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1405:. The bomb bay doors were removed and the ends of the bomb bay were covered with fairings. "Upkeep" was suspended on laterally pivoted, vee-shaped struts which sprang apart beamwise when the bomb-release button was pressed. A drive belt and pulley to rotate the bomb at 500 rpm was mounted on the starboard strut and driven by a hydraulic motor housed in the forward fairing. The mid-upper turret was removed and a more bulbous bomb aimer's blister was fitted; this, as "Mod. 780", later became standard on all Lancasters, while the bombsight was replaced by a simple aiming device that consisted of a simple triangle of wood with a peephole at one corner and a nail in each of the other corners such that at the correct distance the nails coincided with the towers on the dams. Because each dam was a different width between the towers, each plane carried two or three different sights. Two
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925:. However, during the first year of the type's career, some instances of structural failures were encountered on Lancaster B.Is and a number of aircraft were lost in accidents as a result of the design limitations having been greatly exceeded. Compared with other contemporary aircraft, the Lancaster was not an easy aircraft to escape from as its escape hatch was only 22 in × 26.5 in (56 cm × 67 cm) in size; in a Halifax or Stirling (which both had an escape hatch 2 in (5.1 cm) wider), 25 per cent of downed aircrew bailed out successfully, and in American bombers (albeit in daylight raids) it was as high as a 50 per cent success rate while only 15 per cent of the Lancaster crew were able to bail out.
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42:
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1337:. Aircraft fitted with Village Inn were used as bait, flying behind the main formations to confront the night fighters that followed the formations and shot down stragglers. This significantly reduced operational losses; and gun-laying radar was added to the last versions of the turret. Before the end of the war Lancasters built in the UK standardised on the FN-82 fitted with two .50 in (13 mm) machine guns and a gun-laying radar as production allowed, which was also used on early models of the Avro Lincoln. The disadvantage of all radar and radio transmitting systems is that attacking forces can locate aircraft by picking up transmissions.
913:. While not optimal, the Lancaster was capable of flying the return journey home on only two operational engines, along with very limited distances on a single running engine. Aviation authors Brian Goulding and M. Garbett have claimed that experienced Lancaster pilots were often able to out-manoeuver Luftwaffe fighters. It possessed largely favourable flying characteristics, having been described by Goulding and Garbett as being: "a near-perfect flying machine, fast for its size and very smooth...such a delightfully easy aeroplane to fly...there are instances of Lancasters having been looped and barrel-rolled, both intentionally and otherwise".
1202:
4128:
1892:. It had three 7-foot (2.1 m) aerials, two on the top of the fuselage and one under the bomb aimer's position. These aircraft carried a German-speaking crew member and were used to jam ground-to-air communications to German night fighters. The extra equipment and extra crewman added around 600 pounds (272 kg) to the bomber's weight so the bomb load was reduced by 1,000 pounds (454 kg). Due to the nature of the equipment, the enemy was able to track the aircraft and 101 Squadron suffered the highest casualty rate of any squadron. Fitted from about mid-1943, they remained until the end of the war.
1434:"earthquake" bombs which were still being built. Aircraft intended to carry the "Grand Slam" required extensive modifications. These included the removal of the dorsal turret and of two guns from the rear turret, the removal of the cockpit armour plating (the pilot's seatback), and the installation of Rolls-Royce Merlin Mk 24 engines for better take-off performance. The bomb bay doors were removed and the rear end of the bomb bay cut away to clear the tail of the bomb. Later the nose turret was also removed to further improve performance. A strengthened undercarriage and stronger mainwheels, later used by the
999:
2411:. Special operations were flown against specific ammunition depots, munitions factories, and coastal batteries in advance of the Allied invasion. Around this time, Lancasters would also provide direct support to the local operations of field forces. By May, Bomber Command had a daily average operating strength of roughly 1,100 aircraft, 616 of which were Lancasters, 354 were Halifaxes, 72 Mosquitos, and 58 Stirlings; between 300 and 400 bombers were being deployed every night, dependent on weather conditions. In May and June, extensive operations were flown against the fortifications of the
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1045:") to the pilot's right, with the fuel selectors and gauges on a panel behind him and to his right. The pilot and other crew members could use the panel above the cockpit as an auxiliary emergency exit while the mid-upper gunner was expected to use the rear entrance door to leave the aircraft. The tail gunner escaped by rotating his turret to the rear, opening the door in the back of the turret, passing into the fuselage, and clipping on a parachute that was hung on the side wall. He could then exit through the rear entrance door.
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and a service ceiling of 28,500 ft (8,700 m) at the same weight. Climb to 28,000 ft (8,500 m) at 65,000 lb (29,000 kg) takeoff weight was accomplished in 44.8 minutes with a maximum climb rate of 1,080 ft/min (5.5 m/s) at 1,000 ft (300 m). A Lancaster B VI was dived to a maximum indicated speed of 350 mph (560 km/h), or Mach 0.72 at 25,000 ft (7,600 m) in June 1944. The Merlin 85/87 series engines were fitted with annular cowlings similar to the
1113:, was located near the spars for the tailplane. At the extreme tail-end of the fuselage, the rear gunner sat in his exposed position in the tail turret, which was entered through a small hatch in the rear of the fuselage. Depending on the size of the rear gunner, the area was so cramped that the gunner would often hang his parachute on a hook inside the fuselage, near the turret doors. Neither the mid-upper nor the rear gunner's position was heated, and the gunners had to wear electrically heated suits to prevent
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the gunner from shooting the tail of his own aircraft. The Mk.VII and late Mk.X Lancasters used the heavier, electrically controlled Martin 250 CE 23A turret equipped with two .50 in (13 mm) machine guns which was mounted further forward to preserve the aircraft's longitudinal balance, and because it had an internal mechanism to prevent firing on the aircraft itself, it did not require a coaming. Other experimental turrets were tried out, including the FN-79 and the
Boulton-Paul Type H barbette system.
1167:(as a 19-year-old who had yet to win a degree) put forward a case for the removal of the majority of the Lancaster's defensive armament. He argued that this would reduce the loss rate by increasing the Lancaster's cruising speed by up to 50 mph (80 km/h) (assuming the bomb load was not increased), making the bomber harder to intercept. He also claimed reducing defensive air gunners would reduce human losses incurred with each aircraft lost. However this neglects the fact that the two main Luftwaffe
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Lancaster Mk.X Passenger Planes), and each was equipped with rudimentary passenger facilities. The inaugural flight from Dorval (Montreal) to
Prestwick, Scotland on 22 July 1943, was completed non-stop in a record 12:26 hours; the average crossing time was about 13:25 hours. By the end of the war, these aircraft had completed hundreds of trips across the Atlantic. CGTAS ushered in the era of commercial air travel across the North Atlantic, and in 1947 the service became part of
803:
2313:
3671:
3336:. The Martin turret carried two 0.5-inch Browning Mark II machine guns which packed much more punch than the .303s of the older turret. However, these Martin turrets arrived too late for inclusion in the first 50 aircraft built by Austin and these were therefore referred to as Mark VII (Interim). Another 180 true Mark VIIs were built at Longbridge. Two sub-variants of the VII existed, the "Far East" (B VII FE) for use in tropical climates and the B VII "
2888:, as Maritime Reconnaissance and Patrol aircraft in an anti-submarine role. Modifications involved the installation of radar and sonobuoy operators' positions, removal of the rear and mid-upper gun turrets, installation of a 400-gallon fuel tank in the bomb bay to increase the patrol range, upgraded electronics, radar, and instrumentation, and a cooking stove in the centre section. They served throughout the 1950s, when they were supplemented by the
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2474:, seeing to prevent the Germans from intentionally flooding neighbouring lands to delay Allied ground forces. Extensive daylight raids were performed during the month; cities such as Cologne, Walcheren, and Bergen were targeted by hundreds of Lancasters. Bomber operations proceeded in both day and nighttime against industrial towns, airfields, communications, and troop concentrations into December; one such operation was flown against the
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1373:". Bulged doors were added to 30 per cent of B.Is to allow the aircraft to carry 8,000 lb (3,600 kg) and later 12,000 lb (5,400 kg) "Cookies". The Lancaster also carried a variety of smaller weapons, including the Small Bomb Container (SBC) which held 236 4 lb (1.8 kg) or 24 30 lb (14 kg) incendiary and explosive incendiary bomblets; 500 lb (230 kg) and 1,000 lb (450 kg)
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417:. These designs put limited demands on engine production and maintenance, both of which were already stretched with the introduction of so many new types into service. Power limitations were so serious that the British invested heavily in the development of huge engines in the 2,000 hp (1,500 kW) class in order to improve performance. During the late 1930s, none of these were ready for production. Both the
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3110:. One difference between the two engine versions was that the VI had manual mixture control, requiring an extra lever on the throttle pedestal. Very early examples were fitted with an FN.64 ventral turret; however, these were quickly removed due to problems with aiming the turret through its periscope (which prevented the gunner from seeing a target he was not already aiming at), and inadequate traverse speed.
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2434:, the Luftwaffe were increasingly incapable of mounting opposition; to further this difficulty for their opponent, Lancasters were directed against numerous oil installations. In conjunction, low-level nighttime bombing raids continued, but the emphasis shifted away from the strategic bombing of German industry in favour of directly attacking military concentrations, such as U-boat pens and
2388:; of the 9,111 sorties flown, 7,256 had been performed by Lancasters. These raids, while often incurring in costly losses, were typically deemed to have been 'most satisfactory' by senior officials. In March 1944, the Berlin raids were somewhat lessened as a compromise, Bomber Command having been directed to destroy enemy communications and other targets around France and the
3071:(FE), a tropicalised variant was based on late production aircraft. The B.I (FE) had modified radio, radar, nav-aids, and a 400 imp gal (1,800 L; 480 US gal) tank installed in the bomb bay. Most were painted with white upper surfaces to reduce internal temperatures in the tropical sun, and black undersides with a low demarcation between the colours,
681:. The first Lancaster produced in Canada was named the "Ruhr Express". The first batch of Canadian Lancasters delivered to England suffered from faulty ailerons; this error was subsequently traced to the use of unskilled labour. By the end of the conflict, over 10,000 Canadians were employed on the production line, which was producing one Lancaster each day.
960:, the Lancaster's oval-shaped fuselage had an all-metal covering. All of the wing and fuselage sections were manufactured separately, during which they were outfitted with all of the required equipment in advance of final assembly being performed, as a measure intended to accelerate the rate of production. The Lancaster was equipped with a retractable main
3180:
spin the bomb. Lamps were fitted in the bomb bay and nose for the simple height measurement system which enabled the accurate control of low-flying altitude at night. The mid-upper turret was removed to save weight and the gunner moved to the front turret to relieve the bomb aimer from having to man the front guns so that he could assist with map reading.
2830:, a development of the Lancaster. The Lincoln was not available in quantity for several years following the end of the conflict, and it took until December 1953 for the final Bomber Command Lancaster to be retired. The last Lancaster in active service with the RAF, a reconnaissance aircraft, is believed to have been retired in late 1954.
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first flight without their instructors being capable of directly acting on the controls themselves. Furthermore, each
Lancaster had its own ground crew early on; centralised servicing was introduced later. By the end of the year, a total of 16 operational squadrons had been stood up while around 200 Lancasters were under Bomber Command.
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2492:. Executed by Nos. 617 and 9 Sqns, a combination of Lancaster B.I and B.III bombers were armed with Tallboy bombs and were adapted with enlarged bomb bay doors in order to accommodate their special payloads and additional fuel tanks to provide the necessary endurance. A total of three attacks, individually codenamed
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British heavy bomber fleet; by the end of the war in Europe, there were roughly 50 squadrons equipped with the
Lancaster, the majority of these being the Lancaster B.I model. From its entry into service, the original model of the Lancaster was operated in almost every major bombing raid of the European conflict.
1021:(7.7 mm) guns. Ammunition for the turret was 1,000 rounds per gun (rpg). The bomb aimer's position contained the nose emergency hatch in the floor; at 22 by 26.5 inches (560 by 670 mm) (two inches narrower than the Halifax escape hatch) it was difficult to exit through while wearing a parachute.
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began to be modified in
November 1943 for carrying the new bombs, the suggestion for using the Lancaster never came up again. Using the Lancaster would have required less modification to the aircraft itself, but would have necessitated additional crew training for the USAAF crews. In addition, the
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While the
Lancaster had been designed to conduct night-time operations, daylight raids were occasionally performed by the type as well. Occasionally, lone Lancasters would be dispatched to perform decoy raids on key manufacturing sites, such as munitions factories, with the intention of being spotted
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Nine aircraft converted from B.IIIs. Fitted with Merlin 85/87 which had two-stage superchargers, giving much improved high-altitude performance. The B VI could achieve a maximum speed of 313 mph (504 km/h) at 18,200 ft (5,500 m) at a 65,000 lb (29,000 kg) takeoff weight
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was usually installed, however the B.II's bulged bomb bay interfered with its installation, leaving the opening free. Three types of bulged bomb bay were used on the B.II, the prototype having a narrow bulge running from just aft of the cockpit to the turret location, while early production examples
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B 1 modified for photographic reconnaissance, operated by RAF No. 82 and No. 541 Squadrons, wartime. All armament and turrets were removed with a reconfigured nose and a camera carried in the bomb bay. The type was also operated by 683(PR) Squadron when it was re-formed in
November 1950 to undertake
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between 1942 and 1945. Only 35 Lancasters completed more than 100 successful operations each, and 3,249 were lost in action. The most successful survivor completed 139 operations and was ultimately retired from service and scrapped in 1947. From 1942 onwards, the
Lancaster became the mainstay of the
1715:
This was an early preset vector bombsight that involved squinting through wires that had to be manually set based on aircraft speed, altitude and bombload. This sight lacked tactical flexibility as it had to be manually adjusted if any of the parameters changed and was soon changed in favour of more
834:
Early production
Lancaster B.Is were outfitted with a ventral gun turret position. In response to feedback on the lack of application for the ventral turret, the ventral turret was often eliminated during the course of each aircraft's career. While some groups chose to discard the position entirely,
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to fulfil
Specification P.13/36 and, in February 1937, Avro's submission was selected, along with Handley Page's bid as a backup. In April 1937, a pair of prototypes for each design was ordered. Avro's aircraft, named the Manchester, entered RAF service in November 1940. Although a capable aircraft,
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attacks, a variety of unofficial field modifications were made, including the fitting of 20 mm (0.79 in) cannon or a .50 in (13 mm) machine gun in the open hole where the FN.64 had been installed, before an official modification (Mod 925) fitted with a .303 in (7.7 mm)
2671:, who referred to it as Bomber Command's "shining sword". Goulding and Garbett wrote that: "The achievements of the Lancaster and the men who flew it have been widely acclaimed, and the aircraft has been described as the greatest single factor in winning WWII, an exaggeration but a pardonable one".
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The mid-upper (dorsal or top) turret was an FN-50 on early examples and the very similar FN-150 with improved sights and controls on later examples. On all but the earliest examples, this turret was surrounded by a coaming which provided a track for a cam-operated interrupter device which prevented
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to make attacks from below in the winter of 1943/1944, modifications were made, including downward observation blisters mounted behind the bomb aimer's blister and official and unofficial mounts for .50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns or even 20 mm (0.79 in) cannon, firing through the
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factory. The Lancaster B.I and B.III were manufactured concurrently and minor modifications were made to both marks as further batches were ordered. The B.I and B.III designations were effectively interchangeable simply by changing the engines used, which was occasionally done in practice. Examples
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for installation and flight testing. Their dorsal and nose turrets were removed and faired over. The more powerful engines proved troublesome in service and were disliked by ground maintenance staff for their rough running and propensity to 'surge and hunt', making synchronisation impossible. This
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in an adapted bomb bay. The armament was often removed and the mid-upper turret faired-over, especially in postwar use. Observation windows were added to both sides of the rear fuselage, a port window just forward of the tailplane and a starboard window into the rear access door. A number of ASR 3
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for the dam busting raids. The bomb bay doors were removed and Vickers-built struts to carry the bomb were fitted in their place at Woodford Aerodrome near Stockport where the workers worked day and night. A hydraulic motor, driven by the pump previously used for the mid-upper turret was fitted to
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reduced weight and gave smoother lines. For the Tallboy, the bomb bay doors were bulged; for the Grand Slam, they were removed completely and the area faired over. For some Tallboy raids, the mid-upper turret was removed. This modification was retained for the Grand Slam aircraft, and in addition,
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across Germany, including those in Leverkusen and Düsseldorf. On 23 August, a major raid on Berlin was conducted, dropping roughly 1,700 tons of bombs on the city; German night fighters responded, causing a 5.4% loss rate amongst Lancasters, while the Halifax and Stirling bombers suffered 8.8% and
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removed from the turret to improve visibility. The transparencies were difficult to see through at night, particularly when trying to keep watch for enemy night fighters that appeared without notice astern and below the aircraft when getting into position to open fire. This removal of perspex from
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sat side by side under the expansive canopy, with the pilot sitting on the left on a raised portion of the floor (almost all British bombers, and most German bombers, had only a single pilot seat as opposed to the American practice of carrying two pilots, or at least having controls for two pilots
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and by individual squadrons. A total of 50 Austin-built Lancaster B.Is was constructed to a non-standard configuration, having a Frazer Nash turret installed directly above the bomb bay; however, this modification was largely unpopular due to its obstruction of the internal walkway, hindering crew
810:
The Lancaster B.I was never fully superseded in production by a successor model, remaining in production until February 1946. According to aviation authors Brian Goulding and M. Garbett, the Lancaster B.I altered little during its production life, partially as a result of the sound basic structure
2938:
From 1943 to 1947, the Canadian Government Trans-Atlantic Air Service (CGTAS) provided a trans-Atlantic military passenger and postal delivery service using a modified long-distance transport version of the Lancaster Mark X. Nine of these aircraft were produced, referred to as Lancaster XPPs (for
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In September, Hanover was subjected to the most concentrated bombing raid of the war so far. In October, the widespread bombing of numerous German cities took place, targeting Munich, Kassel, Frankfurt, Offenbach, Ludwigshafen, Stuttgart, Friedrichshafen, and Leipzig, along with other targets. By
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Throughout 1942, the Lancaster remained in relatively short supply; consequently, both training and crew conversion courses typically had to be performed by the squadrons themselves; there were no aircraft furnished with dual controls at this time, and pilots would therefore have to perform their
1724:
A vector bombsight where the bomb aimer input details of the bombload, target altitude and wind direction and the analogue computer then continuously calculated the trajectory of the bombs and projected an inverted sword shape onto a sighting glass on the sighting head. Assuming the sight was set
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of the wing, which created a major obstacle for crew members moving down the fuselage even on the ground. At the end of the bomb bay was the mid-upper gunner's turret, at which the floor dropped down to the fuselage's bottom. His position allowed a 360° view over the top of the aircraft, with two
975:
Like any aeroplane, the Lancaster was not viceless in its handling. In a dive, it had a tendency to go more deeply into the dive as speed increased. Not all aeroplanes did this, for example, the Halifax tended to get increasingly tail-heavy as speed increased, and thus fly itself out of the dive.
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fighter aircraft, sometimes flying in formations of up to 40 aircraft. On 4 November 1944, a Lancaster of 428 squadron was attacked by a Me 262, which was shot down by the rear gunner Ben Rakus. The pilot F.W. Walker noted that this was the first instance of a heavy bomber shooting down a jet.
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Lancasters were also introduced to service during January, alongside some new bombing aids. On 4 February, 198 Lancasters raided the city of Turin; days later, 466 Lancasters attacked Lorient, and an all-Lancaster force of 142 aircraft attacked Milan on 14 February. On 28 February, 86 Lancasters
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engine manufacturing plant in Southern Germany; despite flying at low altitude, three bombers were shot down by Luftwaffe Bf 109s over France, and at least two more were lost to anti-aircraft fire at the factory itself. Nonetheless, the factory was successfully bombed, a feat that was personally
1425:
After the 'Dam Busters' raid 617 Squadron was converted to a high-altitude precision bombing squadron in preparation for the arrival of Barnes Wallis's forthcoming Earthquake bombs for attacking special and hardened targets, and while they were training for this the bouncing bomb variants of B.I
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night fighters were capable of over 300 mph (480 km/h), thus a 50 mph (80 km/h) increase over the Lancaster's normal cruising speed of around 180 mph (290 km/h), giving a speed of 230 mph (370 km/h), still left the Lancaster vulnerable to interception. The
425:
were pursuing the development of bombers powered by arrangements of four smaller engines; the results of these projects proved to possess favourable characteristics such as excellent range and fair lifting capacity. Accordingly, in 1936, the RAF also decided to investigate the feasibility of the
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The ventral (underside) FN-64 turret quickly proved to be dead weight, being both difficult to sight because it relied on a periscope which limited the gunner's view to a 20-degree arc, and too slow to keep a target within its sights. Aside from early B.Is and the prototype B.IIs, the FN-64 was
1409:
were fitted in the rear bomb bay fairing, aimed forward so the bomb aimer could see the converging lights below his blister in the nose; the optimum height for dropping "Upkeep" was 60 ft (18 m) and, when shone on the relatively smooth waters of the dam's reservoirs, the light beams
916:
The Lancaster benefited from a structure that possessed considerable strength and durability, which had been intentionally designed to maximise structural strength-per-weight; this resulted in the Lancaster being capable of withstanding some levels of damage resulting from attacks by hostile
1816:
A receiver for a navigation system of synchronised pulses transmitted from the UK – aircraft calculated their position from the time delay between pulses. The range of GEE was 300–400 mi (480–640 km). GEE used a whip aerial mounted on the top of the fuselage ahead of the mid-upper
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on his left and bomb release selectors on the right. He also used his view through the large transparent perspex nose cupola to assist the navigator with map reading. To man the Frazer Nash FN5 nose turret, he stood up placing himself in position behind the triggers of the twin .303 in
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The tail turret was the most important defensive position and carried the heaviest armament. Despite this, the turrets used, starting with the FN-20, were never entirely satisfactory and numerous designs were tried. The FN-20 was replaced by the very similar FN-120 which used an improved
2560:; this target had not yet been rendered inoperable despite being damaged by prior conventional bombing. The Tallboy strike successfully destroyed roughly 100 yards of the viaduct's length; additional viaducts, such as at Arnsberg, were promptly targeted by the squadron thereafter.
2383:
In late 1943, Air Chief Marshal Harris advocated to Churchill for the persistent bombing of Berlin in preference to earlier targets such as the Ruhr. Between 15 November 1943 and 24 November 1944, sixteen major bombing operations were conducted against the German capital in the
1325:
attempted to improve on the FN turrets by being completely open to the rear (improving visibility and allowing easier emergency egress) and by being fitted with two .50 in (13 mm) machine guns. It was installed in a small number of Lancasters but never became common.
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engines. Most of these engines were still under development and while four-engined bomber designs were considered for specification B.12/36 for a heavy bomber, the extra engines required the wing and overall aircraft structure to be stronger, increasing the structural weight.
