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164:: Map reading is a process, often a complex one, requiring the map user to glean information from the map, and make interpretations and judgments from that information. Thus, this process involves a great deal of shifting attention from one part of the page to another. While the cartographer cannot force the reader to read the map in a particular order as one would a book page, good design can subtly influence the flow of attention in a way that facilitates the use of the map for its intended purposes, such as by reducing the amount of eye movement that needs to take place. Examples of this include designing a map title so that it clearly conveys the map purpose and is noticed at the beginning of the process, and designing legends so that the symbols explained therein can be quickly and easily compared to the corresponding symbols in the map.
456:
269:
31:
452:, a representative fraction ("1:100,000"), or a verbal scale ("1 inch = 1 mile"). The preferred type of scale indicator depends on the purpose and audience of the map: a representative fraction is precise, but most of the public does not know what it means; a very precisely marked scale bar is most useful when distance measurements need to be made, but can be overkill when they do not; many general-audience maps, such as web street maps or atlases, use very simple single-division scale bars to simply give a sense of size.
535:
1716:
280:, the main map has been rotated to fit the page better; a north arrow (upper left) is necessary to avoid confusion. Note the very simple scale bar, which is effective at giving a general sense of size on a map in which users are not expected to make precise measurements. The light but non-white background color enables the use of white as a map symbol (the county boundary across the center). Also note the central box showing the location of a separate
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259:: All of these combine to give an immediate overall impression or emotional reaction in the mind of the map viewer. This is not just a matter of beauty vs. ugliness, but can also include more practical reactions such as clear vs. cluttered, authoritative vs. suspect, or professionally crafted vs. haphazard or amateurish, that directly impact how successful the map will be in achieving its intended purposes.
417:
symbology was created. The legend may also give details about the variable being displayed, publication, or authorship. Often, the legend is critical to understanding a map, so it is important that legends are designed effectively. Using principles of gestalt, various sets of rules have been created for legend spacing, alignment, and grouping. The word comes from ancient
322:
The background of the map may seem unimportant at first, but it plays several active roles in the use of the map. It provides "breathing room" between the map elements, and can serve to distinguish elements without the use of borders. Isolating a particular element, such as a title, by surrounding it
94:
is also used for the assembling of features and symbols within the map image itself, which can cause some confusion; these two processes share a few common design principles but are distinct procedures in practice. Similar principles of layout design apply to maps produced in a variety of media, from
416:
Legends define the meaning of the map's symbols, especially those that are not already intuitive or obvious. In addition, a legend may also serve other purposes, including: organizing the symbols into a structure of layers and importance; educating about the subject matter; or describing how the map
118:
provide visual balance with the main map, which is enlarged to maximize scale and visual hierarchy. Note also the order created by arranging the title and legend consistently in all five maps (thanks to
Australia's "serendipitous geography" providing spaces for non-map elements), which eases use but
576:
Non-map images can be added to a layout for a variety of reasons. It can offer a photo view of the area modeled in the map so that a reader can see the location looks like. Images can also be used to show examples of data points or illustrate the methods used to create the map. Logos of agencies or
530:
orient readers and tell them which way the map is facing. They are especially important in areas that map viewers are not familiar with, or when the map is oriented such that north is not up. In other cases, they may be unnecessary, especially when the geography is well-known. North arrows can be
399:
The primary element on a map page is almost always the map image itself. Placing it in the top of the visual hierarchy is typically done by making it large enough to fill the page, centrally placed, and due to its tendency to be more complex than other elements on the page. Enlarging the map also
154:, was especially influential during the formative years of academic cartography, and is still quoted as part of the canon in cartography textbooks. In practice, it is common in publishing teams for the layout portion to be executed by professional graphic designers, not cartographers.
559:
Supplementary text is used to provide context or explain the map or other map elements. Thematic mapping often uses text to add content that supports the purpose of the map, such as explanations or interpretations of the patterns seen therein. A particular type of text block is the
251:: The elements of the map must not only do their jobs individually, but must also work together, aesthetically and functionally. Visual hierarchy, balance, and order can all be considered as aspects of harmony, but so can the judicious selection of typefaces and colors.
