612:
629:
31:
54:
646:
546:
have two. In kinetoplastids with two flagella most forms have a leading and trailing flagellum, the latter of which may be attached to the side of the cell. The flagella are used for locomotion and attachment to surfaces. The bases of the flagella are found in a specialised pocket structure which is
559:
Kinetoplastids may be free-living or parasitic. The order trypanosomatida is notable as it includes many genera which are exclusively parasitic. Trypanosomatids may have simple life cycles in a single host or more complex ones which progress through multiple differentiation stages in two hosts.
296:, who initially accepted Kinetoplastida as an order in 1974, later placed it as a class. Use of Kinetoplastida as an order also creates confusion as there is already an older name Trypanosomatida Kent, 1880, under which the kinetoplastids are most often placed.
229:
responsible for serious diseases in humans and other animals, as well as various forms found in soil and aquatic environments. The organisms are commonly referred to as "kinetoplastids" or "kinetoplasts".
523:. These make a highly regular array, the sub-pellicular array, which runs parallel just under the cell surface along the long axis of the cell. Other microtubules with more specialised roles, such as the
477:
and flagellum. Along with these universal structures, kinetoplastids have several distinguishing morphological features such as the kinetoplast, sub-pellicular microtubule array and paraflagellar rod.
1194:
491:
The kinetoplast, after which the class is named, is a dense DNA-containing granule within the cell's single mitochondrion, containing many copies of the mitochondrial
2919:
524:
284:
Honigberg created the taxonomic names
Kinetoplastida and Kinetoplastea in 1963. Since then there is no consensus on the use of either of the two as a definite
1113:"An updated view of kinetoplastid phylogeny using environmental sequences and a closer outgroup: proposal for a new classification of the class Kinetoplastea"
882:"An updated view of kinetoplastid phylogeny using environmental sequences and a closer outgroup: proposal for a new classification of the class Kinetoplastea"
2909:
1256:
534:
but their role in the cytoskeleton is not clear. Other cytoskeletal structures include the specialised attachment between the flagellum and the kinetoplast.
2966:
2956:
2853:
2112:
1804:
1794:
366:
305:
137:
2961:
2931:
2655:
2613:
2427:
2400:
1708:
344:
335:
309:
130:
125:
2858:
2650:
2432:
2316:
2097:
2061:
1888:
1799:
384:
353:
2936:
2868:
2863:
2555:
2230:
2220:
2179:
2174:
2042:
2037:
2008:
326:
317:
120:
114:
2951:
2899:
2886:
2848:
2843:
2767:
2645:
2640:
2560:
2251:
2210:
1056:
3117:
2894:
2357:
2107:
2087:
2066:
2013:
1740:
1596:
413:
2711:
2635:
2205:
2200:
2092:
1948:
1846:
1841:
854:
404:
393:
147:
2772:
2762:
2331:
1878:
1601:
375:
142:
249:
to the latter. One family of kinetoplastids, the trypanosomatids, is notable as it includes several genera which are exclusively parasitic.
2796:
2779:
2757:
2326:
2437:
1866:
828:
560:
Dramatic morphological changes are possible between lifecycle stages. Diseases caused by members of the order trypanosomatida include
1883:
679:
Honigberg, B. M. (1963). "A contribution to systematics of the non-pigmented flagellates.". In LudvĂk, J.; Lom, J.; Vávra J. (eds.).
3104:
3222:
495:. The structure is made up of a network of concatenated circular DNA molecules and their related structural proteins along with
1040:
717:
3227:
1007:
946:
1409:
3153:
1442:
1437:
255:
is a typical genus within kinetoplastida, which also includes various common free-living species which feed on
1304:
Akopyants NS, Kimblin N, Secundino N, Patrick R, Peters N, Lawyer P, Dobson DE, Beverley SM, Sacks DL (2009).