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was raided by roughly 60 Lancasters during the daytime; railway infrastructure was a priority target for these attacks. These bombers had been escorted across the Channel by Spitfires before breaking formation to individually fly at low altitude to reach and fly over the
307:. The "Lanc", as it was known colloquially, became one of the most heavily used of the Second World War night bombers, delivering 608,612 long tons (618,378,000 kg) of bombs in 156,000 sorties. The versatility of the Lancaster was such that it was chosen to equip
2240:; the Lancaster was the only bomber at the time capable of bearing the weapon. A total of 19 aircraft were dispatched on the operation, setting off in the evening and flying at very low altitudes most of the way to avoid detection. Initial attacks targeted the
2204:
strategic bombing campaign was launched by Bomber Command. The initial attack on Essen comprised 412 bombers, 140 of which were Lancasters. In order to cope with the higher attrition rate from these operations, a three-fold increase in production was enacted.
2884:(RCAF). Fourteen were modified to perform aerial and photo-reconnaissance missions; these would go on to perform much of the mapping of northern Canada until as late as 1962. Throughout the 1950s, the RCAF operated seventy modified Lancasters, designated
2974:
head design was changed from being on a long mast at the front of the nose to a short fairing mounted on the side of the fuselage under the cockpit. Later production Lancasters had Merlin 22 and 24 engines. No designation change was made to denote these
1080:
operator's radios were mounted on the left-hand end of the chart table, facing the rear of the aircraft. Behind these and facing forwards the wireless operator sat on a seat at the front of the main spar. On his left was a window, and above him was the
262:
for "world-wide use" which could carry a torpedo internally, and make shallow dive-bombing attacks. Originally developed as an evolution of the Manchester (which had proved troublesome in service and was retired in 1942), the Lancaster was designed by
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For the 2018 flying season, to commemorate the 75th anniversary of Operation Chastise, the Canadian FM213 Lancaster was painted in the markings used by Guy Gibson's 617 Squadron aircraft (Code AJ-G, ED932) when he commanded the "Dambusters" raids.
1303:" modification. Ammunition for the tail turret was 2,500 rounds per gun. Due to the weight, the ammunition was stored in tanks situated near the mid-upper turret's position and fed rearward in runways down the back of the fuselage to the turret.
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mines, or 2,000 lb (910 kg) armour-piercing (AP) bombs; 250 lb (110 kg) Semi-Armour-Piercing (SAP) bombs, used up to 1942 against submarines; post-1942: 250 lb (110 kg) or 500 lb (230 kg) anti-submarine
2682:, the codename for the planned invasion of Japan in late 1945. Aircraft allocated to the Tiger Force were painted in white with black undersides and outfitted with additional radio units and navigational aids to facilitate their use in the
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in nose turret, two 0.303-inch Browning Mark II machine guns in upper turret, and four 0.303-inch Browning Mark II machine guns in the rear turret. (Early aircraft had two Brownings in a ventral turret aimed from within the aircraft via a
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in the aftermath. The attack revealed the existence of the Lancaster to both Germany and the British public alike. On 27 April, an unsuccessful small-scale attack on Tirpitz was performed by Lancasters of both No. 44 and No. 99 Squadrons.
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Flight testing of the new aircraft quickly proved it to be a substantial improvement over its predecessor. The first prototype was initially outfitted with the Manchester I's three-finned tail but this was revised on the second prototype,
1101:
to protect the aircraft from above and to the side. The mid-upper gunner sat on a rectangle of canvas that was slung beneath the turret and would stay in position throughout the flight. The turret had 1,000 rounds of ammunition per gun.
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The B.X was a Canadian-built B.III with Canadian- and US-made instruments and electrics. In later batches, the heavier Martin 250CE was substituted for the Nash & Thomson FN-50 mid-upper turret, mounted further forward to maintain
2984:
2216:
was unintentionally directed towards a large asylum instead; other targets that month included Stettin, Duisburg, and the Ruhr. The majority of strategic bombing missions flown during May were also directed towards the Ruhr region.
1076:. His position faced to port with a chart table in front of him. An instrument panel showing the airspeed, altitude, and other information required for navigation was mounted on the side of the fuselage above the chart table. The
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tail unit that was also adopted for the last Manchesters built. This not only increased stability but also improved the dorsal gun turret's field of fire. The second prototype was also fitted with more powerful Merlin XX engines.
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bomber, initially designated Lancaster IV and Lancaster V which became the Lincoln B.1 and B.2 respectively. A civilian airliner was converted from the Lancaster with the addition of nose and tail fairings and seats, as the
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factory, were struck, while oil installations continued to be a prominent target of bombing raids in the hope of exacerbating the German fuel shortage. Amongst the final wartime operations performed by the Lancaster was the
3331:
250CE mid-upper turret was moved slightly further forward than on previous Marks and the Nash & Thomson FN-82 tail turret with twin 0.50 in (12.7 mm) Browning machine guns replaced the FN.20 turret with four
570:
Manchesters still on the production line were converted into Lancaster B.Is. Based upon its performance, a decision was taken early on to reequip twin-engine bomber squadrons with the Lancaster as quickly as possible.
2535:
on 23 February was described by aviation author Bruce Robertson as amongst the most concentrated and successful flown in the conflict. In the final months of the war, Lancasters were encountering the newly developed
615:, which comprised a number of companies that undertook the type's manufacture, either performing primary assembly themselves or producing various subsections and components for the other participating manufacturers.
2190:
was raided for the first time in over a year; conducted by an all-Lancaster force, the Berlin raid was fairly inconsequential beyond its psychological impact, not causing meaningful damage to either side. The first
2085:(PFF) in August 1942, multiple squadrons were transferred from Bomber Command groups to constitute the new unit. These pathfinders were tasked with flying ahead of bomber formations to locate and mark targets using
933:
3014:) were modified to carry a dorsal "saddle tank" with 1,200 imp gal (5,500 L; 1,400 US gal) mounted aft of a modified canopy for increasing range. No. 1577 SD Flight tested the aircraft in
327:
dams. Although the Lancaster was primarily a night bomber, it excelled in many other roles, including daylight precision bombing, for which some Lancasters were adapted to carry the 12,000 lb (5,400 kg)
3367:
balance. Canada was a long-term operator of the Lancaster, using modified aircraft after the war for maritime patrol, search and rescue and photo-reconnaissance until 1964. The last flight by the RCAF was by F/L
298:
A long, unobstructed bomb bay meant that the Lancaster could take the largest bombs used by the RAF, including the 4,000 lb (1,800 kg), 8,000 lb (3,600 kg) and 12,000 lb (5,400 kg)
1979:; this was lifted after each aircraft had been inspected for signs of buckling on the upper wing surface. The first recorded casualties amongst Lancaster crews were recorded on 24 March 1942 with the loss of
2151:, was lost during the course of the mission. Losses were avoided by measures such as flying beneath German radar cover, aerial reconnaissance along the intended route, and the strict observation of secrecy.
3511:– designation applied to baseline standard, with Merlin 224 engines, Martin mid-upper turret and H2S radar, for aircraft retained postwar for future use. Sometimes referred to by unofficial designation 10U.
1731:
A Mark XIV bombsight modified for mass production and produced in the USA. Some of the pneumatic gyro drives on the Mk XIV sight were replaced with electronic gyros and other minor modifications were made.
2686:. The addition of large saddle-type external fuel tanks was considered and trialled in Australia and India, but this was discontinued due to their perceived vulnerability to attack. Together with the new
2931:. In 1947, one aircraft was flown non-stop 3,459 mi (5,567 km) from London to Bermuda. Later on, these two tanker aircraft were joined by another converted Lancaster; these saw use during the
538:, being modified from a production Manchester airframe, combined with the new wing to accommodate the additional engines. The first flight was made by test pilot H. A. "Sam" Brown on 9 January 1941 at
2269:
The Ruhr continued to be intensely raided by Bomber Command for months following Operation Chastise with the aim of suppressing the region's industrial output. In June, Lancasters begun operating in
2706:
Lancaster had a lower ceiling and flew slower so was at risk of the bomb blast. It also had a shorter range. "The B-29 was, therefore, deemed the better bet if it could be modified in time.".
1866:
Similar to Oboe but with the transponder on the ground allowing more aircraft to use the system simultaneously. GEE-H aircraft were usually marked with two horizontal yellow stripes on the fins.
1756:
receiver and T1154 transmitter, whereas the Canadian-built aircraft and those built for service in the Far East had American radios. These provided radio direction-finding, as well as voice and
677:
engines and American-style instruments and electrics. In August 1942, a British-built Lancaster B.I was dispatched to Canada as a pattern aircraft, becoming the first of the type to conduct a
1796:
A rearward-looking radar to warn of night fighter approaches. However, it could not distinguish between attacking enemy fighters and nearby friendly bombers and served as a homing beacon for
2731:
As a byproduct of its sound design and operational success, various developments and derivatives of the Lancaster were produced for both military and civilian purposes. One of these was the
3311:
was caused by variations in the fuel/air mixture and over time would damage the engine. The B VI was withdrawn from operational service in November 1944 and surviving aircraft were used by
2803:
received new PR.1 dedicated photo-reconnaissance model derived from the Lancaster B.1 which was painted silver and lacked defensive turrets. These carried out aerial surveys of Central and
1369:
An important feature of the Lancaster was its unobstructed 33 ft (10 m) long bomb bay. At first, the heaviest bomb carried was the 4,000 lb (1,800 kg) high capacity HC "
1105:
To the rear of the turret was the side crew door, on the starboard side of the fuselage. This was the main entrance to the aircraft, and also could be used as an emergency exit. The Elsan
2799:
The Lancaster remained at the forefront of RAF Bomber Command while the Lancaster B.I was gradually replaced by the improved Lancaster B.I (F/E) and B.VII (F/E) models. During 1947–1948,
968:-actuated main landing gear raised rearwards into recesses within the inner engine nacelles. The distinctive tail unit of the aircraft was outfitted with a large twin elliptical fins and
1401:, the raid against the Ruhr dams. This unit was equipped with B.III (Specials), officially designated the "Type 464 (Provisioning)", modified to carry the 9,250 lb (4,200 kg)
2552:, the heaviest conventional bomb to be used during the conflict. On 13 March 1945, the first operational use of the Grand Slam was performed by a Lancaster of No. 617 Sqn against the
283:
over Europe gathered momentum, it was the main aircraft for the night-time bombing campaigns that followed. As increasing numbers of the type were produced, it became the principal
7095:
Marino, Atilio; Celleto, Vladimiro & Mosquera, Javier (September–October 2001). "Argentina's "Heavies": Avro Lancaster, Lincoln and Lancastrian in Military Service, Part One".
10643:
3758:, just 9 miles (14 km) east-northeast of PA474 at RAF Coningsby; it is able to taxi but is not airworthy, though there have been plans to eventually return it to flight. The
1788:
An add-on to H2S that provided additional (aerial) coverage of the underside of the aircraft to display attacking fighters on an auxiliary screen in the radio operator's position.
11168:
440:
for "worldwide use" which could carry a torpedo internally, and make shallow dive-bombing attacks. Further requirements of the specification included the use of a mid-mounted
2171:; a total of three were reportedly shot down by enemy fighters. During November, targets in Italy and Germany were alternatively attacked by Lancasters, striking the city of
1900:
A microphone installed in the nacelle of one of the engines that allowed the wireless operator to transmit engine noise on the German night fighter control voice frequencies.
9915:
2516:. The first of these attacks disabled the vessel while the third mission was responsible for sinking the ship. Due to actions such as Operation Chastise and the sinking of
2179:
in Genoa. Only eight bombing missions were conducted during all of December, the most prominent of which being against Duisburg, due to poor prevailing weather conditions.
901:
that was used as the RAF's principal heavy bomber during the latter half of the Second World War. The typical aircraft was powered by an arrangement of four wing-mounted
952:
configuration. The wing is constructed from five separate main sections while the fuselage is likewise composed of five sections. Aside from a few elements, such as the
491:
the Manchester was underpowered and its Vulture engines proved to be unreliable. As a result, only 200 were constructed and the type was withdrawn from service in 1942.
4153:, and a number of B VII Lancasters in storage were modified to the original configuration of the B.III (Special) for use on screen. Lancasters play a prominent part in
9910:
2701:
While the Lancaster was briefly considered for carrying the atomic bomb as being one of the 2 Allied bombers capable of carrying the atomic bomb internally, after the
669:
was produced in significant numbers. A total of 430 of this type were built, earlier examples differing little from their British-built predecessors, except for using
11914:
11450:
2050:, arriving after dusk and thus unable to effectively bomb its port to disrupt U-boat construction. On 31 July, 20% of Bomber Command's strength was directed against
1838:. In practice, it was found to be more disconcerting than useful, as the lights were often triggered by false alerts in the radar-signal-infested skies over Germany.
583:
6451:
1321:
night fighter was still able to get within a very short distance of the tail gunner without being spotted, confirming what the Luftwaffe had already realised. The
9920:
3747:
Two other Lancasters exist with working engines, though not airworthy; like the airworthy pair, these are also found one each in Britain and Canada. The B MkVII
3412:– three aircraft modified for surveillance operations over the Arctic. Fitted with the lengthened nose (40 inches (100 cm) longer) and carrying cameras and
2089:
flares to improve the accuracy of strikes by the following aircraft. Early PFF operations produced mixed results, but did prove decisive on 27/28 August against
1329:
Ultimately radar, rather than improved visibility, made the turret more effective. The FN-121 was the Automatic Gun Laying Turret (AGLT), an FN-120 fitted with
591:
Avro received an initial contract for 1,070 Lancasters. The majority of Lancasters manufactured during the war years were constructed by Avro at its factory at
14091:
11163:
10869:
6077:
2904:
Immediately following the end of hostilities, the Lancaster was used without any major modifications as a transport aircraft, being used to ferry thousands of
2449:, two direct hits were recorded. Multiple raids on V-1 launch sites and enemy shipping were also performed during August; the partially constructed battleship
1987:. Due to the high loss rates typically involved in such operations, daytime bombing missions were performed sparingly until the Allies had achieved a level of
3253:) were powered by two-stage Merlin 85s inboard and later, Merlin 68s on the outboard mounts. Because of the major redesign, the aircraft was quickly renamed
2728:(USAAF), wished to use an American plane if this was at all possible. "Because the use of a British plane would have caused us many difficulties and delays"
549:
10636:
10126:
5346:
4838:
2019:. By this point, the number of Lancasters in operational service had surpassed those of the preceding Manchester. On 12 June, the first use of the type by
11245:
11236:
2058:'s machine tool manufacturing plant. The tempo of Lancaster operations rose to a new height in August 1942, major raids were flown against targets in the
13636:
2131:
to cause workers to go to air raid shelters, thus disrupting production. On 17 October 1942, an audacious daytime raid was performed by 90 Lancasters of
3043:
photographic reconnaissance and mapping activities, initially based at RAF Fayid, Egypt, before moving to RAF Kabrit in February 1951, and subsequently
14107:
13799:
13164:
13087:
10584:
6629:
A.P. 22062A-P.N.: Pilot's and Flight Engineer's Notes for Lancaster. Mark I – Four Merlin XX, 22 or 24 Engines. Mark III – Four Merlin 28 or 38 Engines
2572:
657:
The Lancaster was also produced overseas. During early 1942, it was decided that the bomber should be produced in Canada, where it was manufactured by
10193:
2648:), took off in bad weather on the morning of 29 April 1945 without a ceasefire agreement from the German forces, and successfully dropped its cargo.
844:
movements. Various other turret configurations were adopted by individual squadrons, which included the removal of various combinations of turrets.
6061:
4167:
2908:(POWs) back to the British Isles from across the continent. Repatriation flights returning POWs and ordinary troops continued until November 1945.
13059:
10629:
9669:
3402:
Postwar the RCAF modified the B X (as the Lancaster Mk 10) to fill a variety of roles, with specific designations for each role. These included:
2644:" from the old expression: "a bad penny always turns up." This bomber, with a crew of seven men (five Canadians including pilot Robert Upcott of
524:
1953:, which was also based at Waddington. On 2 March 1942, the first operational mission of the Lancaster, deploying naval mines in the vicinity of
14185:
11801:
11193:
3125:
had a full-width bulge that ran the same length and on late production examples, the bomb bay doors prominently bulged throughout their length.
2055:
2372:
12.9% loss rates respectively. Numerous strikes on the German capital occurred over the following weeks, sometimes by an all-Lancaster force.
1964:
had been rescheduled due to poor weather conditions. On 10 March 1942, the type's first bombing mission was conducted over the German city of
1846:
A very accurate navigation system consisting of a receiver/transponder for two radar stations transmitting from widely separated locations in
14112:
13706:
11907:
11203:
9833:
8508:
8498:
2364:
1426:
Specials had the spars and equipment removed and were then modified to carry the 21 ft (6.4 m) long 12,000 lb (5,400 kg)
831:
navigational aids. Some Lancaster B.I bombers were outfitted with bulged bomb bay doors in order to accommodate increased armament payloads.
2422:
On 14 June, the first large-scale daylight bombing raid since 1942 was conducted using Lancasters against enemy shipping at the harbours of
2367:; 17 Lancasters were lost in the costly but successful attack, mainly to German night fighters. Five days later, Lancasters struck numerous
11300:
2777:
The Lancaster remained in use for several years after the end of the war, during which a number of high-profile operations were conducted.
2253:
1933:, 1942. Pigeons were customarily carried aboard Lancasters as a means of communications in the event of a crash, ditching or radio failure.
1578:
1 x 8,000 lb (3,600 kg) impact or barometric fused HC and up to 6 x 500 lb (230 kg) impact or delay fused GP/HE bombs.
1317:
Gunners using both the FN-20 and 120 removed perspex and armour from the turret to improve visibility, but trials by the RAF showed that a
5526:
4419:
The weight in kilograms of the "Tall Boy" and "Grand Slam" bombs differs according to their source. The figures given are the most common.
2380:
had stood up its own operational squadrons equipped with Lancasters, and proceeded with offensive action over Germany in this same month.
1600:
6 x 1,000 lb (450 kg) short and long delay fused GP/HE bombs, additional 250 lb (110 kg) GP/HE bombs sometimes added.
2320:
During late July and early August 1943, large numbers of Lancasters participated in the devastating round-the-clock raids on the city of
3769:
In 2014, the two airworthy Lancasters (Canadian FM213 and British PA474) toured the UK in a series of joint aerial and ground displays.
3120:
machine gun was authorised for the same location, though not used in all aircraft. These were rarely installed on other variants as the
1850:
which, when used together, determined the aircraft's position. The system could handle only one aircraft at a time, and was fitted to a
1556:
1 x 4,000 lb (1,800 kg) impact fused HC and up to 18 x 500 lb (230 kg) GP bombs, with both impact and delay fusing.
13826:
12271:
12266:
11265:
11232:
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8528:
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8098:
8088:
8083:
7546:
6206:
1188:
night fighters erased any speed advantage and would have left the aircraft undefended. Consequently, Dyson's proposal was not adopted.
3175:
Known at the time of modification as the "Type 464 Provisioning" Lancaster, 23 aircraft of this type were built to carry the "Upkeep"
11495:
11241:
11063:
11053:
11048:
11024:
10781:
9944:
9890:
3458:
anti-submarine warfare (ASW) aircraft, based on BR with the mid-upper turret removed. 70–75 converted. In service from 1950 to 1955.
2340:
and 353 Avro Lancasters, bombed the city. An estimated 18,474 people died on this night alone, despite many of victims being within
1264:
1008:
The standard crew for a Lancaster consisted of seven men, stationed in various positions in the fuselage. Starting at the nose, the
11900:
10119:
9875:
3766:, is home to FM159, nicknamed Bazalgette, which has been restored from a vandalised state and is able to taxi under its own power.
3166:
used for dam busting bomb mounted under Lancaster B.III (Special). The chain was driven by a hydraulic motor and gave the bomb its
10319:
2232:, which had been formed less than two months prior. They flew modified Lancaster Mk IIIs that were armed with special drum-shaped
2078:. Often, when the weather was deemed to be unsuitable for bombing missions, night-time mine-laying operations were flown instead.
1252:
ventral holes of the removed FN-64. The fitting of these guns was hampered as the same ventral position was used for mounting the
10198:
7447:
6155:
6102:
4313:
3022:
in 1945 for possible use in the Pacific, but the tank adversely affected handling characteristics when full and an early type of
2309:. Further missions across the country were flown throughout this month, often focusing on electrical and railway infrastructure.
1725:
correctly when the target was in the crosshairs of the sword shape, the bomb aimer would be able to accurately release the bombs.
3133:
This variant, which was built concurrently with the B.I and was indistinguishable externally from that variant, was fitted with
2923:, but proved to be uneconomical, and were withdrawn after a year in service. In addition, four Lancaster IIIs were converted by
611:. As it was quickly recognised that Avro's capacity was exceeded by the wartime demand for the type, it was decided to form the
14170:
14160:
2667:(commander of the Luftwaffe fighters) considered the Lancaster to be "the best night bomber of the war", as did his adversary,
2450:
4031:
Many Lancaster crew members were highly decorated for their actions while flying the aircraft. Amongst those who received the
14195:
14180:
14165:
10259:
7366:
7311:
7248:
7215:
7155:
6970:
6918:
6783:
6682:
6045:
5154:
5099:
5069:
3984:
3755:
3333:
2911:
Civil conversions of the type continued during the initial postwar years. In 1946, four Lancasters were converted by Avro at
2683:
2122:
1463:
1157:
1098:
280:
5316:
2548:
During early 1945, a total of 33 Lancaster B.Is were modified so that they could deploy the 22,000 lb (10,000 kg)
1769:
3 GHz frequency, ground-looking navigation radar system – eventually, it could be homed in on by the German night fighters'
1012:
had two positions to man. His primary location was lying prone on the floor of the nose of the aircraft, with access to the
13021:
12572:
10269:
9880:
1410:
converged into a figure 8 when the Lancaster was flying at the correct height. The Type 464 Lancaster was also fitted with
3700:
Lancaster Mk X FM213, painted as VR-A and officially named the "Mynarski Memorial Lancaster", complete with a painting of
2485:
Throughout the latter half of 1944, a series of high-profile bombing missions were performed by the Lancaster against the
1686:
As well as direct hits on very strong or durable targets (such as submarine pens) it could be used indirectly to create a
1621:
859:, but was otherwise identical to contemporary B.Is. In total, 3,030 B.IIIs were constructed, almost all of them at Avro's
14190:
13052:
10652:
10112:
9662:
3777:
2305:. On 12 July, an all-Lancaster force performed the biggest-yet bombing raid on Turin in support of the recently launched
1823:
A system of lights mounted on the aircraft's instrument panel that lit up when the aircraft was being tracked by the low-
1752:
The Lancaster had a very advanced communications system for its time. Most British-built Lancasters were fitted with the
1567:
6 x 2,000 lb (910 kg) short-delay fused AP bombs, plus other GP/HE bombs based on local needs or availability.
433:
255:
6481:
2612:
RAF Lancasters dropped food into the Holland region of the occupied Netherlands, with the acquiescence of the occupying
1739:
Also known as "SABS", this was an advanced bombsight mainly used by 617 Squadron for precision raids. Like the American
295:
and European countries serving within the RAF, overshadowing the Halifax and Stirling, two other commonly used bombers.
