72:
378:
40:
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as diabetes mellitus, malnutrition, compromised immune system, and organ transplantation are also commonly predisposed to Ludwig's angina. A review reporting the incidence of illnesses associated with Ludwig angina found that 18% of cases involved diabetes mellitus, 9% involved acquired immune deficiency syndrome, and another 5% were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive.
682:, which is the removal of endotracheal tube to liberate the patient from mechanical ventilation, should only be done when the patient's airway is proved to be patent, allowing adequate breathing. This is indicated by a decrease in swelling and patient's capability of breathing adequately around an uncuffed
275:
Other causes such as oral ulcerations, infections secondary to oral malignancy, mandible fractures, sialolithiasis-related submandibular gland infections, and penetrating injuries of the mouth floor have also been documented as potential causes of Ludwig's angina. Patients with systemic illness, such
250:
around the jaw and upper neck. Signs inside the mouth may include elevation of the floor of mouth due to sublingual space involvement and posterior displacement of the tongue, creating the potential for a compromised airway. Additional symptoms may include painful neck swelling, drooling, tooth pain,
670:
Adequate nutrition and hydration support is essential in any patient following surgery, particularly young children. In this case, pain and swelling in the neck region would usually cause difficulties in eating or swallowing, hence reducing patient's food and fluid intake. Patients must therefore be
171:
involving the floor of the mouth and is often caused by bacterial sources. Early in the infection, the floor of the mouth raises due to swelling, leading to difficulty swallowing saliva. As a result, patients may present with drooling and difficulty speaking. As the condition worsens, the airway may
406:
have been given, simple airway observation can be done. This is a suitable method to adopt in the management of children, as a retrospective study described that only 10% of children required airway control. However, a tracheostomy was performed on 52% of those affected with Ludwig's angina over 15
368:
For each patient, the treatment plan should be consider the patient's stage of infection, airway control, and comorbidities. Other things to consider include physician experience, available resources, and personnel are critical factors in formulation of a treatment plan. There are four principles
271:
The most prevalent cause of Ludwig's angina is dental related, accounting for approximately 75–90% of cases. Infections of the lower second and third molars are usually implicated due to their roots extending below the mylohyoid muscle. Periapical abscesses of these teeth also result in lingual
245:
of the floor of the mouth, usually with bilateral involvement. Infection is usually primarily within the submandibular space, and the sublingual and submental spaces can also be involved. It presents with an acute onset and spreads very rapidly, therefore early diagnosis and immediate treatment
390:
The basic method to achieve this is to allow the patient to sit in an upright position with supplemental oxygen provided by masks or nasal prongs. Patient's airway can rapidly deteriorate and therefore close observation and preparation for more invasive methods such as
369:
that guide the treatment of Ludwig's angina: sufficient airway management, early and aggressive antibiotic therapy, incision and drainage for any who fail medical management or form localized abscesses, and adequate nutrition and hydration support.
228:
With the advent of antibiotics in 1940s, improved oral and dental hygiene, and more aggressive surgical approaches for treatment, the risk of death due to Ludwig's angina has significantly reduced. It is named after a German physician,
385:
Airway management has been found to be the most important factor in treating patients with Ludwig's angina, i.e. it is the "primary therapeutic concern". Airway compromise is known to be the leading cause of death from Ludwig's angina.
731:, which means "strangle". Placing it into context, Ludwig's angina refers to the feeling of strangling and choking, secondary to obstruction of the airway, which is the most serious potential complication of this condition.
319:
is collected although it has some limitations, primarily being the time-consuming and sometimes unreliable results if the culture is not processed correctly. Ludwig's angina is most often found to be polymicrobial and
2079:
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2168:
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species commonly involved in Ludwig's angina. Only when culture and sensitivity results return should therapy be tailored to the specific requirements of the patient.
4879:
4864:
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5061:
194:. The infection spreads through the connective tissue of the floor of the mouth and is normally caused by infectious and invasive organisms such as
1434:
5718:
2154:
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be compromised and hardening of the spaces on both sides of the tongue may develop. Overall, this condition has a rapid onset over a few hours.
4108:
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with loops as well so it will be possible to advance them without re-anaesthetizing the patient while drains are re-sutured to the skin.
563:
are the main methods in managing severe and complicated deep neck infections that fail to respond to medical management within 48 hours.
3720:
427:
Endotracheal intubation has been found to be in association with high failure rate with acute deterioration in respiratory status.
5693:
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619:
are recommended in both supramylohyoid and inframylohyoid spaces bilaterally. In addition, through and through drains from the
3334:
2021:
1878:
1562:
1007:
886:
288:. A CT scan of the neck with contrast material is used to identify deep neck space infections. If there is suspicion of the
1261:
Moreland, L. W.; Corey, J.; McKenzie, R. (February 1988). "Ludwig's angina. Report of a case and review of the literature".
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2984:
2729:
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Prevention is by appropriate dental care including management of dental infections. Initial treatment is generally with
4493:
3977:
2410:
1358:
Chou, Yu-Kung; Lee, Chao-Yi; Chao, Hai-Hsuan (December 2007). "An upper airway obstruction emergency: Ludwig angina".
434:
is described as a safer and more logical method of airway management in patients with fully developed Ludwig's angina.
424:
under local anaesthetic can be done. This procedure is carried out on patients with advanced stage of Ludwig's angina.
5620:
4253:
2538:
2181:
1223:
1894:
Moreland LW, Corey J, McKenzie R (February 1988). "Ludwig's angina. Report of a case and review of the literature".
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carrying out cultures and sensitivity tests to decide if any changes need to be made to patient's antibiotic course
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There are a few methods that can be used for determining the microbiology of Ludwig's angina. Traditionally, a
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to prove patient's restored health status or if infection extends, the anatomical areas that are affected.
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1583:"Clinical versus computed tomography evaluation in the diagnosis and management of deep neck infection"
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1035:
1002:. Kevin J. Knoop, Lawrence B Stack, Alan B Storrow, R. Jason Thurman (Fifth ed.). New York. 2021.
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1409:
Prince, Jim McMorran, Damian
Crowther, Stew McMorran, Steve Youngmin, Ian Wacogne, Jon Pleat, Clive.
