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well-defended feudal liberties. Behind his numerous reforms lay a comprehensive program influenced by the doctrines of enlightened absolutism, natural law, mercantilism, and physiocracy. With a goal of establishing a uniform legal framework to replace heterogeneous traditional structures, the reforms were guided at least implicitly by the principles of freedom and equality and were based on a conception of the state's central legislative authority. Joseph's accession marks a major break since the preceding reforms under Maria
Theresa had not challenged these structures, but there was no similar break at the end of the Josephinian era. The reforms initiated by Joseph II were continued to varying degrees under his successor Leopold and later successors, and given an absolute and comprehensive "Austrian" form in the Allgemeine Bürgerliche Gesetzbuch of 1811. They have been seen as providing a foundation for subsequent reforms extending into the 20th century, handled by much better politicians than Joseph II.
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The ordinary people were not happy. They loathed the
Emperor's interference in every detail of their daily lives. As it seems, Joseph was reforming the policies of the Habsburg empire based on his own criteria and personal inclinations rather than for the good of the people. From many of Joseph's regulations, enforced by the secret police, it looked to the Austrians as though Joseph were trying to reform their characters as well as their institutions. Only a few weeks before Joseph's death, the director of the Imperial Police reported to him: "All classes, and even those who have the greatest respect for the sovereign, are discontented and indignant."
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Beales, appearing over three decades and based on exhaustive searches in many archives. Beales looks at the emperor's personality, with its arbitrary behavior and mixture of affability and irascibility. Beales shows that Joseph genuinely appreciated Mozart's music and greatly admired his operas. Like most other scholars, Beales has a negative view of Joseph's foreign policies. Beales finds that Joseph was despotic in the sense of transgressing established constitutions and rejecting sound advice, but not despotic in the sense of any gross abuse of power.
1030:. Rentals paid by peasants were to be regulated by officials of the crown and taxes were levied upon all income derived from land. The landlords, however, found their economic position threatened, and eventually reversed the policy. Indeed, in Hungary and Transylvania, the resistance of the magnates was such that Joseph had to content himself for a while with halfway measures. Of the five million Hungarians, 40,000 were nobles, of whom 4,000 were magnates who owned and ruled the land; most of the remainder were serfs legally tied to particular estates.
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he portrayed Joseph as a
Liberal hero. The Russian scholar Pavel Pavlovich Mitrofanov published a thorough biography in 1907 that set the standard for a century after it was translated into German in 1910. The Mitrofanov interpretation was highly damaging to Joseph: he was not a populist emperor and his liberalism was a myth; Joseph was not inspired by the ideas of the Enlightenment but by pure power politics. He was more despot than his mother. Dogmatism and impatience were the reasons for his failures.
747:) and began to draw up minutes for his mother to read. These papers contain the germs of his later policy, and of all the disasters that finally overtook him. He was a friend to religious toleration, anxious to reduce the power of the church, to relieve the peasantry of feudal burdens, and to remove restrictions on trade and knowledge. In these, he did not differ from Frederick, or his own brother and successor Leopold II, all enlightened rulers of the 18th century. He tried to liberate
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821:, whose conversation with Frederick may be said to mark the starting point of the First Partition of Poland. To this and to every other measure which promised to extend the dominions of his house, Joseph gave hearty approval. Thus, when Frederick fell severely ill in 1775, Joseph assembled an army in Bohemia which, in the event of Frederick's death, was to advance into Prussia and demand Silesia (a territory Frederick had conquered from Maria Theresa in the
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770:. As an absolutist ruler, however, he was also convinced of his right to speak for the state uncontrolled by laws, and of the wisdom of his own rule. He had also inherited from his mother the belief of the House of Austria in its "August" quality and its claim to acquire whatever it found desirable for its power or profit. He was unable to understand that his philosophical plans for the moulding of humanity could meet with pardonable opposition.
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944:, a Swedish general who had been favored at the courts of both Marie Antoinette and Joseph. The attempt failed after the King was recognized from the back of a coin. Marie Antoinette became increasingly desperate for help from her homeland, even giving French military secrets to Austria. Nevertheless, even though Austria was at war with France at the time, it refused to directly help the by now completely estranged French Queen.
1037:, 1784–1785, in which over a hundred nobles were killed, the emperor acted. His Imperial Patent of 1785 abolished serfdom but did not give the peasants ownership of the land or freedom from dues owed to the landowning nobles. It did give them personal freedom. Emancipation of the peasants from the Kingdom of Hungary promoted the growth of a new class of taxable landholders, but it did not abolish the deep-seated ills of
1217:
987:(1739–1813) introduced a uniform system of accounting for state revenues, expenditures, and debts of the territories of the Austrian crown. Austria was more successful than France in meeting regular expenditures and in gaining credit. However, the events of Joseph II's last years also suggest that the government was financially vulnerable to the European wars that ensued after 1792.
1669:(1934). Padover celebrated Joseph's radicalism, saying his "war against feudal privileges" made him one of the great "liberators of humanity". Joseph's failures were attributed to his impatience and lack of tact, and his unnecessary military adventures, but despite all this Padover claimed the emperor was the greatest of all Enlightenment monarchs. While Padover depicted a sort of
610:. Isabella was fearful of pregnancy and early death, largely a result of the early loss of her mother. Her own pregnancy proved especially difficult as she suffered symptoms of pain, illness and melancholy both during and afterward, though Joseph attended to her and tried to comfort her. She remained bedridden for six weeks after their daughter's birth.
1235:(the central Catholic act of worship) was celebrated. Opponents of the reforms blamed them for revealing Protestant tendencies, with the rise of Enlightenment rationalism and the emergence of a liberal class of bourgeois officials. Anti-clericalism emerged and persisted, while the traditional Catholics were energized in opposition to the emperor.
1364:, including an offensive clause to be used against the Ottomans. This was a significant diplomatic development, as it neutralised the previous Russian-Prussian alliance which had threatened the monarchy into peace during the War of the Bavarian Succession. The agreement with Russia would later lead Austria into the expensive and largely futile
1321:'s library, the archivist took Joseph to a dark room containing religious documents and lamented the lack of light which prevented Joseph from being able to read them. Joseph put the man at rest by saying "Ah, when it comes to theology, there is never much light." Thus, Joseph was undoubtedly a much laxer Catholic than his mother.
847:. Real fighting was averted by the unwillingness of Frederick to embark on a new war and by Maria Theresa's determination to maintain peace. However, the war cost Joseph most of his influence over the other German princes, who were wary of his potential designs on their lands, and looked to Frederick as their protector.
933:. Joseph kept an eye on the development of the revolution, and became actively involved in the planning of a rescue attempt. These plans failed, however, either due to Marie Antoinette's refusal to leave her children behind in favor of a faster carriage or Louis XVI's reluctance to become a fugitive king.
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concludes that despite his many setbacks, Joseph's reign "represented a decisive phase in the process of the modernization of the
Austrian Monarchy". The failures came because he "simply wanted to do too much, too fast". Szabo concludes that by far the most important scholarship on Joseph is by Derek
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In 1888, Hungarian historian Henrik
Marczali published a three-volume study of Joseph, the first important modern scholarly work on his reign, and the first to make systematic use of archival research. Marczali was Jewish and a product of the bourgeois-liberal school of historiography in Hungary, and
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would live on through the
Austrian Enlightenment. To an extent, Joseph II's enlightenment beliefs were exaggerated by the author of what Beales called the "false Constantinople letters". Long considered genuine writings of Joseph II, these forged works have erroneously augmented the emperor's memory
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of
Austria, which applied to all citizens equally, was published on 1 November 1786 after 10 years working on it since 1776. § 1: "Every subject expects from the territorial prince security and protection, so it is the duty of the territorial prince, the rights of subjects to determine clearly and to
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to Vienna, where he gave the keys of the chest in which the Crown was locked to the Crown guards Joseph
Keglević and Miklos Nádasdy. Joseph refrained from staging a coronation, that later resulted in him earning the nickname "kalapos király" ("King with a hat") in Hungary, and Ferenc Széchényi pulled
1471:
principate and the traditions of jurisdiction and administration. In the place of provincial autonomy, he established an unlimited centralism, which reduced
Lombardy politically and economically to a fringe area of the Empire. As a reaction to these radical changes, the middle-class reformers shifted
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Nobility throughout his empire was largely opposed to his policies on taxes and his egalitarian and despotic attitudes. In the
Austrian Netherlands and Hungary everyone resented the way he tried to do away with all regional government, and to subordinate everything to his own personal rule in Vienna.
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Progressively ill with smallpox and strained by sudden childbirth and tragedy, Isabella died the following week. The loss of his beloved wife and their newborn child was devastating for Joseph, after which he felt keenly reluctant to remarry, though he dearly loved his daughter and remained a devoted
399:; however, his commitment to secularizing, liberalizing and modernizing reforms resulted in significant opposition, which resulted in failure to fully implement his programs. Meanwhile, despite making some territorial gains, his reckless foreign policy badly isolated Austria. He has been ranked with
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Multiple interferences with old customs began to produce unrest in all parts of his dominions. Meanwhile, Joseph threw himself into a succession of foreign policies, all aimed at aggrandizement, and all equally calculated to offend his neighbors—all taken up with zeal, and dropped in discouragement.
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Though Maria Josepha loved her husband, she felt timid and inferior in his company. Lacking common interests or pleasures, the relationship offered little for Joseph, who confessed he felt no love (nor attraction) for her in return. He adapted by distancing himself from his wife to the point of near
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By the 18th century, centralization was the trend in medicine because more and better-educated doctors were requesting improved facilities. Cities lacked the budgets to fund local hospitals, and the monarchy wanted to end costly epidemics and quarantines. Joseph attempted to centralize medical care
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To equalize the incidence of taxation, Joseph caused an appraisal of all the lands of the Habsburg monarchy to be made so that he might impose a single and egalitarian tax on land. The goal was to modernize the relationship of dependence between the landowners and peasantry, relieve some of the tax
1807:
defending Vienna's historic center were surrounded by a ditch and glacis about 500m wide, which were kept clear of vegetation and buildings for defensive purposes. Under Joseph the ditch was filled and carriage drives and walkways were built through the glacis, and the area planted with ornamental
1395:
was incorporated into the frontier in 1761 and the frontier regiments became the backbone of the military order, with the regimental commander exercising military and civilian power. "Populationistik" was the prevailing theory of colonization, which measured prosperity in terms of labor. Joseph II
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Almost immediately on the back of their newfound parenthood, the couple then endured two consecutive miscarriages—an ordeal particularly hard on Isabella—followed quickly by another pregnancy. Pregnancy was again provoking melancholy, fears and dread in Isabella. In November 1763, while six months
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In the cities, the new economic principles of the Enlightenment called for the destruction of the autonomous guilds, already weakened during the age of mercantilism. Joseph II's tax reforms and the institution of Katastralgemeinde (tax districts for the large estates) served this purpose, and new
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After the death of his father in 1765, he became emperor and was made co-regent by his mother in the Austrian dominions. As emperor, he had little true power, and his mother had resolved that neither her husband nor her son should ever deprive her of sovereign control in her hereditary dominions.
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Joseph set about building a rationalized, centralized, and uniform government for his diverse lands, a hierarchy under himself as a supreme autocrat. The personnel of government was expected to be imbued with the same dedicated spirit of service to the state that he himself had. It was recruited
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As a man of the Enlightenment he ridiculed the contemplative monastic orders, which he considered unproductive. Accordingly, he suppressed a third of the monasteries (over 700 were closed) and reduced the number of monks and nuns from 65,000 to 27,000. The Church's ecclesiastical tribunals were
1048:
The various commissions he established to formulate and carry out the reforms met resistance among the nobility, the peasantry, and some officials. Most of the reforms were abrogated shortly before or after Joseph's death in 1790; they were doomed to failure from the start because they tried to
1719:
tore down the monuments when it became independent in 1918. While the Czechs credited Joseph II with educational reforms, religious toleration, and the easing of censorship, they condemned his policies of centralization and Germanization that they blamed for causing a decline in Czech culture.
1696:
A new era of historiography began in the 1960s. American Paul Bernard rejected the German national, radical, and anticlerical images of Joseph and instead emphasized long-run continuities. He argued that Joseph's reforms were well suited to the needs of the day. Many failed because of economic
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Joseph's participation in the Ottoman war was reluctant, attributable not to his usual acquisitiveness, but rather to his close ties to Russia, which he saw as the necessary price to be paid for the security of his people. After initial defeats, the Austrians won a string of victories in 1789,
695:
Four months after the second anniversary of their wedding, Maria Josepha grew ill and died from smallpox. Joseph neither visited her during her illness nor attended her funeral, though he later expressed regret for not having shown her more kindness, respect, or warmth. One thing the union did
1522:) and Hungary, and his other dominions were restive under the burdens of his war with the Ottomans. His empire was threatened with dissolution, and he was forced to sacrifice some of his reform projects. On 30 January 1790, he formally withdrew all his reforms in Hungary except for three: the
1643:
P. G. M. Dickson noted that Joseph II rode roughshod over age-old aristocratic privileges, liberties, and prejudices, thereby creating for himself many enemies, and they triumphed in the end. Joseph's attempt to reform the Hungarian lands illustrates the weakness of absolutism in the face of
1065:
To produce a literate citizenry, elementary education was made compulsory for all boys and girls, and higher education on practical lines was offered for a select few. Joseph created scholarships for talented poor students and allowed the establishment of schools for Jews and other religious
840:, traveling under the name of "Count Falkenstein". He was well received and much flattered by the Encyclopedists, but his observations led him to predict the approaching downfall of the French monarchy, and he was not impressed favorably by the French army or navy.