12547:
11794:
10595:
10274:
10254:
9905:
7389:
7356:
3943:
282 mph (454 km/h, 245 kn) at 63,000 lb (28,576 kg) and 13,000 ft (4,000 m) altitude
3213:
bomb, Hercules-powered B Mk.II with bulged bomb bay doors and FN.64 ventral turret and the B Mk.III (Special) with the
2325:
2012:
6133:
2356:
13986:
13831:
12567:
12562:
11683:
10264:
8918:
8768:
7341:
7326:
7296:
7281:
7266:
7232:
7192:
7170:
7137:
7122:
7071:
7056:
7015:
7000:
6985:
6948:
6933:
6875:
6831:
6816:
6801:
6767:
6752:
6735:
6712:
6697:
6663:
5953:
4376:
Similar view and speed problems were commonplace in the era, having particularly afflicted the ventral turret in the
3737:
3717:
3697:
3688:
2553:
1156:
operated turrets mounted in the nose, tail, mid-upper and underside. The original tail turret was equipped with four
6074:
5927:
3349:
2563:
By April 1945, there were in excess of 1,000 Lancasters in frontline service, dwarfing the numbers of Halifaxes and
14117:
13996:
13671:
12824:
12552:
12216:
12136:
10152:
9939:
9851:
4318:
3545:
1734:
1256:
blister, which limited installations to those aircraft fitted with bulged bomb bays which interfered with the H2S.
17:
2154:
In late October 1942, the first Lancaster bombing missions over Italy were performed; on 22 and 23, the cities of
1615:; (post-1942): 6 x 500 lb (230 kg) and 3 x 250 lb (110 kg) anti-submarine depth charge bombs.
654:
had also received an order for 200 Lancaster B.Is, but this was cancelled before any aircraft had been completed.
388:, a long-range, high-speed, transatlantic passenger and postal delivery airliner. In March 1946, a Lancastrian of
14150:
13916:
13696:
13381:
12557:
11738:
10244:
10203:
4342:
This aircraft carries the deepened bomb aimer blister (Mod. 780) and the later paddle-bladed propellers. Neither
3759:
3072:
2385:
2306:
1633:
13045:
12885:
12376:
10904:
10007:
9870:
9655:
4389:
The Martin 250 CE 23A turret was the same unit which had been equipped upon many American bombers, such as the
2920:
2617:
1776:
receiver and had to be used with discretion – a problem which the higher resolution, 10 GHz frequency American
1589:
1 x 4,000 lb (1,800 kg) impact-fused HC bomb, and 12 SBCs with a total of 2,832 incendiary bomblets.
389:
1805:
1418:, the squadron leader, could control the operation while over the target, an early example of what became the
14031:
11787:
10579:
9900:
9856:
9842:
9819:
7420:
4968:
4078:
2725:
2707:
2106:
1444:
1072:
Behind the pilot and flight engineer, and behind a curtain fitted to allow him to use light to work, sat the
41:
12806:
10492:
3090:
13426:
13104:
13037:
12323:
12223:
10219:
9895:
4377:
4364:
3967:
720 ft/min (3.7 m/s) at 63,000 lb (29,000 kg) and 9,200 ft (2,800 m) altitude
3849:
7: pilot, flight engineer, navigator, bomb aimer/nose gunner, wireless operator, mid-upper and rear gunners
3316:
1502:
14 SBC, each with 236 x 4 lb (1.8 kg) Incendiary and Explosive Incendiary bomblets, total 3,304.
1430:
bomb, a scaled-down version of the upcoming 25.5 ft (7.8 m) long 22,000 lb (10,000 kg)
976:
Furthermore, the Lancaster suffered longitudinal instability at speeds above 200 mph (320 km/h).
380:) and air-sea rescue. It was also used for photo-reconnaissance and aerial mapping, as a flying tanker for
13921:
13836:
11892:
10229:
6883:
2656:
The Lancaster conducted a total of 156,000 sorties and dropped 608,612 long tons (618,378,000 kg) of
2600:
1056:
14200:
14016:
13956:
13951:
13556:
13536:
12619:
12248:
12243:
11490:
11360:
11058:
10924:
10388:
10279:
7440:
4390:
4251:
4246:
4110:
2513:
2220:
Perhaps the most famous single mission performed by the Lancaster was flown on 16–17 May 1943, codenamed
2113:
1870:
873:
10894:
9927:
7410:
4498:
4142:
2860:. During its Argentine service, Lancasters were used offensively in suppressing and supporting military
14175:
13526:
13341:
13139:
12916:
12582:
12577:
12414:
12258:
12145:
12120:
11624:
11198:
10602:
10311:
6600:
3034:
PR1. 683(PR) Squadron, RAF Fayid, Egypt, undertaking photographic reconnaissance and mapping activities
2838:
Avro overhauled 59 Lancaster B.Is and B.VIIs at Woodford and Langar which were delivered to the French
868:
from the nose to the side of the cockpit and the change from de Havilland "needle blade" propellers to
130:
10621:
3426:. Minimally modified variant with additional windows for observers in the rear fuselage. 13 converted.
2455:
was one of the targets that were struck around this time. September saw a heavy focus on airfields in
575:, The first production Lancaster made its first flight in October 1941, powered by Merlin XX engines.
13971:
13936:
13616:
13576:
13291:
12957:
12911:
12632:
12466:
12461:
12349:
12228:
12140:
12132:
12111:
12084:
12067:
11976:
11971:
11830:
11825:
11758:
11728:
11668:
11663:
11530:
10944:
10821:
10239:
10000:
9932:
4042:
3773:
2702:
2486:
1958:
1875:
A radar-aimed and ranged gun turret fitted to some Lancaster rear turrets in 1944. Identifiable by a
1709:
1673:
1232:
remained unchanged during the life of the design, except in instances where it was removed entirely.
1201:
1068:. Looking forward between wing spars. At left is the wireless operator, and at right is the navigator
10104:
515:, and installed on a wing of increased span. Initially, the improved aircraft was designated as the
13068:
12875:
12429:
12419:
12396:
12341:
12106:
11986:
11981:
11845:
11840:
11628:
11485:
11029:
11019:
10574:
9992:
9960:
6674:
4256:
4127:
3337:
2881:
2788:
by various American movie stars, and retained these until their retirements. A pair of Lancasters,
2471:
2377:
1797:
1690:(cavern) that undermined structures such as bridges, viaducts and bunkers causing them to collapse.
350:
343:
288:
171:
126:
3501:: Interim search-and-rescue aircraft, minimally modified 10S. Replaced by disarmed 10BR and 10MRs.
1918:
Lancasters of No. 50 Squadron fitted with exhaust shrouds intended to conceal exhaust flames from
14145:
13851:
13681:
13466:
13276:
13256:
13206:
13149:
13129:
12642:
12594:
12589:
12424:
12201:
11718:
11465:
11455:
11445:
10989:
10984:
10497:
6244:
5005:
4483:
4323:
3328:
2718:
2613:
2580:
2445:
repeatedly. On 24 August, eight Tallboys were dropped in a daylight attack on the U-boat pens at
2262:
1638:
1300:
816:
452:
393:
292:
7041:
2441:
During July, in the days following the Normandy landings, Lancasters heavily bombed the city of
2348:
poisoning. Altogether, 8,621 tons of bombs were dropped on Hamburg by the end of the operation.
1532:. 3 x 1,000 lb (450 kg) GP/HE bombs, and up to 6 SBCs with 1,416 incendiary bomblets.
898:
429:
The origins of the Lancaster stem from a twin-engined bomber that had been submitted to British
368:
turbojets. Postwar, the Lancaster was supplanted as the main strategic bomber of the RAF by the
14155:
14051:
13931:
13861:
13784:
13729:
13541:
13476:
13431:
13401:
12702:
12655:
12481:
12444:
12439:
12434:
12371:
12361:
12115:
11871:
11723:
11599:
11460:
11330:
11218:
11208:
10969:
10849:
10404:
10224:
10157:
10081:
9160:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8993:
8059:
8054:
7433:
7361:. Serie Fuerza Aérea (in Spanish). Vol. 17. Bahía Blanca, Argentina: Fuerzas Aeronavales.
4149:
4133:
2940:
2844:
during 1952/53, which were flown until the mid-1960s by four squadrons stationed in France and
2757:
2753:
2557:
2528:
2352:
2294:
2257:
2071:
1998:
On 17 April 1942, 12 Lancasters of No. 44 and No. 99 Squadrons undertook a bombing raid on the
1969:
1453:
1330:
1009:
678:
503:, was working on an improved Manchester powered by four of the more reliable but less powerful
83:
5144:
1780:
never had to deal with. This is the large blister under the rear fuselage on later Lancasters.
998:
14056:
14041:
13719:
13676:
13516:
13461:
13451:
13391:
13306:
12604:
12599:
12491:
12191:
12186:
12102:
12039:
12034:
11693:
11420:
11078:
10806:
10368:
6035:
4155:
4106:
4072:
4047:
3919:
3396:
3354:
3295:
2943:, which carried paying civilian passengers in the Lancaster XPPs until they were replaced by
2633:
2564:
2397:
1855:
1637:
An RAF officer inspects the hole left by a Grand Slam in the reinforced concrete roof of the
1318:
1065:
922:
520:
456:
10816:
6214:
3001:" bombs. Up-rated engines with paddle-bladed propellers gave more power, and the removal of
2872:
2826:
The Lancaster continued to be operated in significant numbers until the introduction of the
2796:, performed several long-distance flights, including round-the-world and trans-polar trips.
2531:
was attacked by Lancasters, hitting it at a vulnerable section near Ladbergen. An attack on
1914:
889:
14021:
13981:
13961:
13886:
13739:
13641:
13591:
13586:
13511:
13506:
13496:
13481:
13471:
13446:
13331:
13316:
12947:
12942:
12796:
12660:
12331:
11500:
11475:
11370:
11213:
11083:
11068:
10939:
10676:
10589:
10353:
10348:
10167:
9865:
9828:
9799:
9785:
4271:
4261:
4094:
4058:
3815:
3788:
3732:, named the "Mynarski Memorial Lancaster" and painted with VR-A (nicknamed VeRA) to honour
3729:
3713:
3299:
2808:
2752:
maritime patrol aircraft which continued in RAF service in that role until replaced by the
2641:
2537:
2521:
2337:
2229:
1976:
1889:
1770:
1514:
1449:
1394:
1374:
1359:
1350:
1185:
1172:
1086:
1082:
1022:
918:
627:
619:
308:
233:
4984:
8:
14046:
13991:
13941:
13906:
13881:
13774:
13769:
13686:
13611:
13456:
13346:
13266:
13211:
12832:
12692:
12627:
12609:
12539:
12286:
12181:
12094:
12044:
11653:
11604:
11158:
10295:
9341:
9125:
8158:
7664:
7276:. Watford, Hertfordshire, UK: Argus Books, Fifth impression 1977, First impression 1964.
4296:
4137:
was made, the bomb remained classified so the producers created a convincing alternative.
3312:
3307:
3291:
3107:
2857:
2856:
Between 1948 and 1949, 15 former RAF Lancasters were overhauled at Langar for use by the
2812:
2800:
2781:
2501:
2286:
2136:
2097:
aircraft company in the city. That same night, 12 Lancasters of No. 106 Squadron flew to
2020:
1950:
1938:
1925:
1719:
1153:
1017:
623:
512:
448:
11133:
4206:(originally designated Lancaster Mk.IV, longer wings and fuselage and improved armament)
3387:) was responsible for the development of the Lancastrian, which was duly designated the
2208:
On 15 April, Stuttgart was raided by a large force of Lancasters; on the following day,
1949:, became the first RAF squadron to convert to the Lancaster; it was quickly followed by
14086:
13866:
13856:
13821:
13754:
13546:
13336:
13311:
13226:
13221:
13181:
13134:
12903:
12842:
12751:
12665:
12301:
11835:
11768:
11743:
11703:
11678:
11390:
11113:
11093:
10706:
10609:
10424:
10383:
10343:
10303:
10234:
9490:
9311:
9180:
8463:
8383:
8368:
8338:
7969:
7944:
7914:
7719:
7078:
Marino, Atilio (April 1996). "Les Lancaster argentins" [Argentine Lancasters].
6452:"RAF BBMF to host Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum Lancaster during visit to England."
6055:
5082:
3476:
3303:
3287:
3138:
2960:
2695:
2691:
2679:
2493:
2329:
2221:
2201:
2175:
multiple times, conducting a heavy raid against Turin, and destroying supplies for the
2024:
1835:
1398:
1225:
1147:
902:
674:
639:
604:
504:
361:
320:
276:
268:
6152:
6099:
3282:
and three-bladed paddle-type propellers were fitted. These aircraft were used by only
3205:
2815:
received a small number of grey-painted Lancaster MR.1s, which were normally based at
2694:; the envisioned invasion did not happen when such action was made unnecessary by the
14011:
13789:
13601:
13551:
12868:
12850:
12391:
12276:
12155:
11713:
11688:
11658:
11395:
10999:
10934:
10553:
10449:
10419:
9190:
7949:
7385:
7362:
7337:
7322:
7307:
7292:
7277:
7262:
7244:
7228:
7225:
Mynarski's Lanc: The Story of Two Famous Canadian Lancaster Bombers KB726 & FM213
7211:
7188:
7166:
7151:
7133:
7118:
7102:
7083:
7067:
7052:
7037:
7011:
6996:
6981:
6966:
6944:
6929:
6914:
6895:
6871:
6845:
6827:
6812:
6797:
6779:
6763:
6748:
6731:
6708:
6693:
6678:
6659:
6041:
5959:
5949:
5340:
5150:
5065:
4360:
4086:
4083:
3741:
3712:
Of the 17 surviving and largely intact Lancasters known to exist, two are airworthy:
3364:
3197:
3060:
3023:
2912:
2714:
2675:
2549:
2497:
2393:
2004:
1895:
1841:
1431:
1377:(these came in a variety of designs); 1,850 lb (840 kg) parachute deployed
1281:
1110:
989:
869:
836:
381:
333:
304:
6505:
2861:
1828:
1611:(up to 1942): 5 x 250 lb (110 kg) short-delay fuse SAP bombs for surfaced
1306:
1048:
508:
14066:
14006:
14001:
13946:
13896:
13846:
13841:
13779:
13734:
13651:
13571:
13491:
13486:
13386:
13301:
13216:
12993:
12980:
12406:
12386:
12296:
12062:
11881:
11733:
11470:
11014:
10558:
10543:
10502:
10477:
10461:
10434:
10414:
10378:
10338:
10045:
10023:
9738:
9627:
9326:
9200:
8293:
8019:
7789:
7784:
7495:
4197:
4102:
3781:
3380:
3283:
3103:
3095:
2928:
2889:
2748:, a transport with a much larger square section fuselage, and via the Lincoln, the
2737:
2645:
2341:
2119:
2086:
2082:
1954:
1861:
1851:
1847:
1811:
1740:
1529:
1457:
1370:
1268:
Gunner in Fraser Nash FN50 mid-upper turret with twin .303 Brownings, February 1943
658:
476:
385:
354:
300:
272:
191:
6809:
The Avro Lancaster, Manchester and Lincoln: A Comprehensive Guide for the Modeller
5107:
2463:
and oil targets in the Ruhr. On 17 September, precision strikes were performed on
1783:
1247:
372:, a larger version of the Lancaster. The Lancaster took on the role of long range
339:(also designed by Wallis). This was the largest payload of any bomber in the war.
14071:
14026:
13816:
13744:
13691:
13646:
13631:
13376:
13351:
13296:
13251:
13231:
13196:
13154:
13119:
13026:
12768:
12761:
12682:
12211:
12206:
12079:
12074:
11953:
11866:
11708:
10994:
10548:
10538:
10533:
10528:
10523:
10507:
10439:
10363:
10092:
10076:
9722:
9696:
9647:
9632:
9622:
9551:
9511:
9485:
9429:
9346:
8698:
8683:
8668:
8029:
7994:
7974:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7679:
7659:
7500:
7490:
6159:
6137:
6106:
6081:
5534:
5324:
4301:
4221:
4215:
4184:
4091:
4066:
4055:
4039:
3806:
3763:
3733:
3701:
2998:
2970:. Minor details were changed throughout the production series – for example, the
2905:
2749:
2741:
2721:
2435:
2345:
2298:
2274:
2132:
2042:
between 25 and 29 June, the latter reportedly dealing considerable damage to the
1551:
1221:
1106:
1093:
1037:
662:
531:
487:
451:, which was in development was encouraged. Twin-engine designs were submitted by
410:
377:
336:
248:
241:
181:
122:
2640:. The first of the two RAF Lancasters chosen for the test flight was nicknamed "
2282:
946:
811:
and design; of the visible changes, the fuselage side windows were deleted, the
13871:
13759:
13749:
13714:
13606:
13581:
13246:
13201:
12970:
12965:
12778:
12728:
12687:
12496:
12486:
12476:
12366:
12313:
12238:
12196:
11876:
11643:
11560:
11555:
11505:
11385:
11380:
11375:
11365:
11340:
11320:
11315:
11143:
11108:
11103:
11088:
11073:
10766:
10696:
10686:
10681:
10444:
10429:
10373:
10249:
9981:
9617:
9084:
8488:
8393:
7954:
7919:
7485:
7143:
7097:
7032:
6840:
4291:
4281:
4266:
4032:
3811:
3705:
3663:
3319:
and the Bomb Ballistics Unit (BBU) for various testing and experimental duties.
3189:
2932:
2893:
2629:
2541:
2416:
2368:
2333:
1942:
1882:
1467:
1427:
1229:
1220:
Only the FN-5A nose turret which was similar to the FN-5 used on the preceding
1181:
1134:
852:
840:
651:
464:
373:
329:
237:
236:, both bombers having been developed to the same specification, as well as the
11310:
7030:
Lyzun, Jim, "From Warhorse to Workhorse: Lancaster Mk.10 Variants in Canada".
6482:"The Lancaster being pushed out of the... – Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum"
3026:
designed in the late 1930s for commercial flying boats was later used instead.
2403:
During April 1944, key targets in France included railway hubs in Villeneuve,
2213:
2081:
A major improvement to night-time bombing came with the implementation of the
1441:
Specific bomb loads were standardised and given code names by Bomber Command:
1041:
installed). The flight engineer sat on a collapsible seat (known as a "second
1029:, amongst others, attempted unsuccessfully to have the escape hatch enlarged.
14139:
14076:
13724:
13626:
13436:
13421:
13416:
13396:
13281:
12893:
12756:
12736:
12519:
12233:
12054:
11763:
11748:
11673:
11648:
11638:
11633:
11609:
11550:
11520:
11440:
11435:
11430:
11415:
11098:
11009:
11004:
10979:
10889:
10811:
10746:
10736:
10482:
10456:
10183:
9612:
9480:
9351:
9316:
7844:
7634:
7480:
7106:
7087:
6899:
6849:
5941:
4933:
4403:
4286:
4105:– for conduct on more than 100 missions in aircraft including the Lancaster,
4099:
4063:
3721:
3369:
3209:
Lancaster B Mk.I drawing with extra side views for the B Mk.I (Special) with
3176:
3163:
3044:
2964:
2845:
2710:
2668:
2664:
2584:
2571:) operated by Bomber Command at that time. Key industrial sites, such as the
2412:
2389:
2237:
2233:
2197:
2192:
1988:
1930:
1919:
1801:
1419:
1402:
1382:
1378:
1295:
1291:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1026:
856:
437:
418:
316:
312:
259:
13067:
11153:
11148:
10964:
10671:
7372:
6467:
5928:"Black Lancasters: The story of heavy British bomber and first atomic bombs"
4848:. RAF Historical Society Seminar at the RAF Museum, Hendon. 21 October 1996.
4355:
The "Ruhr Express" the subject of a Canadian National Film Board production
3535:
XV. One example was built before the order was cancelled when the war ended.
3106:(Hercules VI or XVI engines) powered variant, of which 300 were produced by
2840:
2046:
aircraft works. 40 Lancasters also flew an ineffective long-range raid upon
13926:
13876:
13764:
13661:
13656:
13596:
13561:
13411:
13406:
13366:
13361:
13356:
13326:
13321:
13271:
13261:
13241:
13236:
12998:
12677:
12672:
12650:
12506:
12014:
11996:
11922:
11619:
11614:
11594:
11590:
11585:
11515:
11285:
11280:
11275:
11270:
11138:
10899:
10751:
10050:
9965:
9792:
9748:
9706:
9470:
9336:
9321:
9245:
9225:
9215:
9205:
9195:
9165:
9150:
8688:
8663:
8603:
8583:
8378:
8373:
8318:
8248:
8213:
8203:
8024:
7899:
7879:
7874:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7759:
7744:
6906:
6863:
6632:
6130:
4617:
4276:
4209:
4203:
4116:
3892:
3885:
3791:
3725:
3637:
3532:
3437:
3279:
3266:
3254:
3234:
2994:
2967:
2944:
2916:
2827:
2732:
2687:
2632:. The aircraft involved were from 1, 3, and 8 Groups, and consisted of 145
2590:
2568:
2270:
2176:
2102:
1946:
1791:
1475:
1435:
1387:
1061:
961:
906:
860:
802:
587:
Lancasters under construction at Avro's factory at Woodford, Cheshire, 1943
500:
468:
460:
430:
422:
369:
284:
264:
252:
225:
222:
205:
99:
68:
55:
of the RAF Battle of Britain Memorial Flight in 460 Squadron (RAAF) colours
6894:(1). Laurier Centre for Military Strategic and Disarmament Studies: 5–16.
5963:
3265:
Increased wingspan and lengthened fuselage, two-stage Merlin 85s. Renamed
2876:
RCAF 405 Squadron Lancaster 10MP Maritime Patrol aircraft in February 1953
2616:, to feed people who were in danger of starvation. The mission was named '
2172:
1210:
646:
as well as at the Vickers Armstrong factory, Castle Bromwich, Birmingham.
13621:
13531:
13286:
13186:
13176:
13114:
12791:
12786:
12746:
12125:
11963:
11937:
11810:
11480:
11305:
11295:
10859:
10854:
10741:
10487:
10409:
10147:
10086:
9768:
9607:
9597:
9475:
9361:
9175:
9079:
8943:
8713:
8693:
8623:
8044:
8039:
8034:
7989:
7984:
7884:
7859:
7819:
7536:
7531:
7516:
5917:"Lancaster: The Second World War's Greatest Bomber", Leo McKinstry p. 495
3752:
3676:
3482:
3384:
3238:
3142:
2820:
2816:
2804:
2605:
2312:
2075:
1992:
1957:, was performed by aircraft of No. 44 Sqn; a planned mission against the
1693:
1 x 22,000 lb (10,000 kg) short-delay fused "Grand Slam" bomb.
1406:
1322:
1311:
1150:
1114:
539:
472:
365:
3810:
Diagram comparing the Lancaster (blue) with its RAF contemporaries; the
3784:, where it is to be restored and placed alongside the museum's restored
3233:
The B.IV featured an increased wingspan and lengthened fuselage and new
2674:
Lancasters from Bomber Command were to have formed the main strength of
2430:. These daylight raids quickly became frequent as, due to a shortage of
2415:. The first combat use of Barnes Wallis' 12,000 lb (5,400 kg)
342:
In 1943, a Lancaster was converted to become an engine test bed for the
13911:
13371:
13191:
13144:
13124:
13099:
13013:
12921:
12814:
12741:
12718:
12697:
12514:
12471:
12381:
12356:
12163:
12009:
11779:
11325:
11290:
10974:
10919:
10909:
10786:
10756:
10651:
10035:
9763:
9758:
9753:
9602:
9587:
9582:
9577:
9536:
9424:
9414:
9250:
9240:
9235:
9230:
9220:
9170:
9094:
9089:
9074:
8658:
8648:
8638:
8613:
8513:
8483:
8308:
8258:
8253:
8014:
8009:
7964:
7959:
7904:
7894:
7889:
7869:
7864:
7854:
7849:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7739:
6884:"Destroying Hitler's Berghof: The Bomber Command Raid of 25 April 1945"
4407:
4227:
4050:
3002:
2971:
2924:
2764:
airliner also used the Lincoln wings, but with a new tubular fuselage.