1049:
Murphy SC (October 1996). "The person behind the eponym: Wilhelm
Frederick von Ludwig (1790-1865)".
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2396:
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71:
5473:
1789:
Chou YK, Lee CY, Chao HH (December 2007). "An upper airway obstruction emergency: Ludwig angina".
1218:. Bagheri, Shahrokh C., Bell, R. Bryan., Khan, Husain Ali. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. 2012.
477:
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3179:
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2382:
2340:
1964:
Parhiscar A, Har-El G (November 2001). "Deep neck abscess: a retrospective review of 210 cases".
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observing for signs of further infection or sepsis including fevers, hypotension, and tachycardia
656:
is then applied. A bandnet dressing retainer can be constructed so as to prevent the use of tape.
316:
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144:
90:
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If more invasive or surgical airway control is necessary, there are multiple things to consider
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3118:
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3013:
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2348:
779:"Clinical Mimics: An Emergency Medicine-Focused Review of Streptococcal Pharyngitis Mimics"
8:
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1907:
1485:
1274:
1087:
Candamourty, Ramesh; Venkatachalam, Suresh; Babu, M. R. Ramesh; Kumar, G. Suresh (2012).
620:
598:
392:
184:
61:
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planning is vital and lifesaving. The external signs may include bilateral lower facial
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4684:
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3638:
3549:
3050:
3039:
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2904:
2692:
2390:
2376:
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1989:
1814:
1680:
1655:
1410:
1391:
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1183:
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1025:
974:
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824:
653:
466:
454:
337:
321:
285:
80:
2088:
1581:
Crespo AN, Chone CT, Fonseca AS, Montenegro MC, Pereira R, Milani JA (November 2004).
1304:
Sethi, D. S.; Stanley, R. E. (February 1994). "Deep neck abscesses--changing trends".
508:. This should be given in combination with a drug effective against anaerobes such as
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4975:
4940:
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4669:
4527:
4451:
4158:
4098:
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3623:
3589:
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3385:
3148:
3126:
3095:
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2105:
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2017:
1981:
1946:
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1911:
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1806:
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1685:
1631:
1604:
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979:
919:
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583:
120:
56:
3067:
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1993:
1599:
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4416:
4314:
4209:
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3698:
3614:
3529:
3320:
3167:
3154:
2969:
2586:
2568:
2475:
2434:
2362:
2232:
1973:
1938:
1903:
1818:
1798:
1758:
1721:
1675:
1667:
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1524:
1481:
1395:
1367:
1313:
1270:
1178:
1162:
1118:
1100:
1058:
969:
961:
846:
836:
795:
790:
778:
700:
645:
It is necessary to mark drains in order to identify their location. They should be
610:
606:
462:
293:
176:
113:
525:
for at least 48 hours. Oral therapy can then commence to last for two weeks, with
5512:
5298:
5093:
4986:
4822:
4741:
4721:
4645:
4630:
4500:
4404:
4372:
4343:
4265:
4191:
3987:
3870:
3860:
3805:
3790:
3564:
3485:
3439:
3344:
3284:
3219:
3161:
3130:
3122:
2825:
2795:
2789:
2672:
2501:
2425:
2252:
2099:
1802:
1726:
1709:
1371:
671:
well-nourished and hydrated to promote wound healing and to fight off infection.
646:
624:
602:
530:
489:
214:
140:
2176:
1749:
Shockley WW (May 1999). "Ludwig angina: a review of current airway management".
5678:
5630:
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4827:
4561:
4441:
4236:
4021:
3834:
3664:
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3171:
2909:
2440:
2207:
2177:
2110:
1977:
1762:
1623:
493:
417:
331:
307:
formation following anticoagulation should be ruled out as possible diagnoses.
191:
160:
2073:
1515:
Spitalnic SJ, Sucov A (July 1995). "Ludwig's angina: case report and review".
1317:
1017:
910:
Kremer MJ, Blair T (December 2006). "Ludwig angina: forewarned is forearmed".
5712:
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5458:
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4585:
4382:
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2213:
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1379:
1325:
1282:
1233:
1174:
1114:
1105:
896:
841:
616:
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538:
513:
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results are obtained. The empirical therapy should be effective against both
403:
356:
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289:
188:
48:
1166:
965:
689:
During the hospital stay, patient's condition will be closely monitored by:
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5137:
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4679:
4620:
4551:
4473:
4463:
4431:
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4347:
3962:
3917:
3902:
3800:
3795:
3656:
3430:
2637:
2577:
2524:
2509:
2454:
1985:
1810:
1770:
1735:
1689:
1635:
1608:
1387:
1192:
1132:
997:
983:
923:
860:
804:
222:
148:
5567:
1950:
1915:
1536:
1501:
1333:
1290:
1070:
5625:
5615:
5605:
5522:
5517:
5448:
4522:
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4302:
4178:
4138:
4006:
3927:
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3185:
3136:
2840:
2592:
2129:
1671:
635:
534:
526:
509:
485:
481:
438:
437:
Fibre-optic nasoendoscopy can also be used, especially for patients with
431:
421:
396:
136:
108:
1555:
Clinical Review of Oral and
Maxillofacial Surgery: A Case-Based Approach
5585:
5371:
5197:
4965:
4795:
4736:
4674:
4664:
4657:
4652:
4590:
4573:
4517:
4488:
4409:
4270:
4248:
4133:
4113:
2604:
1929:
Kurien M, Mathew J, Job A, Zachariah N (June 1997). "Ludwig's angina".
679:
501:
473:
344:
242:
168:
2056:
1089:"Ludwig's Angina – An emergency: A case report with literature review"
825:"Ludwig's Angina - An emergency: A case report with literature review"
284:
Infections originating in the roots of teeth can be identified with a
5453:
5436:
5172:
4950:
4753:
4377:
4260:
3880:
3775:
3753:
3418:
3270:
2938:
2879:
2760:
1449:"Peterson's Principles of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 2nd Ed 2004"
505:
497:
300:
252:
521:
Parenteral antibiotics are suggested until the patient is no longer
377:
5463:
5414:
5182:
4935:
4916:
4896:
4717:
4595:
4539:
3785:
2854:
639:
304:
260:
5549:
5507:
5192:
5152:
5046:
4920:
4709:
4076:
3445:
3391:
2745:
2710:
1086:
822:
740:
707:
589:
256:
126:
39:
5291:
4763:
4351:
3946:
2223:
2068:
1557:(Second ed.). St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier. pp. 95–118.