913:
In 1789, he decreed that peasants must be paid in cash payments rather than labor obligations. These policies were violently rejected by the nobility, clergy, merchants and the peasants, since their barter economy lacked money. Joseph also abolished the
1510:). In Hungary, there was no codified civil code until 1959. The Crown was brought back to Hungary in 1790, on this occasion the people held a mass celebration. One reason for his refusal to be crowned with the Holy Crown of Hungary might have been that
1352:
from Russian influence. Mayer argues that Joseph was an excessively belligerent, expansionist leader, who sought to make the Habsburg monarchy the greatest of the European powers. His main goal was to acquire Bavaria, if necessary in exchange for the
1204:
and ordered to study in seminaries under government supervision, while bishops had to take a formal oath of loyalty to the crown. He financed the large increase in bishoprics, parishes, and secular clergy by extensive sales of monastic lands.
1701:
stressed profound contradictions inherent in his policies that made them a failure. For example, Joseph encouraged small-scale peasant holdings, thus retarding economic modernization that only the large estates could handle. French historian
972:
without favor for a class or ethnic origins, and promotion was solely by merit. To further uniformity, the emperor made German the compulsory language of official business throughout the Habsburg Monarchy, which affected especially the
1743:" of his time, Joseph was a lover and patron of the arts and is remembered as such. He was known as the "Musical King" and steered Austrian high culture towards a more Germanic orientation. He commissioned the German-language opera
1357:, but in 1778 and again in 1785 he was thwarted by King Frederick II of Prussia, whom he feared greatly; on the second occasion, a number of other German princes, wary of Joseph's designs on their lands, joined Frederick's side.
1328:, a region with a large Yiddish-speaking traditional Jewish population. The charter abolished communal autonomy whereby the Jews controlled their internal affairs; it promoted Germanization and the wearing of non-Jewish clothing.
548:. His practical training was conferred by government officials, who were directed to instruct him in the mechanical details of the administration of the numerous states composing the Austrian dominions and the Holy Roman Empire.
1376:, a key Turkish fortress in the Balkans. These victories however would not amount to any significant gains for the monarchy. Under the threat of Prussian intervention and with the worrying state of the revolution in France, the
990:
The Emperor also attempted to simplify the administration of his dominions, often a patchwork of states united in personal union by the Habsburg monarch. As an example, in 1786 he abolished the separate administration of the
1502:
guide the way of the actions how it is needed by universal and special prosperity." It is a clear distinction between the rights of subjects and the duties of the territorial prince and not vice versa. "Territorial prince" (
599:.) Joseph loved his bride, Isabella, finding her both stimulating and charming, and she sought with special care to cultivate his favor and affection. Isabella also found a best friend and confidant in her husband's sister,
1254:
The Secularization Decree issued on 12 January 1782 banned several monastic orders not involved in teaching or healing and liquidated 140 monasteries (home to 1484 monks and 190 nuns). The banned monastic orders: Jesuits,
1514:
had written in a letter to Charlemagne in 798: "And those people should not be listened to who keep saying the voice of the people is the voice of God, since the riotousness of the crowd is always very close to madness."
1467:(in northern Italy), the cautious reforms of Maria Theresa enjoyed support from local reformers. Joseph II, however, by creating a powerful imperial officialdom directed from Vienna, undercut the dominant position of the
1368:. Joseph II travelled with only a few servants on horseback as "Count Falkenstein". He preferred to stop at a regular inn—forcing Catherine II to convert a wing of her palace, cajoling her gardener to act as inn-keeper.
1246:
that were previously predominant in the monarchy. Limited religious freedom of worship was given to major non-Catholic Christian sects, although conversion from Catholicism was still restricted. This was followed by the
781:. The overweening character of the Emperor was obvious to Frederick II of Prussia, who, after their first interview in 1769, described him as ambitious, and as capable of setting the world on fire. The French minister
1078:, which opened in 1784. Centralization worsened sanitation problems, causing epidemics and a 20% death rate in the new hospital; the city nevertheless became preeminent in the medical field in the next century.
1487:
responded with a letter in German to Joseph II: "I write German, not because of the instruction, Your Grace, but because I have to do with a German citizen." The "German citizen" Joseph II let them bring the
1314:, as he found it highly compatible with his own Enlightenment philosophy, although he apparently never joined a Lodge himself. Freemasonry attracted many anticlericals and was condemned by the Church.
886:
He undertook the spread of education, the secularization of church lands, the reduction of the religious orders and the clergy, in general, to complete submission to the lay state, the issue of the
1437:. These plans also had to be given up in the face of the opposition of neighbors, and in particular of France. Then Joseph resumed his attempts to obtain Bavaria—this time by exchanging it for the
10409:
1188:
Joseph's policy of religious "toleration" was the most aggressive of any state in Europe. Probably the most unpopular of all his reforms was his attempted modernization of the highly traditional
1344:
The Habsburg Empire also had a policy of war, expansion, colonization and trade as well as exporting intellectual influences. While opposing Prussia and Turkey, Austria maintained its defensive
707:
and died. The loss of his daughter was deeply traumatic for him and left him grief-stricken and scarred. Lacking children, Joseph II was ultimately succeeded by his younger brother, who became
2454:
879:
The death of Maria Theresa on 29 November 1780 left Joseph free to pursue his own policy, and he immediately directed his government on a new course, attempting to realize his ideal of
1231:
Joseph sharply cut the number of holy days to be observed in the Habsburg monarchy and ordered ornamentation in churches to be reduced. He forcibly simplified the manner in which the
1310:
to pay him a visit in March 1782. Joseph received the Pope politely and showed himself a good Catholic, but refused to be influenced. On the other hand, Joseph was very friendly to
777:, the well educated Isabella of Parma, was handed over to him. Joseph appears to have been completely in love with her, but Isabella preferred the companionship of Joseph's sister,
902:, appeared "reasonable". He strove for administrative unity with characteristic haste to reach results without preparation. Joseph carried out measures of the emancipation of the
800:
of 1778–1779, but in the last resort the empress spoke the final word. Therefore, until the death of his mother in 1780, Joseph was never quite free to follow his own instincts.
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1396:
also stressed economic development. Habsburg influence was an essential factor in Balkan development in the last half of the 18th century, especially for the Serbs and Croats.
692:
total avoidance, seeing her only at meals and upon retiring to bed. Maria Josepha, in turn, suffered considerable misery in finding herself locked in a cold, loveless union.
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When Maria Theresa died, Joseph started issuing edicts, over 6,000 in all, plus 11,000 new laws designed to regulate and reorder every aspect of the empire. The spirit of
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Constituta regia quae regnante August, Imperatore et rege Apostol. Josepho II. politicorum Pars 1., 2. (1.) De publicorum negotiorum administratione, (2.) De Politia ...
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burden on the peasantry, and increase state revenues. Joseph looked on the tax and land reforms as being interconnected and strove to implement them at the same time.
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Generations are numbered by male-line descent from the first archdukes. Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished in 1919.
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with ruined health and was left abandoned. His minister Kaunitz refused to visit his sick-room and did not see him for two years. His brother Leopold remained in
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minorities. In 1784 he ordered that the country change its language of instruction from Latin to German, a highly controversial step in a multilingual empire.
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Joseph's image in popular memory has been varied. After his death there were many monuments to him built by the central government across his lands. The
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change too much in too short a time, and tried to radically alter the traditional customs and relationships that the villagers had long depended upon.
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Dickson, P. G. M. (2007). "Count Karl von Zinzendorf's 'New Accountancy': the Structure of Austrian Government Finance in Peace and War, 1781–1791".
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in most instances, and imposed the principle of complete equality of treatment for all offenders. He lightened censorship of the press and theatre.
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1786:; however, Shaffer has made it clear his play is fiction in many respects and not intended to portray historical reality. Joseph was portrayed by
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Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans
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Joseph's travels through Russia in 1780 included a visit with the Russian empress Catherine, which started talks that would later lead to the
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and went into premature labor, resulting in the birth of their second child, Archduchess Maria Christina, who died shortly after being born.
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in Vienna. He asked that his epitaph read: "Here lies a ruler who, despite his best intentions, was unsuccessful in all of his endeavors." (
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Joseph died in 1790, making negotiations with Austria about possible rescue attempts more difficult. It was not until 21 June 1791 that an
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Piaschka, Richard (1975). "Austrian Policy towards the Balkans in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century: Maria Theresa and Josef II".
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Mayer, Matthew Z. (2004). "The Price for Austria's Security: Part I – Joseph II, the Russian Alliance, and the Ottoman War, 1787–1789".
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Die Kroenung Josephs II. in Frankfurt am Main. Logistisches Meisterwerk, zeremonielle Glanzleistung und Kulturgueter fuer die Ewigkeit
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1200:. He tried to make the Catholic Church in his territories the tool of the state, independent of Rome. Clergymen were deprived of the
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trees and provided with lanterns and benches. This green public space persisted until the second half of the 19th century, when the
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Joseph, by threatening to resign his place as co-regent, could induce his mother to abate her dislike for religious toleration.
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MÁSODIK KÖNYV. A PÁLYA KEZDETE., 33. KÖNYVDÍSZ A XVIII. SZÁZAD MÁSODIK FELÉBŐL., Ferencz Széchényi, Országos Széchényi Könyvtár
1621:
declared that Joseph II was not a true King of Hungary as he was never crowned, thus any act from his reign was null and void.
898:(replacing Latin or in some instances local languages)—everything which from the point of view of 18th-century philosophy, the
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1542:. At last, Joseph, worn out and broken-hearted, recognized that his servants could not, or would not, carry out his plans.
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provide him was the improved possibility of laying claim to a portion of Bavaria, though this would ultimately lead to the
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In 1778, he commanded the troops collected to oppose Frederick, who supported the rival claimant to Bavaria. This was the
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responded by convening of a meeting and said there: "We'll see whether his patriotism also passes to the Crown." Julius
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Joseph's feelings towards religion are reflected in a witticism he once spoke in Paris. While being given a tour of the
999:. Local opposition to the change forced his successor Leopold II to reverse this measure and restore the duchy in 1791.
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Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living
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1472:
away from cooperation to strong resistance. From this basis appeared the beginnings of the later Lombard liberalism.
1175:
968:
was benevolent and paternal. He intended to make his people happy, but strictly in accordance with his own criteria.
505:
2735:
1604:
for centuries. These legendary quotations have created a larger-than-life impression of Joseph II as a Voltaire and
487:
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4001:
2236:
685:
4327:
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Collectio ordinationum imperatoris Josephi II-i et repraesentationum diversorum regni Hungariae comitatuum Pars 1.
1782:
as a well-meaning but somewhat befuddled monarch of limited but enthusiastic musical skill, easily manipulated by
1745:
703:
Joseph never remarried. In 1770, Joseph's only surviving child, the seven-year-old Maria Theresa, became ill with
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773:
Joseph was documented by contemporaries as being impressive, but not necessarily likable. In 1760, his arranged
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797:
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708:
697:
519:
483:
441:
377:
369:
121:
9572:
4363:
4348:
3446:
Bronza, Boro (2010). "The Habsburg Monarchy and the Projects for Division of the Ottoman Balkans, 1771–1788".
3099:
Conflicting Constructions of Memory: Attacks on Statues of Joseph II in the Bohemian Lands after the Great War
1968:
1387:
promoted by Prince Kaunitz, stressing consolidation of the borderlands by reorganization and expansion of the
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2090:
1932:
1149:
863:
361:
297:
111:
9713:
4267:
1526:(1781), the abolition of serfdom (1785) and one improving the financial situation of lower-ranking priests.
584:
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1792:
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Geschichte des Temeser Banats, Band 1, S. 303, Leonhard Böhm, O. Wigand, Bayrische Staatsbibliothek, 1861.
1041:
and the exploitation of the landless squatters. Feudalism in the Habsburg monarchy finally ended in 1848.
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By 1790, rebellions had broken out in protest against Joseph's reforms in the Austrian Netherlands (the
11285:
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778:
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572:
31:
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5185:
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4445:
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4166:
3768:
1874:
1564:
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In 1784, Joseph II attempted to make German an official language in Hungary after he had renamed the
1019:
The busy Joseph inspired a complete reform of the legal system, abolished brutal punishments and the
952:
818:
793:
785:, who met Joseph when he was traveling incognito in 1777, judged him to be "ambitious and despotic".