2761:
2360:
2140:
2067:
2051:
2043:
1757:
1415:
1042:
965:
905:
piston engines, each of which drove a 13 ft (4.0 m) diameter
865:
635:
631:
600:
592:
535:
441:
3158:
2880:
Beginning in 1946, Lancaster Mk Xs were modified for service with the
1975:
All Lancasters were temporarily grounded after a crash on 20 March in
941:
Video of the Lancaster landing gear retraction and extension, ex-situ.
14036:
13901:
13666:
13566:
13501:
13003:
12529:
12524:
11355:
11043:
10864:
10731:
10726:
10162:
10134:
10055:
9743:
9561:
9556:
9546:
9541:
9531:
9265:
8573:
8238:
8173:
8004:
7764:
7734:
7694:
7669:
4343:
4233:
3572:
3559:
3121:
3019:
2785:
2745:
2625:
2532:
2479:
2302:
2249:
2241:
2225:
1777:
1764:
1687:
1678:
1 x 12,000 lb (5,400 kg) short-delay fused "Tallboy" bomb.
1672:
Very strong or durable structures (e.g.: submarine pens); battleship
1253:
1242:
1118:
1073:
1013:
949:
910:
563:
444:
357:
324:
240:, all three aircraft being four-engined heavy bombers adopted by the
201:
10022:
7421:
Lancaster at the International Bomber Command Centre Digital Archive
7165:. Kidlington, Oxford, UK: Vintage Aviation Publications Ltd., 1979.
3922:
V-12 liquid-cooled piston engines, 1,280 hp (950 kW) each
3522:
2927:
as two pairs of tanker and receiver aircraft for the development of
2212:
was similarly struck, although much of the intended attack upon the
1664:
1 x 9,250 lb (4,200 kg), hydrostatic-fused "Upkeep" mine.
13109:
12926:
12860:
12456:
12451:
12308:
12173:
12029:
12024:
12019:
12004:
11753:
11525:
11425:
11038:
10929:
10914:
9592:
9526:
9521:
9516:
9506:
9465:
9460:
9455:
9450:
9434:
9419:
9404:
9399:
9394:
9389:
9384:
9379:
9356:
9306:
9301:
9296:
9291:
9286:
9281:
9155:
9145:
9140:
9135:
9120:
9104:
9099:
9069:
9064:
9059:
9054:
9049:
9044:
8988:
8888:
8778:
8758:
8753:
8748:
8743:
8738:
8733:
8728:
8703:
8653:
8568:
8478:
8473:
8413:
8408:
8353:
8303:
8298:
8188:
8183:
8128:
8093:
8049:
7979:
7924:
7909:
7824:
7814:
7754:
7749:
7729:
7724:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7689:
7684:
7674:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7541:
7526:
7521:
7405:
6705:
Lancaster: The History of Britain's Most Famous World War II Bomber
3994:
Maximum normal bomb load of 14,000 lb (6,400 kg) of bombs
3167:
3077:
3068:
2464:
2460:
2446:
2427:
2423:
2245:
2094:
2063:
1858:
which marked the target for the main force rather than a Lancaster.
1626:
1142:
in flight showing nose, dorsal and tail .303 Browning gun positions
1077:
1033:
608:
543:
346:
6207:"Avro 683 Lancaster: The most iconic heavy bomber of World War II"
3531:
As per Lancaster B.IV/Lincoln B.1 but built in Canada and renamed
3357:
B Mk X. This aircraft carries the early "needle-blade" propellers.
3075:
on the national insignia in all cases to avoid confusion with the
2209:
1294:(GGS). Many rear gunners insisted on having the centre section of
562:, and subsequent production Lancasters used the larger elliptical
349:. Lancasters were later used to test other engines, including the
251:
which had been developed during the late 1930s in response to the
13441:
11565:
11510:
11350:
11345:
11335:
11228:
11223:
11173:
11034:
10776:
10771:
10761:
10701:
10691:
6838:
Gardner, Brian (1984). "Flight Refuelling... The Wartime Story".
3877:
3693:
3373:
3327:
The B.VII was the final production version of the Lancaster. The
3146:
3145:, requiring the addition of slow-running cut-off switches in the
3134:
2575:
2456:
2321:
2016:
1984:
957:
820:
812:
806:
PA474, Lancaster B.I of the RAF Battle of Britain Memorial Flight
670:
647:
643:
414:
7425:
7185:
The Conquest of the Reich: D-Day to VE Day – A Soldiers' History
7008:
Black Night for Bomber Command – The Tragedy of 16 December 1943
6641:
Die Stadt, die sterben sollte, Hamburg im Bombenkrieg, Juli 1943
3961:
21,400 ft (6,500 m) at 63,000 lb (29,000 kg)
2127:, but did not manage to hit any ships due to a persistent haze.
11929:
7259:
The Hardest Victory: RAF Bomber Command in the Second World War
6826:(Fortunes of War). Black Hawk, Colorado: Cerberus Press, 2005.
6201:
6199:
6197:
6195:
6193:
6191:
5132:. Leatherhead, Surrey UK: Profile Publications. pp. 12–13.
3650:
3624:
3611:
3585:
3193:
2678:, the Commonwealth bomber contingent scheduled to take part in
2637:
2475:
2408:
2187:
2144:
2098:
2090:
2047:
2039:
2028:
1999:
1876:
1612:
1160:
machine guns and all other turrets with two such machine guns.
969:
953:
596:
7051:. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications Inc., 1982.
6776:
The Dambusters: An Operational History of Barnes Wallis' Bombs
6189:
6187:
6185:
6183:
6181:
6179:
6177:
6175:
6173:
6171:
6033:
3302:. Often used as a "Master Bomber" the B VIs were allocated to
2690:
and Liberators, the bombers would have operated from bases on
2162:
were struck at night-time. On 24 October, the Italian city of
2011:
On the night of 30/31 May 1942, the Lancaster participated in
530:, was assembled by the Avro experimental flight department at
11576:
5130:
Aircraft in Profile No.148 – The Junkers Ju 88 Night Fighters
4484:"Second World War propaganda film of "Grand Slam" in action."
4212:(Interim VIP transport like Lancastrian but based on Lincoln)
4011:
3598:
3413:
3064:
3030:
3015:
2621:
2597:
were permitted to announce the raid before it was completed.
2509:
2404:
2290:
2278:
2200:; the next day, 79 Lancasters bombed Berlin. On 5 March, the
2163:
2159:
2155:
2035:
1965:
1753:
1747:
1334:
828:
824:
553:
Lancasters on Avro's Woodford assembly line at Cheshire, 1943
51:
11256:
10836:
7355:
Benedetto, Fernando (2009). Núñez Padin, Jorge Felix (ed.).
4224:(Maritime patrol which used Lincoln wings with new fuselage)
2848:
in the maritime reconnaissance and search-and-rescue roles.
2344:
and cellars, as the widespread fires across the city led to
2236:; these had been specially designed by the British engineer
618:
In addition to Avro, further Lancasters were constructed by
11861:
11124:
10071:
9678:
7456:
7130:
The Secret Years: Flight Testing at Boscombe Down 1939–1945
7064:
Avro Lancaster – Handley Page Halifax – Short S.29 Stirling
6291:
6289:
6287:
6285:
6283:
6168:
4230:(Airliner with Lincoln Wings and new cigar-shaped fuselage)
3830:
The Secret Years: Flight Testing at Boscombe Down 1939–1945
3048:
2740:
and a similar aircraft was derived from the Lincoln as the
2657:
2636:
and 3,156 Lancasters, flying between them a total of 3,298
2589:, the extensive holiday home complex used by German leader
2442:
2328:. On the night of 27 July, 787 RAF aircraft, comprising 74
2168:
2059:
1625:
A 617 Squadron Lancaster dropping a Grand Slam bomb on the
483:
229:
88:
11541:
10662:
7202:. Windsor, Berkshire, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1966.
5804:
5664:
5327:. 6 April 2005. Archived from the original on 11 June 2007
1517:
using both impact and long delay (up to 144 hours) fuses.
10840:
6690:
British Secret Projects: Fighters & Bombers 1935–1950
6095:
6093:
4147:
The Avro Lancaster featured prominently in the 1955 film
3785:
3440:
drones – two modified in 1957 and operational until 1961.
3241:) with framed "bay window" nose glazing. The prototypes (
2594:
2470:
In October, Lancasters repeatedly struck the sea wall at
2431:
2015:, the first 1,000 bomber raid against the German city of
1824:
1456:' followed by 30 lb (14 kg) incendiaries and a
1411:
11406:
11184:
10955:
10832:
10717:
6280:
5506:
5297:
5285:
2993:
32 Aircraft were adapted to take first the super-heavy "
2524:
was perhaps the most famous of all Lancaster squadrons.
11923:
Certified/factory-built aircraft manufactured in Canada
6824:
The First and the Last: Germany's Fighter Force in WWII
6468:"Lancaster KB882 – National Air Force Museum of Canada"
6037:
Avro Lancaster-Handley Page Halifax-Short S.29 Stirling
3192:, with three dipole ventral antennas fitted aft of the
10880:
7180:. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications, 1966.
6913:(Pan Grand Strategy Series). London: Pan Books, 1999.
6860:. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications, 1966.
6090:
5946:
Now it Can be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project
4702:
1085:, used for visual signalling and by the navigator for
447:
wing, and all-metal construction while the use of the
7319:
Combat Aircraft of the World from 1909 to the present
7210:(Kindle, 2014 ed.), London: Penguin Books Ltd.,
7094:
6958:
Volume 1, Part 8, 1977. London: Orbis Publishing Ltd.
6040:(first ed.). Italy: Edizioni R.E.I. p. 60.
5834:
5257:
5255:
3526:
The sole, Canadian-built, Lancaster B.XV/Lincoln B.XV
3495:
mapping duties. 11 converted 1948–1950. Retired 1964.
3051:
until the squadron was disbanded on 30 November 1953.
10797:
5699:
5697:
5541:
4985:"Royal Air Force Bomber Command, 1942–1945. CH18371"
4747:"The Design and Development of the Avro Lancaster".
4363:
series, filmed in part over Berlin by NFB cameraman
4174:
4017:
Various other navigational aides and countermeasures
2624:
which is said to have miraculously appeared for the
2034:
Additional large-scale raids were performed against
2027:, commenced; it was used to conduct long range anti-
1146:
The Avro Lancaster was initially equipped with four
864:
of modifications made include the relocation of the
7227:. Erin, Ontario, Canada: Boston Mills Press, 1989.
6858:
The Avro Lancaster I: Aircraft in Profile Number 65
5855:
5846:
5781:
5772:
5754:
5724:
5706:
5685:
5628:
5619:
5567:
5565:
5481:
5479:
5460:
5458:
5394:
5392:
5276:
5269:
5267:
5245:
5243:
5177:
5175:
4749:
Manchester Branch of the Royal Aeronautical Society
4630:
4628:
4626:
4602:
4241:
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
3834:
The Avro Lancaster I: Aircraft in Profile Number 65
3201:
conversions were fitted with Lincoln-style rudders.
9677:
7200:The Short Stirling, Aircraft in Profile Number 142
6941:Avro Lancaster. The Definitive Record 2nd Edition.
6523:
5988:
5738:
5736:
5601:
5592:
5497:
5467:
5446:
5428:
5419:
5380:
5362:
5252:
5231:
5222:
5163:
4675:
4519:
4021:
3006:the nose turret was later removed. Two airframes (
2756:in the early 1970s, but saw further service as an
1530:4,000 lb (1,800 kg) impact-fused HC bomb
1285:Gunner in the Nash & Thompson FN20 tail turret
815:chin of the bomb-aimer was enlarged, and a larger
303:", loads often supplemented with smaller bombs or
10135:RAF strategic bombing during the Second World War
7148:Lancaster: the Second World War's Greatest Bomber
6928:. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd., 2002.
6730:, Yorkshire: The Emfield Press, pp. 68, 84,
5994:Mantelli, Brown, Kittel and Graf 2017, pp. 59–60.
5825:
5816:
5763:
5745:
5715:
5694:
5676:
5655:
5646:
5637:
4958:Mod 925, shown on Avro Manufacturing Drawing X815
4593:
2256:. The story of the operation was later made into
2031:operations, reportedly attacking two on 15 June.
1543:6 x 1,850 lb (840 kg) parachute mines.
835:various trials and experiments were performed at
247:The Lancaster has its origins in the twin-engine
14137:
14128: Prior to adoption of Tri-Service prefixes.
7291:. London: Jane's Publishing Company Ltd., 1982.
7026:. London and New York: Frederick Warne & Co.
6584:
6575:
6557:
6115:
6011:
6009:
5997:
5981:
5979:
5977:
5975:
5973:
5948:. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 254–255.
5902:
5877:
5875:
5873:
5871:
5869:
5867:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5610:
5583:
5562:
5553:
5488:
5476:
5455:
5437:
5410:
5401:
5389:
5371:
5353:
5345:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
5264:
5240:
5193:
5172:
4839:"A History of Navigation in the Royal Air Force"
4725:
4723:
4711:
4623:
3772:In 2017, after more than 50 years on display in
3137:-built Merlin engines. The Packard Merlins used
2760:(AEW) system until finally retired in 1991. The
2000:Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg A.G., Augsburg
638:, later in the Second World War and post-war by
7334:Aircraft of World War II: The Aviation Factfile
6762:. Thrupp, Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing, 2003,
6747:. Thrupp, Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing, 2005.
6550:
6548:
6546:
6544:
6271:
5733:
5321:Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary
5088:, 1990, February 2008. Retrieved December 2011.
4911:
4909:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4528:
4122:
3801:
2186:On 16 January 1943, the German capital city of
6943:Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd, 2001.
6566:
6532:
6488:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5205:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4570:
897:The Avro Lancaster was a British four-engined
855:engines, which had been built overseas in the
413:(RAF) was primarily interested in twin-engine
13053:
11908:
11795:
10637:
10120:
10008:
9663:
7441:
6457:, 24 February 2014. Retrieved: 14 April 2015.
6277:Mantelli, Brown, Kittel and Graf 2017, p. 59.
6006:
5970:
5864:
5790:
5184:
5146:1 Group Bomber Command: An Operational Record
4873:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4732:
4720:
4646:
4218:(precursor with unsuccessful Vulture engines)
3955:2,530 mi (4,070 km, 2,200 nmi)
2784:Lancasters toured the United States and were
893:Three 44 Squadron Avro Lancaster B.Is in 1942
665:. Of later variants, only the Canadian-built
392:flew the first scheduled flight from the new
332:and then the 22,000 lb (10,000 kg)
7080:Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire
7036:, No. 86, March/April 2000, pp. 16–26.
6722:. Cudham, Kent, UK: Kelsey Publishing, 2011.
6541:
6060:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4900:
2244:until it was breached, then moved on to the
1375:General Purpose High Explosive (GP/HE) bombs
6980:. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1990.
6778:(e-book ed.). Stroud: Amberley Books.
6745:Living Lancasters: Keeping the Legend Alive
6356:
6354:
5202:
4754:
4684:
4655:
4567:
4438:
3225:B.III modified for maritime reconnaissance.
2959:The original Lancasters were produced with
2867:
2459:, as well as repeated raids on German-held
1540:Mining of ports, canals, rivers and seaways
819:was provided. Various additional bumps and
499:By mid-1940, Avro's chief design engineer,
13060:
13046:
11915:
11901:
11802:
11788:
10644:
10630:
10585:Air operations during the Battle of Europe
10127:
10113:
10015:
10001:
9670:
9656:
7448:
7434:
7306:. London: The Frazer Nash Archives, 2011.
6870:(fifth edition). Sutton Publishing, 2006.
6638:
6406:
6393:
6380:
6367:
6338:
6325:
5512:
4852:
4542:
4540:
4512:
4510:
4479:
4477:
3416:equipment. Remained in service until 1964.
1888:This was fitted only to the Lancasters of
1854:aircraft, usually a fast and manoeuvrable
1748:Radio, radar and countermeasures equipment
1092:Behind the wireless operator were the two
27:World War II British heavy bomber aircraft
7358:Avro Lancaster, Lancastrian & Lincoln
7354:
7238:
6995:. London: Arms & Armour Press, 1996.
6796:. London: Arms & Armour Press, 1995.
5524:
5303:
5291:
4949:Mod 913, Avro Manufacturing Drawing Z2511
4893:
4891:
4889:
3949:200 mph (320 km/h, 170 kn)
2070:. An emphasis was placed upon aiding the
1414:(normally reserved for fighters) so that
376:patrol aircraft (later supplanted by the
11809:
9876:1953 Mediterranean Sea mid-air collision
7021:
6720:Avro Lancaster Mk I and Mk III: Database
6656:Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II
6432:
6419:
6351:
5136:
4166:
4126:
4026:
3805:
3692:
3521:
3348:
3204:
3157:
3089:
3029:
2983:
2871:
2599:
2311:
2105:bombs, intending to hit the battleships
1924:
1913:
1704:Bombsights used on Lancasters included:
1632:
1620:
1597:Medium-range low altitude tactical raids
1462:
1443:
1305:
1280:
1263:
1138:Battle of Britain Flight Lancaster Mk I
1133:
1055:
1047:
927:
888:
823:were also added, which typically housed
801:
582:
548:
7317:Taylor, John W.R., "Avro Lancaster" in
7274:Lancaster: The Story of a Famous Bomber
7178:The Handley Page Halifax B.III, VI, VII
6837:
6725:
6506:"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage"
6034:Mantelli, Brown, Kittel, Graft (2017).
5670:
5029:
5027:
4537:
4507:
4474:
4346:blister nor exhaust shrouds are fitted.
4314:List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force
1836:Lichtenstein B/C and C-1 airborne radar
14:
14138:
10653:Swedish military aircraft designations
7321:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1969.
7077:
6881:
6773:
6728:The Battle of the V-Weapons, 1944–1945
6692:. Hinckley: Midland Publishing, 2004.
6497:
5940:
5840:
5810:
4886:
4406:was frequently referred to as being a
3379:During the Second World War, Canada's
2851:
2467:only 200 yards from the Allied lines.
1904:
1458:4,000 lb (1,800 kg) "cookie"
1052:Bomb aimer in his position in the nose
797:
228:. It was designed and manufactured by
14186:Retractable conventional landing gear
13041:
11896:
11783:
10625:
10580:United States Army Air Forces (USAAF)
10108:
9996:
9651:
7429:
7379:
7332:Winchester, Jim, "Avro Lancaster" in
7302:Tarring, Trevor, and Joseland, Mark,
7205:
6978:Avro Aircraft since 1908, 2nd edition
6926:Avro Lancaster (Combat Legend series)
6121:Goulding and Garbett 1966, pp. 10–11.
6003:Goulding and Garbett 1966, pp. 12–13.
5908:Goulding and Garbett 1966, pp. 11–12.
5742:Goulding and Garbett 1966, pp. 7, 10.
5547:
5127:
5097:
4783:
4200:(Interim VIP Transport with fairings)
3756:Lincolnshire Aviation Heritage Centre
3682:
3353:Propaganda shot before bombing up an
3306:apart from two that were retained by
2807:and at least one was operated by the
2196:attacked the occupied French city of
1647:Special-purpose weapons and codenames
1129:
1025:experts, including British scientist
979:
622:(1,080, also tested at Woodford) and
12595:DH.82C Tiger Moth & Menasco Moth
10575:Aerial defence of the United Kingdom
7336:. Kent, UK: Grange Books plc, 2004.
7304:Archie Frazer-Nash ... Engineer
6639:Bahnsen, Uwe; Stürmer, Kerstin von,
6503:
5142:
5024:
3873:1,297 sq ft (120.5 m)
3861:102 ft 0 in (31.09 m)
3059:In anticipation of the needs of the
2988:B.I Special loaded with a Grand Slam
2833:
2365:German guided missiles and munitions
2316:A Lancaster over Hamburg, circa 1943
2038:between 19 and 23 June, and against
10240:Combined Bomber Offensive (1943–44)
9891:1956 Scottish Airlines air disaster
6965:. London: Andre Deutsch Ltd, 2009.
6844:. No. 25. pp. 34–43, 80.
6085:Canadian Aviation and Space Museum.
5531:RAF Bomber Command 60th Anniversary
5309:
5190:Goulding and Garbett 1966, pp. 6–7.
5149:. Pen and Sword. pp. 117–118.
4813:
4798:
4738:Goulding and Garbett 1966, pp. 5–6.
4729:Goulding and Garbett 1966, pp. 4–5.
4652:Goulding and Garbett 1966, pp. 3–4.
3855:69 ft 4 in (21.13 m)
3778:National Air Force Museum of Canada
3073:completely omitting any red colours
2228:. The operation was carried out by
1909:
1510:factories, railway yards, dockyards
1259:
507:engines, specifically adopting the
275:engines. It first saw service with
24:
10596:Death by Moonlight: Bomber Command
7348:
6868:World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines
6856:Goulding, Brian, and Garbett, M.,
6811:. London: SAM Publications, 2000.
6658:. New York: Crescent Books, 1988.
3867:20 ft 6 in (6.25 m)
2772:
2744:. Other developments included the
2604:A Lancaster being fuelled from an
2324:during Air Chief Marshal Harris's
2101:, armed with newly developed anti-
1016:controls facing forward, with the
25:
14212:
7455:
7399:
6760:Bomber Command Handbook 1939–1945
6322:"The Immortal Lanc" 1977, p. 157.
6015:Goulding and Garbett 1966, p. 14.
5985:Goulding and Garbett 1966, p. 12.
5881:Goulding and Garbett 1966, p. 11.
5801:Goulding and Garbett 1966, p. 10.
4915:Goulding and Garbett 1966, p. 16.
4402:In period material, the "Upkeep"
3738:Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum
3718:Battle of Britain Memorial Flight
3689:List of surviving Avro Lancasters
3372:in KB-976, on 4 July 1964 at the
1586:Blast and incendiary area bombing
1513:14 x 1,000 lb (450 kg)
1235:
626:. They were also produced at the
519:but was subsequently renamed the
494:
10225:Area bombing of cities (1942–43)
9852:1948 Northwood mid-air collision
7132:. Manchester, UK: Hikoki, 1998.
7024:The Observer's Book Of Airplanes
6593:
6474:
6460:
6445:
6316:
6307:
6298:
6262:
6259:Avro manufacturing drawing Z2852
6253:
6245:"Flying Gas Station In The Sky".
6238:
6229:
6146:
6124:
6068:
6027:
6018:
5934:
5920:
5911:
5893:
5884:
5527:"Bomber Command: Campaign Diary"
5219:Goulding and Garbett 1966, p. 7.
4771:Goulding and Garbett 1966, p. 6.
4699:Goulding and Garbett 1966, p. 5.
4672:Goulding and Garbett 1966, p. 4.
4590:Goulding and Garbett 1966, p. 3.
4319:List of aircraft of World War II
4177:
3776:, Lancaster KB 882 moved to the
3669:
3656:
3643:
3630:
3617:
3604:
3591:
3578:
3565:
3552:
3546:List of Avro Lancaster operators
2935:, achieving 757 tanker sorties.