823:
Candamourty R, Venkatachalam S, Babu MR, Kumar GS (July 2012).
605:
incision. Access to the supramylohyoid spaces can be gained by
572:
413:
Flexible nasotracheal intubation require skills and experience.
85:
Fever, pain, a raised tongue, trouble swallowing, neck swelling
522:
263:
may also be seen when an impending airway crisis is nearing.
247:
1580:
703:
count – a decrease implies effective and sufficient drainage
255:, shortness of breath, fever, and general malaise. Stridor,
876:
272:
cortical penetration, leading to submandibular infection.
3742:
877:
Coulthard P, Horner K, Sloan P, Theaker ED (2013-05-17).
601:
incisions should be carried out in addition to a midline
1928:
1656:"Microbiology and treatment of acute apical abscesses"
1893:
1260:
3728:
2046:
1472:
Moreland, Larry W. (1988-02-01). "Ludwig's Angina".
818:
816:
814:
776:
5142:Jaw joints, chewing muscles and bite abnormalities
1751:Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
872:
870:
721:The term "angina", is derived from the Latin word
381:Placement of an endotracheal tube to aid breathing
5724:Diseases of oral cavity, salivary glands and jaws
4005:
2014:Current Therapy in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
1966:The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology
1871:Current Therapy in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1216:Current therapy in oral and maxillofacial surgery
1093:Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine
829:Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine
402:If the oxygen saturation levels are adequate and
5710:
4342:
3622:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1548:
1546:
811:
241:Ludwig's angina is a form of severe, widespread
5497:Teeth, jaws, tongue and associated soft tissues
2011:
1963:
1868:
1630:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1576:
1574:
1148:
947:
930:
867:
4109:Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis
1873:. Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 1092–1098.
1514:
472:Empirical coverage should consist of either a
233:, who first described this condition in 1836.
5067:Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis
3714:
2162:
2000:
1825:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1707:
1696:
1653:
1543:
1411:"Ludwig's angina - General Practice Notebook"
777:Gottlieb, M; Long, B; Koyfman, A (May 2018).
627:space on both sides should be placed as well.
1571:
1433:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1303:
416:If nasotracheal intubation is not possible,
16:Form of severe cellulitis of the mouth floor
1931:Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences
1788:
1357:
909:
722:
660:
3721:
3707:
2169:
2155:
1777:
1030:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
727:, which means "choke"; and the Greek word
324:. Some of the commonly found microbes are
70:
38:
1725:
1679:
1621:
1598:
1182:
1122:
1104:
973:
850:
840:
794:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
1748:
1471:
1149:Saifeldeen, K.; Evans, R. (2004-03-01).
1051:Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine
553:
376:
5694:Oral manifestations of systemic disease
4843:Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
1552:
187:, cut or piercing inside the mouth, or
5719:Bacterium-related cutaneous conditions
5711:
4880:As a manifestation of systemic disease
1708:Costain N, Marrie TJ (February 2011).
1353:
1351:
1306:The Journal of Laryngology and Otology
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1048:
753:
674:
665:
51:area in a person with Ludwig's angina.
5667:
5566:
5490:
5248:
5127:
4913:
4703:
4341:
4004:
3944:
3832:
3740:
3702:
3335:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
2150:
2012:Bagheri SC, Bell RB, Khan HA (2012).
1869:Bagheri SC, Bell RB, Khan HA (2011).
1144:
1142:
1082:
1080:
881:(3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier.
588:Palpable or radiographic evidence of
236:
4726:Gums and tooth-supporting structures
2720:Neisseria meningitidis/meningococcus
1908:10.1001/archinte.1988.00380020205027
1654:Siqueira JF, Rôças IN (April 2013).
1622:Ohn, May H.; Wadhwa, Roopma (2021),
1486:10.1001/archinte.1988.00380020205027
1275:10.1001/archinte.1988.00380020205027
948:Saifeldeen K, Evans R (March 2004).
372:
5377:Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum
5249:
5220:Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
2016:. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders.
1441:
1348:
1199:
125:Based on symptoms and examination,
13:
4494:Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis
3978:Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia
2182:Gram-negative bacterial infections
1408:
1139:
1077:
1063:10.1111/j.1600-0714.1996.tb00307.x
14:
5750:
2539:Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis
2042:
1517:The Journal of Emergency Medicine
783:The Journal of Emergency Medicine
5596:Cutaneous sinus of dental origin
5533:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
5528:Central hypoventilation syndrome
5410:Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma
4838:Necrotizing periodontal diseases
4818:Hereditary gingival fibromatosis
3730:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
2755:Neisseria gonorrhoeae/gonococcus
2730:Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome
1943:10.1046/j.1365-2273.1997.00014.x
1714:The American Journal of Medicine
5442:Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis
5079:Osteoporotic bone marrow defect
4533:Keratocystic odontogenic tumour
2521:Human granulocytic anaplasmosis
1957:
1922:
1887:
1742:
1647:
1615:
1600:10.1590/S1516-31802004000600006
1508:
1465:
1402:
1297:
1254:
999:The atlas of emergency medicine
310:
175:The majority of cases follow a
5427:Sclerosing polycystic adenosis
5262:Benign lymphoepithelial lesion
2553:Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection
1042:
990:
903:
796:10.1016/j.jemermed.2018.01.031
634:process is completed with the
447:
66:oral and maxillofacial surgery
1:
5621:Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome
5570:Soft tissues around the mouth
5267:Ectopic salivary gland tissue
2369:Flinders Island spotted fever
1896:Archives of Internal Medicine
1660:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1474:Archives of Internal Medicine
1263:Archives of Internal Medicine
746:
566:It is indicated in cases of:
543:trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
496:resistant antibiotic such as
290:infection of the chest cavity
4791:Gingival cyst of the newborn
4400:Failure of eruption of teeth
4104:Hand, foot and mouth disease
4089:Focal epithelial hyperplasia
4027:Angina bullosa haemorrhagica
3973:Palatal cysts of the newborn
3896:Transient lingual papillitis
3539:Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
2863:Burkholderia cepacia complex
2299:Rocky Mountain spotted fever
1803:10.1097/pec.0b013e31815c9d4a
1727:10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.08.004
1529:10.1016/0736-4679(95)80007-7
1372:10.1097/pec.0b013e31815c9d4a
716:
363:
279:
231:Wilhelm Frederick von Ludwig
7:
5319:Salivary gland diverticulum
5282:Necrotizing sialometaplasia
4293:Smokeless tobacco keratosis
4205:Basaloid squamous carcinoma
3200:Far East scarlet-like fever
3194:Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
2810:Chromobacteriosis infection
734:
10:
5755:
5329:Salivary gland hyperplasia
5277:HIV salivary gland disease
4786:Gingival cyst of the adult
4232:Oral florid papillomatosis
3945:
3833:
1978:10.1177/000348940111001111
1763:10.1001/archotol.125.5.600
1155:Emergency Medicine Journal
954:Emergency Medicine Journal
211:broad-spectrum antibiotics
5674:
5668:
5663:
5576:
5568:Orofacial soft tissues –
5562:
5503:
5486:
5334:Salivary gland hypoplasia
5257:
5244:
5148:
5123:
5062:Bisphosphonate-associated
4956:Idiopathic osteosclerosis
4931:
4909:
4732:
4699:
4427:Dentinogenesis imperfecta
4363:
4337:
4017:
4000:
3953:
3940:
3891:Median rhomboid glossitis
3841:
3828:
3749:
3736:
3613:
3575:
3548:
3528:
3484:
3429:
3402:
3357:
3331:
3295:
3227:
3218:
3110:
3075:
3066:
3023:
3000:Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
2918:
2903:
2894:
2835:Burkholderia pseudomallei
2824:
2804:Chromobacterium violaceum
2771:
2744:
2734:Meningococcal septicaemia
2709:
2700:
2691:
2603:
2576:
2567:
2515:Anaplasma phagocytophilum
2500:
2465:
2424:
2282:
2271:
2222:
2206:
2197:
2188:
2120:
2050:
1587:Sao Paulo Medical Journal
1318:10.1017/S0022215100126106
266:
217:. In more advanced cases
179:. Other causes include a
132:
119:
107:
99:
89:
79:
55:
46:
37:
29:
24:
5641:Orofacial granulomatosis
5420:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
5405:Adenoid cystic carcinoma
5339:Salivary gland neoplasms
5130:Temporomandibular joints
5101:Periapical periodontitis
4833:Linear gingival erythema
4601:Regional odontodysplasia
4447:Enamel hypocalcification
3741:
3475:Plesiomonas shigelloides
3257:Brazilian purpuric fever
2874:Bordetella parapertussis
2663:Bartonella bacilliformis
2482:Flea-borne spotted fever
2412:Rickettsia aeschlimannii
2405:Rickettsia aeschlimannii
2397:American tick bite fever
1791:Pediatric Emergency Care
1360:Pediatric Emergency Care
1106:10.4103/0976-9668.101932
842:10.4103/0976-9668.101932
686:with the lumen blocked.
661:Other things to consider
642:and thorough irrigation.
5538:Obstructive sleep apnea
5304:Salivary duct stricture
5084:Paget's disease of bone
4581:Pulp canal obliteration
4422:Dentin hypersensitivity
4368:Amelogenesis imperfecta
4220:Squamous cell carcinoma
4200:Adenosquamous carcinoma
4187:Squamous cell papilloma
4164:Melanocytic oral lesion
3643:Guillain–Barré syndrome
3559:Cardiobacterium hominis
3519:Acinetobacter baumannii
3461:Vibrio parahaemolyticus
3180:Yersinia enterocolitica
2947:Klebsiella granulomatis
2383:African tick bite fever
2341:North Asian tick typhus
1167:10.1136/emj.2003.012336
966:10.1136/emj.2003.012336
577:Deteriorating condition
459:culture and sensitivity
219:endotracheal intubation
145:endotracheal intubation
5729:Oral mucosal pathology
5684:Hemifacial hypertrophy
5651:Pyostomatitis vegetans
5324:Salivary gland fistula
5314:Salivary gland atresia
5309:Salivary gland aplasia
5163:Mandibular dislocation
5134:muscles of mastication
5012:Calcifying odontogenic
4641:Vertical root fracture
4636:Cracked tooth syndrome
4611:Shovel-shaped incisors
4506:Wisdom tooth impaction
4388:Early childhood caries
4254:Benign mucous membrane
4215:Spindle cell carcinoma
4124:Intraoral dental sinus
4042:Burning mouth syndrome
3495:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
3413:Francisella tularensis
3372:Legionella longbeachae
3368:Legionella pneumophila
3010:Enterobacter aerogenes
2655:Bacillary angiomatosis
2449:Orientia tsutsugamushi
2355:Queensland tick typhus
2327:Japanese spotted fever
2261:Flying squirrel typhus
1246:: CS1 maint: others (
723:
453:Antibiotic therapy is
382:
299:Angioneurotic oedema,
181:parapharyngeal abscess
167:) is a type of severe
164:
5493:Stomatognathic system
5395:Acinic cell carcinoma
5017:Glandular odontogenic
4169:Molluscum contagiosum
3512:Moraxella catarrhalis
3378:Legionnaires' disease
3299:Pasteurella multocida
2929:Klebsiella pneumoniae
2726:Meningococcal disease
2533:Ehrlichia chaffeensis
2293:Rickettsia rickettsii
2257:Brill–Zinsser disease
2247:Rickettsia prowazekii
1624:"Angioneurotic Edema"
1034:) CS1 maint: others (
699:monitoring patient's
632:incision and drainage
561:incision and drainage
554:Incision and drainage
478:B-lactamase inhibitor
380:
327:Viridans streptococci
5734:Respiratory diseases
5636:Oral Crohn's disease
5591:Basal cell carcinoma
5230:Condylar hyperplasia
5215:Maxillary hypoplasia
4781:Gingival enlargement
4714:periodontal ligament
4320:Verruciform xanthoma
4052:Condyloma acuminatum
3673:Helicobacter cinaedi
3633:Campylobacter jejuni
3586:Aeromonas hydrophila
3468:Vibrio alginolyticus
3119:Shigella dysenteriae
3057:Citrobacter freundii
3014:Enterobacter cloacae
2870:Bordetella pertussis
2349:Rickettsia australis
1672:10.1128/CMR.00082-12
580:Descending infection
457:, it is given until
5646:Perioral dermatitis
5382:Pleomorphic adenoma
5362:Monomorphic adenoma
5352:Canalicular adenoma
5225:Condylar hypoplasia
5158:Condylar resorption
5002:Lateral periodontal
4961:Mandibular fracture
4860:Periodontal abscess
4457:Turner's hypoplasia
4225:Verrucous carcinoma
4174:Morsicatio buccarum
4154:Lupus erythematosus
4067:Erythema multiforme
3983:Stomatitis nicotina
3651:Helicobacter pylori
3141:Bacillary dysentery
3086:Salmonella enterica
3034:Serratia marcescens
2953:Granuloma inguinale
2849:Burkholderia mallei
2784:Eikenella corrodens
2632:Bartonella quintana
2624:Cat-scratch disease
2618:Bartonella henselae
2335:Rickettsia sibirica
2321:Rickettsia japonica
1553:Bagheri SC (2014).
