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975:, though this ultimately failed. Instead, they focused their efforts on less centralized regions, mainly to the east and south of Luba. They established client states known as "fire kingdoms" - vassal kingdoms on the Luba frontier that were granted the sacred royal fire embers of the Luba kings (whom they were often seen as equals to). However, the fire would "burn out" with the death of the king, meaning their status as a "fire kingdom" would only last for the king's tenure.
951:
The Luba Empire greatly expanded its influence during the period from 1700-1860. This expansion was done through tributaries, where Luba armies frequently targeted population-dense regions (usually under smaller states with less military resistance) to extract tribute from them to the emperor. In the
858:
tradition states that all of the rulers of the Luba Empire traced their ancestry to Kalala Ilunga, a mystical hunter credited with toppling
Kongolo Mwamba. This figure is also credited with the introduction of advanced iron forging techniques to the Luba peoples. Luba kings became deities upon their
443:
arrived. Ilunga married two sisters of
Kongolo — Bulanda and Mabele. Hostility grew between Kongolo and Ilunga, to the point where Ilunga left for an unknown location. Bulanda had a son named Kalala Ilunga — Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe was the father and Kongolo was the uncle. Kalala began to overshadow his
934:
Headrests and staffs were of great importance in relation to beliefs about prophetic dreams and ancestor worship. Dreams were believed to communicate messages from the other world. Therefore, it was common to have two priestess figures adorned on a headrest on which one slept. Luba staffs, usually
876:
The Luba
Kingdom kept official "men of memory" who were part of a group called the Mbudye. They were responsible for maintaining the oral histories associated with kings, their villages and the customs of the land. Parallels to these kinds of officials can be found in neighboring kingdoms such as
411:
By the 14th century, the people of the region were organized into various successful farming and trading communities — the gradual process of the communities merging began. Some communities began to merge into larger, more centralized ones; the reason for this is likely because of competition for
942:
In Baluba tradition, a kasala is a well-defined form of slogans in free-verse poetry. They are chanted or recited, sometimes with instrumental accompaniment, by men and women who are professional specialists. It dramatizes public events that call for strong emotions, such as courage in battle,
931:(axe) that he carried over his shoulder. Luba art varied because of the kingdom's vast territory. Some characteristics are common. The important role of woman in the creation myths and political society resulted in the decoration of many prestigious objects with female figures.
1435:
Juengst, Daniel
African art, women, history: the Luba people of central Africa. Created and produced by Linda Freeman; executive producer, Lorraine E. Hall; written and directed by David Irving; narrated by Dr. Mary Nooter Roberts. Chappaqua, NY: L & S Video, 1998.
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began searching for slaves and ivory in the savannas of central Africa. The empire was raided for slaves beginning the rapid destruction of the Luba
Kingdom. In 1889 it was split in two by a succession dispute, ending the unified state, and later joined the Belgian
938:
Among the Luba, the name "Nkole" appears at the head of every genealogy. It is an honorific title, with the literal meaning of "the essentially powerful". It was given to the three most distant patriarchs and inserted symbolically in all genealogies.
892:
With the formation of the Luba kingdom, the economy was complex and based on a tribute system that redistributed agricultural, hunting and mining resources among nobles. The ruling class held a virtual monopoly on trade items such as
455:
According to the historian Thomas Reefe, the accuracy of the story and the existence of certain figures, like
Kolongo, Kalala, and Ilunga, is questionable. Reefe believes that the accounts of Luba's foundation are mythical tales.
935:
owned by kings, village chiefs or court dignitaries, were also carved with dual or paired female figures. Single figures on art pieces, specifically staffs, represented dead kings whose spirits are carried in a woman's body.
818:
durable enough to withstand the disruptions of succession disputes and flexible enough to incorporate foreign leaders and governments. The Luba model of governing was so successful that it was adopted by the
943:
collective joy at official functions, and bereavement at funerals. In style and content, the kasala by itself is a diverse genre of proverbs, myths, fables, riddles, tales and historical narratives.
866:, female incarnations of the ancestral kings. Staffs, headrests, bow stands and royal seats featuring this subject represented the divine status of the ruler and the elegant refinement of his court.