611:
1521:
1511:
1494:
976:
237:
in 1963 as the members of the flagellated protozoans. They are traditionally divided into the biflagellate
53:
3052:
645:
681:
Progress in
Protozoology: proceedings of the first International Congress on protozoology held at Prague
288:. Kinetoplastea is more widely used as the class, while Kinetoplastida is mostly used to designate the
3263:
3158:
3132:
1281:
628:
542:
All kinetoplastids possess at least one flagellum; species in the order trypanosomatida have one and
1306:"Demonstration of genetic exchange during cyclical development of Leishmania in the sand fly vector"
858:
806:
3200:
3070:
1032:
1072:"Phylogenomic analysis of kinetoplastids supports that trypanosomatids arose from within bodonids"
709:
Taxonomic Guide to
Infectious Diseases: Understanding the Biologic Classes of Pathogenic Organisms
3268:
3043:
1526:
561:
3240:
1154:"Kinetoplastid phylogenetics, with special reference to the evolution of parasitic trypanosomes"
3005:
1402:
503:. The kinetoplast is found at the base of a cell's flagella and is associated to the flagellum
234:
3235:
1489:
832:
3145:
1024:
3122:
1317:
1209:
8:
2801:
1070:
Deschamps, P.; Lara, E.; Marande, W.; Lopez-Garcia, P.; Ekelund, F.; Moreira, D. (2010).
1025:
1321:
1213:
1195:"Identification of the meiotic life cycle stage of Trypanosoma brucei in the tsetse fly"
1506:
1484:
1472:
1447:
1338:
1305:
1232:
1050:
586:
168:
48:
3140:
3078:
3057:
1893:
1516:
1479:
1467:
1457:
1395:
1343:
1286:
1237:
1175:
1134:
1093:
1036:
1003:
903:
713:
693:
Cavalier-Smith, T. (1981). Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine? Biosystems 14, 461–481.
39:
2784:
2729:
2136:
1648:
1431:
1333:
1325:
1276:
1268:
1227:
1217:
1165:
1124:
1083:
893:
596:
242:
1193:
Peacock L, Ferris V, Sharma R, Sunter J, Bailey M, Carrington M, Gibson W (2011).
1170:
1153:
3185:
2941:
2791:
2721:
2515:
2131:
1640:
1272:
707:
474:
433:
289:
196:
157:
3083:
1027:
Kingdoms & Domains : An
Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth
2926:
2837:
2547:
2502:
2379:
2367:
2336:
1856:
1836:
1761:
1462:
954:
565:
531:
500:
496:
30:
3257:
3028:
2734:
2602:
2493:
2410:
2025:
1965:
1816:
1789:
1671:
575:
293:
1329:
1222:
1088:
1071:
600:
is also capable of a meiotic process that is likely part of a sexual cycle.
2806:
2593:
2306:
2003:
1960:
1955:
1606:
1581:
1347:
1290:
1241:
1179:
1138:
1097:
907:
635:
520:
508:
470:
251:
246:
1257:"Liaisons dangereuses: sexual recombination among pathogenic trypanosomes"
1129:
1112:
898:
881:
3209:
3194:
3037:
2822:
2689:
2484:
2422:
2301:
1998:
1981:
1937:
1928:
1586:
1377:
759:
652:
570:
486:
218:
200:
85:
921:
781:
736:
3109:
2752:
2417:
1990:
1918:
1873:
1682:
1000:
Diagnostic
Pathology of Parasitic Infections with Clinical Correlations
580:
504:
466:
267:
210:
75:
3214:
3091:
3065:
2699:
2676:
2623:
2583:
2390:
2277:
2270:
2156:
2124:
1829:
1591:
618:
548:
261:
238:
214:
65:
2999:
3179:
3096:
3022:
2630:
2510:
2470:
2119:
1824:
1631:
1573:
1501:
1418:
543:
424:
256:
226:
203:
152:
1564:
1543:
1382:
1117:
International
Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
886:
International
Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
591:
1303:
1069:
492:
207:
1002:(2 ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 63.
528:
285:
1110:
1387:
519:
The cytoskeleton of kinetoplastids is primarily made up of
1031:(4 ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press/Elsevier. p.
527:, are also present. Kinetoplastids are capable of forming
469:
and possess normal eukaryotic organelles, for example the
1192:
222:
221:(hence the name), a granule containing a large mass of
16:
Flagellated protists belonging to the phylum
Euglenozoa
445:
Kent 1880 stat. n. Hollande 1952 emend. Vickerman 2004
213:, and characterised by the presence of a distinctive
1363:
Lumsden, W.H.R. & D.A. Evans (eds.). 1976-1979.
480:
1111:Moreira, D; LĂłpez-GarcĂa, P; Vickerman, K (2004).
3255:
1698:
678:
304:Kinetoplastida is divided into two subclasses -
712:. London: Elsevier/Academic Press. p. 96.
1639:
2546:
2501:
1403:
2601:
2492:
1297:
1248:
1186:
1055:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2592:
2539:
1023:Chapman, Lynn Margulis, Michael J. (2009).