214:, in which each of the page elements can be thought of as having weight (virtually identical to its weight in the visual hierarchy), and the "torque" created by each weight and its distance from the center of the page should sum to zero. Balance can be achieved
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Titles should be short and to the point. They typically include information about the location of the map and the subject of the map. The title should be an important part of the layout's visual hierarchy because the title tells people what the map is about.
146:, than any other aspect of cartography. Another impact of this relationship is that the cartography profession has largely adopted these principles, with relatively less unique research on the topic by academic cartographers than other aspects. The work of
236:
order introduces some randomness or unevenness in the arrangement, which can give a reaction of interest and enthusiasm, but at its extreme will look haphazard, childish, and cluttered. Another continuum of approaches to layout order varies between a
245:, in which elements can overlap and flow into one another (establishing a unified, dynamic order, but which can be confusing). Layout design, therefore, is about finding a balance between these various approaches to achieve the best of both worlds.
478:
is of a significantly smaller scale than the main map, and is used to show the location of the main map within a larger context. They are especially important with an audience who does not know where the mapped region is
137:
is constrained by geographic reality (i.e., things are what they are and where they are), the cartographer has more freedom in layout than in designing the map image. Therefore, page layout has more in common with
334:
Most importantly, the background color establishes a baseline with which the map symbols and other elements contrast, establishing the entire visual hierarchy. Four approaches to background color are common:
77:
that involves assembling various map elements on a page. This may include the map image itself, along with titles, legends, scale indicators, inset maps, and other elements. It follows principles similar to
58:), all appropriate for a general audience. The detailed scale bar in two measurement systems facilitates precise distance measurements by an international audience, which may or may not be the intent.
585:
Charts and graphs can provide a non-spatial view of data to support the purpose map. This allows for data to be visualized in ways that may be more appropriate than a map, such as change over time.
390:
between land and water. It essentially partitions the map into a light background land and a dark background sea, which presents challenges for consistent design but can produce a striking effect.
379:, such as a shaded relief image, enables both black and white symbols to stand out, although if not executed well it can also produce a "muddy" appearance in which nothing stands out very much.
564:, which provides background information about the construction of the map. It may be as simple as a citation of the data sources, but could also include information such as the choice of
468:
Inset maps are smaller maps that are included on the same page as the main map. They can show additional information related to the main map. Four types of inset maps are common:
46:
approaches to layout order, with the non-map elements sitting "on top" of the main map. Here, the top-heavy main map is balanced by the non-map elements below. Note the use of a
172:: One of the major influences on attention flow is the apparent importance of the elements on the page; what the reader will notice first, second, and so on. As with the
546:, using several photographs to illustrate the mapped landscape, as well as text blocks for explanatory and metadata purposes. This is a relatively effective use of a
241:, in which each element is set off from the others using neatlines and borders (establishing a clear, strongly organized order, but which often looks stilted); and a
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448:
Scale is important to include on a map because it explains the size relationship between map features and the real world. Scale is commonly represented with a
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989:
2111:
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In addition to the map itself, there are various elements that are included in the map layout. The following are common elements of a map layout.
228:: The elements of the map can be arranged in a variety of ways; their alignment has a strong influence on the flow of attention. As in balance, a
103:
2081:
568:, authorship credit, copyrights, date of production and/or source data, and construction methods used, chosen based on the purpose and audience.
232:
order is achieved by strictly aligning elements in an even and symmetrical grid pattern; this is often seen as professional but can be dull. A
176:
within the map image, the map image as a whole, as well as the other layout elements, carry a visual "weight," generally determined by their
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95:
large format wall maps to illustrations in books to interactive web maps, although each medium has unique constraints and opportunities.
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with the page background and surrounding elements. The cartographer's goal, therefore, is to create a visual hierarchy that matches the
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550:(highlighting the ice cover), although it does present some challenges, such as the green areas that appear as much like ocean as land.
