258:
31:
438:. The Oneida leased nearly 5 million acres (20,000 km) to Colonel John Livingston for 999 years. Conflicting claims were made on many of the Iroquois lands, and much of the land was lost to the state of New York because the Iroquois were forced to cede land, as the majority had been allies of the defeated British.
465:
By 1789, Cook had settled at
Akwesasne, where he became an influential chief. The Mohawk reserve eventually established there spans the New York (US)-Quebec (Canada) border and the St. Lawrence River. He argued that the St. Regis Indians (as they were called in New York) and the Seven Nations should
452:
Despite his shortcomings in the Oneida land negotiations, between 1792 and 1796 Cook was selected by the Seven
Nations of Canada on six separate occasions to represent them in land negotiations with New York state. The negotiations were related to lands sold by the people of two villages, Grand River
79:
village south of
Montreal. They were adopted by a Mohawk family. His mother soon died and he served Catholic missionaries, learning French. He became an influential leader among the Mohawk and distinguished himself as a warrior for their allies the French during the
461:
and
Kahnawake, then considered two of the Seven Nations, denied that those villages had the right to sell what was common Mohawk land in New York. Ultimately, New York prevailed in keeping control of the land, and the division between Cook and Brant was deepened.
282:
nations sided with the
British during the American Revolution, hoping to expel the colonists from their lands, Cook allied with the Thirteen Colonies, as did the Oneida and Tuscarora. As early as 1775, he offered his services to General
240:
Following the war, Cook returned to
Caughnawaga and married Marie-Charlotte. As he never fully accepted the British victory and found his homeland increasingly overrun by American colonists, he moved with his family to
481:. He was involved in a skirmish and fell from his horse. The injuries proved fatal; he died in the American camp in October 1814. Cook was given a military salute at his funeral, and was buried near
267:
103:
warriors, who were allied with the rebels, against the
British in some actions. After the war, he settled in central New York State, where he became an important adviser to the
1020:
384:
during the
Revolution. It is the only known Continental Army commission given to a man of known African descent. Colonel Louis led a Native American delegation to greet
446:
1025:
1040:
800:
748:
776:
1085:
1015:
385:
1035:
143:
south of
Montreal. Cook was formally adopted by a Mohawk family and assimilated into the tribe; he grew up learning their culture and language. In the
1060:
449:, but generally did not yield much to the Oneida representatives. Today, Cook has been criticized for negotiating bad land deals for the Oneida.
477:
Although too elderly to participate in the War of 1812, Cook followed the United States Army into Canada during the war; he was present at the
403:, a Mohawk who supported the British. When each returned to their homes after the war, their personal conflict divided the Mohawk nation. The
1075:
1010:
1070:
1065:
111:
to negotiate with the government of New York state in trying to achieve more justice in postwar land deals. He later settled at
474:; he was released after producing proof of his commission in the Continental Army, as well as letters from George Washington.
1095:
1055:
927:
880:
Too Many Chiefs, Not Enough
Indians. The History of the Three Chief System and the Constitution of the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe
234:
139:, but the Mohawk intervened and saved him. They took the boy and his mother with them when they returned to their village of
92:
636:
1080:
635:
Washington describes "Colonel Louis" in a note as the principal of the "French Caghnawaga tribe". His note is available
381:
970:
896:
846:
730:
342:
while General Rensselaer delayed. Infuriated, Colonel Louis shook his sword at Rensselaer and accused him of being a
151:, translates as "he unhangs himself from the group." Over the years, Cook also learned French, as he was educated by
17:
797:
745:
445:
for a return of, or compensation for, their land. Governor Clinton made some minor concessions to the Oneida in the
1050:
308:
388:
in 1780, where some officers noted he spoke French with no discernible accent. Louis was with Lieutenant-Colonel
91:, Cook supported the American colonists and joined their fight against the British. He became the highest-ranking
1030:
442:
343:
135:, the family was taken captive in a French-Mohawk raid in 1745. A French officer planned to keep the boy as a
470:
between the US and Great Britain. The United States forgot Cook's earlier service and detained the Mohawk at
211:
919:
654:
454:
368:
The nickname of "Colonel Louis" was made fact on June 15, 1779, when Cook received a commission from the
335:
88:
478:
300:
207:
704:
158:
Later he learned English as well. Among English-language records, he is most often referred to as
1090:
404:
354:
132:
108:
68:
365:
sent Cook to destroy British ships at Niagara in order to prevent another Canadian expedition.
916:
Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness: American Art from the Yale University Art Gallery
687:
537:
115:, eventually a formal Mohawk reserve that straddles the New York, USA-Quebec, Canada borders.
961:
The Divided Ground: Indians, Settlers, and the Northern Borderland of the American Revolution
331:
187:
81:
1045:
369:
358:
230:
573:
8:
640:
434:
Cook convinced the Oneida to lease their lands, using the example of the Mohawk tribe at
408:
393:
199:
191:
947:
411:, who were mostly emigrants from the New York colony, were brought to the brink of war.