373:
5354:
3549:"Last of the enlightened despots: A comparison of President Mikhail Gorbachev and Emperor Joseph II"
3449:
Empires and Peninsulas: Southeastern Europe between Karlowitz and the Peace of Adrianople, 1699–1829
3118:
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6489:
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6298:
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6001:
5827:
5323:
5266:
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5026:
4842:
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4526:
4440:
4193:
3799:
1637:
1373:
1345:
1325:
736:
677:
468:
217:
4208:
618:
Fête organized to celebrate the marriage of Emperor Joseph II to Princess Maria Josepha of Bavaria
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in 1770; the two rulers initially got along well. On the second occasion, he was accompanied by
440:. He died with no known surviving legitimate offspring and was succeeded by his younger brother
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5982:
5751:
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5068:
5038:
5002:
4766:
3473:
2982:
Dickson, P. G. M. (April 1995). "Monarchy and Bureaucracy in Late Eighteenth-century Austria".
1569:
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2758:
1220:
A medal minted during the reign of Joseph II, commemorating his grant of religious liberty to
10097:
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9822:
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9229:
8789:
8702:
7112:
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6254:
5768:
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5134:
5083:
5050:
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1489:
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1027:
880:
829:
620:. The central figures are the three youngest siblings of Joseph, from left to right Archduke
596:
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11487:
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5779:
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1573:
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1438:
1354:
1239:
899:
887:
416:
145:
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5158:
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4178:
1484:
814:
592:
137:
8:
10916:
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9789:
9557:
9526:
8574:
7934:
7807:
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7056:
6594:
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6322:
6277:
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6143:
6130:
5795:
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5773:
5611:
5582:
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5553:
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4636:
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3936:
3926:
1589:
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Hier liegt ein Fürst, der trotz der besten Meinung keiner seiner Pläne durchsetzen konnte
1318:
1243:
984:
891:
545:
408:
400:
101:
9662:
9637:
3297:"Changing Perspectives on the "Revolutionary Emperor": Joseph II Biographies since 1790"
2546:
Paul P. Bernard, "The Limits of Absolutism: Joseph II and the Allgemeines Krankenhaus."
825:). However, Frederick recovered, and thereafter became wary and mistrustful of Joseph.
792:
He could and did place a great strain on her patience and temper, as in the case of the
556:
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9977:
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9952:
9942:
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9784:
9607:
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1740:
1519:
1434:
1296:
937:
755:
665:
564:
412:
349:
69:
10087:
9256:
688:. This marriage proved extremely unhappy, albeit brief, as it lasted only two years.
540:
380:. He was thus the first ruler in the Austrian dominions of the union of the Houses of
10418:
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10125:
10120:
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10072:
9921:
9837:
9832:
9774:
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9377:
9234:
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8475:
7484:
7379:
7044:
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3536:
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3510:
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3384:
3365:
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3330:
3318:
3241:
3231:
3205:
3195:
3137:
2999:
2934:
2924:
2857:
2828:
2676:
2672:
2613:
2551:
2521:
2509:
1409:
1388:
1377:
922:
859:
851:
759:
576:
389:
385:
381:
353:
287:
241:
192:
149:
10161:
9582:
6782:
5340:
1408:
Europe at the time of Joseph's death in 1790. The red line marks the borders of the
1192:, which in medieval times had helped establish the Holy Roman Empire beginning with
11049:
Archduchess Maria Antonietta, Abbess of Imperial and Royal Convent for Noble Ladies
10523:
10325:
9957:
9937:
9906:
9597:
9562:
9506:
6607:
6515:
6507:
6437:
5838:
5736:
5616:
5562:
4481:
3921:
3906:
3830:
3618:
3562:
3482:
3310:
2991:
2593:
2501:
1728:
1689:
1303:
926:
836:
in 1777. In April of that year, he paid a visit to his sister the queen of France,
629:
625:
365:
10040:
6222:
2850:
2790:
2597:
2505:
2455:"Emperor Joseph II, The Law on the German Language in Administration. 18 May 1784"
1703:
1628:
1053:
factory privileges ended guild rights while customs laws aimed at economic unity.
803:
During these years, Joseph traveled much. He met Frederick the Great privately at
561:
The arrival of Isabella of Parma on the occasion of her wedding to Joseph II, 1760
10130:
10015:
9891:
9853:
9672:
9516:
9511:
9313:
9219:
6499:
6356:
5695:
5587:
5577:
4515:
3931:
3911:
3891:
3813:
3808:
3804:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3720:
3447:
3440:
2742:
1783:
1662:
1425:. When he was opposed by France, he turned to other schemes of alliance with the
1336:
1284:
1197:
1189:
992:
977:
895:
763:
673:
437:
317:
54:
10179:
5348:
1684:
11357:
11337:
10750:
10678:
10302:
10252:
10110:
9987:
9982:
9972:
9868:
9794:
9703:
9698:
9521:
9496:
9476:
9461:
9446:
9431:
5721:
5652:
5628:
5296:
4818:
4170:
3941:
3834:
1775:
1770:
1633:
1593:
1546:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1210:
996:
404:
174:
10892:
Archduchess Hermine, Abbess of the Theresian Royal and Imperial Ladies Chapter
3653:
3642:
3486:
1442:
1242:
in 1781 was a major shift away from the inquisitive religious policies of the
1196:. Calling himself the guardian of Catholicism, Joseph II struck vigorously at
419:
monarchs. False but influential letters depict him as a somewhat more radical
11476:
10459:
Archduchess Maria Anna, Abbess of Imperial and Royal Convent for Noble Ladies
10431:
10387:
10330:
10287:
10257:
10237:
9901:
9827:
9754:
9657:
9587:
9501:
9456:
9441:
9338:
9287:
7310:
6671:
6052:
5437:
4798:
4721:
3780:
3574:
3494:
3322:
3279:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 514–515.
3266:
3261:
3003:
2995:
2938:
2513:
2174:
1779:
1765:
1605:
1232:
1225:
1020:
915:
858:, which had been surrendered to France on his father's marriage, and titular
774:
728:
672:
For political reasons, and under constant pressure, in 1765, he relented and
527:
307:
3369:
3245:
3209:
3166:] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 1.
2680:
10340:
10335:
10282:
10272:
10247:
10227:
9947:
9916:
9863:
9858:
9642:
9552:
9491:
9471:
9358:
9282:
8705:. Later generations are included but the grand duchy was abolished in 1860.
5597:
5548:
4343:
3398:
3345:
3217:
3181:
1787:
1698:
1678:
1585:
1457:
1307:
804:
613:
4238:
3625:
754:
Where Joseph differed from great contemporary rulers, and was akin to the
10292:
10077:
9873:
9647:
9486:
9365:
9348:
9343:
6999:
6082:
5762:
4322:
3886:
3349:
3221:
3185:
1809:
1731:
was named for the Emperor in 1777 and bears this name up to the present.
1600:
1476:
1452:
1311:
1288:
1280:
1272:
1268:
1256:
1193:
1054:
965:
648:
606:
The marriage of Joseph and Isabella resulted in the birth of a daughter,
426:
11230:
Elisabeth Franziska, Countess Countess von Waldburg zu Zeil und Hohenems
9307:
4248:
3378:
2605:
1697:
backwardness and Joseph's unfortunate foreign policy. British historian
925:
in 1789, Joseph sought to help the family of his estranged sister Queen
10297:
10277:
10262:
10232:
9481:
9392:
9249:
9224:
9214:
9152:
6117:
6071:
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4911:
3502:
3468:
3285:
2907:
2794:
2558:
1804:
1761:
for him, but it was not performed because of its technical difficulty.
1610:
1588:
ranked Joseph II as one of the three great Enlightenment monarchs with
1545:
Joseph died on 20 February 1790. He is buried in tomb number 42 in the
1498:
1384:
1264:
1116: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
523:
421:
6851:
5509:
4834:
4135:
3844:
3011:
1404:
1011:
Joseph II depicted plowing a field near Slawikowitz in rural southern
48:
9323:
9244:
7630:
6480:
4198:
3896:
1057:
influence also led to the inclusion of agriculture in these reforms.
1038:
930:
4203:
1383:
The Balkan policy of both Maria Theresa and Joseph II reflected the
1324:
In 1789 he issued a charter of religious toleration for the Jews of
1091:
1007:
719:
544:, and by the example of his contemporary (and sometimes rival) King
457:
11327:
9682:
9277:
9270:
5958:
4218:
3314:
2424:
1724:
1670:
1539:
1464:
704:
638:
588:
531:
4897:
3260:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
432:
He was a supporter of the arts, particularly of composers such as
8659:
4233:
4213:
3606:
In Destiny's Hands: Five Tragic Rulers, Children of Maria Theresa
1422:
1421:, which debarred his Flemish subjects from the navigation of the
1216:
1074:
through the construction of a single, large hospital, the famous
1012:
907:
903:
850:
As the son of Francis I, Joseph succeeded him as titular Duke of
748:
282:
11104:
Maria Henrietta, Princess Gottfried of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst
11089:
Karoline Marie, Princess August Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
980:
was stripped of its prerogatives, and not even called together.
356:
from 29 November 1780 until his death. He was the eldest son of
9353:
4243:
3587:
1800:
1674:
1535:
1511:
1071:
767:
732:
141:
3187:
Joseph II: Volume 1, In the Shadow of Maria Theresa, 1741–1780
743:
Joseph was made a member of the constituted council of state (
9239:
4941:
4228:
4223:
3821:
2921:
Wolfgang Amadè Mozart : essays on his life and his music
1468:
1251:
in 1782, removing many restrictions and regulations on Jews.
1201:
957:
2665:
Joseph II and the campaign of 1788 against the Ottoman Turks
522:. His formal education was provided through the writings of
3584:
Maria Theresia: Die Kaiserin in ihrer Zeit. Eine Biographie
1221:
810:
The Meeting of Frederick II and Joseph II in Neisse in 1769
518:
Joseph was born in the midst of the early upheavals of the
6735:
2706:
2528:
1497:, also called Joseph's Civil Code, the predecessor of the
894:, and the promotion of unity by the compulsory use of the
583:
between France and Austria. (The bride's mother, Princess
1299:, and their wealth was taken over by the Religious Fund.
3380:
The limits of enlightenment : Joseph II and the law
3078:
3054:
2963:
3287:
The Revolutionary Emperor, Joseph the Second, 1741–1790
1348:
and was friendly to Russia though trying to remove the
11568:
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
10430:
3351:
Enlightenment and reform in eighteenth-century Europe
2628:
From Louis XIV to Napoleon: the fate of a great power
2563:
2391:
2379:
2367:
4803:
During his reign obtained non-hereditary royal title
3066:
3042:
3030:
3018:
2882:
828:
Joseph was also eager to enforce Austria's claim on
425:
than he probably was. His policies are now known as
8764:
Prince Filippo "Filippino", Grand Prince of Tuscany
3647:Dioszeg: Paul Medgyes, 1790. 318 p. – available at
2346:
1677:historians in the 1930s made Joseph a precursor of
11023:Margarethe Klementine, Princess of Thurn and Taxis
6397:
6129:
3581:
2870:
2849:
1632:Medal commemorating the Austrian victory over the
883:acting on a definite system for the good of all.
11563:Recipients of the Military Order of Maria Theresa
11094:Maria Christina, Hereditary Princess of Salm-Salm
3223:Joseph II: Volume 2, Against the World, 1780–1790
1665:reached a wide American public with his colorful
11474:
10958:Auguste Ferdinande, Princess Luitpold of Bavaria
3658:. Viennae: Kurzbek, 1788. 397 s. – available at
1778:. In the film version, he is portrayed by actor
1556:Joseph was succeeded by his brother Leopold II.
30:"Joseph II" redirects here. For other uses, see
11553:Grand masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece
8012:Maximilian Franz, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne
2641:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
1812:and its associated buildings were built there.
1667:The Revolutionary Emperor: Joseph II of Austria
1479:in Vienna the German National Theatre in 1776.
10978:Maria Luisa, Princess of Isenburg and Büdingen
10417:
8697:Generations are numbered from the children of
3469:"Joseph II's Reshaping of the Austrian Church"
10403:
9168:
8675:
7646:
6867:
6098:
5525:
4850:
4151:
3860:
2847:
2806:
2211:Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
1380:of 1791 ended the war with only token gains.
271:English: Joseph Benedict Anthony Michael Adam
11548:People of the War of the Bavarian Succession
11028:|Archduke Joseph August, Palatine of Hungary
9297:
9268:
9254:
918:in 1787, a reform that remained until 1795.
906:, which his mother had begun, and abolished
11099:Maria Anna, Princess Elias of Bourbon-Parma
9363:
3425:(1994), 228 pp; a short scholarly biography
2833:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2763:, Bayrische Staatsbibliothek, 21 June 1785.