796:
1466:
Caeneghem, Van R. " Memoire De l’Institut Royal
Colonial Belge, Classe des Sciences Morales et politiques." Godsbegrip der Baluba van Kasai. Vol. XXII. Brussels: n.p., 1954. N. pag. Print. 8.
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through swamps. They had also learned techniques for drying fish, which were an important source of protein; they began trading the dried fish with the inhabitants of the protein-starved
885:
The local economy led to the development of several small Luba kingdoms. Luba traders linked the
Congolese forest to the north with the mineral-rich region in the center of modern
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his uncle. Kalala's reign, the tradition says, initiated an expansionary period for the
Kingdom. The new Ilunga dynasty, according to tradition, expanded the Kingdom westward past
489:
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502:
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Archaeological research shows that the Upemba depression had been occupied continuously since at least the 4th century AD. In the 4th century, the region was occupied by
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Bortolot, Alexander Yves. "Kingdoms of the
Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires." In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000. Print.
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known as the Copperbelt. The trade routes passing through Luba territory were also connected with wider networks extending to both the Atlantic and Indian Ocean coasts.
388:
By the 10th century, the people of Upemba had diversified their economy, combining fishing, farming and metal-working. Metal-workers relied on traders to bring them the
271:
963:
In the 19th century, the Luba began invading their neighbors to set up their own vassal tributaries. They first attempted western invasions for the submission of the
1526:
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469:
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Bateman, Charles Somerville Latrobe. The first ascent of the Kasai: being some records of service under the Lone Star. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1889.
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Bantje, Han. Kaonde song and ritual: La musique et son role dans la vie sociale et rituelle Luba. Tervuren: Musee royal de l'Afrique centrale, 1978.
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478:
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Traditions, changement, histoire: Les "Somba" du Dahomey, Septentrional. Paul Mercier. Paris: Editions Anthro-pos Paris, 1968. xiii + 538 pp.
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1022:
1454:
Burton, William Frederick P. God working with them: being eighteen years of Congo evangelistic mission history. London: Victory Press, 1938.
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Nziem, Ndaywel è (1992). "The political system of the Luba and Lunda: its emergence and expansion". In Ogot, Bethwall A. (ed.).
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Burton, William Frederick P. Luba religion and magic in custom and belief. Tervuren: Musee Royal de l’Afrique Centrale, 1961.
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927:, the Luba Kingdom held the arts in high esteem. A carver held relatively high status, which was displayed by an
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deaths, and the villages from which they ruled were transformed into living shrines devoted to their legacies.
642:
862:
The Luba heartland was dotted with these landmarks. Central to Luba regalia for kings and other nobles were
444:
uncle. The conflict between the two grew, but turned in Kalala's favour; Kalala eventually seized power and
1448:
Bonnke, Reinhard. Church report, Mbuji-Mayi, Zaire. Laguna Hills, CA: Reinhard Bonnke Ministries, 1980-89?
343:
17:
452:. The new dynasty also established a more centralized state, where the king ruled closely with governors.
1451:
Brown, H.D. "The Nkumu of the Tumba: ritual chieftainship on the middle Congo". Africa, v. 14 (1944).
1038:
Ultimately, long-distance trade destroyed the kingdom of Luba. In the 1870s and 1880s, traders from
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44:
1541:
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Petit, Pierre (2004). "Luba: Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries". In Shillington, Kevin (ed.).
960:. Trade and tribute extraction were emphasized during this period rather than conquest of land.
1154:
1061:
61:
1094:, Université de Kinshasa - DIPLOME D'ETUDES SUPERIEURES (DES) EN PSYCHOLOGIE, 2014 (in French)
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846:, a secret society that kept the memory of the Luba alive and taught throughout the realm.
8:
322:
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Encyclopedia of African History and Culture: From Conquest to Colonization (1500-1850)
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The kingdom of Luba's success was due in large part to its development of a form of a
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Description des consequences des violations de coutumes luba-kasaĂŻ et leurs therapies
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was a pre-colonial Central African state that arose in the marshy grasslands of the
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General History of Africa, V: Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century
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Established by one of King Ilunga Sungu's sons sometime before 1810, between the
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that they needed in smelting. Traders exported salt and iron items, and imported
1479:
1029:. They were given the royal embers of King Ilunga Kabale in the mid 19th century
427:. At its peak, the state had about a million people paying tribute to its king.