311:, when he was already known as "Colonel Louis." Washington met again with Cook in 1776.
959:
428:
420:
373:
315:
246:
226:
215:
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516:
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because he could speak both French and English in addition to Oneida. While living at
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203:
981:
938:
377:
339:
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292:
219:
195:
152:
96:
60:
361:, after hearing the officer singing a French aria. In March of that year, General
836:
804:
752:
389:
362:
304:
288:
144:
623:
262:
104:
1004:
939:"To Colonel Louis Cook and Jacob Francis of the St.Regis Indians, 5 May 1808"
272:
183:
100:
76:
52:
37:
71:, he and his mother were taken captive in a French-Mohawk raid and taken to
471:
424:
400:
350:
323:
268:
The Death of General Montgomery in the Attack on Quebec, December 31, 1775
467:
296:
229:, where he was praised by General Montcalm. He was also present at the
441:
The Oneida named Cook and Peter Otsequette to negotiate with Governor
458:
435:
431:, Cook married Marguerite Thewanihattha. They had several children.
242:
140:
112:
72:
257:
396:
in 1781, one of the last North American battles of the Revolution.
279:
56:
906:
182:
Cook lived in the Mohawk village of Kahnawake. He fought with the
128:
64:
63:
during the American Revolution. Born to an African father and an
30:
27:
Iroquois leader and commissioned officer in the Continental Army
688:
Darren Bonaparte, "Colonel Louis at Oriskany and Valley Forge"
723:
America Goes to War: A Social History of the Continental Army
136:
538:
Darren Bonaparte, "Louis Cook: A French and Indian Warrior"
423:
following the war. He became an influential adviser to the
798:"Oneida Nation of New York Conveyance of Lands Into Trust"
287:. Cook returned in January 1776 with a group to meet with
214:
in 1756. The same year, he was wounded in a skirmish with
746:
Oneida Nation of New York Conveyance of Lands Into Trust
399:
During the war, Cook became a personal enemy of Captain
131:
mother and Black father; while living in what is today
457:, who were led by Joseph Brant. The Mohawk peoples of
198:, later wrote that Cook was at the battle against the
1021:
American military personnel killed in the War of 1812
380:. This commission was the highest rank awarded to an
186:
on the side of the French against the British in the
988:. Darren Bonaparte (trans.). New York State Archives
533:
531:
529:
99:, achieving the rank of lieutenant colonel. He led
958:
1002:
913:
626:, Mother Bedford Website, accessed 13 April 2009
526:
407:of Canada and the Iroquois at what would be the
1026:Continental Army officers from New York (state)
202:in 1755 (the Braddock party included the young
1041:Indigenous people of the French and Indian War
225:Cook was given his first command in the 1758
1086:Native American people from New York (state)
1016:African Americans in the American Revolution
777:African Americans in the American Revolution
763:
761:
1036:Native Americans in the American Revolution
860:
858:
841:. University of Toronto Press. p. 61.
511:
509:
507:
357:wrote of meeting Cook, dressed in American
314:In New York, Louis Cook was present at the
278:Although the Mohawk and three other of the
118:
877:
758:
725:. New York University Press. p. 99.
979:
886:
855:
755:, Department of Indian Affairs, pg 3-159
720:
504:
256:
177:
29:
1061:People from Montgomery County, New York
608:
578:Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
353:in the winter of 1777. In spring 1778,
59:leader and commissioned officer in the
14:
1003:
956:
949:Border Wars of the American Revolution
807:pg 3-168, Department of Indian Affairs
569:
567:
565:
563:
561:
559:
349:Cook was with the Continental Army at
252:
155:Catholic missionaries in the village.
40:sketched this pencil drawing in 1785.
945:
936:
891:. New York: Oxford University Press.
889:The Indian World of George Washington
652:
834:
624:"1776: The Chapter Closes On Canada"
455:Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory, Ontario
338:, Cook forded a river in pursuit of
1076:Native Americans in the War of 1812
599:"Louis Cook: A “Colonel” of Truth?"
556:
261:Colonel Louis defiantly raises his
24:
1011:Native American military personnel
721:Neimeyer, Charles Patrick (1997).
705:"The Missions of Atiatonharongwen"
659:Journal of the American Revolution
655:"Native Americans at Valley Forge"
190:, the North American front of the
25:
1107:
653:Boyle, Joseph Lee (10 Nov 2020).
166:. He is sometimes referred to as
982:"The Life of Colonel Louis Cook"
980:Williams, Rev. Eleazer (1851).
838:The Iroquois in the War of 1812
828:
819:
810:
791:
782:
770:
739:
714:
697:
681:
672:
646:
629:
1071:People from Onondaga, New York
1066:People from Sterling, New York
914:Cooper, Helen A., ed. (2008).