2422:
486:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
11352:Archduchess Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este
10514:Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples and Sicily
10410:
10396:
9175:
9161:
8682:
8668:
7653:
7639:
6874:
6860:
6112:
6105:
6091:
5532:
5518:
4857:
4843:
4158:
4144:
3867:
3853:
3411:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2464:. University of Pittsburgh. Archived from
1824:Ancestors of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
947:
352:from 18 August 1765 and sole ruler of the
47:
11170:Helena, Hereditary Duchess of Württemberg
10907:Archduke Joseph Karl, Palatine of Hungary
3131:
3096:
2990:(436). Oxford University Press: 323–367.
1799:Joseph also converted Vienna's defensive
1176:Learn how and when to remove this message
1060:
862:and Duke of Calabria (as a proxy for the
751:, but that did not last after his death.
551:
506:Learn how and when to remove this message
273:German: Josef Benedikt Anton Michael Adam
11408:Maria Carolina, Crown Princess of Saxony
11114:Archduke Albrecht Franz, Duke of Teschen
9182:
4743:
4658:
4624:
4590:
4553:
4508:
4474:
3265:
2693:
1683:
1646:
1627:
1563:
1451:
1445:, organized by Frederick II of Prussia.
1441:—and only provoked the formation of the
1403:
1335:
1215:
1213:outside the jurisdiction of the Church.
1209:abolished and marriage was defined as a
1006:
951:
718:
647:
612:
555:
348:; 13 March 1741 – 20 February 1790) was
11558:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Austria
10862:Maria Teresa, Queen of the Two Sicilies
6881:
5539:
4864:
4165:
3874:
3466:
3376:
3283:
2981:
2953:"Hungarian Declaration of Independence"
2736:Geschichte des ungarischen Privatrechts
2712:
2569:
2534:
2489:
2397:
2385:
2373:
2269:Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen
658:Imperial Cathedral of Saint Bartholomew
232: 1765; died 1767)
207: 1760; died 1763)
14:
11475:
10912:Marie Henriette, Queen of the Belgians
10550:Maria Leopoldine, Electress of Bavaria
8933:Alexander Leopold, Palatine of Hungary
8898:Maximilian Francis, Elector of Cologne
7660:
3638:The Austrians: A Thousand-Year Odyssey
3546:
3452:. Berlin: LIT Verlag. pp. 51–62.
3445:
3344:
3216:
3180:
2900:Beales, Derek. "The False Joseph II",
2888:
2876:
2352:
2190:
2070:
2066:
2056:
1948:
1838:
1834:
890:(1781) providing limited guarantee of
758:in the intensity of his belief in the
591:of France and his popular wife, Queen
11306:
11274:Great-great-great-great-grandchildren
11245:Hedwig, Countess of Stolberg-Stolberg
10897:Archduke Stephen, Palatine of Hungary
10801:Maria Clementina, Duchess of Calabria
10791:Archduke Alexander Leopold of Austria
10729:
10657:
10519:Ferdinand I, Archduke of Austria-Este
10429:
10391:
9413:
9194:
9156:
8663:
7925:Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias
7634:
6855:
6734:
6396:
6128:
6086:
5513:
4838:
4139:
3848:
3294:
3084:
3072:
3060:
3048:
3036:
3024:
2969:
2918:
2661:
2581:
2266:
2256:
2252:
2240:
2234:
2224:
2208:
2198:
2194:
2178:
2172:
2162:
2146:
2136:
2132:
2120:
2114:
2104:
2088:
2078:
2074:
2050:
2040:
2027:Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate
2024:
2014:
2010:
1998:
1992:
1982:
1966:
1956:
1952:
1936:
1930:
1920:
1904:
1894:
1890:
1878:
1872:
1862:
1846:
1842:
1734:
1619:Hungarian Declaration of Independence
1614:, more radical than he probably was.
1534:In November 1788, Joseph returned to
652:Coronation of the Archduke Joseph as
10796:Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary
10781:Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany
8921:Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany
8780:Ferdinando II, Grand Duke of Tuscany
8033:Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany
5498:Debatable or disputed rulers are in
3582:Stollberg-Rilinger, Barbara (2017).
3097:Wingfield, Nancy Meriwether (1997).
2809:"II. József visszavonja rendeleteit"
1596:and Frederick the Great of Prussia.
1559:
1114:adding citations to reliable sources
1085:
1028:extended full legal freedom to serfs
484:adding citations to reliable sources
451:
346:Joseph Benedict Anthony Michael Adam
27:Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790
11393:Maria Leopoldina, Queen of Portugal
11362:Duchess Caroline Augusta of Bavaria
11109:Isabella, Princess Georg of Bavaria
10998:Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen
10968:Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany
10963:Maria Isabella, Countess of Trapani
10606:Maria Beatrix, Countess of Montizón
10591:Maria Theresa, Countess of Chambord
10474:Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen
9003:Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany
8842:Gian Gastone, Grand Duke of Tuscany
8837:Ferdinando, Grand Prince of Tuscany
8733:Ferdinando I, Grand Duke of Tuscany
8225:Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany
7930:Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias
3521:, 1991 41 (March): pp. 21–27.
3430:Joseph II and Enlightened Despotism
2652:Catherine the Great Robert K Massie
2452:
2439:McKay, Hill, Buckler, Ebrey, Beck,
2429:. Nelson Cengage. pp. 139–140.
1661:The Austrian-born American scholar
1506:) does not mean "people's prince" (
995:, merging it with the neighbouring
723:Joseph II (right) with his brother
601:Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen
24:
11523:Patrons of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
11342:Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily
11018:Maria Dorothea, Duchess of Orléans
10867:Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen
10575:Maria Ludovika, Empress of Austria
10504:Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela
8892:Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Breisgau
8718:Francesco I, Grand Duke of Tuscany
8689:
8093:Karl Ambrosius, Primate of Hungary
3517:Henderson, Nicholas. "Joseph II",
3338:
2329:Family tree of the German monarchs
1764:Joseph is prominently featured in
1651:Posthumous portrait of Joseph II,
1340:Joseph II and his soldiers in 1787
874:
74:
25:
11619:
11603:Monarchs of Galicia and Lodomeria
11498:18th-century archdukes of Austria
11134:Mechthildis, Princess Czartoryska
10847:Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany
10821:Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria
10786:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
10693:Princess Maria Josepha of Bavaria
8986:Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany
8816:Cosimo III, Grand Duke of Tuscany
8124:Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany
7521:Frederick IV of the Empty Pockets
3631:
3295:Szabo, Franz A. J. (March 2011).
3101:. Vol. 28. pp. 147–171.
2957:Habsburg H-Net Discussion Network
2807:MNLadmin10644 (31 January 2012).
1710:
1331:
983:As privy finance minister, Count
637:pregnant, Isabella fell ill with
342:Josef Benedikt Anton Michael Adam
11503:18th-century monarchs of Bohemia
11493:18th-century Holy Roman Emperors
11332:Duchess Elisabeth of Württemberg
11250:Margaret, Princess of Monteleone
11059:Louise, Crown Princess of Saxony
10638:
10371:
10370:
8754:Cosimo II, Grand Duke of Tuscany
6781:
6479:
6221:
5148:
4458:
4120:
4119:
3665:
3608:. iUniverse: Bloomington, Ind.
3547:McHugh, James T (1 March 1995).
3253:
2237:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick
1417:He endeavored to get rid of the
1306:and liberal innovations induced
1090:
456:
327:
11449:Archduchess Maria Anna Karolina
11398:Clementina, Princess of Salerno
11158:Great-great-great-grandchildren
11003:Maria Christina, Queen of Spain
10902:Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska
10857:Maria Teresa, Queen of Sardinia
10771:Maria Theresia, Queen of Saxony
10622:Maria Theresa, Queen of Bavaria
10545:Maria Teresa, Queen of Sardinia
8821:Francesco Maria, Duke of Rovere
8759:Cardinal Carlo, Bishop of Ostia
3150:
3125:
3090:
2975:
2945:
2912:
2894:
2841:
2800:
2784:
2775:
2766:
2747:
2729:
2718:
2687:
2655:
2646:
2633:
2620:
2575:
2540:
2483:
1125:"Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor"
1101:needs additional citations for
1002:
929:of France and her husband King
682:Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor
229:
204:
11383:Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma
11378:Archduchess Ludovika Elisabeth
11307:
10776:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
10730:
10601:Archduke Ferdinand Karl Viktor
10560:Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph
10524:Maria Antonia, Queen of France
10494:Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor
10489:Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma
8915:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
3674:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
3174:
2923:. Clarendon Press. p. 9.
2446:
2433:
2416:
2403:
2358:
2117:Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
1995:Élisabeth Charlotte of Orléans
1366:Austro-Turkish War (1787–1791)
1362:Austro-Russian Alliance (1781)
1261:Order of Friars Minor Capuchin
845:War of the Bavarian Succession
832:upon the death of the elector
823:War of the Austrian Succession
798:War of the Bavarian Succession
698:War of the Bavarian Succession
520:War of the Austrian Succession
378:Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma
13:
1:
11583:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
11513:Burials at the Imperial Crypt
11255:Ilona, Duchess of Mecklenburg
10658:
10469:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
9144:* also an archduke of Austria
8874:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
7798:Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias
4258:
3302:The Journal of Modern History
2856:. New York: HarperPerennial.
2598:10.1080/07075332.2004.9641031
2506:10.1080/07075332.2007.9641118
2339:
2091:Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
2053:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
1933:Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor
1746:Die Entführung aus dem Serail
1652:
869:
587:, was the eldest daughter of
447:
298:Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor
58:
11588:Habsburg monarchs of Bohemia
11538:18th-century Roman Catholics
11235:Archduke Franz Karl Salvator
11175:Rosa, Duchess of Württemberg
10755:Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain
9414:
9300:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
7537:Maximilian I the Last Knight
7440:Maximilian I the Last Knight
7191:Maximilian I the Last Knight
6987:Frederick II the Quarrelsome
4825:from the Wittelsbach dynasty
3622:Absolutism in Central Europe
3567:10.1016/0362-3319(95)90020-9
2585:International History Review
2493:International History Review
2441:A History of World Societies
2423:von Guttner, Darius (2015).
2149:Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg
1757:was commissioned to write a
7:
11533:18th-century male musicians
10917:Adelaide, Queen of Sardinia
10529:Archduke Maximilian Francis
10479:Archduchess Maria Elisabeth
10454:Archduchess Maria Elisabeth
9269:
8939:Joseph, Palatine of Hungary
8800:Leopoldo, Governor of Siena
8631:also an infante of Portugal
7793:Charles, Prince of Asturias
7384:Styria, Carinthia, Carniola
3346:Beales, Derek Edward Dawson
3218:Beales, Derek Edward Dawson
3182:Beales, Derek Edward Dawson
2317:
1969:Philippe I, Duke of Orléans
1849:Charles V, Duke of Lorraine
1815:
1717:first Czechoslovak Republic
1576:, enacted in 1781, and the
1399:
1081:
838:Marie Antoinette of Austria
714:
254:Archduchess Maria Christina
10:
11624:
11518:House of Habsburg-Lorraine
11124:Renata, Princess Radziwiłł
11054:Archduke Leopold Ferdinand
11033:Archduke Ladislaus Philipp
10882:Archduchess Maria Karoline
10683:Princess Isabella of Parma
10555:Francis IV, Duke of Modena
10499:Archduchess Maria Carolina
10464:Archduchess Maria Karolina
10419:House of Habsburg-Lorraine
9195:
9109:Prince Franz Karl Salvator
8790:Mattias, Governor of Siena
8265:Archduke Ladislaus Philipp
8078:Francis IV, Duke of Modena
7858:Charles, Bishop of Wroclaw
7175:Ladislaus I the Posthumous
6685:House of Habsburg-Lorraine
6034:North German Confederation
5950:Confederation of the Rhine
5449:House of Habsburg-Lorraine
5146:
3679:House of Habsburg-Lorraine
3554:The Social Science Journal
3467:Dickson, P. G. M. (1993).
3228:Cambridge University Press
3192:Cambridge University Press
2662:Mayer, Matthew Z. (1997).