2767:
1735:Stabilizing Automatic Bomb Sight
1470:bombs displayed with a standard
1358:
1349:
1209:
1200:
997:
988:
876:made "paddle blade" propellers.
291:(RCAF) and squadrons from other
40:
14118:Aircraft of the Australian Army
13071:aircraft serial-number prefixes
10153:RAF strategic bombing 1942–1945
10026:/ Canadian Federal Aircraft Ltd
7384:. Mushroom Model Publications.
7208:The Bombing War, Europe 1939-45
7101:. No. 95. pp. 64–70.
7062:Mantelli, Brown, Kittel, Graf,
6141:Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame.
5574:
5518:
5121:
5091:
5075:
5054:
5045:
5036:
5015:
4999:
4977:
4961:
4952:
4943:
4927:
4918:
4831:
4822:
4807:
4792:
4774:
4741:
4637:
4611:
4558:
4549:
4413:
4396:
4383:
4370:
4349:
4022:Notable pilots and crew members
3912:68,000 lb (30,844 kg)
3906:55,000 lb (24,948 kg)
3900:36,900 lb (16,738 kg)
3760:Bomber Command Museum of Canada
2357:Peenemünde Army Research Center
2093:and the three factories of the
1564:Docks, fortifications and ships
511:installation developed for the
111:
12886:Ontario Provincial Air Service
7241:The Royal Air Force Day by Day
5006:"The Kite That Smashed Berlin"
4936:, "The Children's Crusade" in
4492:
4465:
4456:
4447:
4336:
2921:British South American Airways
2583:, aimed at the destruction of
2351:On the night of 17/18 August,
2301:and the Italian naval base at
2023:, having loaned aircraft from
1276:
1191:
945:The Lancaster uses a mid-wing
399:
311:and was modified to carry the
13:
1:
14171:Four-engined tractor aircraft
14161:1940s British bomber aircraft
10158:Area Bombing Directive (1942)
9886:1955 Shackleton disappearance
7382:Avro Lancaster: The Survivors
7243:. Stroud: The History Press.
7187:. New York: NYU Press, 1995.
7150:. London: John Murray, 2009.
7115:The British Bomber since 1914
6794:Claims to Fame: The Lancaster
6484:– via www.facebook.com.
6377:March/April 2000, pp. 21, 24.
5317:"Campaign Diary, August 1942"
4426:
4236:(Transport with new fuselage)
4079:Robert Anthony Maurice Palmer
3985:Browning Mark II machine guns
2726:United States Army Air Forces
2651:
2224:, to destroy the dams of the
1699:
578:
467:, using Rolls-Royce Vulture,
14196:Four-engined piston aircraft
14181:Aircraft first flown in 1941
14166:World War II British bombers
12387:Hurricane Mk.X, XI & XII
12324:Canadian Associated Aircraft
6707:. Bath, UK: Parragon, 2003.
6601:"Cheshire, Geoffrey Leonard"
6416:March/April 2000, pp. 24–25.
6403:March/April 2000, pp. 17–19.
6390:March/April 2000, pp. 19–20.
6348:March/April 2000, pp. 20–21.
6335:March/April 2000, pp. 25–26.
4972:wwiiaircraftperformance.org.
4969:"Lancaster I/III data card."
4431:
4378:North American B-25 Mitchell
4123:Notable appearances in media
3802:Specifications (Lancaster I)
3539:
3317:Royal Aircraft Establishment
2899:
2892:and finally replaced by the
2285:. This was a key element of
1808:, it was removed altogether.
1552:V-1 flying bomb launch sites
1241:almost never used. When the
315:"bouncing bomb" designed by
271:and in one of the versions,
7:
13081:indicate prefixes not used.
10168:Casablanca directive (1943)
6590:Richards 1995, pp. 346–347.
6581:Richards 1995, pp. 157–160.
6563:Richards 1995, pp. 304–305.
6153:"Lancasters After The War."
5607:Robertson 1964, pp. 39, 50.
4789:Bridgman 1988, pp. 105–106.
4391:Consolidated B-24 Liberator
4252:Consolidated B-24 Liberator
4247:Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress
4162:
4007:H2S radar in later variants
3481:for the engine used in the
3239:0.5in Browning machine guns
2950:
2780:During the summer of 1946,
2419:occurred around this time.
2260:, and subsequently a film,
1983:to anti-aircraft fire over
1871:Automatic Gun-Laying Turret
1743:it was a tachometric sight.
1299:the turret was called the "
1124:
884:
436:of 1936 for a twin-engined
281:strategic bombing offensive
244:(RAF) during the same era.
10:
14217:
14191:World War II heavy bombers
12807:Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm
12289:Toronto Curtiss Aeroplanes
12259:Canadian Aerodrome Company
10245:Battle of Berlin (1943–44)
10189:Frederick "Prof" Lindemann
9881:1953 Skyways disappearance
7239:Pitchfork, Graham (2008).
6622:
6100:"The Canadian Lancasters."
5861:Robertson 1964, pp. 86–87.
5852:Robertson 1964, pp. 85–86.
5778:Robertson 1964, pp. 83–84.
5760:Robertson 1964, pp. 75–77.
5730:Robertson 1964, pp. 69–70.
5712:Robertson 1964, pp. 66–67.
5691:Robertson 1964, pp. 65–66.
5634:Robertson 1964, pp. 53–54.
5625:Robertson 1964, pp. 50–54.
5598:Robertson 1964, pp. 38–39.
5525:RAF staff (6 April 2005),
5503:Robertson 1964, pp. 35–36.
5473:Robertson 1964, pp. 31–32.
5452:Robertson 1964, pp. 29–32.
5434:Robertson 1964, pp. 27-28.
5425:Robertson 1964, pp. 26–27.
5386:Robertson 1964, pp. 22–23.
5368:Robertson 1964, pp. 21–22.
5282:Robertson 1964, pp. 20–21.
5261:Robertson 1964, pp. 19–20.
5237:Robertson 1964, pp. 17–18.
5228:Robertson 1964, pp. 16–17.
5169:Robertson 1964, pp. 14–15.
5012:, March 1944, pp. 48C–48H.
4681:Robertson 1964, pp. 79–81.
4608:Jackson 1990, pp. 355–356.
4489:Retrieved: 3 January 2012.
4140:
3698:Canadian Warplane Heritage
3686:
3543:
2508:, which was anchored in a
2355:was conducted against the
2289:, the bombing of a German
2147:; only a single aircraft,
1639:Valentin submarine factory
1525:Blast, demolition and fire
404:
131:Royal Australian Air Force
14126:
14100:
13798:
13705:
13163:
13086:
13076:
13012:
12979:
12956:
12935:
12902:
12884:
12859:
12841:
12825:National Research Council
12823:
12805:
12777:
12727:
12711:
12641:
12618:
12538:
12505:
12405:
12340:
12322:
12285:
12257:
12172:
12156:Bristol/McDonald Brothers
12154:
12093:
12055:Boeing Aircraft of Canada
12053:
11995:
11962:
11946:
11928:
11854:
11818:
11574:
11539:
11404:
11254:
11182:
11122:
10953:
10878:
10830:
10795:
10715:
10660:
10567:
10516:
10470:
10397:
10331:
10288:
10235:Battle of the Ruhr (1943)
10212:
10176:
10140:
10064:
10031:
9974:
9953:
9866:1950 Llandow air disaster
9809:
9777:
9731:
9715:
9689:
9570:
9499:
9443:
9370:
9274:
9113:
9037:
9030:
8068:
7564:
7555:
7509:
7473:
7464:
7261:. London: Coronet, 1995.
7163:Avro Lancaster I & II
7066:. Edizioni R.E.I., 2017.
7022:Lawrence, Joseph (1945).
7010:. Pen & Sword, 2007.
6888:Canadian Military History
6774:Flower, Stephen (2013) .
6675:Weidenfeld & Nicolson
6165:Retrieved 3 October 2011.
6143:Retrieved 3 October 2011.
6112:Retrieved 3 October 2011.
6087:Retrieved 3 October 2011.
4974:Retrieved: 6 August 2013.
4599:Robertson 1964, pp. 9–11.
4499:"First to South America."
4453:McKinstry 2009, pp. 9–10.
4143:Avro Lancaster in fiction
4043:Ian Willoughby Bazalgette
3774:Edmundston, New Brunswick
3751:, NX611, is based in the
3081:insignia of the Japanese.
2925:Flight Refuelling Limited
2919:as freighters for use by
2703:Boeing B-29 Superfortress
2504:, were conducted against
2003:hailed by Prime Minister
1879:mounted below the turret.
1804:. Once this was realised
1710:Course Setting Bomb Sight
1397:was created to carry out
964:and fixed tailwheel; the
879:
765:
744:
738:
709:
703:
603:and were test-flown from
232:as a contemporary of the
197:
187:
177:
166:
158:
150:
145:
137:
118:
106:
94:
82:
74:
64:
59:
48:
39:
34:
13069:Australian Defence Force
12342:Canadian Car and Foundry
10559:Light Night Strike Force
9816:Accidents and incidents
7117:. London: Putnam, 1994.
6963:Lancaster: The Biography
6726:Collier, Basil (1976) ,
6442:March/April 2000, p. 26.
6429:March/April 2000, p. 16.
6364:March/April 2000, p. 25.
5083:"Lancaster: Bomb Loads."
4816:Halifax - Second to none
4801:Halifax - Second to none
4525:Mason 1994, pp. 324–325.
4410:, rather than as a bomb.
4329:
4257:Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor
3983:Two 0.303-inch (7.7 mm)
3826:Avro Aircraft since 1908
3340:", which went to France.
2882:Royal Canadian Air Force
2868:Royal Canadian Air Force
2378:Royal Canadian Air Force
1340:
909:Hydromatic three-bladed
613:Lancaster Aircraft Group
351:Armstrong Siddeley Mamba
344:Metropolitan-Vickers F.2
289:Royal Canadian Air Force
217:, commonly known as the
172:Royal Canadian Air Force
127:Royal Canadian Air Force
12904:Ottawa Car and Aircraft
12397:Harvard Mk.IIB and Mk.4
12392:Norseman Mk.V & VII
7206:Overy, Richard (2013),
7082:(in French) (37): 2–9.
6882:Haller, Oliver (2011).
6510:m-selig.ae.illinois.edu
6235:Franks 2000, pp. 83–84.
6205:
6105:30 October 2016 at the
5787:McKinstry 2009, p. 425.
5064:John Murray Publishers
5051:McKinstry 2009, p. 275.
5042:McKinstry 2009, p. 268.
5021:McKinstry 2009, p. 265.
4938:Disturbing the Universe
4828:Neillands 1995, p. 109.
4643:Winchester 2005, p. 27.
4444:Norris 1966, pp. 13–14.
4324:List of bomber aircraft
4115:Captain (acting Major)
3840:General characteristics
3452:Maritime Reconnaissance
3393:Mark 10 Passenger Plane
3376:International Air Show.
3063:operations against the
2581:Bombing of Obersalzberg
2527:On 1 January 1945, the
2487:German battleship
1959:German battleship
1820:Boozer (radar detector)
1499:incendiary area bombing
923:anti-aircraft batteries
517:Type 683 Manchester III
394:London Heathrow Airport
323:, the attack on German
14151:Aviation in Lancashire
13027:CL-515 First Responder
12357:Anson Mk.II & Mk.V
11872:Hawker Siddeley Canada
10199:Sir Archibald Sinclair
10184:Arthur "Bomber" Harris
10163:Dehousing paper (1942)
10082:Hawker Siddeley Canada
9901:1959 Air Charter crash
9500:Sports/racing aircraft
6572:Richards 1995, p. 310.
6554:Falconer 2003, p. 170.
6538:Richards 1995, p. 319.
6163:Bomber Command Museum.
6158:26 August 2011 at the
6136:13 August 2011 at the
6110:Bomber Command Museum.
6080:30 August 2011 at the
5831:Robertson 1964, p. 85.
5822:Robertson 1964, p. 84.
5769:Robertson 1964, p. 82.
5751:Robertson 1964, p. 74.
5721:Robertson 1964, p. 68.
5703:Robertson 1964, p. 66.
5682:Robertson 1964, p. 65.
5661:Robertson 1964, p. 64.
5652:Robertson 1964, p. 63.
5643:Robertson 1964, p. 54.
5616:Robertson 1964, p. 50.
5589:Robertson 1964, p. 38.
5580:Richards 2001, p. 200.
5571:Robertson 1964, p. 37.
5559:Robertson 1964, p. 36.
5494:Robertson 1964, p. 35.
5485:Robertson 1964, p. 34.
5464:Robertson 1964, p. 30.
5443:Robertson 1964, p. 29.
5416:Robertson 1964, p. 26.
5407:Robertson 1964, p. 59.
5398:Robertson 1964, p. 23.
5377:Robertson 1964, p. 22.
5359:Robertson 1964, p. 21.
5273:Robertson 1964, p. 20.
5249:Robertson 1964, p. 19.
5199:Robertson 1964, p. 16.
5181:Robertson 1964, p. 15.
5128:Price, Alfred (1967).
4818:. Airlife. p. 74.
4803:. Airlife. p. 71.
4717:Robertson 1964, p. 81.
4634:Robertson 1964, p. 14.
4172:
4138:
3819:
3709:
3527:
3358:
3334:Browning .303 Mark IIs
3218:
3171:
3099:
3035:
2989:
2941:Trans-Canada Air Lines
2877:
2758:airborne early warning
2754:Hawker Siddeley Nimrod
2713:, the director of the
2669:Arthur "Bomber" Harris
2609:
2558:North Rhine-Westphalia
2338:Handley Page Halifaxes
2317:
2293:factory in the former
2072:Battle of the Atlantic
1970:North Rhine-Westphalia
1934:
1922:
1641:
1630:
1522:"Cookie"—or—"Plumduff"
1488:Type of raid or target
1479:
1460:
1403:"Upkeep" bouncing bomb
1314:
1286:
1269:
1143:
1099:Browning .303 Mark IIs
1069:
1053:
942:
894:
807:
688:Production by factory
679:transatlantic crossing
588:
554:
12350:Maple Leaf Trainer II
10344:Boston (Douglas DB-7)
10230:U-boat pens (1943–44)
10220:Oil targets (1940-45)
9954:Notable people/groups
7406:The Lancaster Archive
7380:White, Glenn (2010).
7375:on 22 September 2011.
6954:"The Immortal Lanc".
6494:Jackson 1990, p. 366.
6024:Jackson 1990, p. 365.
5890:Galland 2005, p. 119.
5513:Bahnsen & Stürmer
5104:lancaster-archive.com
5098:Black, Henry (2001),
5060:Leo McKinstry (2010)
4987:. Imperial War Museum
4564:Buttler 2004, p. 102.
4555:Buttler 2004, p. 104.
4534:Robertson 1964, p. 7.
4462:Cotter 2005, p. xiii.
4170:
4156:Appointment in London
4130:
4073:John Dering Nettleton
4027:Victoria Cross awards
3920:Rolls-Royce Merlin XX
3809:
3736:, is operated by the
3696:
3525:
3424:Bomber Reconnaissance
3397:Trans Canada Airlines
3395:. Six were built for
3352:
3296:No. 405 Squadron RCAF
3208:
3161:
3115:Due to the Luftwaffe
3093:
3033:
2987:
2961:Rolls-Royce Merlin XX
2875:
2603:
2315:
2135:, the bombing of the
1928:
1917:
1636:
1624:
1466:
1452:dropping bundles of '
1447:
1319:de Havilland Mosquito
1309:
1284:
1267:
1158:Browning .303 Mark II
1137:
1059:
1051:
940:
892:
805:
755:Metropolitan-Vickers
650:-based aircraft firm
586:
552:
434:Specification P.13/36
426:four-engined bomber.
287:used by the RAF, the
256:Specification P.13/36
14108:Aircraft of the RAAF
12287:Canadian Aeroplanes/
12212:CL-415 Super Scooper
10590:Defence of the Reich
9829:1945 Avro York crash
9732:Airliners/transports
9373:& reconnaissance
7411:"The Avro Lancaster"
7176:Moyes, Philip J.R.,
7161:Moyes, Philip J.R.,
6807:Franks, Richard A.,
6758:Falconer, Jonathan,
6703:Chant, Christopher,
6455:RAF/MoD website News
6131:"Members' Profiles."
5143:Ward, Chris (2014).
4924:Iveson 2009, p. 222.
4780:Iveson 2009, p. 221.
4471:Taylor 1969, p. 314.
4272:Messerschmitt Me 264
4262:Handley Page Halifax
4059:Norman Cyril Jackson
3816:Handley Page Halifax
3789:Handley Page Halifax
3493:Photo reconnaissance
3466:Navigational trainer
3300:No. 635 Squadron RAF
3024:in-flight refuelling
2929:in-flight refuelling
2809:Ministry of Aviation
2538:Messerschmitt Me 262
2273:using the tactic of
1977:Boston, Lincolnshire
1629:viaduct, March 1945.
1450:No. 101 Squadron RAF
1292:gyroscopic gun sight
1186:Messerschmitt Me 262
1180:introduction of the
1173:Messerschmitt Bf 110
1163:Late on in the war,
1087:celestial navigation
1023:Operational research
919:interceptor aircraft
728:Armstrong Whitworth
628:Austin Motor Company
620:Metropolitan-Vickers
267:and powered by four
234:Handley Page Halifax
114:(in UK & Canada)
14113:Aircraft of the RAN
12540:de Havilland Canada
11123:Advanced trainers (
10493:Intruder operations
10307:("Dambusters" raid)
10041:Avro Lancaster Mk.X
9906:1990 Scotland crash
7113:Mason, Francis K.,
7049:Lancaster in action
6993:The Lancaster Story
6654:Bridgman, Leonard,
6635:, May 1944. No ISBN
6529:Mason 1994, p. 348.
6313:Holmes 2001, p. 39.
6304:Mason 1998, p. 102.
6295:Mason 1998, p. 302.
6268:Franks 2000, p. 87.
5930:. 22 February 2023.
5899:Iveson 2009, p. 82.
5813:, pp. 355–356.
4897:Franks 2000, p. 83.
4297:Supermarine B.12/36
4192:Related development
4159:with Dirk Bogarde.
4131:When the 1955 film
3910:Max takeoff weight:
3716:is operated by the
3410:Area Reconnaissance
3383:(what later became
3292:No. 83 Squadron RAF
3188:B.III modified for
3141:pressure-injection
3108:Armstrong Whitworth
2858:Argentine Air Force
2852:Argentine Air Force
2813:RAF Coastal Command
2540:, the first German
2502:Operation Catechism
2330:Vickers Wellingtons
2287:Operation Bellicose
2021:RAF Coastal Command
2013:Operation Millenium
1937:During early 1942,
1905:Operational history
1806:after mid-July 1944
1148:Nash & Thompson
1032:On the roof of the
1018:Mark XIV bomb sight
798:Further development
766:Vickers-Armstrongs
689:
624:Armstrong Whitworth
449:Rolls-Royce Vulture
279:in 1942 and as the
269:Rolls-Royce Merlins
60:General information
14201:Twin-tail aircraft
13804:Tri-Service series
12843:National Steel Car
12207:CL-215 Waterbomber
10610:Target for Tonight
10194:Sir Charles Portal
10148:Butt Report (1941)
9896:1958 Dan-Air crash
7272:Robertson, Bruce,
7198:Norris, Geoffrey,
7183:Neillands, Robin,
6718:Chorlton, Martyn,
6671:Wings on my Sleeve
6217:on 28 October 2020
5673:, pp. 68, 84.
5110:on 20 October 2007
5086:The Avro Lancaster
5081:Mason, Francis K.
4708:Brown 2016, p. 80.
4516:Norris 1966, p. 3.
4380:and other bombers.
4173:
4139:
3820:
3710:
3708:below the cockpit.
3683:Surviving aircraft
3528:
3479:jet engine testbed
3359:
3304:RAF Bomber Command
3288:No. 7 Squadron RAF
3219:
3172:
3139:Bendix – Stromberg
3100:
3036:
2990:
2886:Lancaster 10MR/MPs
2878:
2696:surrender of Japan
2680:Operation Downfall
2610:
2529:Dortmund–Ems Canal
2494:Operation Paravane
2359:, the site of the
2326:Operation Gomorrah
2318:
2277:from airfields in
2222:Operation Chastise
2202:Battle of the Ruhr
2025:RAF Bomber Command
1935:
1923:
1720:Mark XIV bombsight
1642:
1631:
1605:no code name given
1594:no code name given
1480:
1461:
1399:Operation Chastise
1315:
1287:
1270:
1226:Vickers Wellington
1144:
1130:Defensive armament
1070:
1054:
980:Crew accommodation
943:
903:Rolls-Royce Merlin
895:
808:
687:
640:Vickers-Armstrongs
605:Woodford Aerodrome
589:
555:
505:Rolls-Royce Merlin
409:In the 1930s, the
362:Avro Canada Orenda
321:Operation Chastise
277:RAF Bomber Command
14176:Mid-wing aircraft
14133:
14132:
13800:RAAF Series Three
13035:
13034:
12936:Reid/Curtiss-Reid
12277:Hubbard Monoplane
12217:CL-600 Challenger
12063:C-204 Thunderbird
11890:
11889:
11777:
11776:
11540:Torpedo bombers (
11183:Trials aircraft (
10796:Army aeroplanes (
10661:Attack aircraft (
10619:
10618:
10554:No. 100 Group RAF
10299:(Friedrichshafen)
10102:
10101:
9990:
9989:
9645:
9644:
9641:
9640:
9026:
9025:
9022:
9021:
8080:
7601:
7368:978-987-1682-00-3
7312:978-0-9570351-0-2
7257:Richards, Denis,
7250:978-0-7509-4309-3
7217:978-0-141-92782-4
7156:978-0-7195-2353-3
6971:978-0-233-00270-5
6919:978-0-330-39204-4
6907:Hastings, Sir Max
6785:978-1-4456-1828-9
6683:978-0-7538-2209-8
6647:Brickhill, Paul,
6504:Lednicer, David.
6470:. 11 August 2022.
6047:978-2-37297-333-5
5156:978-1-4738-3810-9
5070:978-0-7195-2363-2
5033:Brickhill 1951, .
4967:Stiriling, Neil.
4546:Moyes 1966, p. 3.
4361:Canada Carries On
4171:Propaganda poster
4084:Flight Lieutenant
3814:(yellow) and the
3742:Hamilton, Ontario
3468:. Five converted.
3365:centre of gravity
3355:RCAF 428 Squadron
3198:airborne lifeboat
2913:Bracebridge Heath
2834:French Aéronavale
2715:Manhattan Project
2620:' after the food
2593:. Unusually, the
2554:Bielefeld viaduct
2498:Operation Obviate
2394:Normandy landings
2342:air raid shelters
2074:by hindering the
2005:Winston Churchill
1798:suitably equipped
1716:advanced designs.