674:
672:
670:
100:Honigberg, 1963 emend. Cavalier-Smith, 1981
1936:
1410:
1396:
29:
1337:
1282:1983/1ecb5cba-da25-4e93-a3cb-b00a0477cb23
1280:
1231:
1221:
1169:
1128:
1087:
997:
897:
731:
729:
233:The kinetoplastids were first defined by
2674:
1383:KBD -- Kinetoplastid Biology and Disease
701:
699:
667:
1630:
1572:
1151:
1022:
879:
3256:
1563:
1254:
726:
705:
3004:
3003:
1391:
757:
751:
696:
594:as a likely part of a sexual cycle.
3133:4c73e715-542e-46ce-987f-657a396ecfa1
428:Hollande 1952 emend. Vickerman 1976
179:Honigberg 1963 emend. Margulis 1974
13:
809:. World Register of Marine Species
225:. The group includes a number of
14:
3280:
1371:
1367:, 2 vols. London: Academic Press.
857:. The Taxonomicon. Archived from
481:Mitochondrion and kinetoplast DNA
299:
644:
627:
610:
52:
1357:
1145:
1104:
1076:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1063:
1016:
991:
969:
939:
914:
873:
737:"Kinetoplastida (kinetoplasts)"
514:
292:, but is also used as a class.
847:
821:
799:
774:
762:. The Tree of Life Web Project
687:
1:
1365:Biology of the Kinetoplastida
661:
554:
460:
1417:
1378:Tree of Life: Kinetoplastida
1273:10.1016/j.resmic.2015.05.005
1202:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
855:"Taxon: Class Kinetoplastea"
831:. ZipcodeZoo. Archived from
7:
1171:10.1051/parasite/2008153226
537:
274:
245:; the former appears to be
10:
3287:
603:
484:
279:
3169:
3012:
2879:
2830:
2821:
2745:
2720:
2707:
2698:
2685:
2670:
2581:
2532:
2483:
2479:
2468:
2378:
2347:
2294:
2287:
2262:
2241:
2190:
2164:
2155:
2077:
2051:
2033:
2024:
1989:
1980:
1927:
1916:
1815:
1779:
1772:
1751:
1730:
1723:
1691:
1680:
1669:
1623:
1556:
1552:
1541:
1425:
998:Gutierrez, Yezid (2000).
706:Berman, Jules J. (2012).
547:also the location of the
174:
167:
110:
105:
49:Scientific classification
47:
37:
28:
23:
449:Family Trypanosomatidae
1330:10.1126/science.1169464
1223:10.1073/pnas.1019423108
578:, caused by species of
568:, caused by species of
758:Lukes, Julius (2009).
443:Order Trypanosomatida
235:Bronislaw M. Honigberg
3236:Paleobiology Database
1130:10.1099/ijs.0.63081-0
1089:10.1093/molbev/msq289
899:10.1099/ijs.0.63081-0
2920:Spirotrichonymphidae
2916:Spirotrichonymphida
1152:Stevens, JR (2008).
880:Moreira, D. (2004).
739:. UniProt Consortium
525:rootlet microtubules
2910:Hypotrichomonadidae
2906:Hypotrichomonadida
1322:2009Sci...324..265A
1214:2011PNAS..108.3671P
1123:(Pt 5): 1861–1875.
465:Kinetoplastids are
417:Cavalier-Smith 2016
397:Cavalier-Smith 2016
388:Cavalier-Smith 2016
357:Isaksen et al. 2007
321:Cavalier-Smith 2013
2967:Tritrichomonadidae
2957:Monocercomonadidae
2948:Tritrichomonadida
2854:Spirotrichosomidae
2113:Trypanoplasmatidae
2078:Metakinetoplastina
2058:Prokinetoplastida
1805:Psalteriomonadidae
1795:Paravahlkampfiidae
957:on 22 January 2015
861:on 22 January 2015
835:on 22 January 2015
587:Trypanosoma brucei
367:Metakinetoplastina
306:Metakinetoplastina
265:and the parasitic
259:. Others include
241:and uniflagellate
138:Metakinetoplastina
3251:
3250:
3141:Open Tree of Life
3006:Taxon identifiers
2997:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2962:Simplicimonadidae
2932:Honigbergiellidae
2817:
2816:
2735:Carpediemonadidae
2666:
2665:
2656:Streblomastigidae
2614:Paratrimastigidae
2610:Paratrimastigida
2577:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2428:Euglenamorphaceae
2401:Euglenomonadaceae
2397:Euglenomonadales
2151:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2052:Prokinetoplastina
1976:
1975:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1894:Stephanopogonidae
1762:Neovahlkampfiidae
1758:Neovahlkampfiida
1719:
1718:
1709:Pharyngomonadidae
1705:Pharyngomonadida
1699:Pharyngomonadidea
1665:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1255:Gibson W (2015).