2548:Eighteenth-Century Studies
2324:Edict on Idle Institutions
2184:
2068:
1942:
1836:
1033:After the collapse of the
921:After the outbreak of the
807:in 1769 (later painted in
779:Marie Christine of Austria
573:Princess Isabella of Parma
415:as one of the three great
395:Joseph was a proponent of
32:Joseph II (disambiguation)
29:
11573:Children of Maria Theresa
11434:Franz Joseph I of Austria
11426:
11370:
11319:
11315:
11302:
11273:
11205:Archduchess Maria Antonia
11157:
11079:Archduke Leopold Salvator
11074:Archduchess Maria Theresa
11064:Archduke Joseph Ferdinand
11042:Great-great-grandchildren
11041:
10950:
10937:Archduke Rainer Ferdinand
10839:
10763:
10742:
10738:
10725:
10709:Archduchess Maria Theresa
10701:
10670:
10666:
10653:
10636:
10615:Great-great-grandchildren
10614:
10596:Francis V, Duke of Modena
10583:
10537:
10509:Archduchess Maria Josepha
10446:
10442:
10425:
10357:
10311:
10213:
10170:
10149:
10096:
10065:
10049:
9996:
9930:
9882:
9846:
9813:
9732:
9691:
9535:
9424:
9420:
9409:
9314:Methodological skepticism
9205:
9201:
9190:
9141:
9124:
9071:
9030:
8995:
8978:
8907:
8866:
8850:
8829:
8808:
8772:
8746:
8710:
8695:
8619:
8594:
8587:
8547:
8540:
8520:
8504:
8466:
8459:
8432:
8379:
8361:
8354:
8273:
8197:
8184:Francis V, Duke of Modena
8101:
8020:
7984:
7958:
7917:
7866:
7803:Diego, Prince of Asturias
7785:
7754:
7733:
7717:
7701:
7675:
7668:
7483:
7378:
7043:
6998:
6899:Leopold I the Illustrious
6889:
6790:
6779:
6748:
6744:
6737:Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
6730:
6683:
6652:
6629:
6606:
6536:
6488:
6477:
6410:
6406:
6392:
6321:
6276:
6253:
6230:
6219:
6144:Elder House of Luxembourg
6142:
6138:
6124:
6051:
6032:
6013:
5991:
5967:
5948:
5637:
5596:
5547:
5496:
5447:
5364:
5339:
5314:
5295:
5276:
5251:
5232:
5195:
5176:
5157:
4989:
4890:
4881:
4872:
4790:
4734:
4649:
4615:
4583:
4544:
4499:
4467:
4456:
4418:
4257:
4186:
4177:
4115:
3882:
3785:
3777:
3761:
3751:
3742:
3727:
3718:
3710:
3705:
3672:
3487:10.1017/S0018246X00016125
3377:Bernard, Paul P. (1979).
3284:Padover, Saul K. (1934).
3136:. Yale University Press.
3134:The City as a Work of Art
3132:Donald J., Olsen (1986).
2984:English Historical Review
2254:
2246:
2218:
2196:
2192:
2156:
2134:
2126:
2098:
2076:
2072:
2034:
2012:
2004:
1976:
1954:
1950:
1914:
1892:
1884:
1875:Leopold, Duke of Lorraine
1856:
1840:
1456:Portrait of Joseph II by
1429:for the partition of the
794:First Partition of Poland
674:married his second cousin
645:father to Maria Theresa.
628:as Cupid and Archduchess
374:Maria Carolina of Austria
323:
313:
303:
293:
281:
270:
265:
261:
250:Archduchess Maria Theresa
240:
181:
169:
155:
131:
127:
117:
107:
93:
82:
68:
46:
41:
11508:Austrian Roman Catholics
11240:Archduke Hubert Salvator
11069:Archduke Peter Ferdinand
11008:Archduke Charles Stephen
10988:Archduke Johann Salvator
10983:Archduke Ludwig Salvator
10811:Archduchess Maria Amalia
9038:Prince Leopold Ferdinand
8927:Charles, Duke of Teschen
8649:also a prince of Belgium
8637:also a prince of Tuscany
8625:also an infante of Spain
7424:Frederick V the Peaceful
7183:Frederick V the Peaceful
6971:Frederick I the Catholic
6792:House of Nassau-Weilburg
6490:House of Valois-Burgundy
6002:Archduke John of Austria
4571:Ladislaus the Posthumous
3604:Vovk, Justin C. (2010).
2919:Sadie, Stanley. (1996).
2175:Maria Theresa of Austria
1529:
737:Kunsthistorisches Museum
678:Maria Josepha of Bavaria
664:April 1764 (painting by
595:. Isabella's father was
218:Maria Josepha of Bavaria
11149:Archduke Joseph Francis
11084:Archduke Franz Salvator
10942:Archduke Heinrich Anton
10922:Archduke Leopold Ludwig
10872:Archduke Karl Ferdinand
10852:Archduchess Maria Luisa
10484:Archduke Charles Joseph
9056:Prince Leopold Salvator
9044:Prince Joseph Ferdinand
8643:also a prince of Modena
7940:Ferdinand IV of Hungary
6979:Leopold VI the Glorious
6915:Adalbert the Victorious
5197:Capetian House of Anjou
4419:1198–1306 (Kings)
3354:. London: I.B. Tauris.
3276:Encyclopædia Britannica
2813:Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár
2696:East European Quarterly
1688:Statue of Josef II. in
1350:Danubian Principalities
1277:Order of Saint Benedict
1076:Allgemeines Krankenhaus
1035:peasant revolt of Horea
948:Administrative policies
686:Maria Amalia of Austria
624:as the groom, Archduke
546:Frederick II of Prussia
434:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
11608:Sons of queens regnant
11528:18th-century composers
11454:Archduke Ludwig Viktor
11439:Maximilian I of Mexico
11418:Archduchess Maria Anna
11388:Ferdinand I of Austria
11190:Archduchess Margaretha
11185:Archduchess Immaculata
11129:Archduke Karl Albrecht
10973:Archduke Karl Salvator
10887:Archduke Wilhelm Franz
9364:
9298:
9264:Enlightened absolutism
9255:
9115:Prince Hubert Salvator
9050:Prince Peter Ferdinand
9021:Prince Johann Salvator
9015:Prince Ludwig Salvator
8210:Maximilian I of Mexico
8205:Emperor Franz Joseph I
7432:Albert VI the Prodigal
7151:Albert III the Pigtail
7097:Leopold I the Glorious
7073:Rudolf II the Debonair
6963:Leopold V the Virtuous
6750:House of Orange-Nassau
6572:Isabella Clara Eugenia
5219:(1382–1385; 1386–1395)
5005:(1038–1041; 1044–1046)
4261:870–1198 (Dukes)
3474:The Historical Journal
3435:Bright, James Franck.
2996:10.1093/ehr/CX.436.323
2848:Norman Davies (1998).
2643:(1976) Volume 1 p. 259
2462:Slovak Studies Program
1803:into public park. The
1693:
1658:
1640:
1581:
1570:enlightened absolutism
1553:in German original).
1460:
1413:
1341:
1287:(Order of Preachers),
1228:
1061:Education and medicine
1016:
961:
740:
669:
633:
568:
552:Marriages and children
397:enlightened absolutism
11403:Archduke Joseph Franz
11260:Archduke Joseph Árpád
10806:Archduke Anton Victor
9230:Counter-Enlightenment
9062:Prince Franz Salvator
8957:Prince Rainier Joseph
8880:Prince Charles Joseph
8785:Cardinal Giovan Carlo
8703:Grand Duke of Tuscany
8189:Ferdinand Karl Viktor
8083:Ferdinand Karl Joseph
7513:William the Courteous
7497:Rudolf IV the Founder
7400:William the Courteous
7159:Albert IV the Patient
7135:Rudolf IV the Founder
7032:Ottokar II of Bohemia
7008:Vladislaus of Moravia
6255:House of Hohenstaufen
4209:Přemysl the Ploughman
3800:Galicia and Lodomeria
3660:ULB's Digital Library
3649:ULB's Digital Library
2797:(oxfordreference.com)
2426:The French Revolution
1687:
1650:
1631:
1567:
1493:out of politics. The
1490:Holy Crown of Hungary
1455:
1407:
1339:
1219:
1010:
955:
881:enlightened despotism
722:
651:
616:
597:Philip, Duke of Parma
559:
536:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
364:, and the brother of
358:Empress Maria Theresa
11444:Archduke Karl Ludwig
11220:Archduke Franz Josef
11119:Archduchess Eleonora
10993:Archduchess Mathilda
9184:Age of Enlightenment
9091:Prince Leopold Maria
9009:Prince Karl Salvator
8699:Francesco de' Medici
7505:Leopold III the Just
7392:Leopold III the Just
7143:Leopold III the Just
7089:Frederick I the Fair
7035:(claimant 1251–1278)
7027:(claimant 1250–1268)
7024:Frederick I of Baden
7019:(claimant 1248–1250)
7011:(claimant 1246–1247)
6955:Henry II Jasomirgott
6947:Leopold the Generous
6939:Leopold III the Good
6631:House of Wittelsbach
6015:German Confederation
5969:German Confederation
5178:House of Wittelsbach
4482:Henry the Carinthian
4410:Vladislaus III Henry
3684:Cadet branch of the
2906:, 18 (1975), 467–95
2741:20 July 2011 at the
2550:1975 9(2): 193–215.
2334:Patent of Toleration
1755:Ludwig van Beethoven
1574:Patent of Toleration
1524:Patent of Toleration
1439:Austrian Netherlands
1355:Austrian Netherlands
1346:alliance with France
1240:Patent of Toleration
1110:improve this article
900:Age of Enlightenment
888:Patent of Toleration
480:improve this section
146:Archduchy of Austria
18:Joseph II of Austria
11413:Archduke Franz Karl
11215:Archduchess Assunta
11180:Archduchess Dolores
10951:Great-grandchildren
10584:Great-grandchildren
10565:Archduke Maximilian
10190:Feijóo y Montenegro
10141:Vorontsova-Dashkova
9097:Prince Franz Joseph
8945:Prince Anton Victor
8419:Franz Karl Salvator
8281:Crown Prince Rudolf
8139:Frederick Ferdinand
8109:Emperor Ferdinand I
7935:Charles II of Spain
7808:Philip III of Spain
7725:Philip I of Castile
7081:Rudolf III the Good
6931:Leopold II the Fair
6883:Monarchs of Austria
6131:County of Luxemburg
5554:Carolingian dynasty
5541:Monarchs of Germany
5234:House of Luxembourg
4866:Monarchs of Hungary
4814:Wittelsbach dynasty
4308:Boleslaus the Brave
3876:Holy Roman emperors
3769:Archduke of Austria
3531:Macek, Bernhard A.
3428:Blanning, T. C. W.
3087:, pp. 133–136.
3063:, pp. 130–131.
2972:, pp. 125–127.
2715:, pp. 384–385.
2537:, pp. 293–300.
2411:Frederick the Great
1907:Eleonore of Austria
1776:movie based upon it
1741:enlightened despots
1590:Catherine the Great
1495:Austrian Civil Code
1374:capture of Belgrade
1244:Counter Reformation
985:Karl von Zinzendorf
940:, with the help of
581:1756 defensive pact
409:Frederick the Great
401:Catherine the Great
102:Frankfurt Cathedral
11225:Archduke Karl Pius
11165:Archduke Gottfried
10932:Archduke Sigismund
10877:Archduke Friedrich
9329:Natural philosophy
8602:Ferdinand Zvonimir
7874:Philip IV of Spain
7762:Philip II of Spain
7662:Austrian archdukes
7529:Sigismund the Rich
7408:Leopold IV the Fat
7105:Albert II the Wise
7016:Herman VI of Baden
6907:Henry I the Strong
6891:House of Babenberg
6399:Duchy of Luxemburg
5639:Kingdom of Germany
5603:Kingdom of Germany
5316:House of Jagiellon
5278:House of Jagiellon
4354:Svatopluk the Lion
3764:Holy Roman Emperor
3745:King of the Romans
3420:Blanning, T. C. W.
2903:Historical Journal
2639:Stanford J. Shaw,
1739:Like many of the "
1735:Patron of the arts
1694:
1659:
1641:
1582:
1578:Edict of Tolerance
1520:Brabant Revolution
1461:
1435:Republic of Venice
1414:
1342:
1297:Premonstratensians
1249:Edict of Tolerance
1229:
1017:
974:Kingdom of Hungary
962:
960:of Joseph II, 1787
892:freedom of worship
741:
684:, and Archduchess
680:, the daughter of
670:
666:Martin van Meytens
654:King of the Romans
634:
569:
565:Martin van Meytens
350:Holy Roman Emperor
70:Holy Roman Emperor
11470:
11469:
11466:
11465:
11462:
11461:
11298:
11297:
11294:
11293:
11139:Archduke Leo Karl
10721:
10720:
10717:
10716:
10647:Holy Roman Empire
10634:
10633:
10630:
10629:
10385:
10384:
10353:
10352:
10349:
10348:
9405:
9404:
9401:
9400:
9378:Scientific method
9235:Critical thinking
9150:
9149:
8723:Cardinal Giovanni
8657:
8656:
8615:
8614:
8583:
8582:
8536:
8535:
8476:Crown Prince Otto
8455:
8454:
8366:Emperor Charles I
8301:Leopold Ferdinand
8043:Alexander Leopold
8028:Emperor Francis I
7909:Sigismund Francis
7904:Ferdinand Charles
7848:Maximilian Ernest
7628:
7627:
7621:
7613:
7609:Sigismund Francis
7605:
7601:Ferdinand Charles
7597:
7589:
7581:
7573:
7565:
7557:
7549:
7541:
7533:
7525:
7517:
7509:
7501:
7490:
7485:House of Habsburg
7476:
7468:
7460:
7452:
7444:
7436:
7428:
7420:
7412:
7404:
7396:
7385:
7380:House of Habsburg
7371:
7363:
7355:
7347:
7339:
7331:
7323:
7319:Francis I Stephen
7315:
7307:
7299:
7291:
7290:(1657, 1665–1705)
7283:
7279:Sigismund Francis
7275:
7271:Ferdinand Charles
7267:
7259:
7251:
7250:(1590, 1619–1637)
7243:
7235:
7227:
7219:
7211:
7203:
7195:
7187:
7179:
7171:
7163:
7155:
7147:
7139:
7131:
7123:
7117:
7109:
7101:
7093:
7085:
7077:
7069:
7061:
7050:
7045:House of Habsburg
7036:
7028:
7020:
7012:
6991:
6983:
6975:
6967:
6959:
6951:
6943:
6935:
6927:
6919:
6911:
6903:
6849:
6848:
6845:
6844:
6841:
6840:
6726:
6725:
6722:
6721:
6715:
6707:
6699:
6676:
6668:
6654:House of Habsburg
6645:
6622:
6599:
6591:
6583:
6576:
6568:
6560:
6552:
6538:House of Habsburg
6529:
6520:
6512:
6504:
6472:
6464:
6453:
6442:
6434:
6426:
6388:
6387:
6384:
6383:
6377:
6369:
6361:
6353:
6345:
6337:
6314:
6306:
6295:
6269:
6246:
6214:
6206:
6198:
6190:
6182:
6174:
6166:
6158:
6080:
6079:
6006:
6005:(Imperial Regent)
5644:Holy Roman Empire
5573:Louis the Younger
5507:
5506:
5414:
5366:House of Habsburg
5253:House of Habsburg
5144:
5143:
5087:
5079:
4832:
4831:
4786:
4785:
4736:Habsburg-Lorraine
4730:
4729:
4645:
4644:
4611:
4610:
4579:
4578:
4540:
4539:
4495:
4494:
4454:
4453:
4133:
4132:
3843:
3842:
3827:Count of Flanders
3752:Succeeded by
3728:Succeeded by
3686:House of Lorraine
3614:978-1-4502-0081-3
3597:978-3-406-69748-7
3541:978-3-631-60849-4
3361:978-0-85771-242-4
3237:978-0-521-24240-0
2725:Koeblergerhard.de
2673:McGill University
2453:Votruba, Martin.