1697:
1696:
1619:
1618:
1448:Lancaster B.I of
1171:of the time, the
1111:aircraft lavatory
938:
921:and ground-based
870:Hamilton Standard
795:
794:
785:Victory Aircraft
523:. The prototype,
382:aerial refuelling
211:
210:
151:Introduction date
16:(Redirected from
14208:
13810:
13809:
13169:
13092:
13062:
13055:
13048:
13039:
13038:
13022:DHC-6 Twin Otter
13004:York C.1 Special
12981:Victory Aircraft
12712:Federal Aircraft
12620:Diamond Aircraft
12590:DH.60 Gipsy Moth
12573:DHC-6 Twin Otter
12462:CH-300 Pacemaker
12407:Canadian Vickers
12367:CBY-3 Loadmaster
12040:505 Jet Ranger X
12035:429 GlobalRanger
11947:Avian Industries
11917:
11910:
11903:
11894:
11893:
11882:Victory Aircraft
11804:
11797:
11790:
11781:
11780:
11578:
11543:
11408:
11258:
11255:Reconnaissance (
11186:
11126:
10957:
10882:
10842:
10838:
10834:
10799:
10719:
10664:
10646:
10639:
10632:
10623:
10622:
10544:No. 6 Group RCAF
10478:Area bombardment
10462:Target indicator
10435:Blockbuster bomb
10250:Transport (1944)
10129:
10122:
10115:
10106:
10105:
10046:Avro Lancastrian
10024:Victory Aircraft
10017:
10010:
10003:
9994:
9993:
9778:Notable aircraft
9672:
9665:
9658:
9649:
9648:
9628:Roe III Triplane
9035:
9034:
8078:
7599:
7562:
7561:
7496:Roe III Triplane
7471:
7470:
7450:
7443:
7436:
7427:
7426:
7395:
7376:
7371:. Archived from
7287:Sweetman, Bill,
7254:
7220:
7110:
7091:
7047:Mackay, R.S.G.,
7027:
7006:Knott, Richard,
6903:
6853:
6822:Galland, Adolf,
6792:Franks, Norman,
6789:
6743:Cotter, Jarrod,
6740:
6644:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6611:
6597:
6591:
6588:
6582:
6579:
6573:
6570:
6564:
6561:
6555:
6552:
6539:
6536:
6530:
6527:
6521:
6520:
6518:
6516:
6501:
6495:
6492:
6486:
6485:
6478:
6472:
6471:
6464:
6458:
6449:
6443:
6436:
6430:
6423:
6417:
6410:
6404:
6397:
6391:
6384:
6378:
6371:
6365:
6358:
6349:
6342:
6336:
6329:
6323:
6320:
6314:
6311:
6305:
6302:
6296:
6293:
6278:
6275:
6269:
6266:
6260:
6257:
6251:
6242:
6236:
6233:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6222:
6213:. Archived from
6203:
6166:
6150:
6144:
6128:
6122:
6119:
6113:
6097:
6088:
6072:
6066:
6065:
6059:
6051:
6031:
6025:
6022:
6016:
6013:
6004:
6001:
5995:
5992:
5986:
5983:
5968:
5967:
5938:
5932:
5931:
5924:
5918:
5915:
5909:
5906:
5900:
5897:
5891:
5888:
5882:
5879:
5862:
5859:
5853:
5850:
5844:
5838:
5832:
5829:
5823:
5820:
5814:
5808:
5802:
5799:
5788:
5785:
5779:
5776:
5770:
5767:
5761:
5758:
5752:
5749:
5743:
5740:
5731:
5728:
5722:
5719:
5713:
5710:
5704:
5701:
5692:
5689:
5683:
5680:
5674:
5668:
5662:
5659:
5653:
5650:
5644:
5641:
5635:
5632:
5626:
5623:
5617:
5614:
5608:
5605:
5599:
5596:
5590:
5587:
5581:
5578:
5572:
5569:
5560:
5557:
5551:
5545:
5539:
5538:
5533:, archived from
5522:
5516:
5510:
5504:
5501:
5495:
5492:
5486:
5483:
5474:
5471:
5465:
5462:
5453:
5450:
5444:
5441:
5435:
5432:
5426:
5423:
5417:
5414:
5408:
5405:
5399:
5396:
5387:
5384:
5378:
5375:
5369:
5366:
5360:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5344:
5336:
5334:
5332:
5313:
5307:
5301:
5295:
5289:
5283:
5280:
5274:
5271:
5262:
5259:
5250:
5247:
5238:
5235:
5229:
5226:
5220:
5217:
5200:
5197:
5191:
5188:
5182:
5179:
5170:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5140:
5134:
5133:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5106:, archived from
5095:
5089:
5079:
5073:
5058:
5052:
5049:
5043:
5040:
5034:
5031:
5022:
5019:
5013:
5010:Popular Sciences
5003:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4981:
4975:
4965:
4959:
4956:
4950:
4947:
4941:
4931:
4925:
4922:
4916:
4913:
4898:
4895:
4884:
4881:
4850:
4849:
4843:
4835:
4829:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4796:
4790:
4787:
4781:
4778:
4772:
4769:
4752:
4745:
4739:
4736:
4730:
4727:
4718:
4715:
4709:
4706:
4700:
4697:
4682:
4679:
4673:
4670:
4653:
4650:
4644:
4641:
4635:
4632:
4621:
4615:
4609:
4606:
4600:
4597:
4591:
4588:
4565:
4562:
4556:
4553:
4547:
4544:
4535:
4532:
4526:
4523:
4517:
4514:
4505:
4504:20 January 1946.
4496:
4490:
4481:
4472:
4469:
4463:
4460:
4454:
4451:
4445:
4442:
4420:
4417:
4411:
4400:
4394:
4387:
4381:
4374:
4368:
4353:
4347:
4340:
4198:Avro Lancastrian
4187:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4103:Leonard Cheshire
4077:Squadron Leader
4071:Squadron Leader
4002:
3975:
3959:Service ceiling:
3936:
3842:
3782:Trenton, Ontario
3675:
3673:
3672:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3434:Drone controller
3381:Victory Aircraft
3284:Pathfinder units
3237:F turret (two X
3196:and carrying an
3104:Bristol Hercules
3096:Bristol Hercules
2906:prisoners of war
2890:Lockheed Neptune
2646:Windsor, Ontario
2573:Auguste Viktoria
2482:on 29 December.
2386:Battle of Berlin
2376:this point, the
2307:Italian Campaign
2230:No. 617 Squadron
2120:aircraft carrier
2087:Target Indicator
2083:Pathfinder Force
1989:aerial supremacy
1955:Heligoland Bight
1910:Second World War
1848:Southern England
1834:and early model
1741:Norden bombsight
1644:
1643:
1482:
1481:
1362:
1353:
1260:Mid-upper turret
1213:
1204:
1066:No. 460 Squadron
1001:
992:
939:
899:strategic bomber
788:Malton (Canada)
769:Castle Bromwich
699:Number produced
690:
686:
659:Victory Aircraft
477:Bristol Hercules
386:Avro Lancastrian
355:Rolls-Royce Dart
337:earthquake bombs
273:Bristol Hercules
223:Second World War
219:Lancaster Bomber
192:Avro Lancastrian
44:
32:
31:
21:
18:Lancaster bomber
14216:
14215:
14211:
14210:
14209:
14207:
14206:
14205:
14136:
14135:
14134:
14129:
14122:
14096:
13807:
13805:
13803:
13802:
13794:
13701:
13167:
13166:
13165:RAAF Series Two
13159:
13090:
13089:
13088:RAAF Series One
13082:
13072:
13066:
13036:
13031:
13008:
12975:
12952:
12931:
12898:
12880:
12855:
12837:
12833:tailless glider
12819:
12801:
12773:
12723:
12707:
12637:
12614:
12600:DH.83C Fox Moth
12534:
12530:J-5 Cub Cruiser
12501:
12482:Super Universal
12401:
12336:
12318:
12288:
12281:
12253:
12234:Freedom Fighter
12182:CL-4 North Star
12168:
12150:
12089:
12049:
11991:
11958:
11954:2/180 Gyroplane
11942:
11924:
11921:
11891:
11886:
11867:Hawker Siddeley
11850:
11819:A.V. Roe Canada
11814:
11808:
11778:
11773:
11570:
11535:
11400:
11250:
11178:
11118:
10949:
10874:
10826:
10791:
10711:
10656:
10650:
10620:
10615:
10563:
10549:No. 8 Group RAF
10539:No. 5 Group RAF
10534:No. 4 Group RAF
10529:No. 3 Group RAF
10524:No. 1 Group RAF
10512:
10508:Shuttle bombing
10466:
10440:Earthquake bomb
10393:
10327:
10284:
10208:
10172:
10136:
10133:
10103:
10098:
10093:Target - Berlin
10077:Hawker Siddeley
10060:
10027:
10021:
9991:
9986:
9970:
9949:
9871:1952 Luqa crash
9805:
9773:
9727:
9711:
9685:
9684:aircraft family
9676:
9646:
9637:
9633:Roe IV Triplane
9623:Roe II Triplane
9566:
9495:
9439:
9372:
9371:Maritime patrol
9366:
9270:
9109:
9018:
8070:
8064:
7566:
7557:
7551:
7505:
7501:Roe IV Triplane
7491:Roe II Triplane
7466:
7460:
7454:
7402:
7392:
7369:
7351:
7349:Further reading
7251:
7218:
6991:Jacobs, Peter,
6976:Jackson, A.J.,
6939:Holmes, Harry,
6924:Holmes, Harry,
6786:
6738:
6688:Buttler, Tony,
6649:The Dam Busters
6625:
6620:
6619:
6609:
6607:
6605:tracesofwar.com
6599:
6598:
6594:
6589:
6585:
6580:
6576:
6571:
6567:
6562:
6558:
6553:
6542:
6537:
6533:
6528:
6524:
6514:
6512:
6502:
6498:
6493:
6489:
6480:
6479:
6475:
6466:
6465:
6461:
6450:
6446:
6437:
6433:
6424:
6420:
6411:
6407:
6398:
6394:
6385:
6381:
6372:
6368:
6359:
6352:
6343:
6339:
6330:
6326:
6321:
6317:
6312:
6308:
6303:
6299:
6294:
6281:
6276:
6272:
6267:
6263:
6258:
6254:
6250:, January 1947.
6248:Popular Science
6243:
6239:
6234:
6230:
6220:
6218:
6204:
6169:
6160:Wayback Machine
6151:
6147:
6138:Wayback Machine
6129:
6125:
6120:
6116:
6107:Wayback Machine
6098:
6091:
6082:Wayback Machine
6073:
6069:
6053:
6052:
6048:
6032:
6028:
6023:
6019:
6014:
6007:
6002:
5998:
5993:
5989:
5984:
5971:
5956:
5939:
5935:
5926:
5925:
5921:
5916:
5912:
5907:
5903:
5898:
5894:
5889:
5885:
5880:
5865:
5860:
5856:
5851:
5847:
5839:
5835:
5830:
5826:
5821:
5817:
5809:
5805:
5800:
5791:
5786:
5782:
5777:
5773:
5768:
5764:
5759:
5755:
5750:
5746:
5741:
5734:
5729:
5725:
5720:
5716:
5711:
5707:
5702:
5695:
5690:
5686:
5681:
5677:
5669:
5665:
5660:
5656:
5651:
5647:
5642:
5638:
5633:
5629:
5624:
5620:
5615:
5611:
5606:
5602:
5597:
5593:
5588:
5584:
5579:
5575:
5570:
5563:
5558:
5554:
5546:
5542:
5523:
5519:
5511:
5507:
5502:
5498:
5493:
5489:
5484:
5477:
5472:
5468:
5463:
5456:
5451:
5447:
5442:
5438:
5433:
5429:
5424:
5420:
5415:
5411:
5406:
5402:
5397:
5390:
5385:
5381:
5376:
5372:
5367:
5363:
5358:
5354:
5338:
5337:
5330:
5328:
5325:Royal Air Force
5315:
5314:
5310:
5302:
5298:
5290:
5286:
5281:
5277:
5272:
5265:
5260:
5253:
5248:
5241:
5236:
5232:
5227:
5223:
5218:
5203:
5198:
5194:
5189:
5185:
5180:
5173:
5168:
5164:
5157:
5141:
5137:
5126:
5122:
5113:
5111:
5096:
5092:
5080:
5076:
5059:
5055:
5050:
5046:
5041:
5037:
5032:
5025:
5020:
5016:
5004:
5000:
4990:
4988:
4983:
4982:
4978:
4966:
4962:
4957:
4953:
4948:
4944:
4932:
4928:
4923:
4919:
4914:
4901:
4896:
4887:
4882:
4853:
4846:Royal Air Force
4841:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4827:
4823:
4812:
4808:
4797:
4793:
4788:
4784:
4779:
4775:
4770:
4755:
4746:
4742:
4737:
4733:
4728:
4721:
4716:
4712:
4707:
4703:
4698:
4685:
4680:
4676:
4671:
4656:
4651:
4647:
4642:
4638:
4633:
4624:
4616:
4612:
4607:
4603:
4598:
4594:
4589:
4568:
4563:
4559:
4554:
4550:
4545:
4538:
4533:
4529:
4524:
4520:
4515:
4508:
4497:
4493:
4482:
4475:
4470:
4466:
4461:
4457:
4452:
4448:
4443:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4414:
4401:
4397:
4388:
4384:
4375:
4371:
4354:
4350:
4341:
4337:
4332:
4302:Vickers Windsor
4222:Avro Shackleton
4216:Avro Manchester
4210:Avro Lincolnian
4185:Aviation portal
4183:
4178:
4176:
4165:
4150:The Dam Busters
4145:
4134:The Dam Busters
4125:
4095:George Thompson
4092:Flight Sergeant
4067:Andrew Mynarski
4056:Warrant Officer
4040:Squadron Leader
4029:
4024:
4003:
3998:
3976:
3971:
3932:
3838:
3804:
3764:Nanton, Alberta
3734:Andrew Mynarski
3702:Andrew Mynarski
3691:
3685:
3670:
3668:
3657:
3655:
3644:
3642:
3631:
3629:
3618:
3616:
3605:
3603:
3592:
3590:
3579:
3577:
3566:
3564:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3542:
3456:Maritime Patrol
3154:B.III (Special)
2953:
2902:
2870:
2854:
2836:
2801:No. 82 Squadron
2782:No. 35 Squadron
2775:
2773:Royal Air Force
2770:
2724:, the Chief of
2722:Henry H. Arnold
2684:Pacific theatre
2654:
2618:Operation Manna
2550:Grand Slam bomb
2514:Occupied Norway
2436:V-1 flying bomb
2417:'Tallboy' bombs
2353:Operation Hydra
2346:carbon monoxide
2334:Short Stirlings
2299:Friedrichshafen
2275:shuttle bombing
2263:The Dam Busters
2248:, and then the
2137:Schneider Works
2118:as well as the
1951:No. 97 Squadron
1939:No. 44 Squadron
1912:
1907:
1750:
1702:
1572:"Plumduff-Plus"
1438:, were fitted.
1367:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1355:
1354:
1343:
1279:
1262:
1238:
1222:Avro Manchester
1218:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1206:
1205:
1194:
1132:
1127:
1107:chemical toilet
1038:flight engineer
1006:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1002:
994:
993:
982:
928:
887:
882:
874:Nash Kelvinator
851:was powered by
849:Lancaster B.III
800:
684:
663:Malton, Ontario
581:
532:Ringway Airport
497:
411:Royal Air Force
407:
402:
378:Avro Shackleton
249:Avro Manchester
242:Royal Air Force
221:, is a British
204:
182:Avro Manchester
133:
129:
123:Royal Air Force
102:
75:National origin
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
14214:
14204:
14203:
14198:
14193:
14188:
14183:
14178:
14173:
14168:
14163:
14158:
14153:
14148:
14146:Avro Lancaster
14131:
14130:
14127:
14124:
14123:
14121:
14120:
14115:
14110:
14104:
14102:
14098:
14097:
14095:
14094:
14089:
14084:
14079:
14074:
14069:
14064:
14059:
14054:
14049:
14044:
14039:
14034:
14029:
14024:
14019:
14014:
14009:
14004:
13999:
13994:
13989:
13984:
13979:
13974:
13969:
13964:
13959:
13954:
13949:
13944:
13939:
13934:
13929:
13924:
13919:
13914:
13909:
13904:
13899:
13894:
13889:
13884:
13879:
13874:
13869:
13864:
13859:
13854:
13849:
13844:
13839:
13834:
13829:
13824:
13819:
13813:
13811:
13796:
13795:
13793:
13792:
13787:
13782:
13777:
13772:
13767:
13762:
13757:
13752:
13747:
13742:
13737:
13732:
13727:
13722:
13717:
13711:
13709:
13703:
13702:
13700:
13699:
13694:
13689:
13684:
13679:
13674:
13669:
13664:
13659:
13654:
13649:
13644:
13639:
13634:
13629:
13624:
13619:
13614:
13609:
13604:
13599:
13594:
13589:
13584:
13579:
13574:
13569:
13564:
13559:
13554:
13549:
13544:
13539:
13534:
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12989:Lancaster Mk.X
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12897:
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12894:CA-6M Airsedan
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12809:
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12799:
12797:Centennial 100
12794:
12789:
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12781:
12775:
12774:
12772:
12771:
12765:
12764:
12759:
12754:
12749:
12744:
12739:
12737:1,2,5 & 21
12733:
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12725:
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12709:
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12607:
12605:DH.98 Mosquito
12602:
12597:
12592:
12586:
12585:
12580:
12575:
12570:
12565:
12560:
12555:
12550:
12548:DHC-1 Chipmunk
12544:
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12509:
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12209:
12204:
12202:CL-84 Dynavert
12199:
12194:
12189:
12184:
12178:
12176:
12170:
12169:
12167:
12166:
12160:
12158:
12152:
12151:
12149:
12148:
12143:
12133:Challenger 300
12129:
12128:
12123:
12118:
12112:Global Express
12109:
12103:CRJ100/200/440
12099:
12097:
12091:
12090:
12088:
12087:
12082:
12077:
12071:
12070:
12065:
12059:
12057:
12051:
12050:
12048:
12047:
12045:525 Relentless
12042:
12037:
12032:
12027:
12022:
12017:
12012:
12007:
12001:
11999:
11993:
11992:
11990:
11989:
11984:
11979:
11977:C-102 Jetliner
11974:
11968:
11966:
11960:
11959:
11957:
11956:
11950:
11948:
11944:
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11925:
11920:
11919:
11912:
11905:
11897:
11888:
11887:
11885:
11884:
11879:
11877:Orenda Engines
11874:
11869:
11864:
11855:
11852:
11851:
11849:
11848:
11843:
11838:
11833:
11828:
11826:C 102 Jetliner
11822:
11820:
11816:
11815:
11807:
11806:
11799:
11792:
11784:
11775:
11774:
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11771:
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10992:
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10828:
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10824:
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10814:
10809:
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10759:
10754:
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10709:
10704:
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10694:
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10674:
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10666:
10658:
10657:
10649:
10648:
10641:
10634:
10626:
10617:
10616:
10614:
10613:
10606:
10603:Into the Storm
10599:
10592:
10587:
10582:
10577:
10571:
10569:
10565:
10564:
10562:
10561:
10556:
10551:
10546:
10541:
10536:
10531:
10526:
10520:
10518:
10514:
10513:
10511:
10510:
10505:
10500:
10495:
10490:
10485:
10480:
10474:
10472:
10468:
10467:
10465:
10464:
10459:
10454:
10453:
10452:
10447:
10437:
10432:
10430:"Monica" radar
10427:
10422:
10417:
10412:
10407:
10401:
10399:
10395:
10394:
10392:
10391:
10386:
10381:
10376:
10371:
10366:
10361:
10356:
10351:
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10341:
10335:
10333:
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10326:
10325:
10317:
10309:
10301:
10292:
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10285:
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10282:
10277:
10272:
10267:
10262:
10257:
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10247:
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10237:
10232:
10227:
10222:
10216:
10214:
10210:
10209:
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10201:
10196:
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10061:
10059:
10058:
10053:
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10032:
10029:
10028:
10020:
10019:
10012:
10005:
9997:
9988:
9987:
9985:
9984:
9982:Orange Harvest
9978:
9976:
9972:
9971:
9969:
9968:
9963:
9957:
9955:
9951:
9950:
9948:
9947:
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9936:
9935:
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9924:
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9903:
9898:
9893:
9888:
9883:
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9863:
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9831:
9826:
9813:
9811:
9807:
9806:
9804:
9803:
9796:
9789:
9781:
9779:
9775:
9774:
9772:
9771:
9766:
9761:
9756:
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9741:
9735:
9733:
9729:
9728:
9726:
9725:
9719:
9717:
9713:
9712:
9710:
9709:
9704:
9699:
9693:
9691:
9687:
9686:
9675:
9674:
9667:
9660:
9652:
9643:
9642:
9639:
9638:
9636:
9635:
9630:
9625:
9620:
9618:Roe I Triplane
9615:
9610:
9605:
9600:
9595:
9590:
9585:
9580:
9574:
9572:
9568:
9567:
9565:
9564:
9559:
9554:
9549:
9544:
9539:
9534:
9532:Antarctic Baby
9529:
9524:
9519:
9514:
9509:
9503:
9501:
9497:
9496:
9494:
9493:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9473:
9468:
9463:
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9441:
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9427:
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9417:
9412:
9407:
9402:
9397:
9392:
9387:
9382:
9376:
9374:
9368:
9367:
9365:
9364:
9359:
9354:
9349:
9347:Manchester (2)
9344:
9342:Manchester (1)
9339:
9334:
9329:
9324:
9319:
9314:
9309:
9304:
9299:
9294:
9289:
9284:
9278:
9276:
9272:
9271:
9269:
9268:
9263:
9258:
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9223:
9218:
9213:
9208:
9203:
9198:
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9168:
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9143:
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9067:
9062:
9057:
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9039:
9032:
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9023:
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9006:
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8971:
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8951:
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8471:
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8441:
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8416:
8411:
8406:
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8321:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8301:
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8281:
8276:
8271:
8266:
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8256:
8251:
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8231:
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8221:
8216:
8211:
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8201:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
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8141:
8136:
8131:
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8121:
8116:
8111:
8106:
8101:
8096:
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8081:
8074:
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8066:
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8063:
8062:
8057:
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8042:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
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7812:
7807:
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7762:
7757:
7752:
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7712:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
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7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
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7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
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7568:
7559:
7553:
7552:
7550:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7513:
7511:
7507:
7506:
7504:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7486:Roe I Triplane
7483:
7477:
7475:
7468:
7462:
7461:
7453:
7452:
7445:
7438:
7430:
7424:
7423:
7418:
7408:
7401:
7400:External links
7398:
7397:
7396:
7391:978-8389450470
7390:
7377:
7367:
7350:
7347:
7346:
7345:
7330:
7315:
7300:
7289:Avro Lancaster
7285:
7270:
7255:
7249:
7236:
7221:
7216:
7203:
7196:
7181:
7174:
7159:
7144:McKinstry, Leo
7141:
7126:
7111:
7098:Air Enthusiast
7092:
7075:
7060:
7045:
7033:Air Enthusiast
7028:
7019:
7004:
6989:
6974:
6961:Iveson, Tony,
6959:
6952:
6937:
6922:
6911:Bomber Command
6904:
6879:
6861:
6854:
6841:Air Enthusiast
6835:
6820:
6805:
6790:
6784:
6771:
6756:
6741:
6736:
6723:
6716:
6701:
6686:
6667:
6652:
6651:. Evans, 1951.