381:
By the 6th century, fishing people lived on lakeshores, worked iron, and traded
1178:
Yoder, John C. (2004). "Luba: Origins and Growth". In Shllington, Kevin (ed.).
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358:-working farmers. Over the centuries, the people of the region learned to use
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Map of the Lunda Empire and Luba kingdoms in the Congo River Basin around 1850
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people,, but did not conquer them, and consolidated their power north of the
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and spread throughout the region that is today northern Angola, northwestern
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1279:"Luba - Art & Life in Africa - The University of Iowa Museum of Art"
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chiefdoms in the early 19th century, Buki operated on both sides of the
815:
436:
838:. The kings reigned over their subjects through clan kings known as
918:
902:
834:('sacred king'), with the assistance of a court of nobles known as
702:
393:
382:
149:
423:, expanded the empire over the upper left bank territories of the
1026:
698:
375:
363:
1445:
Bleakley, Robert. Baluba Mask. New York: St. Martin Press, 1978.
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According oral tradition, Kongolo Mwamba founded a capital near
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The Rainbow and the Kings: A History of the Luba Empire to 1891
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886:
824:
389:
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The Luba set up three main fire kingdoms in the 19th century:
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Elisofon, Eliot. Baluba. New York: Frederic A. Praeger, 1958.
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401:
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905:. This allowed them to continue their dominance in much of
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1021:: Katondo established a chiefdom around the lands of the
842:. The diverse populations of the Luba were linked by the
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Law and order were handled by the king, known as the
1392:
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Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires
1153:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp.
1503:
1025:, northwest of Lake Mweru after Luba's war with
1527:History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1207:. University of California Press. p. 592.
1318:. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 156.
326:Luba shown in the lower middle of map in blue.
1517:States and territories disestablished in 1889
952:18th century, the Luba invaded groups of the
946:
827:, and southern Democratic Republic of Congo.
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1480:World History Encyclopedia - Kingdom of Luba
1421:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
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1522:States and territories established in 1585
1007:Established around the many decentralized
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783:
112:
1115:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp.
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80:Learn how and when to remove this message
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43:This article includes a list of general
27:Pre-colonial (1585–1889) Central African
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419:. His nephew and immediate successor,
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415:The Luba Kingdom was founded by King
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1149:Africans: The History of a Continent
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439:. From the east, a hunter known as
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49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1314:Vansina, Jan (January 1, 1967).
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412:increasingly limited resources.
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1180:Encyclopedia of African History
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1232:. Facts on File. p. 157.
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1109:Shillington, Kevin (1995).
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1015:in Luba's northern frontier
993:Rivers in the lands of the
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744:FĂ©lix Tshisekedi presidency
10:
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1257:. Routledge. p. 855.
1182:. Routledge. p. 854.
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342:in what is now southern
1316:Kingdoms of the Savanna
64:more precise citations.
1512:16th century in Africa
1062:List of rulers of Luba
350:Origins and foundation
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213:• Disestablished
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1145:Iliffe, John (2007).
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917:Further information:
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608:Intl. Congo Society
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203:• Established
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1377:, p. 124–128.
1353:, p. 134–135.
1341:, p. 120–124.
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1019:Katondo's Chiefdom
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1057:Luba people
1040:East Africa
1013:Congo River
479:History of
450:Lake Kisale
446:decapitated
332:Luba Empire
254:Preceded by
129:Haut-Lomami
62:introducing
1506:Categories
1399:Reefe 1981
1387:Reefe 1981
1375:Reefe 1981
1363:Reefe 1981
1351:Reefe 1981
1339:Reefe 1981
1302:Reefe 1981
1288:2019-04-26
1078:References
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773:DRC Portal
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622:Atrocities
400:beads and
226:Population
146:Government
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240:1 million
70:June 2014
1051:See also
967:and the
919:Luba art
903:iron ore
850:Kingship
844:Bambudye
836:Bamfumus
470:a series
468:Part of
394:charcoal
383:palm oil
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840:Balopwe
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759:Years
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431:Myths
402:cowry
398:glass
1532:Luba
1423:ISBN
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