1806:, p.
1792:Kárný 1993
1652:Kárný 1993
1640:Kárný 1993
1598:Kárný 1993
1564:Kárný 1993
1541:, p.
1389:Kárný 1993
1366:Yad Vashem
1342:Kárný 1993
1325:Uziel 2011
1313:Kárný 1993
1280:References
1044:Conditions
1002:14 April
991:Buchenwald
902:6 January
842:detainees
725:Buchenwald
519:Richard II
513:crankcases
368:Leitmeritz
344:Auto Union
247:Leitmeritz
224:See also:
194:Auto Union
178:Leitmeritz
162:Leitmeritz
77:Auto Union
52:Leitmeritz
24:Leitmeritz
2500:163393973
2337:0930-9977
2221:8 January
2177:9 January
2107:9 January
2101:The Local
1301:79, 82–83
1285:Citations
1202:academic
1160:Aftermath
1114:dysentery
1029:20 April
1018:Chemnitz
1015:16 April
906:Kaufering
798:9 August
751:24 March
719:(3,253),
710:Prisoners
692:Hauptmann
466:Richard I
453:. The SS
2541:(2011).
2319:(1993).
2293:(1968).
2197:BBC News
2128:Die Welt
1753:(1992).
1733:(1997).
1268:Source:
1153:Red Army
1141:Lobositz
1032:Gröditz
1005:Dresden
987:9 April
971:6 April
961:Zwickau
958:2 April
781:25 July
766:31 June
307:Barracks
149:/history
87:, others
48:Location
2673:at the
2582:6988885
2511:(ed.).
2261:(ed.).
2233:Sources
1371:7 March
1151:of the
1134:Bohemia
1071:x-rayed
921:Dachau
784:Dachau
740:Source
528:Command
405:in the
383:subcamp
364:Radobýl
279:Richard
168:of the
166:subcamp
136:Website
100:Inmates
30:subcamp
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2250:142663
2248:
1110:typhus
1024:Women
995:1,473
982:Women
937:2,051
836:1,495
823:Poles
820:1,296
806:1,038
774:1,202
755:Dachau
746:Notes
118:Killed
2631:[
2608:[
2595:[
2496:S2CID
2469:69753
2465:CEEOL
2440:[
2375:[
2348:[
2323:[
2246:CEEOL
1760:(PDF)
1740:(PDF)
1527:82–83
1358:(PDF)
1243:Notes
1236:]
1211:]
1192:]
1116:) to
1106:]
1094:]
1083:kapos
913:Jews
441:Osram
202:Osram
196:(now
121:4,500
85:Osram
79:(now
2637:ISBN
2614:ISBN
2578:PMID
2547:ISBN
2525:ISBN
2446:ISBN
2423:ISBN
2400:ISBN
2381:ISBN
2354:ISBN
2333:ISSN
2305:OCLC
2277:ISBN
2223:2020
2179:2020
2141:2020
2109:2020
2081:2020
1779:2024
1373:2020
1196:Audi
1112:and
1035:325
1021:370
1008:200
979:300
964:416
951:565
924:206
910:835
894:452
880:248
866:500
853:300
787:400
759:500
511:and
319:Eger
315:Elbe
198:Audi
81:Audi
2488:doi
2133:AFP
674:SS-
650:SS-
623:SS-
604:SS-
591:SS-
568:SS-
559:SS-
550:SS-
535:SS-
385:of
176:in
147:/en
145:.de
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1234:fr
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1209:de
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257:.
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