6645:
6636:
6624:
6621:
6618:
6617:
6592:
6583:
6574:
6565:
6556:
6540:
6531:
6522:
6496:
6487:
6473:
6459:
6444:
6440:Air Enthusiast
6431:
6427:Air Enthusiast
6418:
6414:Air Enthusiast
6405:
6401:Air Enthusiast
6392:
6388:Air Enthusiast
6379:
6375:Air Enthusiast
6366:
6362:Air Enthusiast
6350:
6346:Air Enthusiast
6337:
6333:Air Enthusiast
6324:
6315:
6306:
6297:
6279:
6270:
6261:
6252:
6237:
6228:
6167:
6145:
6123:
6114:
6089:
6075:"Lancaster X."
6067:
6046:
6026:
6017:
6005:
5996:
5987:
5969:
5954:
5942:Groves, Leslie
5933:
5919:
5910:
5901:
5892:
5883:
5863:
5854:
5845:
5833:
5824:
5815:
5803:
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5771:
5762:
5753:
5744:
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5693:
5684:
5675:
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5654:
5645:
5636:
5627:
5618:
5609:
5600:
5591:
5582:
5573:
5561:
5552:
5550:, p. 334.
5540:
5537:on 6 July 2007
5517:
5505:
5496:
5487:
5475:
5466:
5454:
5445:
5436:
5427:
5418:
5409:
5400:
5388:
5379:
5370:
5361:
5352:
5308:
5306:, p. 262.
5304:Pitchfork 2008
5296:
5294:, p. 254.
5292:Pitchfork 2008
5284:
5275:
5263:
5251:
5239:
5230:
5221:
5201:
5192:
5183:
5171:
5162:
5155:
5135:
5120:
5090:
5074:
5053:
5044:
5035:
5023:
5014:
4998:
4976:
4960:
4951:
4942:
4926:
4917:
4899:
4885:
4851:
4830:
4821:
4806:
4791:
4782:
4773:
4753:
4740:
4731:
4719:
4710:
4701:
4683:
4674:
4654:
4645:
4636:
4622:
4610:
4601:
4592:
4566:
4557:
4548:
4536:
4527:
4518:
4506:
4491:
4473:
4464:
4455:
4446:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4412:
4395:
4382:
4369:
4348:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4292:Short Stirling
4289:
4284:
4282:Petlyakov Pe-8
4279:
4274:
4269:
4267:Heinkel He 177
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4238:
4237:
4231:
4225:
4219:
4213:
4207:
4201:
4189:
4188:
4164:
4161:
4141:Main article:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4113:
4097:
4089:
4081:
4075:
4069:
4061:
4053:
4048:Wing Commander
4045:
4033:Victoria Cross
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4008:
3996:
3995:
3989:
3969:
3968:
3965:Rate of climb:
3962:
3956:
3950:
3944:
3941:Maximum speed:
3930:
3929:
3923:
3913:
3907:
3901:
3895:
3874:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3850:
3812:Short Stirling
3803:
3800:
3706:Victoria Cross
3687:Main article:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3666:
3664:United Kingdom
3653:
3640:
3627:
3614:
3601:
3588:
3575:
3562:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3502:
3496:
3486:
3469:
3459:
3441:
3427:
3417:
3400:
3377:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3203:
3202:
3190:air-sea rescue
3186:
3182:
3181:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3112:
3111:
3098:radial engines
3088:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3040:
3028:
3027:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2957:
2952:
2949:
2933:Berlin Airlift
2901:
2898:
2894:Canadair Argus
2869:
2866:
2853:
2850:
2835:
2832:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2653:
2650:
2630:Book of Exodus
2438:launch sites.
2369:chemical works
2295:Zeppelin Works
2283:Maison Blanche
2234:bouncing bombs
2193:radial engined
1943:RAF Waddington
1931:homing pigeons
1920:night fighters
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1886:
1883:Airborne Cigar
1880:
1873:
1869:"Village Inn"
1867:
1864:
1859:
1844:
1839:
1830:Würzburg-Riese
1821:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1802:night fighters
1794:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1767:
1760:capabilities.
1749:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1650:Type of target
1648:
1617:
1616:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1575:Heavy industry
1573:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1357:
1356:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1301:Gransden Lodge
1278:
1275:
1261:
1258:
1237:
1236:Ventral turret
1234:
1230:Short Stirling
1208:
1207:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1182:Heinkel He 219
1169:night fighters
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1036:the pilot and
996:
995:
987:
986:
985:
984:
983:
981:
978:
886:
883:
881:
878:
853:Packard Merlin
841:Cambridgeshire
827:equipment and
799:
796:
793:
792:
789:
786:
782:
781:
778:
774:
773:
770:
767:
763:
762:
759:
758:Trafford Park
756:
752:
751:
750:Marston Green
747:
746:
743:
740:
739:Austin Motors
736:
735:
732:
729:
725:
724:
721:
717:
716:
712:
711:
708:
705:
701:
700:
697:
694:
652:Short Brothers
580:
577:
513:Beaufighter II
496:
495:Flight testing
493:
486:submitted the
406:
403:
401:
398:
374:anti-submarine
238:Short Stirling
215:Avro Lancaster
209:
208:
199:
198:Developed into
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
179:
178:Developed from
175:
174:
170:April 1, 1964
168:
164:
163:
162:9 January 1941
160:
156:
155:
152:
148:
147:
143:
142:
139:
135:
134:
125:
120:
116:
115:
108:
104:
103:
98:
96:
92:
91:
86:
80:
79:
78:United Kingdom
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
57:
56:
49:Lancaster B.I
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14213:
14202:
14199:
14197:
14194:
14192:
14189:
14187:
14184:
14182:
14179:
14177:
14174:
14172:
14169:
14167:
14164:
14162:
14159:
14157:
14156:Avro aircraft
14154:
14152:
14149:
14147:
14144:
14143:
14141:
14125:
14119:
14116:
14114:
14111:
14109:
14106:
14105:
14103:
14099:
14093:
14090:
14088:
14085:
14083:
14080:
14078:
14075:
14073:
14070:
14068:
14065:
14063:
14060:
14058:
14055:
14053:
14050:
14048:
14045:
14043:
14040:
14038:
14035:
14033:
14030:
14028:
14025:
14023:
14020:
14018:
14015:
14013:
14010:
14008:
14005:
14003:
14000:
13998:
13995:
13993:
13990:
13988:
13985:
13983:
13980:
13978:
13975:
13973:
13970:
13968:
13965:
13963:
13960:
13958:
13955:
13953:
13950:
13948:
13945:
13943:
13940:
13938:
13935:
13933:
13930:
13928:
13925:
13923:
13920:
13918:
13915:
13913:
13910:
13908:
13905:
13903:
13900:
13898:
13895:
13893:
13890:
13888:
13885:
13883:
13880:
13878:
13875:
13873:
13870:
13868:
13865:
13863:
13860:
13858:
13855:
13853:
13850:
13848:
13845:
13843:
13840:
13838:
13835:
13833:
13830:
13828:
13825:
13823:
13820:
13818:
13815:
13814:
13812:
13801:
13797:
13791:
13788:
13786:
13783:
13781:
13778:
13776:
13773:
13771:
13768:
13766:
13763:
13761:
13758:
13756:
13753:
13751:
13748:
13746:
13743:
13741:
13738:
13736:
13733:
13731:
13728:
13726:
13723:
13721:
13718:
13716:
13713:
13712:
13710:
13708:
13704:
13698:
13695:
13693:
13690:
13688:
13685:
13683:
13680:
13678:
13675:
13673:
13670:
13668:
13665:
13663:
13660:
13658:
13655:
13653:
13650:
13648:
13645:
13643:
13640:
13638:
13635:
13633:
13630:
13628:
13625:
13623:
13620:
13618:
13615:
13613:
13610:
13608:
13605:
13603:
13600:
13598:
13595:
13593:
13590:
13588:
13585:
13583:
13580:
13578:
13575:
13573:
13570:
13568:
13565:
13563:
13560:
13558:
13555:
13553:
13550:
13548:
13545:
13543:
13540:
13538:
13535:
13533:
13530:
13528:
13525:
13523:
13520:
13518:
13515:
13513:
13510:
13508:
13505:
13503:
13500:
13498:
13495:
13493:
13490:
13488:
13485:
13483:
13480:
13478:
13475:
13473:
13470:
13468:
13465:
13463:
13460:
13458:
13455:
13453:
13450:
13448:
13445:
13443:
13440:
13438:
13435:
13433:
13430:
13428:
13425:
13423:
13420:
13418:
13415:
13413:
13410:
13408:
13405:
13403:
13400:
13398:
13395:
13393:
13390:
13388:
13385:
13383:
13380:
13378:
13375:
13373:
13370:
13368:
13365:
13363:
13360:
13358:
13355:
13353:
13350:
13348:
13345:
13343:
13340:
13338:
13335:
13333:
13330:
13328:
13325:
13323:
13320:
13318:
13315:
13313:
13310:
13308:
13305:
13303:
13300:
13298:
13295:
13293:
13290:
13288:
13285:
13283:
13280:
13278:
13275:
13273:
13270:
13268:
13265:
13263:
13260:
13258:
13255:
13253:
13250:
13248:
13245:
13243:
13240:
13238:
13235:
13233:
13230:
13228:
13225:
13223:
13220:
13218:
13215:
13213:
13210:
13208:
13205:
13203:
13200:
13198:
13195:
13193:
13190:
13188:
13185:
13183:
13180:
13178:
13175:
13174:
13172:
13170:
13162:
13156:
13153:
13151:
13148:
13146:
13143:
13141:
13138:
13136:
13133:
13131:
13128:
13126:
13123:
13121:
13118:
13116:
13113:
13111:
13108:
13106:
13103:
13101:
13098:
13097:
13095:
13093:
13085:
13080:
13075:
13070:
13063:
13058:
13056:
13051:
13049:
13044:
13043:
13040:
13028:
13025:
13023:
13020:
13019:
13017:
13015:
13011:
13005:
13002:
13000:
12999:Lincoln Mk.XV
12997:
12995:
12992:
12990:
12987:
12986:
12984:
12982:
12978:
12972:
12969:
12967:
12964:
12963:
12961:
12959:
12955:
12949:
12946:
12944:
12941:
12940:
12938:
12934:
12928:
12925:
12923:
12920:
12918:
12915:
12913:
12910:
12909:
12907:
12905:
12901:
12895:
12892:
12891:
12889:
12887:
12883:
12877:
12876:Harvard Mk.II
12874:
12873:
12870:
12867:
12866:
12864:
12862:
12858:
12852:
12849:
12848:
12846:
12844:
12840:
12834:
12831:
12830:
12828:
12826:
12822:
12816:
12813:
12812:
12810:
12808:
12804:
12798:
12795:
12793:
12790:
12788:
12785:
12784:
12782:
12780:
12776:
12770:
12767:
12766:
12763:
12760:
12758:
12755:
12753:
12750:
12748:
12745:
12743:
12740:
12738:
12735:
12734:
12732:
12730:
12726:
12720:
12717:
12716:
12714:
12710:
12704:
12703:SBF Helldiver
12701:
12699:
12696:
12694:
12691:
12689:
12686:
12684:
12681:
12679:
12676:
12674:
12671:
12670:
12667:
12664:
12662:
12659:
12657:
12654:
12652:
12649:
12648:
12646:
12644:
12640:
12634:
12633:DA40-180 Star
12631:
12629:
12626:
12625:
12623:
12621:
12617:
12611:
12608:
12606:
12603:
12601:
12598:
12596:
12593:
12591:
12588:
12587:
12584:
12581:
12579:
12576:
12574:
12571:
12569:
12568:DHC-5 Buffalo
12566:
12564:
12563:DHC-4 Caribou
12561:
12559:
12556:
12554:
12551:
12549:
12546:
12545:
12543:
12541:
12537:
12531:
12528:
12526:
12525:J-4 Cub Coupe
12523:
12521:
12518:
12516:
12513:
12512:
12510:
12508:
12504:
12498:
12495:
12493:
12490:
12488:
12485:
12483:
12480:
12478:
12475:
12473:
12470:
12468:
12465:
12463:
12460:
12458:
12455:
12453:
12450:
12449:
12446:
12443:
12441:
12438:
12436:
12433:
12431:
12428:
12426:
12423:
12421:
12418:
12416:
12413:
12412:
12410:
12408:
12404:
12398:
12395:
12393:
12390:
12388:
12385:
12383:
12382:Goblin/Delfín
12380:
12378:
12375:
12373:
12372:SBW Helldiver
12370:
12368:
12365:
12363:
12360:
12358:
12355:
12354:
12351:
12348:
12347:
12345:
12343:
12339:
12333:
12330:
12329:
12327:
12325:
12321:
12315:
12312:
12310:
12307:
12306:
12303:
12300:
12298:
12295:
12294:
12292:
12290:
12284:
12278:
12275:
12273:
12272:Baddeck No. 2
12270:
12268:
12267:Baddeck No. 1
12265:
12264:
12262:
12260:
12256:
12250:
12247:
12245:
12242:
12240:
12237:
12235:
12232:
12230:
12227:
12225:
12222:
12221:
12218:
12215:
12213:
12210:
12208:
12205:
12203:
12200:
12198:
12195:
12193:
12190:
12188:
12185:
12183:
12180:
12179:
12177:
12175:
12171:
12165:
12162:
12161:
12159:
12157:
12153:
12147:
12144:
12142:
12138:
12134:
12131:
12130:
12127:
12124:
12122:
12119:
12117:
12113:
12110:
12108:
12104:
12101:
12100:
12098:
12096:
12092:
12086:
12085:PB2B Catalina
12083:
12081:
12078:
12076:
12073:
12072:
12069:
12066:
12064:
12061:
12060:
12058:
12056:
12052:
12046:
12043:
12041:
12038:
12036:
12033:
12031:
12028:
12026:
12023:
12021:
12018:
12016:
12013:
12011:
12008:
12006:
12003:
12002:
12000:
11998:
11994:
11988:
11985:
11983:
11980:
11978:
11975:
11973:
11972:CF-100 Canuck
11970:
11969:
11967:
11965:
11961:
11955:
11952:
11951:
11949:
11945:
11939:
11936:
11935:
11933:
11931:
11930:Airbus Canada
11927:
11918:
11913:
11911:
11906:
11904:
11899:
11898:
11895:
11883:
11880:
11878:
11875:
11873:
11870:
11868:
11865:
11863:
11860:
11857:
11856:
11853:
11847:
11844:
11842:
11839:
11837:
11834:
11832:
11831:CF-100 Canuck
11829:
11827:
11824:
11823:
11821:
11817:
11812:
11805:
11800:
11798:
11793:
11791:
11786:
11785:
11782:
11770:
11767:
11765:
11762:
11760:
11757:
11755:
11752:
11750:
11747:
11745:
11742:
11740:
11737:
11735:
11732:
11730:
11727:
11725:
11722:
11720:
11717:
11715:
11712:
11710:
11707:
11705:
11702:
11700:
11697:
11695:
11692:
11690:
11687:
11685:
11682:
11680:
11677:
11675:
11672:
11670:
11667:
11665:
11662:
11660:
11657:
11655:
11652:
11650:
11647:
11645:
11642:
11640:
11637:
11635:
11632:
11630:
11626:
11623:
11621:
11618:
11616:
11613:
11611:
11608:
11606:
11603:
11601:
11598:
11596:
11592:
11589:
11587:
11584:
11583:
11581:
11573:
11567:
11564:
11562:
11559:
11557:
11554:
11552:
11549:
11548:
11546:
11538:
11532:
11529:
11527:
11524:
11522:
11519:
11517:
11514:
11512:
11509:
11507:
11504:
11502:
11499:
11497:
11494:
11492:
11489:
11487:
11484:
11482:
11479:
11477:
11474:
11472:
11469:
11467:
11464:
11462:
11459:
11457:
11454:
11452:
11449:
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10527:
10525:
10522:
10521:
10519:
10515:
10509:
10506:
10504:
10501:
10499:
10498:Master Bomber
10496:
10494:
10491:
10489:
10486:
10484:
10483:Bomber stream
10481:
10479:
10476:
10475:
10473:
10469:
10463:
10460:
10458:
10457:Bouncing bomb
10455:
10451:
10448:
10446:
10443:
10442:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10433:
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10428:
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10233:
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10228:
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10223:
10221:
10218:
10217:
10215:
10211:
10205:
10204:Arthur Tedder
10202:
10200:
10197:
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10057:
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10039:
10037:
10034:
10033:
10030:
10025:
10018:
10013:
10011:
10006:
10004:
9999:
9998:
9995:
9983:
9980:
9979:
9977:
9973:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9961:Stuart Davies
9959:
9958:
9956:
9952:
9946:
9943:
9941:
9938:
9934:
9931:
9930:
9929:
9926:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9894:
9892:
9889:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9874:
9872:
9869:
9867:
9864:
9862:
9861:disappearance
9860:
9855:
9853:
9850:
9848:
9847:disappearance
9846:
9841:
9839:
9837:
9832:
9830:
9827:
9825:
9824:disappearance
9823:
9818:
9817:
9815:
9814:
9812:
9808:
9802:
9801:
9797:
9795:
9794:
9790:
9788:
9787:
9783:
9782:
9780:
9776:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
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9742:
9740:
9737:
9736:
9734:
9730:
9724:
9721:
9720:
9718:
9714:
9708:
9705:
9703:
9700:
9698:
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9692:
9688:
9683:
9680:
9673:
9668:
9666:
9661:
9659:
9654:
9653:
9650:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9614:
9613:Roe I Biplane
9611:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9599:
9596:
9594:
9591:
9589:
9586:
9584:
9581:
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9569:
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9525:
9523:
9520:
9518:
9515:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9504:
9502:
9498:
9492:
9491:Tiger Fighter
9489:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
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9436:
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9036:
9033:
9029:
9015:
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8325:
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8310:
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8300:
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8227:
8225:
8222:
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8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
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8110:
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8100:
8097:
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8033:
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8028:
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8023:
8021:
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8001:
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7991:
7988:
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7968:
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7908:
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7868:
7866:
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7848:
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7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
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7801:
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7703:
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7514:
7512:
7508:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7481:Roe I Biplane
7479:
7478:
7476:
7472:
7469:
7463:
7458:
7451:
7446:
7444:
7439:
7437:
7432:
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7409:
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7393:
7387:
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7378:
7374:
7370:
7364:
7360:
7359:
7353:
7352:
7343:
7342:1-84013-639-1
7339:
7335:
7331:
7328:
7327:0-425-03633-2
7324:
7320:
7316:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7301:
7298:
7297:0-7106-0132-8
7294:
7290:
7286:
7283:
7282:0-900435-10-0
7279:
7275:
7271:
7268:
7267:0-340-61720-9
7264:
7260:
7256:
7252:
7246:
7242:
7237:
7234:
7233:1-55046-006-4
7230:
7226:
7223:Page, Bette,
7222:
7219:
7213:
7209:
7204:
7201:
7197:
7194:
7193:0-814757-81-2
7190:
7186:
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7179:
7175:
7172:
7171:0-905469-65-8
7168:
7164:
7160:
7157:
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7149:
7145:
7142:
7139:
7138:0-9519899-9-5
7135:
7131:
7127:
7124:
7123:0-85177-861-5
7120:
7116:
7112:
7108:
7104:
7100:
7099:
7093:
7089:
7085:
7081:
7076:
7073:
7072:2-37297-333-9
7069:
7065:
7061:
7058:
7057:0-89747-130-X
7054:
7050:
7046:
7043:
7039:
7035:
7034:
7029:
7025:
7020:
7017:
7016:1-84415-485-8
7013:
7009:
7005:
7002:
7001:1-85409-456-4
6998:
6994:
6990:
6987:
6986:0-85177-834-8
6983:
6979:
6975:
6972:
6968:
6964:
6960:
6957:
6953:
6950:
6949:1-84037-288-5
6946:
6942:
6938:
6935:
6934:1-84037-376-8
6931:
6927:
6923:
6920:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6905:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6880:
6877:
6876:0-75094-479-X
6873:
6869:
6865:
6864:Gunston, Bill
6862:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6847:
6843:
6842:
6836:
6833:
6832:1-84145-020-0
6829:
6825:
6821:
6818:
6817:0-9533465-3-6
6814:
6810:
6806:
6803:
6802:1-85409-220-0
6799:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6781:
6777:
6772:
6769:
6768:0-7509-3171-X
6765:
6761:
6757:
6754:
6753:0-7509-4192-8
6750:
6746:
6742:
6739:
6737:0-7057-0070-4
6733:
6729:
6724:
6721:
6717:
6714:
6713:0-7525-8769-2
6710:
6706:
6702:
6699:
6698:1-85780-179-2
6695:
6691:
6687:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6669:Brown, Eric,
6668:
6665:
6664:0-517-67964-7
6661:
6657:
6653:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6637:
6634:
6630:
6627:
6626:
6606:
6602:
6596:
6587:
6578:
6569:
6560:
6551:
6549:
6547:
6545:
6535:
6526:
6511:
6507:
6500:
6491:
6483:
6477:
6469:
6463:
6456:
6453:
6448:
6441:
6435:
6428:
6422:
6415:
6409:
6402:
6396:
6389:
6383:
6376:
6370:
6363:
6357:
6355:
6347:
6341:
6334:
6328:
6319:
6310:
6301:
6292:
6290:
6288:
6286:
6284:
6274:
6265:
6256:
6249:
6246:
6241:
6232:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6202:
6200:
6198:
6196:
6194:
6192:
6190:
6188:
6186:
6184:
6182:
6180:
6178:
6176:
6174:
6172:
6164:
6161:
6157:
6154:
6149:
6142:
6139:
6135:
6132:
6127:
6118:
6111:
6108:
6104:
6101:
6096:
6094:
6086:
6083:
6079:
6076:
6071:
6063:
6057:
6049:
6043:
6039:
6038:
6030:
6021:
6012:
6010:
6000:
5991:
5982:
5980:
5978:
5976:
5974:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5955:0-306-70738-1
5951:
5947:
5943:
5937:
5929:
5923:
5914:
5905:
5896:
5887:
5878:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5870:
5868:
5858:
5849:
5843:, p. 12.
5842:
5837:
5828:
5819:
5812:
5807:
5798:
5796:
5794:
5784:
5775:
5766:
5757:
5748:
5739:
5737:
5727:
5718:
5709:
5700:
5698:
5688:
5679:
5672:
5667:
5658:
5649:
5640:
5631:
5622:
5613:
5604:
5595:
5586:
5577:
5568:
5566:
5556:
5549:
5544:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5521:
5515:, p. 41.
5514:
5509:
5500:
5491:
5482:
5480:
5470:
5461:
5459:
5449:
5440:
5431:
5422:
5413:
5404:
5395:
5393:
5383:
5374:
5365:
5356:
5348:
5342:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5312:
5305:
5300:
5293:
5288:
5279:
5270:
5268:
5258:
5256:
5246:
5244:
5234:
5225:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5196:
5187:
5178:
5176:
5166:
5158:
5152:
5148:
5147:
5139:
5131:
5124:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5094:
5087:
5084:
5078:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5057:
5048:
5039:
5030:
5028:
5018:
5011:
5007:
5002:
4986:
4980:
4973:
4970:
4964:
4955:
4946:
4939:
4935:
4934:Freeman Dyson
4930:
4921:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4894:
4892:
4890:
4880:
4878:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4847:
4840:
4834:
4825:
4817:
4810:
4802:
4795:
4786:
4777:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4750:
4744:
4735:
4726:
4724:
4714:
4705:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4678:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4649:
4640:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4620:2006, p. 190.