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is any of the supporting objects or elements that help a reader interpret a map. Typical map surround elements include the title,
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38:
incorporates several elements of map layout: a title, a scale bar, a legend, and an inset map. This is a compromise between the
210:: In its artistic sense, balance is the feeling of the layout being evenly distributed across the page. It is analogous to the
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of what should be most and least important, or seen first and last, according to the purpose of the map. The use of
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is of a significantly larger scale than the main map, to show detail in a more complex portion of the main map.
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114:, showing a layout with a strict compartmentalized order that clearly directs attention flow. The four
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218:, through symmetry and the even arrangement of elements (which is easier but often seen as dull), or
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gives it the maximum possible scale, which maximizes the ability to clearly show detail in the map.
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is used to show a different, but related theme, usually covering the same region as the main map.
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990:"Working with graphic elements, neatlines, pictures, and objects—Help | ArcGIS for Desktop"
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222:, by arranging very different elements in different spacing, but still arriving at balance.
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Li, Zhilin; Qin, Zhe (2014). "Spacing and alignment rules for effective legend design".
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shows the same thematic content in a non-contiguous area, such as the common insets of
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are especially valuable in constructing a visual hierarchy, as is the wise use of
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Legend that features point, line, and area symbols and follows rules for grouping
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664:(2nd Quarter 2018 Edition), John P. Wilson (ed.). DOI: 10.22224/gistbok/2018.2.4
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This seismic hazards map uses extension inset maps to display Alaska and Hawaii.
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Some of the major design principles that are most applicable to map layout are:
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Qin, Zhe; Li, Zhilin (2017). "Grouping Rules for
Effective Legend Design".
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Krygier, J. & Wood, D. (original edition 2005, latest edition 2016).
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companies sponsoring the map are also a common use of images on layout.
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The
Geographic Information Science & Technology Body of Knowledge
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increases its contrast with its surroundings, elevating it in the
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are designed for highly specialized use by a scientific audience.
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Web
Cartography: Map Design for Interactive and Mobile Devices
1922:
942:"Marginalia Design | GEOG 486: Cartography and Visualization"
807:"Building a Legend | GEOG 486: Cartography and Visualization"
744:"Layout Essentials | GEOG 486: Cartography and Visualization"
418:
308:, border, source information and other text, and inset maps.
647:
Art and Visual
Perception: A Psychology of the Creative Eye
277:
119:
can look a little dull. The detailed legends and extensive
1798:
1947:
599:
966:"Text on Maps | GEOG 486: Cartography and Visualization"
674:
Dent, Borden D., Jeffrey S. Torguson, Thomas W. Hodler,
356:, which has gained popularity recently, especially in
785:(2005 2nd ed.). Graphics Press. pp. 61–65.
649:(1974 2nd ed.). University of California Press.
386:
is sometimes used in coastal areas to emphasize the
50:and limited additional text about the projection (
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689:Making Maps: A Visual Gide to Map Design for GIS
897:Cartography and Geographic Information Science
660:Tait, A. (2018). Visual Hierarchy and Layout.
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1644:Geographic data and information organizations
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678:, 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2009, p.209-215
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839:18th International Cartographic Conference
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1695:National Council for Geographic Education
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638:
360:, with important thematic elements being
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694:
533:
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407:
267:
102:
29:
1014:"Chart frames—Layouts | ArcGIS Desktop"
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425:meaning "things that have to be read".
14:
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888:
635:
1772:
1037:
936:
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894:
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718:. New York: Guilford Press. pp.
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27:Arrangement of map elements on a page
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24:
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25:
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311:
1750:
1738:
1726:
1715:
1714:
1690:International Geography Olympiad
830:Schlichtmann, Hansgeorg (1997).
676:Cartography: Thematic Map Design
1006:
982:
958:
823:
799:
291:
1403:Geographic information science
760:
736:
681:
653:
516:
13:
1:
1815:Biological data visualization
1509:Geographic information system
874:10.1080/00087041.2016.1148105
832:"Functions of the Map Legend"
766:Wade, T. and Sommer, S. eds.
610:
531:very complex or very simple.
80:page layout in graphic design
1436:Environmental social science
917:10.1080/15230406.2014.933085
463:
7:
588:
394:
372:colors to make them "glow."
