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distinct features, including a white forehead, a blackish bar followed by a narrow white bar on the forecrown, while the remainder of the crown appears brown with sandy tips on the feathers. A black stripe, separated from the crown by a white superciliary stripe, runs from the bill through the eye and extends to the side of the neck, forming a collar across the upper mantle. The mantle is dark grey-brown, and the other upperparts are sooty brown with feathers featuring sandy rufous margins. The face, chin and upper throat are white, while the rest of the underparts take on a yellowish hue, with a pale belly. Kittlitz's Plover possesses blackish central tail feathers that progressively become lighter towards the tail's sides, and the outer one or two pairs are completely white. Notably, Kittlitz's Plover is not sexually size dimorphic, meaning that males and females share similar size characteristics. The female
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563:, that breeds throughout the whole year, although there are varying peak seasons in different geographic locations. Copulation usually occurs 6–11 days before egg-laying on or near the nest scrape. The simple nest scrape is usually made 50–100 m away from water on open, dry ground at low elevation, from where it is easy to spot intruders. It is about 10–15 cm in diameter and is lined with shells, pebbles, animal dung and fragments of vegetation. The Kittlitz's Plovers usually nest solitary or in loose flocks with their nests being mostly more than 40 m apart, however they can be sometimes as close as 8 m. Sometimes the old scrape may be reused, probably by the same pair.
316:) might have evolved from an earlier Kittlitz's plover population. The two species are clearly distinct and can not interbreed. Birds from Madagascar are in general smaller than birds from continental Africa. Kittlitz's plovers are heavier and have longer wings in South Africa compared to Madagascar, whereas Egyptian specimens have longer wings and shorter tarsi than in Madagascar. However, they are still regarded as the same species in the absence of apparent plumage difference. In Madagascar, Kittlitz's plover is both a breeding resident and intra-island migrant and has been recorded mostly below 950 m, although it has been recorded at up to 1,400 m too.
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they can fly at 26–32 days. The parent calls the chicks when inviting them to brood or when danger is present. The parents actively defend their young against conspecifics or intruders by a) feigning injury to attract more attention on themselves by lying flat on the ground, flapping their wings in a helpless manner, fanning their tail or running away or towards intruder, b) false brooding or c) running with head held low, tail drooped and spread wings. Chicks and juveniles obtain adult plumage after one year, and some may start breeding at that age.
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considerably paler. Generally, adult
Kittlitz's Plovers exhibit a wing length ranging from 100–110 mm, an adult bill length between 15–23 mm, and an adult tarsus length between 26–33 mm. Juvenile Kittlitz's plovers closely resemble adults; however, they lack the black face marks, their upperparts appear brown, the hindneck collar is buff in color, and their underparts are white.
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eggs up to two thirds or completely with sand within 3-90 s by moving several times around the nest kicking its feet alternately. Newly or partly hatched chicks also get covered. Sometimes the eggs might be left unattended up to 5–7 hours. When the parent returns to the nest, it uncovers the nest before pursuing incubation.
616:. The species is abundant in Africa and locally common in Madagascar, and it has a very wide range. Although not much is known about population trends due to difficulties in assessing the impact of habitat modifications, any declines appear to be below the threshold that would be identified as threatening.