4619:
4614:
4605:
4596:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4561:
4552:
4543:
4541:
4531:
4522:
4513:
4511:
4503:
4500:
4495:
4488:
4485:
4480:
4478:
4468:
4459:
4450:
4441:
4437:
4416:
4409:
4405:
4404:bouncing bomb
4399:
4392:
4386:
4379:
4373:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4357:Target Berlin
4352:
4345:
4339:
4335:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4308:Related lists
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4287:Piaggio P.108
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4186:
4175:
4169:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4151:
4144:
4136:
4135:
4129:
4118:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4101:
4100:Group Captain
4098:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:Pilot Officer
4062:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4001:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3974:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3947:Cruise speed:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3904:Gross weight:
3902:
3899:
3898:Empty weight:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3824:
3817:
3813:
3808:
3799:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3750:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3722:RAF Coningsby
3719:
3715:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3690:
3678:
3667:
3665:
3654:
3652:
3641:
3639:
3628:
3626:
3615:
3613:
3602:
3600:
3589:
3587:
3576:
3574:
3563:
3561:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3534:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3517:
3516:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3478:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3370:Lynn Garrison
3366:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3351:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3338:Western Union
3335:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3185:ASR.III/ASR.3
3184:
3183:
3178:
3177:bouncing bomb
3174:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3164:bouncing bomb
3160:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3117:Schräge Musik
3114:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2948:
2946:
2945:Douglas DC-4s
2942:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2907:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2874:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2849:
2847:
2846:New Caledonia
2843:
2842:
2831:
2829:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2768:After the war
2765:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2711:Leslie Groves
2709:
2708:Major General
2704:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2665:Adolf Galland
2662:
2659:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2614:German forces
2607:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2413:Atlantic Wall
2410:
2406:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2392:ahead of the
2391:
2390:Low Countries
2387:
2381:
2379:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2238:Barnes Wallis
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2198:Saint-Nazaire
2194:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2124:Graf Zeppelin
2121:
2117:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2066:, and in the
2065:
2061:
2057:
2054:, focused on
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1932:
1929:Crewman with
1927:
1921:
1916:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1628:
1623:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1474:Lancaster at
1473:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1421:
1420:master bomber
1417:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1389:
1388:depth charges
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1361:
1352:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1331:'Village Inn'
1327:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1274:
1266:
1257:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1248:Schräge Musik
1244:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1212:
1203:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1177:Junkers Ju 88
1174:
1170:
1166:
1165:Freeman Dyson
1161:
1159:
1155:
1154:hydraulically
1152:
1149:
1141:
1136:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1027:Freeman Dyson
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1000:
991:
977:
973:
972:arrangement.
971:
967:
966:hydraulically
963:
962:undercarriage
959:
955:
951:
948:
926:
924:
920:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
891:
877:
875:
871:
867:
862:
858:
857:United States
854:
850:
845:
842:
838:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
804:
790:
787:
784:
783:
779:
776:
775:
771:
768:
764:
760:
757:
754:
753:
749:
748:
741:
737:
733:
730:
727:
726:
722:
719:
718:
714:
713:
706:
702:
698:
695:
693:Manufacturer
692:
691:
685:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
667:Lancaster B X
664:
660:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
585:
576:
574:
568:
565:
561:
551:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
526:
525:serial number
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
492:
489:
485:
481:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
443:
439:
438:medium bomber
435:
432:
427:
424:
420:
419:United States
416:
412:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
356:
352:
348:
345:
340:
338:
335:
331:
326:
322:
318:
317:Barnes Wallis
314:
310:
306:
302:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
260:medium bomber
257:
254:
250:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
224:
220:
216:
207:
203:
200:
196:
193:
190:
186:
183:
180:
176:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
154:February 1942
153:
149:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
121:
119:Primary users
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
90:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
70:
67:
63:
58:
54:
53:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
14081:
14061:
13976:
13966:
13891:
13521:
13078:
12988:
12752:50 Freighter
12656:45-80 Sekani
12610:CS2F Tracker
12553:DHC-2 Beaver
12507:Cub Aircraft
12362:T-34A Mentor
12297:JN-4C Canuck
12224:Cosmopolitan
12107:700/900/1000
11997:Bell Textron
11987:VZ-9 Avrocar
11982:CF-105 Arrow
11858:
11846:VZ-9 Avrocar
11841:CF-105 Arrow
11698:
11575:Transports (
10879:Helicopter (
10655:1926–current
10608:
10601:
10594:
10358:
10323:(Peenemünde)
10320:
10312:
10304:
10296:
10091:
10068:
10051:Avro Lincoln
10040:
9966:Roy Chadwick
9945:Preservation
9858:
9844:
9835:
9821:
9798:
9793:G for George
9791:
9784:
9764:Super Trader
9701:
9681:
9571:Experimental
9331:
9221:Super Trader
7999:
7558:designations
7510:Type letters
7474:Roe aircraft
7467:designations
7414:
7381:
7373:the original
7357:
7333:
7318:
7303:
7288:
7273:
7258:
7240:
7224:
7207:
7199:
7184:
7177:
7162:
7147:
7129:
7128:Mason, Tim,
7114:
7096:
7079:
7063:
7048:
7031:
7023:
7007:
6992:
6977:
6962:
6955:
6940:
6925:
6910:
6891:
6887:
6867:
6857:
6839:
6823:
6808:
6793:
6775:
6759:
6744:
6727:
6719:
6704:
6689:
6670:
6655:
6648:
6643:, p. 41
6640:
6633:Air Ministry
6628:
6608:. Retrieved
6604:
6595:
6586:
6577:
6568:
6559:
6534:
6525:
6513:. Retrieved
6509:
6499:
6490:
6476:
6462:
6454:
6447:
6439:
6434:
6426:
6421:
6413:
6408:
6400:
6395:
6387:
6382:
6374:
6369:
6361:
6345:
6340:
6332:
6327:
6318:
6309:
6300:
6273:
6264:
6255:
6247:
6240:
6231:
6219:. Retrieved
6215:the original
6210:
6162:
6148:
6140:
6126:
6117:
6109:
6084:
6070:
6036:
6029:
6020:
5999:
5990:
5945:
5936:
5922:
5913:
5904:
5895:
5886:
5857:
5848:
5836:
5827:
5818:
5806:
5783:
5774:
5765:
5756:
5747:
5726:
5717:
5708:
5687:
5678:
5671:Collier 1976
5666:
5657:
5648:
5639:
5630:
5621:
5612:
5603:
5594:
5585:
5576:
5555:
5543:
5535:the original
5530:
5520:
5508:
5499:
5490:
5469:
5448:
5439:
5430:
5421:
5412:
5403:
5382:
5373:
5364:
5355:
5329:. Retrieved
5320:
5311:
5299:
5287:
5278:
5233:
5224:
5195:
5186:
5165:
5145:
5138:
5129:
5123:
5112:, retrieved
5108:the original
5103:
5100:"Bombsights"
5093:
5085:
5077:
5061:
5056:
5047:
5038:
5017:
5009:
5001:
4989:. Retrieved
4979:
4971:
4963:
4954:
4945:
4937:
4929:
4920:
4845:
4833:
4824:
4815:
4809:
4800:
4794:
4785:
4776:
4748:
4743:
4734:
4713:
4704:
4677:
4648:
4639:
4613:
4604:
4595:
4560:
4551:
4530:
4521:
4501:
4494:
4487:youtube.com.
4486:
4467:
4458:
4449:
4440:
4415:
4398:
4385:
4372:
4365:Grant McLean
4356:
4351:
4338:
4307:
4306:
4277:Nakajima G5N
4240:
4239:
4204:Avro Lincoln
4191:
4190:
4154:
4148:
4146:
4132:
4117:Edwin Swales
4087:William Reid
4030:
3999:
3997:
3991:
3980:
3972:
3970:
3964:
3958:
3952:
3946:
3940:
3933:
3931:
3925:
3915:
3909:
3903:
3897:
3889:
3882:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3858:
3852:
3846:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3796:
3792:heavy bomber
3771:
3768:
3748:
3746:
3726:Lincolnshire
3711:
3638:Soviet Union
3533:Avro Lincoln
3508:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3488:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3438:Ryan Firebee
3433:
3429:
3423:
3419:
3409:
3405:
3392:
3388:
3280:Avro Lincoln
3250:
3246:
3242:
3235:Boulton Paul
3214:
3210:
3143:carburettors
3116:
3076:
3011:
3007:
2997:" and then "
2975:alterations.
2968:carburettors
2963:engines and
2937:
2917:Lincolnshire
2910:
2903:
2885:
2879:
2855:
2839:
2837:
2828:Avro Lincoln
2825:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2779:
2776:
2733:Avro Lincoln
2730:
2700:
2688:Avro Lincoln
2673:
2663:
2655:
2611:
2591:Adolf Hitler
2586:Eagle's Nest
2585:
2569:light bomber
2562:
2547:
2526:
2517:
2505:
2488:
2484:
2469:
2451:
2440:
2421:
2402:
2382:
2374:
2350:
2319:
2271:North Africa
2268:
2261:
2219:
2207:
2185:
2181:
2177:Afrika Korps
2153:
2148:
2129:
2123:
2112:
2107:
2103:capital ship
2080:
2056:Schiess A.G.
2033:
2010:
1997:
1980:
1974:
1960:
1947:Lincolnshire
1936:
1890:101 Squadron
1832:ground radar
1829:
1772:
1751:
1728:T1 bombsight
1703:
1683:"Grand Slam"
1476:RAF Scampton
1471:
1440:
1436:Avro Lincoln
1432:"Grand Slam"
1424:
1407:Aldis lights
1395:617 Squadron
1392:
1368:
1328:
1316:
1288:
1271:
1246:
1245:began using
1239:
1219:
1162:
1145:
1139:
1109:, a type of
1104:
1091:
1071:
1062:G for George
1031:
1007:
974:
944:
915:
907:de Havilland
896:
861:Newton Heath
848:
846:
833:
809:
683:
666:
656:
617:
612:
590:
572:
569:
559:
556:
527:
516:
501:Roy Chadwick
498:
482:
469:Napier Sabre
461:Handley Page
457:Boulton Paul
431:Air Ministry
428:
423:Soviet Union
408:
370:Avro Lincoln
341:
309:617 Squadron
305:incendiaries
301:blockbusters
297:
293:Commonwealth
285:heavy bomber
265:Roy Chadwick
253:Air Ministry
246:
226:heavy bomber
218:
214:
212:
206:Avro Lincoln
159:First flight
138:Number built
100:Roy Chadwick
84:Manufacturer
69:Heavy bomber
50:
29:
12994:Lancastrian
12719:Anson Mk.II
12693:Bolingbroke
12558:DHC-3 Otter
12467:PBV-1 Canso
12249:Starfighter
12244:Silver Star
12197:CL-44 Yukon
12192:CL-41 Tutor
12187:CL-28 Argus
12068:A-213 Totem
11964:Avro Canada
11811:Avro Canada
11386:SF 37/SH 37
10503:Pathfinders
10488:Firebombing
10087:Avro Canada
9739:Lancastrian
9552:Cabin Cadet
9357:Silver King
9201:Lancastrian
6221:12 February
6211:BAE Systems
5841:Haller 2011
5811:Flower 2013
5114:14 November
4883:Jacobs 1996
3988:periscope.)
3934:Performance
3926:Propellers:
3916:Powerplant:
3753:East Kirkby
3720:, based at
3677:New Zealand
3483:Avro CF-100
3385:Avro Canada
3313:Rolls-Royce
3308:Rolls-Royce
3267:Lincoln B 2
3255:Lincoln B 1
3061:Tiger Force
3003:gun turrets
2980:B.I Special
2821:Moray Firth
2817:RAF Kinloss
2805:East Africa
2786:autographed
2738:Lancastrian
2676:Tiger Force
2608:truck, 1944
2606:AEC Matador
2542:jet-powered
2522:No. 617 Sqn
2472:Westkapelle
2226:Ruhr Valley
2214:Škoda Works
2133:No. 5 Group
2108:Scharnhorst
2076:German Navy
1993:Axis powers
1941:, based at
1537:"Gardening"
1515:GP/HE bombs
1333:gun-laying
1323:Rose turret
1312:Rose turret
1277:Tail turret
1192:Nose turret
1151:Frazer Nash
1115:hypothermia
837:RAF Duxford
742:Longbridge
715:Chadderton
564:twin-finned
540:RAF Ringway
509:"Power-egg"
473:Fairey P.24
400:Development
384:and as the
366:STAL Dovern
325:Ruhr valley
112:five others
14140:Categories
13707:RAN Series
13014:Viking Air
12661:F-11 Husky
12302:C-1 Canada
12164:Anson Mk.V
12095:Bombardier
11405:Trainers (
10954:Fighters (
10450:Grand Slam
10398:Technology
10384:Wellington
10364:Manchester
10289:Operations
10036:Avro Anson
9928:In fiction
9916:Shackleton
9859:Star Ariel
9845:Star Tiger
9749:Lincolnian
9723:Shackleton
9697:Manchester
9562:Water Baby
9430:Shackleton
9420:Arrowscout
9206:Lincolnian
9114:Transports
7600:(wing set)
6673:. London:
6631:. London:
5548:Overy 2013
4991:16 January
4427:References
4228:Avro Tudor
4051:Guy Gibson
4010:T1154 and
3893:NACA 23012
3886:NACA 23018
3871:Wing area:
3794:, NA 337.
3744:, Canada.
3544:See also:
3211:Grand Slam
3094:B.II with
2999:Grand Slam
2841:Aéronavale
2750:Shackleton
2742:Lincolnian
2652:Assessment
2626:Israelites
2452:Clemenceau
2363:and other
2361:V-2 rocket
2254:Ennepe Dam
2141:Le Creusot
2068:Baltic Sea
2052:Dusseldorf
2044:Focke-Wulf
1852:Pathfinder
1700:Bombsights
1608:Submarines
1507:"Abnormal"
1491:Bomb load
1412:VHF radios
1043:dicky seat
1010:bomb aimer
947:cantilever
866:pitot head
704:A. V. Roe
636:Birmingham
632:Longbridge
601:Lancashire
593:Chadderton
579:Production
536:Manchester
442:cantilever
358:turboprops
334:Grand Slam
12762:80 Canuck
12643:Fairchild
12497:Viking IV
12492:Stranraer
12452:Avro 504N
12415:Vancouver
12126:CS100/300
11859:See also:
10831:Gliders (
10716:Bombers (
10410:H2S radar
10359:Lancaster
10313:Hurricane
10297:Bellicose
10280:The Hague
10270:Pforzheim
10260:Heilbronn
10213:Campaigns
10141:Overviews
10069:See also:
10056:Avro York
9940:Operators
9836:Star Dust
9702:Lancaster
9682:Lancaster
9332:Lancaster
9312:Aldershot
9181:Commodore
9105:Warregull
9090:Sea Tutor
8079:(skipped)
7556:Numerical
7107:0143-5450
7088:1243-8650
7042:0143-5450
6900:1195-8472
6850:0143-5450
6056:cite book
5062:Lancaster
4814:Bingham.
4799:Bingham.
4432:Citations
4234:Avro York
3859:Wingspan:
3823:Data from
3749:Just Jane
3573:Australia
3560:Argentina
3540:Operators
3499:10S&R
3222:GR.3/MR.3
3162:"Upkeep"
3122:H2S radar
3045:Habbaniya
3020:Australia
2947:in 1947.
2900:Transport
2642:Bad Penny
2634:Mosquitos
2565:Mosquitos
2533:Pforzheim
2480:Rotterdam
2303:La Spezia
2250:Sorpe Dam
2242:Mohne Dam
2173:Osnabrück
2114:Gneisenau
1991:over the
1778:H2X radar
1688:camouflet
1669:"Tallboy"
1548:"No-Ball"
1428:"Tallboy"
1393:In 1943,
1243:Luftwaffe
1119:frostbite
1083:astrodome
1074:navigator
1014:bombsight
956:-covered
950:monoplane
911:propeller
817:astrodome
707:Woodford
696:Location
630:works in
521:Lancaster
445:monoplane
202:Avro York
110:Avro and
35:Lancaster
13537:A68 (II)
12958:Saunders
12869:Norseman
12861:Noorduyn
12851:Lysander
12747:16 Finch
12666:Super 71
12457:Avro 552
12309:Avro 504
12174:Canadair
11813:aircraft
10568:See also
10374:Stirling
10369:Mosquito
10339:Blenheim
10332:Aircraft
10305:Chastise
9838:accident
9444:Fighters
9317:Antelope
9191:Eighteen
9038:Trainers
8071:projects
7567:aircraft
7459:aircraft
6677:, 2016.
6515:16 April
6156:Archived
6134:Archived
6103:Archived
6078:Archived
5944:(1962).
5341:cite web
5072:. p. 277
4359:for the
4163:See also
4107:Mosquito
4000:Avionics
3973:Armament
3928:3-bladed
3509:Standard
3507: :
3168:backspin
3078:hinomaru
3069:Far East
3065:Japanese
3056:B.I (FE)
2951:Variants
2478:pens at
2465:Boulogne
2461:Le Harve
2447:IJmuiden
2428:Boulogne
2424:Le Harve
2246:Eder Dam
2095:Henschel
2064:Duisburg
1856:Mosquito
1784:Fishpond
1771:FuG 350
1708:Mark IX
1658:"Upkeep"
1627:Arnsberg
1485:Codename
1383:acoustic
1379:magnetic
1228:and the
1175:and the
1125:Armament
1078:wireless
1034:bomb bay
958:ailerons
885:Overview
821:blisters
777:Chester
731:Whitley
609:Cheshire
544:Cheshire
488:Avro 679
421:and the
360:and the
347:turbojet
188:Variants
107:Built by
95:Designer
14012:A40/N40
13922:A22/N22
13897:A17/N17
13808:present
13532:A68 (I)
13168:1935–63
13091:1921–34
13079:Italics
12948:Rambler
12943:Courier
12927:Prefect
12769:Cornell
12757:60 Fort
12683:Cornell
12520:J-3 Cub
12515:J-2 Cub
12430:Vedette
12420:Vanessa
12332:Hampden
10471:Tactics
10445:Tallboy
10389:Whitley
10379:Ventura
10354:Hampden
10349:Halifax
10275:Dresden
10255:Hamburg
10177:Leaders
9975:Related
9911:Lincoln
9707:Lincoln
9690:Bombers
9557:Popular
9471:Avenger
9337:Lincoln
9327:Buffalo
9275:Bombers
9166:Andover
9100:Prefect
8069:Unbuilt
7527:Type Es
7417:article
7413:a 1942
6623:Sources
6610:15 June
5331:23 July
4940:, 1979.
4618:Gunston
4502:Flight,
4111:Mustang
3878:Airfoil
3865:Height:
3853:Length:
3818:(pink).
3446:(later
3374:Calgary
3298:and by
3147:cockpit
3135:Packard
3067:in the
2995:Tallboy
2719:General
2692:Okinawa
2638:sorties
2628:in the
2518:Tirpitz
2506:Tirpitz
2489:Tirpitz
2457:Holland
2322:Hamburg
2017:Cologne
1985:Lorient
1961:Tirpitz
1817:turret.
1800:German
1712:(CSBS).
1674:Tirpitz
1653:Weapon
1613:U-boats
1583:"Usual"
1561:"Piece"
1496:"Arson"
1468:Tallboy
1296:perspex
1060:Inside
813:Perspex
720:Yeadon
673:-built
671:Packard
648:Belfast
644:Chester
415:bombers
405:Origins
330:Tallboy
167:Retired
146:History
12917:Siskin
12815:Bo 105
12742:7 Fawn
12583:Dash 8
12578:Dash 7
12425:Varuna
12146:Dash 8
12116:Global
11836:CF-103
11769:Tp 103
11764:Tp 102
11759:Tp 101
11754:Tp 100
11577:Trp/Tp
11391:JAS 39
11114:JAS 39
10945:HKP 16
10940:HKP 15
10935:HKP 14
10930:HKP 11
10925:HKP 10
10870:Lg 105
10865:Se 104
10860:Se 103
10855:Se 102
10822:Fpl 61
10817:Fpl 54
10812:Fpl 53
10807:Fpl 51
10707:JAS 39
10420:"Oboe"
10315:(1944)
10265:Kassel
9933:Ashton
9810:Topics
9769:Ashton
9759:Trader
9716:Patrol
9608:Duigan
9598:Ashton
9486:Spider
9476:Avocet
9435:Wright
9362:Vulcan
9231:Trader
9211:Saloon
9176:Ashton
9080:Athena
7547:Type J
7542:Type H
7537:Type G
7532:Type F
7522:Type E
7517:Type D
7415:Flight
7388:
7365:
7340:
7325:
7310:
7295:
7280:
7265:
7247:
7231:
7214:
7191:
7169:
7154:
7136:
7121:
7105:
7086:
7070:
7055:
7040:
7014:
6999:
6984:
6969:
6947:
6932:
6917:
6898:
6874:
6848:
6830:
6815:
6800:
6782:
6766:
6751:
6734:
6711:
6696:
6681:
6662:
6438:Lyzun
6425:Lyzun
6412:Lyzun
6399:Lyzun
6386:Lyzun
6373:Lyzun
6360:Lyzun
6344:Lyzun
6331:Lyzun
6044:
5964:537684
5962:
5952:
5153:
5068:
4035:were:
4014:radios
3992:Bombs:
3953:Range:
3728:, UK;
3674:
3661:
3651:Sweden
3648:
3635:
3625:Poland
3622:
3612:France
3609:
3596:
3586:Canada
3583:
3570:
3557:
3477:Orenda
3329:Martin
3315:, the
3215:Upkeep
3194:radome
2717:, and
2576:benzol
2476:E-boat
2409:Juvisy
2407:, and
2336:, 244
2332:, 116
2258:a book
2188:Berlin
2145:France
2099:Gdynia
2091:Kassel
2048:Danzig
2040:Bremen
2029:U-boat
1896:Tinsel
1877:radome
1792:Monica
1454:Window
1422:role.
1416:Gibson
1371:Cookie
1224:, the
970:rudder
954:fabric
880:Design
761:1,080
734:1,329
710:2,978
675:Merlin
597:Oldham
465:Shorts
453:Fairey
313:Upkeep
258:for a
14101:Lists
13806:1964–
12971:ST-28
12966:ST-27
12922:Tutor
12912:Atlas
12792:FBA-2
12787:FBA-1
12779:Found
12729:Fleet
12698:HS-2L
12651:34-42
12487:Delta
12472:HS-3L
12445:Vista
12440:Vigil
12435:Velos
12377:FDB-1
12239:Sabre
12229:Canso
12080:Shark
12075:40H-4
12010:214ST
11749:Tp 91
11744:Tp 89
11739:Tp 88
11734:Tp 87
11729:Tp 86
11724:Tp 85
11719:Tp 84
11714:Tp 83
11709:Tp 82
11704:Tp 81
11699:Tp 80
11694:Tp 79
11689:Tp 78
11684:Tp 55
11679:Tp 54
11674:Tp 53
11669:Tp 52
11664:Tp 47
11659:Tp 46
11654:Tp 45
11649:Tp 24
11644:Tp 16
11639:Tp 10
11605:Trp 4
11600:Trp 3
11591:Trp 2
11586:Trp 1
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