1042:978-0-12-373621-5
719:978-0-12415-895-5
683:. Academic Press.
562:sleeping sickness
473:, mitochondrion,
452:
446:
438:
429:
418:
409:
398:
389:
380:
371:
358:
349:
345:Prokinetoplastida
340:
336:Prokinetoplastina
331:
322:
310:Prokinetoplastina
206:belonging to the
186:
185:
180:
131:Prokinetoplastida
126:Prokinetoplastina
101:
40:Trypanosoma cruzi
3276:
3264:Excavata classes
3244:
3243:
3231:
3230:
3218:
3217:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3162:
3161:
3149:
3148:
3136:
3135:
3126:
3125:
3113:
3112:
3100:
3099:
3087:
3086:
3074:
3073:
3061:
3060:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3001:
3000:
2859:Staurojoeninidae
2828:
2827:
2807:Retortamonadidae
2730:Carpediemonadida
2705:
2704:
2683:
2682:
2672:
2671:
2651:Saccinobaculidae
2599:
2598:
2590:
2589:
2544:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2499:
2498:
2490:
2489:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2433:Euglenocapsaceae
2317:Heteronemataceae
2313:Heteronematales
2292:
2291:
2162:
2161:
2137:Trypanosomatidae
2098:Rhynchomonadidae
2062:Ichthyobodonidae
2031:
2030:
1987:
1986:
1934:
1933:
1925:
1924:
1889:Percolomonadidae
1800:Plaesiobystridae
1777:
1776:
1728:
1727:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1678:
1677:
1649:Tsukubamonadidae
1637:
1636:
1628:
1627:
1570:
1569:
1561:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1454:
1434:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1352:
1351:
1341:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1284:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1235:
1225:
1199:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1173:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1132:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1091:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1046:
1030:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1009:978-0-1951214-38
995:
989:
988:
986:
984:
977:"Kinetoplastida"
973:
967:
966:
964:
962:
953:. Archived from
947:"Kinetoplastida"
943:
937:
936:
934:
932:
922:"Kinetoplastida"
918:
912:
911:
901:
892:(5): 1861–1875.
877:
871:
870:
868:
866:
851:
845:
844:
842:
840:
825:
819:
818:
816:
814:
803:
797:
796:
794:
792:
778:
772:
771:
769:
767:
760:"Kinetoplastida"
755:
749:
748:
746:
744:
733:
724:
723:
703:
694:
691:
685:
684:
676:
648:
631:
614:
597:Leishmania major
450:
444:
436:
427:
416:
407:
396:
387:
385:Rhynchomonadidae
378:
369:
356:
354:Ichthyobodonidae
347:
338:
329:
320:
243:Trypanosomatidae
199:) is a group of
178:
99:
57:
56:
33:
21:
20:
3286:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3239:
3234:
3226:
3221:
3213:
3208:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3165:
3157:
3152:
3144:
3139:
3131:
3129:
3121:
3116:
3108:
3103:
3095:
3090:
3082:
3077:
3069:
3064:
3056:
3051:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3008:
2998:
2973:
2942:Trichomonadidae
2937:Tricercomitidae
2891:Cristamonadida
2875:
2869:Trichonymphidae
2864:Teratonymphidae
2813:
2802:Chilomastigidae
2792:Retortamonadida
2741:
2722:Carpediemonadea
2716:
2694:
2679:
2662:
2586:
2565:
2556:Ancyromonadidae
2520:
2516:Malawimonadidae
2473:
2444:
2374:
2343:
2283:
2258:
2237:
2231:Sphenomonadidae
2221:Sphenomonadidae
2186:
2180:Sphenomonadidae
2175:Petalomonadidae
2171:Petalomonadida
2143:
2132:Trypanosomatida
2073:
2047:
2043:Trypanophididae
2038:Bordnamonadidae
2020:
2009:Eupelagonemidae
1972:
1921:
1900:
1874:Percolomonadida
1811:
1768:
1752:Neovahlkampfiea
1747:
1715:
1685:
1674:
1653:
1641:Tsukubamonadida
1611:
1546:
1537:
1536:
1452:
1430:
1421:
1416:
1374:
1360:
1355:
1316:(5924): 265–8.