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takes place on ‘neutral’ ground. and consists of a scrape-ceremony, where one bird is placing its breast on the sand, then rotating around on the breast, whilst having its tail raised and kicking out sand with back- and forward movements of its legs. Usually, the male takes the initiative of making
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and feeding both take place in the territories, which can occupy 3600-4200m². The parents are highly defensive of their territories until the chicks hatch. When intruders invade their territory representing a threat, the parents run after them, stopping shortly in front of them, taking on an upright
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weighing between 35-40 grams. Both males and females share similar physical characteristics, with a black bill, dark brown eyes framed by black eyelids, and black legs, although at times, the legs can appear greenish or grey. During the breeding season, During the breeding season, the male displays
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Kittlitz's Plover is locally very abundant in East, South and
Central Africa, with a population size estimated at 100,000-400,000 individuals. West Africa is estimated to sustain 20,000-50,000 individuals. In Madagascar, the population is estimated at 10,000-20,000 individuals, making the species
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and can feed for themselves from 24 hours after hatching; one parent usually leads them to foraging areas up to 1 km away from the nest. Kittlitz's plovers exhibit uniparental care, where only one parent (either male or female) stays with the young and broods them in frequent intervals until
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Incubation starts once the clutch is completed and is carried out by both parents - usually by the male at night and by the female during the day - for a period of 21–27 days. When a parent leaves the nest during the day or when the nest is approached by a predator, the parent usually covers the
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Kittlitz's plover forages in a typical run-stop-search fashion, meaning it runs around, stops suddenly to peck at an item and then continues running. Sometimes, an individual stands erect with one foot vibrating on the surface (foot-trembling), then lunges forward to catch any prey that has been
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closely resembles that of the male, although the black band across the forecrown is narrower. The non-breeding plumage does not differ significantly from the breeding plumage. In this stage, the eye stripe takes on a browner shade, and the frontal bar is absent, while the underparts become
648:, has been subject to degradation and destruction due to the building of roads, disturbance from tourists and wetland reclamation for the development of suburbs and ports. In Ghana, wetlands are threatened by coastal erosion and developments that include drainage and wetland reclamation
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Jones, W., Eberhart-Hertel, L.J., Freckleton, R.P., Hoffman, J.I., Krüger, O., Sandercock, B.K., Vincze, O., Zefania, S. and Székely, T. (2022), Exceptionally high apparent adult survival in three tropical species of plovers in
Madagascar. J Avian Biol, 2022:.
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chases, When male or female are feigning injury, they give a ‘cheep-cheep’ and when a parent is inviting the young to brood, it gives a ‘chip-chip’ and the young are being warned with a ‘trr-trr’. The call of a young is a thin ‘peep’.
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Tree AJ 1997. Kittlitz's Plover
Charadrius pecuarius. The Atlas of southern African birds. Vol 1: Non passerines. Ed by Harrison JA, Allan DG, Underhill LG, Herremans M, Tree AJ, Parker V, Brown CJ. pp. 382-383. BirdLife South Africa,
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Zefania S. Székely T. Charadrius spp. In: Safford R, Hawkins F, editors; The Birds of Africa, Volume VIII: Birds of the
Malagasy Region: Madagascar, Seychelles, Comoros, Mascarenes. London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing; 2013. pp.
551:(although sometimes both parents take turns in making them) and then the female probably chooses the final nest site. Both parents pick up pebbles or break off bits of dead vegetation as nest material to line the nest with.
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Kittlitz's plover can be both found in inland and coastal regions. It favours open habitats at low elevation, often dry ground (open dry mud) with very short grass, mostly in close proximity to water. It breeds at lakes,
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Mendes, L.; Piersma, T.; Lecoq, M.; Spaans, B.; Ricklefs, E. 2005. Disease-limited distributions? Contrasts in the prevalence of avian malaria in shorebird species using marine and freshwater habitats. Oikos 109:
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Rand, A.L. 1936. A summary of the fieldnotes of the
Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Américaine à Madagascar: The distribution and habits of Madagascar birds. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 27(1) pp. 134-499.
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The species is social in the non-breeding season and stays in small flocks of about 20 individuals, however it has also been reported in larger flocks of 100-300 individuals during migratory movements.
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Parra, J.E., Beltrán, M., Zefania, S., Dos
Remedios, N. and Székely, T., 2014. Experimental assessment of mating opportunities in three shorebird species. Animal Behaviour, 90, pp.83-90
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Kittlitz's
Plovers lays 1-3 eggs (usually 2) at 1-2 day intervals. They eggs are oval, dark grey-maroon with black speckles giving and overall sand-coloured or light brown background.
348:. In the lower Mangoky basin for instance, they are thought to be resident, whereas at the Lake Tsimanampetsotsa, ringed adults have been recorded to have moved 113 km to Ifaty.
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and the eastern Cape. Usually it avoids mountains or densely wooded areas. The
Malagasy population might result from a relatively recent immigration from mainland Africa, whereas the
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S. Zefania, R. ffrench-Constant, P.R. Long, T. Székely: Breeding distribution and ecology of the endangered
Madagascar plover Charadrius thoracicus. Ostrich, 79 (2008), pp. 43–51
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Delany, S., Scott, D., Dodman, T. & Stroud, D. (eds) 2009. An Atlas of Wader Populations in Africa and Western Eurasia. Wetlands International, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
582:, their upper parts are grey to white, their back is mottled with a dark median stripe and their underparts are white. The chicks leave the nest within a few hours of
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The Kittlitz's Plover's calls include ‘pipip’, ‘towhit’, ‘tit-peep’, ‘trit-tritritritrit’, ‘perrup’ and ‘kich-kich-kich’. They give alarm calls when in danger or when
304:. In Namibia, it mostly inhabits coastal regions, highlands and Ovamboland. It is more scarce in the southern lowveld of South Africa and patchy in the interior of
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Wearne, K.; Underhill, L. G. 2005. Walvis Bay, Namibia: a key wetland for waders and other coastal birds in southern Africa. Wader Study Group Bulletin 107: 24-30.