675:Post-operative care
666:Nutritional support
621:submandibular space
399:if needed is vital.
305:sublingual hematoma
296:is sometimes done.
185:mandibular fracture
62:Otorhinolaryngology
5689:Facial hemiatrophy
5543:Periodic breathing
5474:Sjögren's syndrome
5347:Basal cell adenoma
5111:Torus mandibularis
5089:Periapical abscess
5072:Osteoradionecrosis
4997:Buccal bifurcation
4976:Intraosseous cysts
4865:Periodontal trauma
4769:Pyogenic granuloma
4616:Supernumerary root
4569:Pulp calcification
4557:Premature eruption
4528:Odontogenic tumors
4325:White sponge nevus
4298:Submucous fibrosis
4242:Smoker's melanosis
4129:Irritation fibroma
3968:High-arched palate
3876:Foliate papillitis
3866:Cunnilingus tongue
3851:Black hairy tongue
3781:Congenital lip pit
3639:Campylobacteriosis
3550:Cardiobacteriaceae
3051:Citrobacter koseri
2961:Klebsiella oxytoca
2391:Rickettsia parkeri
2377:Rickettsia africae
2307:Rickettsia conorii
2121:External resources
467:anaerobic bacteria
383:
237:Signs and symptoms
5706:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5659:
5658:
5558:
5557:
5482:
5481:
5387:Sebaceous adenoma
5240:
5239:
5119:
5118:
5030:Median mandibular
5025:Nasopalatine duct
4941:Alveolar osteitis
4905:
4904:
4892:Perio-endo lesion
4774:Congenital epulis
4695:
4694:
4452:Enamel hypoplasia
4333:
4332:
4308:Riga–Fede disease
4159:Melanocytic nevus
4099:Hairy leukoplakia
4062:Epulis fissuratum
3996:
3995:
3936:
3935:
3886:Geographic tongue
3824:
3823:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3624:Campylobacterales
3609:
3608:
3590:Aeromonas veronii
3454:Vibrio vulnificus
3386:Coxiella burnetii
3353:
3352:
3279:H. parainfluenzae
3214:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3149:Proteus mirabilis
3096:Paratyphoid fever
2985:Enterohemorrhagic
2905:Enterobacteriales
2890:
2889:
2820:
2819:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2669:Carrion's disease
2563:
2562:
2547:Ehrlichia ewingii
2496:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2313:Boutonneuse fever
2144:
2143:
2023:978-1-4160-2527-6
1880:978-1-4160-2527-6
1710:"Ludwig's Angina"
1564:978-0-323-17127-4
1151:"Ludwig's angina"
1009:978-1-260-13495-7
950:"Ludwig's angina"
888:978-0-7020-4600-1
684:endotracheal tube
584:Diabetes mellitus
569:Airway compromise
373:Airway management
339:Peptostreptococci
301:lingual carcinoma
225:may be required.
154:
153:
121:Diagnostic method
95:Airway compromise
19:Medical condition
5746:
5665:
5664:
5564:
5563:
5488:
5487:
5357:Ductal papilloma
5246:
5245:
5125:
5124:
5022:Non-odontogenic:
5007:Globulomaxillary
4946:Buccal exostosis
4911:
4910:
4855:Peri-implantitis
4701:
4700:
4417:Dentin dysplasia
4339:
4338:
4315:Verruca vulgaris
4210:Mucosal melanoma
4057:Darier's disease
4032:Behçet's disease
4002:
4001:
3958:Bednar's aphthae
3942:
3941:
3830:
3829:
3816:Trumpeter's wart
3738:
3737:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3700:
3699:
3620:
3619:
3530:Xanthomonadaceae
3338:
3321:Actinobacillosis
3302:
3235:
3225:
3224:
3155:Proteus vulgaris
3073:
3072:
2970:Escherichia coli
2916:
2915:
2901:
2900:
2776:
2707:
2706:
2698:
2697:
2587:Brucella abortus
2574:
2573:
2569:Hyphomicrobiales
2476:Rickettsia felis
2435:Rickettsia akari
2363:Rickettsia honei
2280:
2279:
2233:Rickettsia typhi
2220:
2219:
2204:
2203:
2195:
2194:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2148:
2147:
2048:
2047:
2036:
2035:
2009:
1998:
1997:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1866:
1823:
1822:
1786:
1775:
1774:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1729:
1705:
1694:
1693:
1683:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1602:
1578:
1569:
1568:
1550:
1541:
1540:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1432:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1415:gpnotebook.co.uk
1406:
1400:
1399:
1355:
1346:
1345:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1245:
1237:
1212:
1197:
1196:
1186:
1146:
1137:
1136:
1126:
1108:
1084:
1075:
1074:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1029:
1021:
994:
988:
987:
977:
945:
928:
927:
907:
901:
900:
879:Master dentistry
874:
865:
864:
854:
844:
820:
809:
808:
798:
774:
726:
701:white blood cell
611:mylohyoid muscle
607:blunt dissection
177:dental infection
114:Dental infection
75:
74:
47:Swelling in the
42:
22:
21:
5754:
5753:
5749:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5744:
5743:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5698:
5670:
5655:
5611:Ludwig's angina
5572:
5554:
5513:Mouth breathing
5499:
5478:
5299:Pneumoparotitis
5272:Frey's syndrome
5253:
5251:Salivary glands
5236:
5144:
5115:
5094:Phoenix abscess
4927:
4923:hard tissues –
4901:
4823:Hypercementosis
4742:Cementoblastoma
4728:
4691:
4405:Dens evaginatus
4359:
4329:
4281:Denture-related
4266:Plasmoacanthoma
4192:Keratoacanthoma
4013:
4011:Lining of mouth
3992:
3988:Torus palatinus
3949:
3932:
3913:Lingual thyroid
3871:Fissured tongue
3861:Crenated tongue
3837:
3820:
3806:Nasolabial cyst
3791:Herpes labialis
3745:
3732:
3727:
3697:
3688:
3605:
3571:
3544:
3524:
3486:Pseudomonadales
3480:
3440:Vibrio cholerae
3425:
3398:
3349:
3332:
3327:
3296:
3291:
3228:
3206:
3162:Yersinia pestis
3106:
3062:
3019:
2975:Enterotoxigenic
2907:
2886:
2826:Burkholderiales
2816:
2790:Kingella kingae
2772:
2767:
2740:
2679:
2673:Verruga peruana
2599:
2559:
2502:Anaplasmataceae
2488:
2461:
2420:
2274:
2267:
2253:Epidemic typhus
2211:
2184:
2175:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2116:
2115:
2059:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2024:
2010:
2001:
1962:
1958:
1927:
1923:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1867:
1826:
1787:
1778:
1747:
1743:
1706:
1697:
1652:
1648:
1640:
1638:
1620:
1616:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1551:
1544:
1513:
1509:
1470:
1466:
1457:
1455:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1426:
1425:
1419:
1417:
1407:
1403:
1366:(12): 892–896.
1356:
1349:
1302:
1298:
1259:
1255:
1239:
1238:
1226:
1214:
1213:
1200:
1147:
1140:
1085:
1078:
1047:
1043:
1023:
1022:
1010:
996:
995:
991:
946:
931:
908:
904:
889:
875:
868:
821:
812:
775:
754:
749:
737:
719:
677:
668:
663:
640:necrotic tissue
556:
531:clavulanic acid
490:clavulanic acid
450:
375:
366:
313:
282:
269:
239:
215:corticosteroids
192:salivary stones
165:Angina ludovici
157:Ludwig's angina
141:corticosteroids
69:
33:Angina Ludovici
25:Ludwig's angina
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5752:
5742:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5704:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5679:Eagle syndrome
5675:
5672:
5671:
5661:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5601:Cystic hygroma
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5577:
5574:
5573:
5560:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5552:
5547:
5546:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5515:
5510:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5484:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5471:
5469:Sialolithiasis
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5445:
5444:
5439:
5429:
5424:
5423:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5400:Adenocarcinoma
5397:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5367:Myoepithelioma
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5295:
5294:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5242:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5217:
5212:
5211:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5121:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5075:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5040:Traumatic bone
5037:
5035:Median palatal
5032:
5027:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4835:
4830:
4828:Hypocementosis
4825:
4820:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4739:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4697:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4562:Neonatal teeth
4554:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4449:
4444:
4442:Ectopic enamel
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4237:Oral melanosis
4234:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4194:
4189:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4037:Bohn's nodules
4034:
4029:
4024:
4022:Amalgam tattoo
4018:
4015:
4014:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3734:
3733:
3726:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3703:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3665:Gastric cancer
3647:
3646:
3645:
3628:
3626:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3581:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3554:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3534:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3490:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3435:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3408:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3363:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3341:
3339:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3315:Actinobacillus
3311:
3309:Pasteurellosis
3305:
3303:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3238:
3236:
3222:
3220:Pasteurellales
3216:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3172:Bubonic plague
3158:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3081:
3079:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3029:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2980:Enteroinvasive
2977:
2965:
2964:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2924:
2922:
2913:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2866:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2830:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2779:
2777:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2750:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2715:
2713:
2704:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2609:
2607:
2605:Bartonellaceae
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2582:
2580:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2506:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2471:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2441:Rickettsialpox
2430:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2288:
2286:
2277:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2228:
2226:
2217:
2208:Rickettsiaceae
2201:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2178:Pseudomonadota
2174:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2102:
2091:
2076:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:Classification
2044:
2043:External links
2041:
2038:
2037:
2022:
1999:
1972:(11): 1051–4.
1956:
1921:
1886:
1879:
1824:
1776:
1741:
1695:
1646:
1614:
1570:
1563:
1542:
1523:(4): 499–503.
1507:
1464:
1440:
1401:
1347:
1312:(2): 138–143.
1296:
1269:(2): 461–466.
1253:
1224:
1198:
1161:(2): 242–243.
1138:
1099:(2): 206–208.
1076:
1041:
1008:
989:
929:
902:
887:
866:
810:
789:(5): 619–629.