1302:
1298:
1253:
1249:
1197:
1191:
1187:
1150:
1146:
1109:
1105:
1068:
1064:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1021:
1017:
1010:
996:
992:
982:
980:
979:. NCBI Taxonomy
975:
974:
970:
960:
958:
945:
944:
940:
930:
928:
920:
919:
915:
878:
874:
864:
862:
853:
852:
848:
838:
836:
829:"Kinetoplastea"
827:
826:
822:
812:
810:
807:"Kinetoplastea"
805:
804:
800:
790:
788:
782:"Kinetoplastea"
780:
779:
775:
765:
763:
756:
752:
742:
740:
735:
734:
727:
720:
704:
697:
692:
688:
677:
668:
664:
657:
649:
640:
632:
623:
615:
606:
557:
540:
517:
501:RNA polymerases
489:
483:
475:golgi apparatus
463:
327:Trypanophididae
318:Bordnamonadidae
302:
282:
277:
177:Kinetoplastida
158:Trypanosomatida
121:Trypanophididae
115:Bordnamonadidae
98:
51:
24:Kinetoplastida
17:
12:
11:
5:
3284:
3283:
3272:
3271:
3269:Kinetoplastids
3266:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3232:
3219:
3206:
3201:Kinetoplastida
3191:
3175:
3173:
3171:Kinetoplastida
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3150:
3137:
3127:
3114:
3101:
3088:
3075:
3062:
3049:
3034:
3018:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2952:Dientamoebidae
2946:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2927:Trichomonadida
2924:
2923:
2922:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2900:Devescovinidae
2897:
2889:
2887:Hexamastigidae
2883:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2849:Hoplonymphidae
2846:
2844:Burmanymphidae
2838:Trichonymphida
2834:
2832:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2797:Caviomonadidae
2789:
2788:
2787:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2768:Spironucleidae
2765:
2760:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2726:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2690:Anaeramoebidae
2686:
2680:
2675:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2646:Pyrsonymphidae
2643:
2641:Polymastigidae
2638:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2607:
2605:
2596:
2587:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2561:Planomonadidae
2558:
2552:
2550:
2548:Ancyromonadida
2541:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2503:Malawimonadida
2496:
2487:
2474:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2384:
2382:
2380:Euglenophyceae
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2368:Peranemataceae
2362:
2361:
2360:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2337:Neometanemidae
2334:
2329:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2298:
2296:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2274:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2252:Entosiphonidae
2248:Entosiphonida
2245:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2217:Heterostavida
2215:
2214:
2213:
2211:Lentomonadidae
2208:
2203:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2168:
2166:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
1995:
1993:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1942:
1940:
1931:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1857:Vahlkampfiidae
1851:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1821:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1783:
1781:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1734:
1732:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1702:
1700:
1693:
1692:Pharyngomonada
1686:
1681:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1634:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1578:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1547:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1527:Mesomycetozoea
1524:
1519:
1509:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1463:Diaphoretickes
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1373:
1372:External links
1370:
1369:
1368:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1296:
1261:Res. Microbiol
1247:
1185:
1164:(3): 226–232.