2314:
2313:
2310:
2309:
1790:in the 2006 film
1638:Siege of Belgrade
1560:Memory and legacy
1410:Holy Roman Empire
1389:Military Frontier
1378:Treaty of Sistova
1186:
1185:
1178:
1160:
1026:In 1781–1782, he
1015:on 19 August 1769
923:French Revolution
864:Kingdom of Naples
860:King of Jerusalem
815:Mährisch-Neustadt
766:when directed by
577:a union fashioned
575:in October 1760,
516:
515:
508:
390:Habsburg-Lorraine
362:Emperor Francis I
360:and her husband,
354:Habsburg monarchy
335:
334:
288:Habsburg-Lorraine
277:
276:
193:Isabella of Parma
150:Holy Roman Empire
138:Schönbrunn Palace
86:18 August 1765 –
16:(Redirected from
11615:
11598:Kings of Croatia
11593:Kings of Hungary
11578:Sons of emperors
11543:Authoritarianism
11317:
11316:
11304:
11303:
11281:Archduke Dominic
11200:Archduke Leopold
11144:Archduke Wilhelm
10740:
10739:
10727:
10726:
10668:
10667:
10655:
10654:
10642:
10444:
10443:
10427:
10426:
10412:
10405:
10398:
10389:
10388:
10374:
10373:
9422:
9421:
9411:
9410:
9369:
9303:
9274:
9260:
9203:
9202:
9192:
9191:
9177:
9170:
9163:
9154:
9153:
9103:Prince Karl Pius
9079:Prince Gottfried
8795:Prince Francesco
8684:
8677:
8670:
8661:
8660:
8592:
8591:
8545:
8544:
8464:
8463:
8359:
8358:
8316:Leopold Salvator
8174:Rainer Ferdinand
7655:
7648:
7641:
7632:
7631:
7619:
7611:
7603:
7595:
7587:
7579:
7571:
7563:
7555:
7547:
7539:
7531:
7523:
7515:
7507:
7499:
7488:
7474:
7466:
7458:
7450:
7442:
7434:
7426:
7418:
7410:
7402:
7394:
7383:
7369:
7361:
7359:Francis Joseph I
7353:
7345:
7337:
7329:
7321:
7313:
7305:
7297:
7289:
7281:
7273:
7265:
7257:
7249:
7241:
7233:
7225:
7217:
7209:
7201:
7193:
7185:
7177:
7169:
7161:
7153:
7145:
7137:
7129:
7121:
7115:
7113:Otto I the Merry
7107:
7099:
7091:
7083:
7075:
7067:
7059:
7048:
7034:
7026:
7018:
7010:
6989:
6981:
6973:
6965:
6957:
6949:
6941:
6933:
6925:
6923:Ernest the Brave
6917:
6909:
6901:
6876:
6869:
6862:
6853:
6852:
6785:
6746:
6745:
6732:
6731:
6713:
6705:
6697:
6674:
6666:
6643:
6620:
6608:House of Bourbon
6597:
6589:
6581:
6574:
6566:
6558:
6550:
6527:
6518:
6510:
6502:
6483:
6470:
6459:
6448:
6440:
6432:
6424:
6412:House of Limburg
6408:
6407:
6394:
6393:
6375:
6367:
6359:
6351:
6343:
6335:
6323:House of Limburg
6312:
6301:
6290:
6267:
6244:
6225:
6212:
6204:
6196:
6188:
6180:
6172:
6164:
6156:
6140:
6139:
6126:
6125:
6107:
6100:
6093:
6084:
6083:
6004:
5563:Louis the German
5534:
5527:
5520:
5511:
5510:
5409:
5341:House of Zápolya
5297:House of Hunyadi
5159:House of Přemysl
5152:
5082:
5074:
4888:
4887:
4859:
4852:
4845:
4836:
4835:
4810:Elector Palatine
4741:
4740:
4656:
4655:
4622:
4621:
4588:
4587:
4567:
4551:
4550:
4506:
4505:
4472:
4471:
4462:
4405:Henry Bretislaus
4283:Saint Wenceslaus
4260:
4184:
4183:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4137:
4136:
4123:
4122:
3869:
3862:
3855:
3846:
3845:
3778:Preceded by
3711:Preceded by
3701:
3700:20 February 1790
3694:
3670:
3669:
3619:Wilson, Peter H.
3601:
3578:
3514:
3463:
3441:full text online
3416:
3410:
3402:
3373:
3334:
3291:
3280:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3249:
3213:
3168:
3167:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3116:
3112:
3110:
3102:
3094:
3088:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3015:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2959:. 14 April 1849.
2949:
2943:
2942:
2916:
2910:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2855:
2852:Europe a history
2845:
2839:
2838:
2832:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2804:
2798:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2764:
2762:
2754:Münchner Zeitung
2751:
2745:
2733:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
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2383:
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2356:
2350:
1830:
1829:
1821:
1820:
1793:Marie Antoinette
1692:, Czech Republic
1657:
1654:
1481:Ferenc Széchényi
1181:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1159:
1118:
1094:
1086:
938:attempt was made
927:Marie Antoinette
813:), and again at
663:
630:Marie Antoinette
626:Maximilian Franz
585:Louise Élisabeth
511:
504:
500:
497:
491:
460:
452:
366:Marie Antoinette
331:
263:
262:
233:
231:
208:
206:
162:
159:20 February 1790
89:
88:20 February 1790
63:
60:
51:
39:
38:
21:
11623:
11622:
11618:
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11614:
11613:
11612:
11473:
11472:
11471:
11458:
11422:
11366:
11311:
11290:
11286:Archduke Eduard
11269:
11195:Archduke Rainer
11153:
11037:
10946:
10927:Archduke Ernest
10835:
10831:Archduke Rudolf
10759:
10734:
10713:
10697:
10662:
10649:
10646:
10645:Armorial of the
10643:
10626:
10610:
10579:
10533:
10438:
10421:
10416:
10386:
10381:
10380:
10367:
10345:
10307:
10209:
10166:
10145:
10092:
10061:
10057:Carvalho e Melo
10045:
9992:
9926:
9878:
9842:
9809:
9728:
9687:
9531:
9416:
9397:
9383:Spanish America
9257:Encyclopédistes
9220:Civil liberties
9197:
9186:
9181:
9151:
9146:
9137:
9125:13th generation
9120:
9072:12th generation
9067:
9031:11th generation
9026:
8996:10th generation
8991:
8974:
8969:Cardinal Rudolf
8903:
8862:
8846:
8825:
8804:
8768:
8742:
8706:
8691:
8688:
8658:
8653:
8611:
8588:19th generation
8579:
8541:18th generation
8532:
8516:
8500:
8468:
8460:17th generation
8451:
8434:
8428:
8424:Hubert Salvator
8381:
8375:
8355:16th generation
8350:
8311:Peter Ferdinand
8306:Josef Ferdinand
8286:Franz Ferdinand
8274:15th generation
8269:
8250:Charles Stephen
8235:Ludwig Salvator
8198:14th generation
8193:
8102:13th generation
8097:
8073:Cardinal Rudolf
8021:12th generation
8016:
7985:11th generation
7980:
7954:
7913:
7899:Leopold Wilhelm
7862:
7781:
7750:
7729:
7713:
7697:
7671:
7664:
7659:
7629:
7624:
7487:
7479:
7416:Ernest the Iron
7382:
7374:
7047:
7039:
6994:
6885:
6880:
6850:
6837:
6794:
6786:
6777:
6752:
6740:
6718:
6687:
6679:
6656:
6648:
6633:
6625:
6610:
6602:
6540:
6532:
6492:
6484:
6475:
6414:
6402:
6380:
6325:
6317:
6280:
6272:
6257:
6249:
6234:
6226:
6217:
6146:
6134:
6120:
6111:
6081:
6076:
6047:
6028:
6009:
5987:
5963:
5944:
5811:Frederick (III)
5642:
5633:
5601:
5592:
5588:Louis the Child
5578:Charles the Fat
5552:
5543:
5538:
5508:
5503:
5492:
5443:
5360:
5335:
5310:
5291:
5272:
5247:
5228:
5191:
5172:
5153:
5140:
4985:
4877:
4868:
4863:
4833:
4828:
4782:
4744:1780–1918
4726:
4659:1526–1780
4641:
4625:1471–1526
4607:
4591:1457–1471
4575:
4565:
4554:1437–1457
4536:
4509:1310–1437
4491:
4475:1306–1310
4463:
4450:
4414:
4253:
4173:
4164:
4134:
4129:
4111:
3878:
3873:
3838:
3825:
3812:
3805:Duke of Brabant
3803:
3798:
3788:King of Hungary
3783:
3772:
3767:
3757:
3748:
3738:
3733:
3731:Maria Christina
3724:
3721:Duke of Teschen
3716:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3634:
3598:
3460:
3439:(1897), 222 pp
3404:
3403:
3391:
3362:
3341:
3339:Further reading
3269:, ed. (1911). "
3254:
3252:
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2805:
2801:
2789:
2785:
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2776:
2771:
2767:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2743:Wayback Machine
2734:
2730:
2723:
2719:
2711:
2707:
2692:
2688:
2668:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2638:
2634:
2625:
2621:
2580:
2576:
2568:
2564:
2545:
2541:
2533:
2529:
2488:
2484:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2457:
2451:
2447:
2438:
2434:
2421:
2417:
2409:Mitford, Nancy
2408:
2404:
2396:
2392:
2384:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2320:
2315:
1818:
1759:funeral cantata
1737:
1713:
1663:Saul K. Padover
1655:
1562:
1532:
1402:
1334:
1293:Pauline Fathers
1285:Dominican Order
1190:Catholic Church
1182:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1119:
1117:
1107:
1095:
1084:
1063:
1005:
993:Duchy of Mantua
978:Diet of Hungary
950:
896:German language
877:
875:Domestic policy
872:
717:
661:
660:in Frankfurt, 3
593:Marie Leczinska
579:to bolster the
571:Joseph married
554:
541:Encyclopédistes
512:
501:
495:
492:
477:
461:
450:
438:Antonio Salieri
272:
257:
236:
235:
227:
223:
220:
210:
202:
198:
195:
177:
165:Vienna, Austria
164:
160:
136:
100:
87:
78:
64:
61:
55:Anton von Maron
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11621:
11611:
11610:
11605:
11600:
11595:
11590:
11585:
11580:
11575:
11570:
11565:
11560:
11555:
11550:
11545:
11540:
11535:
11530:
11525:
11520:
11515:
11510:
11505:
11500:
11495:
11490:
11485:
11468:
11467:
11464:
11463:
11460:
11459:
11457:
11456:
11451:
11446:
11441:
11436:
11430:
11428:
11424:
11423:
11421:
11420:
11415:
11410:
11405:
11400:
11395:
11390:
11385:
11380:
11374:
11372:
11368:
11367:
11365:
11364:
11354:
11344:
11334:
11323:
11321:
11313:
11312:
11300:
11299:
11296:
11295:
11292:
11291:
11289:
11288:
11283:
11277:
11275:
11271:
11270:
11268:
11267:
11262:
11257:
11252:
11247:
11242:
11237:
11232:
11227:
11222:
11217:
11212:
11210:Archduke Anton
11207:
11202:
11197:
11192:
11187:
11182:
11177:
11172:
11167:
11161:
11159:
11155:
11154:
11152:
11151:
11146:
11141:
11136:
11131:
11126:
11121:
11116:
11111:
11106:
11101:
11096:
11091:
11086:
11081:
11076:
11071:
11066:
11061:
11056:
11051:
11045:
11043:
11039:
11038:
11036:
11035:
11030:
11025:
11020:
11015:
11013:Archduke Eugen
11010:
11005:
11000:
10995:
10990:
10985:
10980:
10975:
10970:
10965:
10960:
10954:
10952:
10948:
10947:
10945:
10944:
10939:
10934:
10929:
10924:
10919:
10914:
10909:
10904:
10899:
10894:
10889:
10884:
10879:
10874:
10869:
10864:
10859:
10854:
10849:
10843:
10841:
10837:
10836:
10834:
10833:
10828:
10826:Archduke Louis
10823:
10818:
10813:
10808:
10803:
10798:
10793:
10788:
10783:
10778:
10773:
10767:
10765:
10761:
10760:
10758:
10757:
10746:
10744:
10736:
10735:
10723:
10722:
10719:
10718:
10715:
10714:
10712:
10711:
10705:
10703:
10699:
10698:
10696:
10695:
10685:
10674:
10672:
10664:
10663:
10651:
10650:
10637:
10635:
10632:
10631:
10628:
10627:
10625:
10624:
10618:
10616:
10612:
10611:
10609:
10608:
10603:
10598:
10593:
10587:
10585:
10581:
10580:
10578:
10577:
10572:
10567:
10562:
10557:
10552:
10547:
10541:
10539:
10535:
10534:
10532:
10531:
10526:
10521:
10516:
10511:
10506:
10501:
10496:
10491:
10486:
10481:
10476:
10471:
10466:
10461:
10456:
10450:
10448:
10440:
10439:
10423:
10422:
10415:
10414:
10407:
10400:
10392:
10383:
10382:
10379:
10378:
10360:
10359:
10358:
10355:
10354:
10351:
10350:
10347:
10346:
10344:
10343:
10338:
10333:
10328:
10323:
10317:
10315:
10309:
10308:
10306:
10305:
10300:
10295:
10290:
10285:
10280:
10275:
10270:
10265:
10260:
10255:
10250:
10245:
10240:
10235:
10230:
10225:
10219:
10217:
10211:
10210:
10208:
10207:
10202:
10197:
10192:
10187:
10182:
10176:
10174:
10168:
10167:
10165:
10164:
10159:
10153:
10151:
10147:
10146:
10144:
10143:
10138:
10133:
10128:
10123:
10118:
10113:
10108:
10102:
10100:
10094:
10093:
10091:
10090:
10085:
10080:
10075:
10069:
10067:
10063:
10062:
10060:
10059:
10053:
10051:
10047:
10046:
10044:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10023:
10018:
10013:
10008:
10002:
10000:
9994:
9993:
9991:
9990:
9985:
9980:
9975:
9970:
9965:
9960:
9955:
9950:
9945:
9940:
9934:
9932:
9928:
9927:
9925:
9924:
9919:
9914:
9909:
9904:
9899:
9894:
9888:
9886:
9880:
9879:
9877:
9876:
9871:
9866:
9861:
9856:
9850:
9848:
9844:
9843:
9841:
9840:
9835:
9830:
9825:
9819:
9817:
9811:
9810:
9808:
9807:
9802:
9797:
9792:
9787:
9782:
9777:
9772:
9767:
9762:
9757:
9752:
9747:
9742:
9736:
9734:
9730:
9729:
9727:
9726:
9721:
9716:
9711:
9706:
9701:
9695:
9693:
9689:
9688:
9686:
9685:
9680:
9675:
9670:
9665:
9660:
9655:
9650:
9645:
9640:
9635:
9630:
9625:
9620:
9615:
9610:
9605:
9600:
9595:
9590:
9585:
9580:
9575:
9570:
9565:
9560:
9555:
9550:
9545:
9539:
9537:
9533:
9532:
9530:
9529:
9527:Wollstonecraft
9524:
9519:
9514:
9509:
9504:
9499:
9494:
9489:
9484:
9479:
9474:
9469:
9464:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9444:
9439:
9434:
9428:
9426:
9418:
9417:
9407:
9406:
9403:
9402:
9399:
9398:
9396:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9380:
9375:
9370:
9361:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9341:
9336:
9331:
9326:
9321:
9316:
9311:
9304:
9295:
9290:
9285:
9280:
9275:
9266:
9261:
9252:
9247:
9242:
9237:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9206:
9199:
9198:
9188:
9187:
9180:
9179:
9172:
9165:
9157:
9148:
9147:
9142:
9139:
9138:
9136:
9135:
9132:Prince Dominic
9128:
9126:
9122:
9121:
9119:
9118:
9112:
9106:
9100:
9094:
9088:
9082:
9075:
9073:
9069:
9068:
9066:
9065:
9059:
9053:
9047:
9041:
9034:
9032:
9028:
9027:
9025:
9024:
9018:
9012:
9006:
8999:
8997:
8993:
8992:
8990:
8989:
8982:
8980:
8979:9th generation
8976:
8975:
8973:
8972:
8966:
8960:
8954:
8948:
8942:
8936:
8930:
8924:
8918:
8911:
8909:
8908:8th generation
8905:
8904:
8902:
8901:
8895:
8889:
8883:
8877:
8870:
8868:
8867:7th generation
8864:
8863:
8861:
8860:
8854:
8852:
8851:6th generation
8848:
8847:
8845:
8844:
8839:
8833:
8831:
8830:5th generation
8827:
8826:
8824:
8823:
8818:
8812:
8810:
8809:4th generation
8806:
8805:
8803:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8776:
8774:
8773:3rd generation
8770:
8769:
8767:
8766:
8761:
8756:
8750:
8748:
8747:2nd generation
8744:
8743:
8741:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8714:
8712:
8711:1st generation
8708:
8707:
8696:
8693:
8692:
8690:Tuscan princes
8687:
8686:
8679:
8672:
8664:
8655:
8654:
8652:
8651:
8645:
8639:
8633:
8627:
8620:
8617:
8616:
8613:
8612:
8610:
8609:
8604:
8598:
8596:
8589:
8585:
8584:
8581:
8580:
8578:
8577:
8572:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8551:
8549:
8542:
8538:
8537:
8534:
8533:
8531:
8530:
8524:
8522:
8518:
8517:
8515:
8514:
8508:
8506:
8502:
8501:
8499:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8472:
8470:
8461:
8457:
8456:
8453:
8452:
8450:
8449:
8444:
8438:
8436:
8430:
8429:
8427:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8385:
8383:
8377:
8376:
8374:
8373:
8368:
8362:
8356:
8352:
8351:
8349:
8348:
8346:Joseph Francis
8343:
8338:
8333:
8328:
8326:Albrecht Franz
8323:
8321:Franz Salvator
8318:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8296:Ferdinand Karl
8293:
8288:
8283:
8277:
8275:
8271:
8270:
8268:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8227:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8207:
8201:
8199:
8195:
8194:
8192:
8191:
8186:
8181:
8179:Heinrich Anton
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8159:Leopold Ludwig
8156:
8151:
8146:
8141:
8136:
8134:Karl Ferdinand
8131:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8105:
8103:
8099:
8098:
8096:
8095:
8090:
8085:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8065:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8045:
8040:
8035:
8030:
8024:
8022:
8018:
8017:
8015:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7997:Charles Joseph
7994:
7988:
7986:
7982:
7981:
7979:
7978:
7973:
7971:Leopold Joseph
7968:
7962:
7960:
7959:9th generation
7956:
7955:
7953:
7952:
7950:Charles Joseph
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7921:
7919:
7918:8th generation
7915:
7914:
7912:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7870:
7868:
7867:7th generation
7864:
7863:
7861:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7828:Maximilian III
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7789:
7787:
7786:6th generation
7783:
7782:
7780:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7758:
7756:
7755:5th generation
7752:
7751:
7749:
7748:
7743:
7737:
7735:
7734:4th generation
7731:
7730:
7728:
7727:
7721:
7719:
7718:3rd generation
7715:
7714:
7712:
7711:
7705:
7703:
7702:2nd generation
7699:
7698:
7696:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7679:
7677:
7676:1st generation
7673:
7672:
7669:
7666:
7665:
7658:
7657:
7650:
7643:
7635:
7626:
7625:
7623:
7622:
7614:
7606:
7598:
7590:
7582:
7574:
7566:
7558:
7550:
7542:
7534:
7526:
7518:
7510:
7502:
7493:
7491:
7481:
7480:
7478:
7477:
7469:
7461:
7453:
7445:
7437:
7429:
7421:
7413:
7405:
7397:
7388:
7386:
7376:
7375:
7373:
7372:
7364:
7356:
7348:
7340:
7332:
7324:
7316:
7308:
7300:
7292:
7284:
7276:
7268:
7260:
7252:
7244:
7236:
7228:
7220:
7212:
7204:
7196:
7188:
7180:
7172:
7164:
7156:
7148:
7140:
7132:
7124:
7118:
7110:
7102:
7094:
7086:
7078:
7070:
7062:
7053:
7051:
7041:
7040:
7038:
7037:
7029:
7021:
7013:
7004:
7002:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6992:
6984:
6976:
6968:
6960:
6952:
6944:
6936:
6928:
6920:
6912:
6904:
6895:
6893:
6887:
6886:
6879:
6878:
6871:
6864:
6856:
6847:
6846:
6843:
6842:
6839:
6838:
6836:
6835:
6829:
6823:
6817:
6814:Marie-Adélaïde
6811:
6805:
6798:
6796:
6795:(1890–present)
6788:
6787:
6780:
6778:
6776:
6775:
6769:
6763:
6756:
6754:
6742:
6741:
6728:
6727:
6724:
6723:
6720:
6719:
6717:
6716:
6708:
6700:
6691:
6689:
6681:
6680:
6678:
6677:
6669:
6660:
6658:
6650:
6649:
6647:
6646:
6637:
6635:
6627:
6626:
6624:
6623:
6614:
6612:
6604:
6603:
6601:
6600:
6592:
6584:
6569:
6561:
6553:
6544:
6542:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6530:
6522:
6513:
6505:
6496:
6494:
6486:
6485:
6478:
6476:
6474:
6473:
6465:
6454:
6443:
6435:
6427:
6418:
6416:
6404:
6403:
6390:
6389:
6386:
6385:
6382:
6381:
6379:
6378:
6370:
6362:
6354:
6346:
6338:
6329:
6327:
6319:
6318:
6316:
6315:
6307:
6296:
6284:
6282:
6278:House of Namur
6274:
6273:
6271:
6270:
6261:
6259:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6247:
6238:
6236:
6232:House of Namur
6228:
6227:
6220:
6218:
6216:
6215:
6207:
6199:
6191:
6183:
6175:
6167:
6159:
6150:
6148:
6136:
6135:
6122:
6121:
6110:
6109:
6102:
6095:
6087:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6058:
6056:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6045:
6039:
6037:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6026:
6024:Franz Joseph I
6020:
6018:
6011:
6010:
6008:
6007:
5998:
5996:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5985:
5980:
5974:
5972:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5961:
5955:
5953:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5712:Lothair II/III
5709:
5704:
5699:
5692:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5649:
5647:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5631:
5626:
5619:
5614:
5608:
5606:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5559:
5557:
5545:
5544:
5537:
5536:
5529:
5522:
5514:
5505:
5504:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5490:
5484:
5481:Francis Joseph
5478:
5472:
5466:
5460:
5453:
5451:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5435:
5429:
5423:
5417:
5416:
5415:
5401:
5395:
5389:
5383:
5377:
5370:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5355:John Sigismund
5352:
5345:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5327:
5320:
5318:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5301:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5282:
5280:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5264:
5257:
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5238:
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5230:
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5126:
5120:
5114:
5108:
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5096:
5090:
5089:
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5066:
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5030:
5024:
5018:
5012:
5006:
5000:
4993:
4991:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4977:
4967:
4953:
4939:
4923:
4909:
4894:
4892:
4885:
4883:House of Árpád
4879:
4878:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4862:
4861:
4854:
4847:
4839:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4819:Prince-elector
4816:
4807:
4804:
4801:
4795:Duke of Poland
4791:
4788:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4774:
4772:Francis Joseph
4769:
4764:
4758:
4753:
4747:
4745:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4716:Charles Albert
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
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4557:
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4537:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4518:
4516:John the Blind
4512:
4510:
4503:
4497:
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4490:
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4484:
4478:
4476:
4469:
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4457:
4455:
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4451:
4449:
4448:
4446:Wenceslaus III
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4390:Conrad II Otto
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4366:
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4336:
4330:
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4019:
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4009:
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3999:
3994:
3989:
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3979:
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3759:
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3753:
3750:
3740:
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3726:
3717:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3706:Regnal titles
3703:
3702:
3683:
3676:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3651:
3640:
3633:
3632:External links
3630:
3629:
3628:
3626:online edition
3616:
3602:
3596:
3579:
3544:
3529:
3515:
3464:
3458:
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3426:
3417:
3389:
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3360:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3315:10.1086/658104
3309:(1): 111–138.