54:) and sovereignty dispute (
10:
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1855:Mathematical visualization
520:
441:
315:
274:Bryce Canyon National Park
126:
2533:
2403:
2267:
2221:
2145:
2044:
2013:
2006:
1913:
1850:Information visualization
1835:Educational visualization
1807:
1710:
1667:
1636:
1599:
1551:Global Positioning System
1477:
1468:
1426:
1378:
1239:
1114:
1107:
1074:
710:Tyner, Judith A. (2010).
627:Muehlenhaus, Ian (2014).
580:
571:
403:
152:Art and visual perception
2026:Charles-René de Fourcroy
1875:Scientific visualization
1802:of technical information
854:The Cartographic Journal
714:Principles of map design
645:Arnheim, Rudolf (1954).
548:high contrast background
437:
428:
384:high contrast background
349:elements stand out more.
239:compartmentalized layout
212:physics sense of balance
1659:National mapping agency
1624:Survey (human research)
1566:Participant observation
970:www.e-education.psu.edu
946:www.e-education.psu.edu
811:www.e-education.psu.edu
783:Envisioning Information
748:www.e-education.psu.edu
554:
2446:Christopher R. Johnson
1998:Technical illustration
1885:Software visualization
1649:Geographical societies
1446:Landscape architecture
781:Tufte, Edward (1990).
551:
540:South Shetland Islands
460:
413:
388:figure-ground contrast
285:
150:, especially his 1954
124:
59:
2340:Lawrence J. Rosenblum
2153:Edward Walter Maunder
2077:Charles Joseph Minard
1895:User interface design
1870:Product visualization
1441:Environmental studies
1413:Statistical geography
1294:Environmental science
691:. The Guilford Press.
537:
458:
411:
271:
127:Further information:
106:
33:
2620:Scientific modelling
2595:Information graphics
2335:Clifford A. Pickover
2285:William S. Cleveland
2193:Henry Norris Russell
2178:Howard G. Funkhouser
2122:Florence Nightingale
2087:Francis Amasa Walker
1983:Statistical graphics
1905:Volume visualization
1880:Social visualization
1654:Geoscience societies
1619:Interview (research)
1591:Land change modeling
1492:Computer cartography
1470:Techniques and tools
1328:Earth system science
345:of paper maps makes
182:conceptual hierarchy
144:principles of layout
2600:Information science
2563:in computer science
2355:Sheelagh Carpendale
2290:George G. Robertson
2127:Karl Wilhelm Pohlke
2062:André-Michel Guerry
1938:Graph of a function
1933:Engineering drawing
1700:Spatial citizenship
1685:Geographers on Film
1675:Geography education
1285:Atmospheric science
909:2014CGISc..41..348L
866:2017CartJ..54...36Q
538:Map of part of the
188:, especially size,
135:cartographic design
121:metadata text block
116:thematic inset maps
82:, such as balance,
75:cartographic design
2640:Volume cartography
2404:Early 21st century
2300:Catherine Plaisant
2295:Bruce H. McCormick
2249:Mary Eleanor Spear
2239:Arthur H. Robinson
2173:Arthur Lyon Bowley
2146:Early 20th century
1993:Technical drawings
1865:Molecular graphics
1840:Flow visualization
1830:Data visualization
1581:Statistical survey
1531:Geologic modelling
1370:Quaternary science
994:desktop.arcgis.com
552:
461:
414:
286:
194:texture complexity
125:
69:or (cartographic)
60:
2658:
2657:
2635:Visual perception
2585:Graphic organizer
2558:Computer graphics
2529:
2528:
2511:Martin Wattenberg
2486:Hanspeter Pfister
2441:Martin Krzywinski
2365:Jock D. Mackinlay
2345:Thomas A. DeFanti
2268:Late 20th century
2188:Ejnar Hertzsprung
1890:Technical drawing
1766:
1765:
1632:
1631:
1464:
1463:
1451:Landscape ecology
1271:Coastal geography
377:medium background
256:Gestalt Aesthetic
129:Design principles
99:Layout principles
73:, is the part of
48:locator inset map
44:compartmentalized
16:(Redirected from
2688:
2645:Volume rendering
2630:Visual analytics
2625:Spatial analysis
2605:Misleading graph
2456:David McCandless
2431:Gordon Kindlmann
2395:Alfred Inselberg
2390:Leland Wilkinson
2325:Michael Friendly
2259:Howard T. Fisher
2222:Mid 20th century
2163:W. E. B. Du Bois
2067:William Playfair
2057:Adolphe Quetelet
2031:Joseph Priestley
2014:Pre-19th century
2011:
2010:
1978:Skeletal formula
1845:Geovisualization
1820:Chemical imaging
1793:
1786:
1779:
1770:
1769:
1754:
1753:
1742:
1741:
1730:
1718:
1717:
1546:Geovisualization
1475:
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1418:Spatial analysis
1303:Paleoclimatology
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342:white background
339:The traditional
329:visual hierarchy
282:detail inset map
186:visual variables
169:Visual hierarchy
88:visual hierarchy
36:Falkland Islands
34:This map of the
21:
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2650:Information art
2590:Imaging science
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2506:Fernanda Viégas
2501:Moritz Stefaner
2426:Jessica Hullman
2399:
2370:Alan MacEachren
2320:Ben Shneiderman
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1860:Medical imaging
1803:
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1514:Distributed GIS
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1307:Palaeogeography
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508:in maps of the
498:Extension inset
466:
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354:dark background
320:
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304:, north arrow,
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264:Layout elements
192:(darkness) and
142:, with its own
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92:map composition
67:map composition
28:
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15:
12:
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5:
2694:
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2656:
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2615:Patent drawing
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2580:Graphic design
2577:
2572:
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2555:
2550:
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2531:
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2527:
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2524:
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2518:
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2498:
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2483:
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2476:Tamara Munzner
2473:
2468:
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2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2375:David Goodsell
2372:
2367:
2362:
2360:Cynthia Brewer
2357:
2352:
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2297:
2292:
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2262:
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2256:
2254:Edgar Anderson
2251:
2246:
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2236:
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2229:Jacques Bertin
2225:
2223:
2219:
2218:
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2215:
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2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2183:John B. Peddle
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2137:Francis Galton
2134:
2132:Toussaint Loua
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2112:Georg von Mayr
2109:
2104:
2102:Matthew Sankey
2099:
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2023:
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2015:
2008:
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2003:
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1995:
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1985:
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1968:Sankey diagram
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1955:
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1900:Visual culture
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1576:Remote sensing
1573:
1571:Photogrammetry
1568:
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1536:Geomathematics
1533:
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1018:pro.arcgis.com
1005:
981:
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903:(4): 348–362.
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316:Main article:
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198:negative space
165:
162:Attention flow
148:Rudolf Arnheim
140:graphic design
133:While much of
100:
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65:, also called
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2575:Graph drawing
2573:
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2522:
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2517:
2514:
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2499:
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2496:Claudio Silva
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
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2479:
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2459:
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2385:Michael Maltz
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2350:George Furnas
2348:
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2330:Howard Wainer
2328:
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2257:
2255:
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2250:
2247:
2245:
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2240:
2237:
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2234:Rudolf Modley
2232:
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2227:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
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2198:Max O. Lorenz
2196:
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2138:
2135:
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2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2107:Charles Booth
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2082:Luigi Perozzo
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2072:August Kekulé
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2052:Charles Dupin
2050:
2049:
2047:
2043:
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2036:Gaspard Monge
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2021:Edmond Halley
2019:
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1541:Geostatistics
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510:United States
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19:
2610:Neuroimaging
2570:CPK coloring
2553:Color coding
2491:Hans Rosling
2471:Miriah Meyer
2436:Aaron Koblin
2421:Jeffrey Heer
2315:Edward Tufte
2310:Pat Hanrahan
2280:Nigel Holmes
2158:Otto Neurath
2097:Oliver Byrne
2045:19th century
1755:
1743:
1731:
1719:
1680:Geo-literacy
1637:Institutions
1519:Internet GIS
1479:Quantitative
1356:Soil science
1275:Oceanography
1264:Zoogeography
1249:Biogeography
1124:Agricultural
1021:. Retrieved
1017:
1008:
997:. Retrieved
993:
984:
973:. Retrieved
969:
960:
949:. Retrieved
945:
900:
896:
890:
860:(1): 36–47.