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and artificial water bodies including commercial salt pans, but generally avoids sandy or rocky beaches. In the eastern and western Cape, some populations move to
296:. A genetic study reported genetic differentiation between Madagascar and the mainland population. It is common in South Africa, however rarer in arid regions of
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Tree AJ. 1974. A comparative ecological study of the Kittlitz Plover and Treble-banded Plover at Lake McIlwaine. MSc thesis, University of Rhodesia, Salisbury.
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Kittlitz's plovers are long-lived birds with life-expectancies of almost 10 years, although there is evidence that individuals can live much longer than this.
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Parker V 1999. The atlas of the birds of Sul do Save, southern Mozambique. Endangered Wildlife Trust and Avian Demography Unit, Johannesburg and Cape Town.
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Hayman, P., J. Marchant and T. Prater. 1986. Shorebirds: An Identification Guide to the waders of the world. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 412pp.
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that breeds near coastal and inland saltmarshes, sandy or muddy riverbanks or alkaline grasslands with short vegetation. It is native to much of
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del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., and Sargatal, J. 1996. Handbook of the Birds of the World, vol. 3: Hoatzin to Auks. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.
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Benson, C.W., Colebrook-Robjent, J.F., Williams, J.F. 1976, Contribution à l’ornithologie de Madagascar. L’Oiseau et R.F.O., 46(1) pp. 209-242.
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Ntiamoa-Baidu, Y. 1991. Seasonal changes in the importance of coastal wetlands in Ghana for wading birds. Biological Conservation 57: 139-158.
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404:, which include ‘chirrt’, hard ‘trip’, ‘tric’, ‘prrrt’ or plaintive ‘pip-ip’. During fights, the males give a buzzy call in aggressive or
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Kittlitz's Plover has a flexible breeding system and shorter duration of pair bond than other plover species. It is thought to be mainly
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Hockey, P.A.R., Dean, W.R.J. and Ryan, P. G. 2005. Roberts – Birds of Southern Africa. The Trustees of the John Voelcker Bird Book Fund.
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Snow, D.W.; Perrins, C.M. 1998. The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Volume 1: Non-Passerines. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
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Remedios, Natalie Dos; Küpper, Clemens; Székely, Tamás; Zefania, Sama; Burns, Fiona; Bolton, Mark; Lee, Patricia L. M. (2020).
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Zefania, Sama; Emilienne, Razafimahatratra; Faria, Patrícia J; Bruford, Michael W; Long, Peter R; Székely, Tamás (2010-11-11).
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456:). The aggression increases with density and is particularly high in the winter months before breeding. They mainly feed on
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with their movements varying between years in response to rainfall. There is limited evidence for comparable variation in
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422:. They feed day and night (on moonlit nights until 11PM) often in groups of 2-5 individuals or in small mixed
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Clark, A. 1986a: Some observations on the breeding behaviour of Kittlitz’s Sandplover, Ostrich 53: pp. 120-2.
874:"Genetic structure among Charadrius plovers on the African mainland and islands of Madagascar and St Helena"
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Cramp, S. (Ed.) 1983. The Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. Oxford.
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Once the young have hatched, both parents remove eggshells from nest site. Newly hatched young are
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Urban, E.K., C.H. Fry & S. Keith 1986: The birds of Africa, Vol. II. - Academic Press, London.
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Urban, E.K., C.H. Fry & S. Keith 1986: The birds of Africa, Vol. II. - Academic Press, London
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Kittlitz's plover is distributed throughout most of sub-Saharan Africa, but is also native to
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Blaker, D. 1967. An outbreak of Botulinus poisoning among waterbirds. Ostrich 38(2): 144-147.
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Hockey P.A.R. & Douie, C. 1995. Waders of southern Africa. Struik Winchester. Cape Town.