617:
591:
582:
547:
495:
107:. He represented them and the
13:
1:
965:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
871:
414:
245:, a Mohawk village along the
35:Colonel Louis of the Oneidas.
1096:Black Native American people
1056:Indigenous leaders in Quebec
419:Cook settled in the area of
7:
986:Papers of Franklin B. Hough
920:Yale University Art Gallery
233:in 1760, serving under the
10:
1112:
1081:African-American Catholics
946:Stone, William L. (1900).
918:. New Haven, Connecticut:
887:Calloway, Colin G (2018).
878:Bonaparte, Darren (2007).
864:Williams (see link, below)
318:, and participated in the
89:American Revolutionary War
322:. He led a large body of
249:in what was then Quebec.
194:. A friend and minister,
952:. New York: A. L. Fowle.
711:, accessed 13 April 2009
605:, accessed 13 April 2009
488:
301:Cambridge, Massachusetts
295:and with Washington and
119:Early life and education
1051:Native American leaders
447:Treaty of Fort Schuyler
355:Peter Stephen DuPonceau
336:Battle of Klock's Field
330:warriors under General
133:Schuylerville, New York
109:Seven Nations of Canada
69:Schuylerville, New York
1031:American Mohawk people
479:Battle of Lundy's Lane
466:remain neutral in the
309:expedition into Quebec
275:
67:mother in what is now
41:
957:Taylor, Alan (2006).
332:Robert Van Rensselaer
260:
212:Battle of Fort Oswego
188:French and Indian War
178:French and Indian War
82:French and Indian War
51:(died October 1814) (
33:
779:, Buzzle.com website
574:"Colonel Louis Cook"
370:Continental Congress
231:Battle of Sainte-Foy
206:), and served under
937:Jefferson, Thomas.
835:Benn, Carl (1998).
694:, 30 September 2005
641:Library of Congress
544:, 16 September 2005
409:Six Nations Reserve
394:Battle of Johnstown
253:American Revolution
200:Braddock expedition
803:2009-04-20 at the
751:2009-04-20 at the
703:Bonaparte, Darren
678:Stone, pp. 121-122
597:Bonaparte, Darren
515:Darren Bonaparte,
421:Sterling, New York
386:General Rochambeau
374:lieutenant colonel
316:Battle of Oriskany
276:
247:St. Lawrence River
235:Chevalier de Levis
227:Battle of Carillon
42:
929:978-0-300-12289-3
709:Wampum Chronicles
692:Wampum Chronicles
603:Wampum Chronicles
542:Wampum Chronicles
521:Wampum Chronicles
517:"Too Many Chiefs"
483:Buffalo, New York
320:Saratoga Campaign
303:. Cook was with
285:George Washington
204:George Washington
168:Joseph Louis Cook
125:Nia-man-rigounant
123:Cook was born as
18:Joseph Louis Cook
16:(Redirected from
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378:Continental Army
340:Sir John Johnson
334:. Following the
220:Fort Ticonderoga
208:General Montcalm
196:Eleazer Williams
192:Seven Years' War
149:Akiatonharónkwen
97:Continental Army
61:Continental Army
49:Akiatonharónkwen
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382:American Indian
363:Philip Schuyler
305:Benedict Arnold
289:Philip Schuyler
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216:Rogers' Rangers
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147:, he was named
145:Mohawk language
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95:officer in the
93:Native American
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990:. Retrieved
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662:. Retrieved
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476:
472:Fort Niagara
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451:
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425:Oneida tribe
418:
401:Joseph Brant
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351:Valley Forge
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172:Joseph Lewis
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124:
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86:
48:
44:
43:
34:
1046:1814 deaths
992:19 December
825:Taylor, 345
767:Taylor, 173
553:Taylor, 172
501:Taylor, 169
468:War of 1812
359:regimentals
87:During the
1005:Categories
907:2017028686
872:References
588:Cooper, 84
415:Later life
297:John Adams
160:Louis Cook
55:), was an
45:Louis Cook
639:from the
459:Akwesasne
436:Kahnawake
243:Akwesasne
141:Kahnawake
113:Akwesasne
73:Kahnawake
801:Archived
749:Archived
429:Onondaga
280:Iroquois
263:Tomahawk
57:Iroquois
392:at the
376:in the
328:Tuscora
307:on his
210:at the
129:Abenaki
65:Abenaki
969:
926:
905:
895:
845:
729:
664:10 Nov
637:online
523:, p. 6
324:Oneida
293:Albany
153:Jesuit
127:to an
105:Oneida
101:Oneida
77:Mohawk
53:Mohawk
489:Notes
372:as a
218:near
137:slave
47:, or
994:2008
967:ISBN
924:ISBN
903:LCCN
893:ISBN
843:ISBN
727:ISBN
666:2020
453:and
344:Tory
326:and
75:, a
299:at
291:in
271:by
265:in
170:or
162:or
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346:.
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222:.
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84:.
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