857:
853:
847:
838:
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814:. Retrieved
810:
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776:
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751:. Retrieved
747:
738:
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688:
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631:. CRC Press.
628:
584:
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562:map metadata
561:
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547:
528:North arrows
526:
523:Compass rose
497:
490:
484:Detail inset
483:
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467:
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444:Linear scale
432:
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421:plural word
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298:map surround
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292:Map surround
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108:Geologic map
91:
70:
66:
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39:
18:Legend (map)
2676:Page layout
2671:Cartography
2543:Cartography
2481:Ade Olufeko
2451:Manuel Lima
2380:Kwan-Liu Ma
2305:Stuart Card
2275:Borden Dent
2213:Erwin Raisz
2168:Henry Gantt
1757:WikiProject
1609:Ethnography
1601:Qualitative
1561:Map algebra
1556:Hydrography
1497:Web mapping
1487:Cartography
1299:Climatology
1289:Meteorology
1144:Development
605:Page layout
595:Cartography
517:North arrow
475:Locator map
358:Web mapping
325:white space
220:dynamically
202:white space
90:. The term
71:page layout
56:explanatory
2665:Categories
2466:John Maeda
2244:John Tukey
2208:Harry Beck
2203:Fritz Kahn
1953:Photograph
1614:Geopoetics
1428:Integrated
1364:Edaphology
1342:Glaciology
1317:Geophysics
1312:Geobiology
1199:Settlement
1189:Population
1159:Historical
1129:Behavioral
1089:Philosophy
1023:2019-12-17
999:2019-12-17
975:2019-12-17
951:2019-12-11
816:2019-12-11
769:A to Z GIS
753:2019-12-11
611:References
544:Antarctica
362:symbolized
323:with wide
63:Map layout
2548:Chartjunk
2516:Bang Wong
2411:Polo Chau
2117:John Snow
2092:John Venn
1973:Schematic
1958:Pictogram
1668:Education
1586:Surveying
1408:Geomatics
1388:Geodesign
1380:Technical
1351:Limnology
1347:Hydrology
1226:Strategic
1209:Transport
1184:Political
1174:Marketing
1134:Cognitive
1065:Geography
882:132127291
464:Inset map
450:scale bar
306:scale bar
216:passively
112:Australia
2534:Related
1943:Ideogram
1721:Category
1360:Pedology
1241:Physical
1204:Regional
1194:Religion
1179:Military
1169:Language
1164:Internet
1149:Economic
1139:Cultural
1108:Branches
1079:Glossary
925:62163937
589:See also
479:located.
395:Main map
178:contrast
52:metadata
2416:Ben Fry
1928:Diagram
1745:Commons
1524:Web GIS
1393:Geodesy
1337:Geology
1321:Geodesy
1254:Ecology
1231:Tourism
1099:Outline
1084:History
905:Bibcode
862:Bibcode
423:legenda
249:Harmony
234:dynamic
230:passive
208:Balance
174:symbols
84:gestalt
2536:topics
2007:People
1914:Image
1808:Fields
1733:Portal
1221:Social
1154:Health
1068:topics
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581:Charts
572:Images
506:Hawaii
502:Alaska
404:Legend
366:bright
347:darker
302:legend
86:, and
1988:Table
1923:Chart
1916:types
1214:Urban
1116:Human
1094:Index
921:S2CID
878:S2CID
835:(PDF)
438:Scale
429:Title
419:Latin
364:with
226:Order
190:value
40:fluid
2681:Maps
1963:Plot
787:ISBN
724:ISBN
555:Text
504:and
370:pale
278:Utah
42:and
1948:Map
913:doi
870:doi
600:Map
542:in
496:An
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