751:
750:
748:
745:
744:
743:
736:
733:
718:
715:
712:
711:
704:
697:
694:
676:
673:
667:
664:
662:
659:
658:
657:
650:
643:
628:
617:Penrose drains
614:
595:
594:
593:
586:
581:
578:
575:
570:
564:
555:
552:
551:
550:
519:
518:
517:
504:, imipenem or
494:Beta-lactamase
449:
446:
445:
444:
443:
442:
439:floor of mouth
435:
428:
425:
418:cricothyrotomy
414:
408:
404:antimicrobials
400:
395:intubation or
374:
371:
365:
362:
317:culture sample
312:
309:
281:
278:
268:
265:
238:
235:
200:Staphylococcus
152:
151:
134:
130:
129:
123:
117:
116:
111:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
93:
87:
86:
83:
77:
76:
59:
53:
52:
44:
43:
35:
34:
31:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5751:
5740:
5739:Inflammations
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5676:
5673:
5666:
5662:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5581:Actinomycosis
5579:
5578:
5575:
5571:
5565:
5561:
5551:
5548:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5489:
5485:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5459:Sialodochitis
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5256:
5252:
5247:
5243:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5138:malocclusions
5135:
5131:
5126:
5122:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5106:Stafne defect
5104:
5102:
5099:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5058:
5057:Osteonecrosis
5055:
5053:
5052:Osteomyelitis
5050:
5048:
5045:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4930:
4926:
4925:Bones of jaws
4922:
4918:
4912:
4908:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4870:Periodontitis
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4850:Pericoronitis
4848:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4806:Granulomatous
4804:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4759:Eruption cyst
4757:
4755:
4752:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4702:
4698:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4663:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4586:Pulp necrosis
4584:
4582:
4579:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4567:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4546:
4545:Dens in dente
4543:
4542:
4541:
4538:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4499:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4437:Discoloration
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4362:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4340:
4336:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4247:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4144:Lichen planus
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4119:Herpes zoster
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4094:Fordyce spots
4092:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4072:Erythroplakia
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4003:
3999:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3943:
3939:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3856:Caviar tongue
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3846:Ankyloglossia
3844:
3843:
3840:
3836:
3831:
3827:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3811:Sun poisoning
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3744:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3724:
3719:
3717:
3712:
3710:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3661:MALT lymphoma
3658:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3577:Aeromonadales
3574:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3404:Thiotrichales
3401:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3359:Legionellales
3356:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3330:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3294:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3243:H. influenzae
3240:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3101:
3100:Salmonellosis
3097:
3093:
3092:Typhoid fever
3090:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2935:Rhinoscleroma
2933:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2770:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2613:Bartonellosis
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2239:Murine typhus
2237:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2214:Rickettsioses
2209:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2199:Rickettsiales
2196:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1882:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1797:(12): 892–6.
1796:
1792:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1666:(2): 255–73.
1665:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1593:(6): 259–63.
1592:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1575:
1566:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1547:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1436:
1430:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1354:
1352:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1249:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1225:9781416025276
1221:
1217:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1143:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1081:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1001:
1000:
993:
985:
981:
976:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
925:
921:
918:(6): 445–51.
917:
913:
906:
898:
894:
890:
884:
880:
873:
871:
862:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
834:
830:
826:
819:
817:
815:
806:
802:
797:
792:
788:
784:
780:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
752:
742:
739:
738:
732:
730:
725:
714:
709:
705:
702:
698:
695:
692:
691:
690:
687:
685:
681:
672:
655:
652:An absorbent
651:
648:
644:
641:
637:
633:
629:
626:
622:
618:
615:
612:
608:
604:
600:
599:submandibular
596:
591:
587:
585:
582:
579:
576:
574:
571:
568:
567:
565:
562:
558:
557:
548:
547:metronidazole
544:
540:
539:ciprofloxacin
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
515:
514:metronidazole
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
451:
440:
436:
433:
429:
426:
423:
419:
415:
412:
411:
409:
405:
401:
398:
394:
389:
388:
387:
379:
370:
361:
359:
358:
357:Fusobacterium
353:
352:
351:Porphyromonas
347:
346:
341:
340:
335:
334:
333:Staphylococci
329:
328:
323:
318:
308:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
277:
273:
264:
262:
258:
254:
249:
244:
234:
232:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
207:
205:
201:
197:
196:Streptococcus
193:
190:
189:submandibular
186:
182:
178:
173:
170:
166:
162:
158:
150:
146:
142:
138:
135:
131:
128:
124:
122:
118:
115:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
92:
91:Complications
88:
84:
82:
78:
73:
67:
63:
60:
58:
54:
50:
49:submandibular
45:
41:
36:
32:
28:
23:
5610:
5569:
5496:
5432:Sialadenitis
5391:
5343:
5208:Scissor bite
5203:Retrognathia
5188:Overeruption
5168:Malocclusion
5141:
5021:
4980:
4971:Micrognathia
4924:
4915:Periapical,
4801:Desquamative
4725:
4706:Periodontium
4680:Acid erosion
4621:Taurodontism
4552:Open contact
4464:Enamel pearl
4432:Dilaceration
4395:Concrescence
4196:
4183:
4010:
3963:Cleft palate
3923:Microglossia
3918:Macroglossia
3903:Glossoptosis
3801:Microcheilia
3796:Macrocheilia
3680:Helicobacter
3679:
3671:
3657:Peptic ulcer
3649:
3631:
3596:
3584:
3557:
3537:
3517:
3510:
3501:
3493:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3438:
3431:Vibrionaceae
3411:
3384:
3366:
3333:
3313:
3297:
3277:
3263:
3249:
3241:
3229:
3192:
3178:
3160:
3153:
3147:
3117:
3084:
3055:
3049:
3040:
3032:
3008:
2968:
2959:
2945:
2927:
2868:
2861:
2847:
2833:
2802:
2788:
2782:
2773:
2753:
2718:
2702:Neisseriales
2661:
2649:
2645:
2638:Trench fever
2630:
2616:
2585:
2578:Brucellaceae
2545:
2531:
2525:Anaplasmosis
2513:
2510:Ehrlichiosis
2474:
2455:Scrub typhus
2447:
2433:
2411:
2403:
2389:
2375:
2361:
2347:
2333:
2319:
2305:
2291:
2245:
2231:
2180:-associated
2128:
2104:
2093:
2078:
2063:
2013:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1937:(3): 263–5.
1934:
1930:
1924:
1902:(2): 461–6.
1899:
1895:
1889:
1870:
1794:
1790:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1720:(2): 115–7.
1717:
1713:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1639:, retrieved
1627:
1617:
1590:
1586:
1554:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1480:(2): 461–6.
1477:
1473:
1467:
1456:. Retrieved
1452:
1443:
1418:. Retrieved
1414:
1404:
1363:
1359:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1215:
1158:
1154:
1096:
1092:
1057:(9): 513–5.
1054:
1050:
1044:
998:
992:
960:(2): 242–3.
957:
953:
915:
912:AANA Journal
911:
905:
878:
835:(2): 206–8.