1144:
1103:
1062:
1041:
1015:
1008:
990:
968:
938:
913:
872:
846:
820:
798:
773:
750:
725:
718:
695:
686:
665:
663:
660:
659:
658:
650:
643:
641:
633:
626:
624:
616:
609:
605:
602:
566:Chagas disease
556:
553:
539:
536:
532:microfilaments
516:
513:
485:Main article:
482:
479:
462:
459:
458:
457:
456:
455:
454:
453:
441:
440:
439:
421:
420:
419:
408:Vickerman 2004
401:
400:
399:
390:
379:Vickerman 2004
370:Vickerman 2004
363:
362:
361:
360:
359:
348:Vickerman 2004
339:Vickerman 2004
332:
323:
301:
300:Classification
298:
281:
278:
276:
273:
189:Kinetoplastida
184:
183:
182:
181:
172:
171:
165:
164:
163:
162:
161:
160:
155:
150:
145:
135:
134:
133:
123:
117:
108:
107:
103:
102:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
45:
44:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3282:
3281:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3058:Kinetoplastea
3054:
3050:
3045:
3044:Kinetoplastea
3039:
3035:
3030:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3014:Kinetoplastea
3011:
3007:
3002:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2895:Calonymphidae
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2880:Trichomonadea
2878:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:Trichonymphea
2829:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2753:Diplomonadida
2751:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2624:Trimastigidae
2622:
2621:
2620:Trimastigida
2619:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2603:Anaeromonadea
2600:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2580:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2494:Malawimonadea
2491:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2467:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2411:Eutreptiaceae
2409:
2408:
2407:Eutreptiales
2406:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2364:Peranematida
2363:
2359:
2358:Teloproctidae
2356:
2355:
2354:Acroglissida
2353:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2323:Natomonadida
2322:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:Petalomonadea
2163:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2108:Parabodonidae
2106:
2105:
2104:Parabodonida
2103:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2088:Allobodonidae
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2068:
2067:Perkinselidae
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2026:Kinetoplastea
2023:
2015:
2014:Hemistasiidae
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1967:
1966:Postgaardidae
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1915:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1817:Heterolobosea
1814:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1790:Gruberellidae
1788:
1787:
1786:Lyromonadida
1785:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1741:Selenaionidae
1739:
1738:
1737:Selenaionida
1736:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1672:Discicristata
1668:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1624:Tsukubamonada
1622:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1597:Moramonadidae
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1540:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1490:Stramenopiles
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1453:(major groups
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1267:(6): 459–66.
1266:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1208:(9): 3671–6.
1207:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1058:
1052:
1044:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1019:
1011:
1005:
1001:
994:
978:
972:
956:
952:
948:
942:
927:
923:
917:
909:
905:
900:
895:
891:
887:
883:
876:
860:
856:
850:
834:
830:
824:
808:
802:
787:
783:
777:
761:
754:
738:
732:
730:
721:
715:
711:
710:
702:
700:
690:
682:
675:
673:
671:
666:
655:
654:
647:
642:
638:
637:
630:
625:
621:
620:
613:
608:
607:
601:
599:
598:
593:
589:
588:
583:
582:
577:
576:leishmaniasis
573:
572:
567:
563:
552:
550:
545:
535:
533:
530:
526:
522:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
488:
478:
476:
472:
468:
448:
447:
442:
437:BĂĽtschli 1883
435:
431:
430:
426:
422:
415:
414:Parabodonidae
411:
410:
406:
402:
395:
391:
386:
382:
381:
377:
373:
372:
368:
364:
355:
351:
350:
346:
342:
341:
337:
333:
328:
325:Family ?
324:
319:
316:Family ?
315:
314:
313:
311:
307:
297:
295:
294:Lynn Margulis
291:
287:
272:
270:
269:
264:
263:
258:
254:
253:
248:
244:
240:
236:
231:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
209:
205:
202:
198:
194:
193:Kinetoplastea
190:
176:
175:
173:
170:
166:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
140:
139:
136:
132:
129:
128:
127:
124:
122:
118:
116:
112:
111:
109:
106:Subdivisions
104:
97:
96:Kinetoplastea
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
67:
64:
61:
60:
55:
50:
46:
42:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3170:
3013:
2712:Kipferliidae
2636:Oxymonadidae
2594:Anaeromonada
2540:Planomonadea
2307:Anisonemidae
2276:
2269:
2242:Entosiphonea
2206:Keelungiidae
2201:Decastavidae
2197:Decastavida
2093:Neobodonidae
2084:Neobodonida
2004:Diplonemidae
1961:Calkinsiidae
1956:Postgaardida
1949:Bihospitidae
1945:Bihospitida
1853:Tetramitida
1847:Naegleriidae
1842:Tulamoebidae
1773:Eutetramitia
1607:Stygiellidae
1582:Andaluciidae
1512:Opisthokonta
1364:
1358:Bibliography
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541:
521:microtubules
518:
515:Cytoskeleton
509:cytoskeletal
490:
464:
451:Doflein 1901
405:Parabodonida
394:Neobodonidae
303:
283:
266:
260:
250:
247:paraphyletic
232:
192:
188:
187:
148:Parabodonida
95:
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18:
3210:iNaturalist
3195:Wikispecies
3038:Wikispecies
2823:Parabasalia
2785:Dysnectidae
2773:Hexamitidae
2763:Octomitidae
2746:Eopharyngia
2631:Oxymonadida
2533:Planomonada
2423:Euglenaceae
2332:Distigmidae
2302:Anisonemida
2227:Ploeotiida
1999:Diplonemida
1982:Glycomonada
1938:Postgaardea
1929:Postgaardia
1879:Barbeliidae
1837:Naegleriida
1780:Lyromonadea
1602:Ophirinidae
1587:Histionidae
653:Trypanosoma
571:Trypanosoma
511:structure.