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and would be greatly threatened in case of an outbreak of this disease. The same applies to
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and the pairing usually occurs around 2–4 weeks before the couple occupies their territory.
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due to harsh interior winters. They are strictly terrestrial, feeding, nesting,
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mudflats during the winter, probably because of reduced competition from
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attracted to the surface. This behaviour has not been reported in
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Kittlitz's plover is mainly threatened by habitat loss due to
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posture with their legs almost straight and their head up.
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Typical cryptic nest of a Kittlitz's plover in Madagascar
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Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds
703:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693793A93423518.en
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241:. It is thought to be mainly polygamous and has
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1471:IUCN Red List least concern species
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279:Distribution, movement and habitat
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555:Nesting and incubation
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392:solely on the ground.
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24:Kittlitz's plover
1481:Birds of North Africa
1177:Anarhynchus pecuarius
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259:Heinrich von Kittlitz
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218:Anarhynchus pecuarius
195:Anarhynchus pecuarius
1448:Charadrius-pecuarius
1313:Fauna Europaea (new)
1253:charadrius-pecuarius
1147:Charadrius pecuarius
682:Charadrius pecuarius
454:Charadrius hiaticula
450:common ringed plover
314:Charadrius thoracius
1491:Birds of Madagascar
771:2010Ostri..81..173Z
446:Calidris ferruginea
56:Conservation status
1125:Kittlitz plover -
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891:10.1111/ibi.12694
604:Status and trends
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186:Binomial name
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599:Conservation
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542:The initial
541:
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438:conspecifics
431:
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361:grasslands,
355:
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284:Distribution
264:
227:Charadriidae
217:
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176:
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163:
153:Charadriidae
48:South Africa
18:
1476:Anarhynchus
1339:iNaturalist
1171:Wikispecies
709:11 November
474:crustaceans
367:saltmarshes
330:Maasai Mara
249:Description
243:monomorphic
164:Anarhynchus
1465:Categories
1443:Xeno-canto
663:References
642:Walvis Bay
624:Demography
586:or may be
531:Copulation
527:polygamous
420:Madagascar
375:Palearctic
346:Madagascar
290:Madagascar
239:Madagascar
237:Delta and
900:1474-919X
787:0030-6525
592:precocial
561:shorebird
544:courtship
538:Courtship
488:Behaviour
464:, insect
430:like the
406:courtship
371:estuarine
342:migratory
320:Movements
267:shorebird
245:plumage.
223:shorebird
171:Species:
109:Kingdom:
103:Eukaryota
1383:22693793
1357:10931161
1204:22693793
1199:BirdLife
1156:Wikidata
1104:396-404.
795:84585734
584:hatching
547:several
478:molluscs
472:, small
433:Calidris
390:roosting
386:preening
382:shortage
378:migrants
359:alkaline
298:Botswana
292:and the
203:Temminck
149:Family:
123:Chordata
119:Phylum:
113:Animalia
99:Domain:
76:IUCN 3.1
1331:2480317
1266:kitplo1
1227:kitplo1
1186:Avibase
1162:Q774208
832:395–403
767:Bibcode
759:Ostrich
646:Namibia
638:wetland
632:Threats
588:brooded
549:scrapes
482:cricket
470:spiders
462:beetles
458:insects
413:Feeding
402:flushed
363:lagoons
352:Habitat
338:nomadic
332:, Kenya
328:In the
302:Namibia
272:plumage
205:, 1823)
159:Genus:
139:Order:
129:Class:
74: (
1435:366846
1422:856355
1409:366846
1396:985690
1370:176538
1287:EURING
1279:100878
898:
793:
785:
466:larvae
428:waders
424:flocks
233:, the
1430:WoRMS
1352:IRMNG
1305:96874
1274:EUNIS
1261:eBird
1240:69PL5
1224:BOW:
1217:92614
791:S2CID
580:downy
448:) or
396:Voice
1404:OBIS
1391:NCBI
1378:IUCN
1365:ITIS
1344:4828
1326:GBIF
1292:4760
1212:BOLD
896:ISSN
878:Ibis
783:ISSN
711:2021
694:2016
610:IUCN
608:The
476:and
388:and
300:and
235:Nile
133:Aves
1248:CMS
1235:CoL
886:doi
882:162
775:doi
698:doi
644:in
340:or
38:At
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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