832:
828:
786:
782:
728:
720:
713:
688:
678:
669:
609:through the
432:tracheostomy
422:tracheostomy
397:tracheostomy
393:endotracheal
384:
367:
355:
349:
343:
338:
332:
325:
314:
311:Microbiology
298:
286:dental X-ray
283:
274:
270:
240:
227:
223:tracheostomy
208:
203:
199:
195:
174:
156:
155:
149:tracheostomy
109:Risk factors
5626:Microstomia
5616:Macrostomia
5606:Gnathophyma
5523:Catathrenia
5518:Sleep apnea
5449:Sialectasis
4992:Dentigerous
4982:Odontogenic
4811:Plasma cell
4747:Gigantiform
4523:Microdontia
4513:Macrodontia
4484:Hyperdontia
4179:Oral cancer
4139:Leukoplakia
4047:Candidiasis
4007:Oral mucosa
3928:Rhabdomyoma
3908:Hypoglossia
3769:Plasma cell
3502:Pseudomonas
3250:Haemophilus
3231:Haemophilus
3186:Yersiniosis
3137:Shigellosis
2841:Melioidosis
2650:B. quintana
2646:B. henselae
2593:Brucellosis
2130:MedlinePlus
636:debridement
613:from below.
573:Septicaemia
535:clindamycin
527:amoxicillin
510:clindamycin
486:ticarcillin
482:amoxicillin
448:Antibiotics
204:Bacteroides
137:Antibiotics
100:Usual onset
30:Other names
5713:Categories
5586:Angioedema
5392:Malignant:
5372:Oncocytoma
5198:Prognathia
4987:periapical
4966:Microgenia
4917:mandibular
4875:Aggressive
4796:Gingivitis
4737:Cementicle
4675:Abfraction
4665:Tooth wear
4658:Edentulism
4653:Tooth loss
4606:Resorption
4591:Pulp polyp
4574:Pulp stone
4518:Meth mouth
4489:Hypodontia
4479:Gemination
4410:Talon cusp
4303:Ulceration
4271:Stomatitis
4249:Pemphigoid
4197:Malignant:
4149:Linea alba
4134:Leukoedema
4114:Herpangina
4082:Giant-cell
3682:cellulitis
3265:H. ducreyi
3252:meningitis
2774:ungrouped:
2467:Flea-borne
2426:Mite-borne
2284:Tick-borne
2106:DiseasesDB
1757:(5): 600.
1641:2021-11-15
1628:StatPearls
1458:2018-02-17
1420:2018-02-17
1018:1145903874
747:References
706:repeating
680:Extubation
597:Bilateral
502:cefuroxime
474:penicillin
441:swellings.
407:years old.
345:Prevotella
294:chest scan
243:cellulitis
169:cellulitis
5454:Sialocele
5437:Parotitis
5178:Open bite
5173:Crossbite
4951:Cherubism
4921:maxillary
4754:Cementoma
4685:Attrition
4501:Impaction
4469:Fluorosis
4378:Anodontia
4373:Ankylosis
4261:Pemphigus
3881:Glossitis
3776:Cleft lip
3754:Cheilitis
3599:infection
3597:Aeromonas
3504:infection
3419:Tularemia
3271:Chancroid
3043:infection
3025:Slow/weak
2939:Pneumonia
2880:Pertussis
2761:Gonorrhea
2414:infection
2032:757994410
1494:0003-9926
1380:1535-1815
1326:0022-2151
1283:0003-9926
1242:cite book
1234:757994410
1175:1472-0205
1115:0976-9668
1026:cite book
897:786161764
717:Etymology
625:submental
603:submental
592:formation
559:Surgical
506:meropenem
498:cefoxitin
455:empirical
430:Elective
364:Treatment
322:anaerobic
280:Diagnosis
253:dysphagia
133:Treatment
57:Specialty
5464:Sialosis
5415:Lymphoma
5287:Mucocele
5183:Overbite
4936:Agnathia
4897:Teething
4722:alveolus
4718:cementum
4670:Abrasion
4646:Occlusal
4631:Avulsion
4596:Pulpitis
4540:Odontoma
4286:Herpetic
4276:Aphthous
3786:Eclabium
3127:flexneri
3041:Serratia
2855:Glanders
1994:40027551
1986:11713917
1811:18091599
1771:10326825
1736:20961522
1690:23554416
1636:32809446
1609:15692720
1429:cite web
1388:18091599
1342:45325553
1193:14988363
1133:23225990
984:14988363
924:17236391
861:23225990
805:29523424
735:See also
708:CT scans
654:dressing
480:such as
261:cyanosis
248:swelling
81:Symptoms
5550:Snoring
5508:Bruxism
5344:Benign:
5193:Overjet
5153:Bruxism
5047:Osteoma
4885:Chronic
4710:gingiva
4184:Benign:
4077:Fibroma
3764:Angular
3759:Actinic
3446:Cholera
3392:Q fever
2995:O104:H4
2990:O157:H7
2644:Either
2273:Spotted
2100:D008158
1951:9222634
1916:3277567
1819:2891390
1681:3623375
1537:7594369
1502:3277567
1396:2891390
1334:8163915
1291:3277567
1184:1726306
1124:3510922
1071:8959561
975:1726306
852:3510922
741:Anticor
729:ankhone
647:sutured
623:to the
590:abscess
523:febrile
476:with a
463:aerobic
257:trismus
127:CT scan
5292:Ranula
4764:Epulis
4626:Trauma
4474:Fusion
4383:Caries
4356:enamel
4352:dentin
3947:Palate
3835:Tongue
3168:Plague
3131:boydii
3123:sonnei
2224:Typhus
2135:001047
2030:
2020:
1992:
1984:
1949:
1914:
1877:
1817:
1809:
1769:
1734:
1688:
1678:
1634:
1607:
1561:
1535:
1500:
1492:
1453:Scribd
1394:
1386:
1378:
1340:
1332:
1324:
1289:
1281:
1232:
1222:
1191:
1181:
1173:
1131:
1121:
1113:
1069:
1016:
1006:
982:
972:
922:
895:
885:
859:
849:
803:
724:angere
267:Causes
259:, and
202:, and
68:
5669:Other
4344:Teeth
3565:HACEK
3345:HACEK
3285:HACEK
2796:HACEK
2275:fever
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