487:Kinetoplast
376:Neobodonida
219:kinetoplast
217:called the
201:flagellated
143:Neobodonida
86:Glycomonada
82:Subphylum:
3258:Categories
2780:Dysnectida
2758:Giardiidae
2584:Metamonada
2418:Euglenales
2327:Astasiidae
2295:Anisonemea
1991:Diplonemea
1919:Euglenozoa
1724:Tetramitia
1683:Percolozoa
983:22 January
961:22 January
931:22 January
865:22 January
839:22 January
813:22 January
791:22 January
743:22 January
662:References
581:Leishmania
555:Life cycle
505:basal body
467:eukaryotic
461:Morphology
330:Poche 1911
268:Leishmania
211:Euglenozoa
76:Euglenozoa
43:parasites
3186:Q21446856
3066:AlgaeBase
2700:Fornicata
2677:Trichozoa
2438:Phacaceae
2391:Rapazidae
2387:Rapazida
2348:Peranemea
2288:Spirocuta
2157:Euglenida
2125:Bodonidae
1867:Creneidae
1863:Creneida
1830:Acrasidae
1592:Jakobidae
1507:Amoebozoa
1485:Alveolata
1473:Cryptista
1448:Eukaryota
1051:cite book
619:Cryptobia
549:cytostome
434:Bodonidae
365:Subclass
334:Subclass
262:Cryptobia
239:Bodonidae
227:parasites
215:organelle
66:Eukaryota
3180:Wikidata
3023:Wikidata
2511:Imasidae
2485:Neolouka
2471:Loukozoa
2271:Hemiolia
2191:Alistosa
2120:Bodonida
1825:Acrasida
1632:Tsukubea
1574:Jakobida
1557:Jakobida
1502:Amorphea
1480:Rhizaria
1468:Hacrobia
1458:Excavata
1443:Bacteria
1419:Excavata
1348:19359589
1291:26027775
1242:21321215
1180:18814685
1158:Parasite
1139:15388756
1098:21030427
951:Metalife
908:15388756
544:bodonida
538:Flagella
425:Bodonida
275:Taxonomy
257:bacteria
204:protists
169:Synonyms
153:Bodonida
72:Phylum:
62:Domain:
3110:7687234
3029:Q131630
2278:Liburna
2263:Karavia
1884:Lulidae
1731:Lunosea
1565:Jakobea
1544:Discoba
1517:Animals
1438:Archaea
1339:2729066
1318:Bibcode
1310:Science
1233:3048101
1210:Bibcode
604:Gallery
592:meiosis
471:nucleus
432:Family
412:Family
392:Family
383:Family
352:Family
280:History
195:, as a
92:Class:
3241:228307
3215:342761
3159:562565
3146:192260
3130:NZOR:
3097:1KINEC
3071:141996
1495:Plants
1432:Domain
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1230:
1178:
1137:
1096:
1039:
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716:
574:, and
493:genome
423:Order
403:Order
374:Order
343:Order
208:phylum
3228:43814
3154:WoRMS
3118:IRMNG
1522:Fungi
1198:(PDF)
529:actin
507:by a
290:order
286:taxon
197:class
3223:ITIS
3123:1043
3105:GBIF
3092:EPPO
1344:PMID
1287:PMID
1238:PMID
1176:PMID
1135:PMID
1094:PMID
1057:link
1037:ISBN
1004:ISBN
985:2015
963:2015
933:2015
904:PMID
867:2015
841:2015
815:2015
793:2015
768:2013
745:2015
714:ISBN
636:Bodo
564:and
499:and
308:and
252:Bodo
191:(or
3079:CoL
3053:AFD
1334:PMC
1326:doi
1314:324
1277:hdl
1269:doi
1265:166
1228:PMC
1218:doi
1206:108
1166:doi
1125:doi
1084:doi
1033:158
926:EOL
894:doi
786:EOL
656:sp.
639:sp.
622:sp.
497:DNA
223:DNA
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