3292:
3281:
3267:Chisholm, Hugh
3250:
3236:
3214:
3200:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3149:
3142:
3124:
3089:
3077:
3075:, p. 133.
3065:
3053:
3051:, p. 130.
3041:
3039:, p. 128.
3029:
3027:, p. 127.
3017:
2974:
2962:
2944:
2929:
2911:
2893:
2881:
2869:
2862:
2840:
2815:(in Hungarian)
2799:
2783:
2774:
2765:
2746:
2728:
2717:
2705:
2686:
2654:
2645:
2632:
2626:Jeremy Black,
2619:
2592:(2): 257–299.
2574:
2562:
2539:
2527:
2482:
2471:on 5 June 2010
2445:
2432:
2415:
2402:
2400:, p. 146.
2390:
2388:, p. 313.
2378:
2376:, p. 300.
2366:
2364:Hopkins, p. 63
2357:
2344:
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2023:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
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1991:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1957:
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1938:
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1922:
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1916:
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1855:
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1851:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1826:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1736:
1733:
1712:
1711:Popular memory
1709:
1634:Ottoman Empire
1599:The legacy of
1561:
1558:
1547:Imperial Crypt
1531:
1528:
1431:Ottoman Empire
1427:Russian Empire
1419:Barrier Treaty
1401:
1398:
1372:including the
1333:
1332:Foreign policy
1330:
1211:civil contract
1184:
1183:
1098:
1096:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1062:
1059:
1004:
1001:
997:Duchy of Milan
949:
946:
876:
873:
871:
868:
834:Maximilian III
819:Prince Kaunitz
716:
713:
553:
550:
514:
513:
464:
462:
455:
449:
446:
333:
332:
325:
321:
320:
315:
311:
310:
305:
301:
300:
295:
291:
290:
285:
279:
278:
275:
274:
268:
267:
259:
258:
256:
255:
252:
246:
244:
238:
237:
225:
221:
216:
215:
214:
213:
200:
196:
191:
190:
189:
188:
185:
183:
179:
178:
175:Imperial Crypt
173:
171:
167:
166:
163:(aged 48)
157:
153:
152:
133:
129:
128:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
97:
91:
90:
84:
80:
79:
72:
66:
65:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11620:
11609:
11606:
11604:
11601:
11599:
11596:
11594:
11591:
11589:
11586:
11584:
11581:
11579:
11576:
11574:
11571:
11569:
11566:
11564:
11561:
11559:
11556:
11554:
11551:
11549:
11546:
11544:
11541:
11539:
11536:
11534:
11531:
11529:
11526:
11524:
11521:
11519:
11516:
11514:
11511:
11509:
11506:
11504:
11501:
11499:
11496:
11494:
11491:
11489:
11486:
11484:
11481:
11480:
11478:
11455:
11452:
11450:
11447:
11445:
11442:
11440:
11437:
11435:
11432:
11431:
11429:
11427:Grandchildren
11425:
11419:
11416:
11414:
11411:
11409:
11406:
11404:
11401:
11399:
11396:
11394:
11391:
11389:
11386:
11384:
11381:
11379:
11376:
11375:
11373:
11369:
11363:
11360:
11359:
11355:
11353:
11350:
11349:
11345:
11343:
11340:
11339:
11335:
11333:
11330:
11329:
11325:
11324:
11322:
11318:
11314:
11310:
11305:
11301:
11287:
11284:
11282:
11279:
11278:
11276:
11272:
11266:
11265:Archduke Géza
11263:
11261:
11258:
11256:
11253:
11251:
11248:
11246:
11243:
11241:
11238:
11236:
11233:
11231:
11228:
11226:
11223:
11221:
11218:
11216:
11213:
11211:
11208:
11206:
11203:
11201:
11198:
11196:
11193:
11191:
11188:
11186:
11183:
11181:
11178:
11176:
11173:
11171:
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11156:
11150:
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11145:
11142:
11140:
11137:
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11132:
11130:
11127:
11125:
11122:
11120:
11117:
11115:
11112:
11110:
11107:
11105:
11102:
11100:
11097:
11095:
11092:
11090:
11087:
11085:
11082:
11080:
11077:
11075:
11072:
11070:
11067:
11065:
11062:
11060:
11057:
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11050:
11047:
11046:
11044:
11040:
11034:
11031:
11029:
11026:
11024:
11021:
11019:
11016:
11014:
11011:
11009:
11006:
11004:
11001:
10999:
10996:
10994:
10991:
10989:
10986:
10984:
10981:
10979:
10976:
10974:
10971:
10969:
10966:
10964:
10961:
10959:
10956:
10955:
10953:
10949:
10943:
10940:
10938:
10935:
10933:
10930:
10928:
10925:
10923:
10920:
10918:
10915:
10913:
10910:
10908:
10905:
10903:
10900:
10898:
10895:
10893:
10890:
10888:
10885:
10883:
10880:
10878:
10875:
10873:
10870:
10868:
10865:
10863:
10860:
10858:
10855:
10853:
10850:
10848:
10845:
10844:
10842:
10840:Grandchildren
10838:
10832:
10829:
10827:
10824:
10822:
10819:
10817:
10816:Archduke John
10814:
10812:
10809:
10807:
10804:
10802:
10799:
10797:
10794:
10792:
10789:
10787:
10784:
10782:
10779:
10777:
10774:
10772:
10769:
10768:
10766:
10762:
10756:
10753:
10752:
10748:
10747:
10745:
10741:
10737:
10733:
10728:
10724:
10710:
10707:
10706:
10704:
10700:
10694:
10691:
10690:
10686:
10684:
10681:
10680:
10676:
10675:
10673:
10669:
10665:
10661:
10656:
10652:
10648:
10641:
10623:
10620:
10619:
10617:
10613:
10607:
10604:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10589:
10588:
10586:
10582:
10576:
10573:
10571:
10570:Archduke Karl
10568:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10558:
10556:
10553:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10543:
10542:
10540:
10538:Grandchildren
10536:
10530:
10527:
10525:
10522:
10520:
10517:
10515:
10512:
10510:
10507:
10505:
10502:
10500:
10497:
10495:
10492:
10490:
10487:
10485:
10482:
10480:
10477:
10475:
10472:
10470:
10467:
10465:
10462:
10460:
10457:
10455:
10452:
10451:
10449:
10445:
10441:
10437:
10433:
10432:Maria Theresa
10428:
10424:
10420:
10413:
10408:
10406:
10401:
10399:
10394:
10393:
10390:
10377:
10369:
10368:
10366:
10364:
10356:
10342:
10339:
10337:
10334:
10332:
10329:
10327:
10324:
10322:
10319:
10318:
10316:
10314:
10313:United States
10310:
10304:
10301:
10299:
10296:
10294:
10291:
10289:
10286:
10284:
10281:
10279:
10276:
10274:
10271:
10269:
10266:
10264:
10261:
10259:
10256:
10254:
10251:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10241:
10239:
10236:
10234:
10231:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10221:
10220:
10218:
10216:
10212:
10206:
10203:
10201:
10198:
10196:
10193:
10191:
10188:
10186:
10183:
10181:
10178:
10177:
10175:
10173:
10169:
10163:
10160:
10158:
10155:
10154:
10152:
10148:
10142:
10139:
10137:
10134:
10132:
10129:
10127:
10124:
10122:
10119:
10117:
10114:
10112:
10109:
10107:
10104:
10103:
10101:
10099:
10095:
10089:
10086:
10084:
10081:
10079:
10076:
10074:
10073:Budai-Deleanu
10071:
10070:
10068:
10064:
10058:
10055:
10054:
10052:
10048:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10009:
10007:
10004:
10003:
10001:
9999:
9995:
9989:
9986:
9984:
9981:
9979:
9976:
9974:
9971:
9969:
9966:
9964:
9961:
9959:
9956:
9954:
9951:
9949:
9946:
9944:
9941:
9939:
9936:
9935:
9933:
9929:
9923:
9920:
9918:
9915:
9913:
9910:
9908:
9905:
9903:
9900:
9898:
9895:
9893:
9890:
9889:
9887:
9885:
9881:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9865:
9862:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9851:
9849:
9845:
9839:
9836:
9834:
9831:
9829:
9826:
9824:
9821:
9820:
9818:
9816:
9812:
9806:
9803:
9801:
9798:
9796:
9793:
9791:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9778:
9776:
9773:
9771:
9768:
9766:
9763:
9761:
9758:
9756:
9753:
9751:
9748:
9746:
9743:
9741:
9738:
9737:
9735:
9731:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9717:
9715:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9697:
9696:
9694:
9690:
9684:
9681:
9679:
9676:
9674:
9671:
9669:
9666:
9664:
9661:
9659:
9656:
9654:
9651:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9641:
9639:
9636:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9599:
9596:
9594:
9591:
9589:
9586:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9556:
9554:
9551:
9549:
9546:
9544:
9541:
9540:
9538:
9534:
9528:
9525:
9523:
9520:
9518:
9515:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9498:
9495:
9493:
9490:
9488:
9485:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9475:
9473:
9470:
9468:
9465:
9463:
9460:
9458:
9455:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9437:Ashley-Cooper
9435:
9433:
9430:
9429:
9427:
9423:
9419:
9412:
9408:
9394:
9391:
9389:
9386:
9384:
9381:
9379:
9376:
9374:
9371:
9368:
9367:
9362:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9347:
9345:
9342:
9340:
9339:Progressivism
9337:
9335:
9332:
9330:
9327:
9325:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9310:
9309:
9305:
9302:
9301:
9296:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9288:Individualism
9286:
9284:
9281:
9279:
9276:
9273:
9272:
9267:
9265:
9262:
9259:
9258:
9253:
9251:
9248:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9238:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9228:
9226:
9223:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9207:
9204:
9200:
9193:
9189:
9185:
9178:
9173:
9171:
9166:
9164:
9159:
9158:
9155:
9145:
9140:
9133:
9130:
9129:
9127:
9123:
9116:
9113:
9110:
9107:
9104:
9101:
9098:
9095:
9092:
9089:
9086:
9085:Prince Rainer
9083:
9080:
9077:
9076:
9074:
9070:
9063:
9060:
9057:
9054:
9051:
9048:
9045:
9042:
9039:
9036:
9035:
9033:
9029:
9022:
9019:
9016:
9013:
9010:
9007:
9004:
9001:
9000:
8998:
8994:
8987:
8984:
8983:
8981:
8977:
8970:
8967:
8964:
8961:
8958:
8955:
8952:
8949:
8946:
8943:
8940:
8937:
8934:
8931:
8928:
8925:
8922:
8919:
8916:
8913:
8912:
8910:
8906:
8899:
8896:
8893:
8890:
8887:
8884:
8881:
8878:
8875:
8872:
8871:
8869:
8865:
8859:
8856:
8855:
8853:
8849:
8843:
8840:
8838:
8835:
8834:
8832:
8828:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8813:
8811:
8807:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8777:
8775:
8771:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8751:
8749:
8745:
8739:
8738:Prince Pietro
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8728:Prince Garzia
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8715:
8713:
8709:
8704:
8700:
8694:
8685:
8680:
8678:
8673:
8671:
8666:
8665:
8662:
8650:
8646:
8644:
8640:
8638:
8634:
8632:
8628:
8626:
8622:
8621:
8618:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8599:
8597:
8593:
8590:
8586:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8552:
8550:
8546:
8543:
8539:
8529:
8526:
8525:
8523:
8519:
8513:
8510:
8509:
8507:
8503:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8473:
8471:
8465:
8462:
8458:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8439:
8437:
8431:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8399:Leopold Maria
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8386:
8384:
8378:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8363:
8360:
8357:
8353:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8331:Karl Albrecht
8329:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8282:
8279:
8278:
8276:
8272:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8260:Joseph August
8258:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8240:John Salvator
8238:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8230:Karl Salvator
8228:
8226:
8223:
8221:
8220:Ludwig Viktor
8218:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8202:
8200:
8196:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8144:Wilhelm Franz
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8106:
8104:
8100:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8063:Rainer Joseph
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8025:
8023:
8019:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7989:
7987:
7983:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7963:
7961:
7957:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7922:
7920:
7916:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7871:
7869:
7865:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7843:Ferdinand III
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7790:
7788:
7784:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7767:Maximilian II
7765:
7763:
7760:
7759:
7757:
7753:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7738:
7736:
7732:
7726:
7723:
7722:
7720:
7716:
7710:
7707:
7706:
7704:
7700:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7680:
7678:
7674:
7667:
7663:
7656:
7651:
7649:
7644:
7642:
7637:
7636:
7633:
7618:
7615:
7610:
7607:
7602:
7599:
7594:
7591:
7586:
7585:Ferdinand III
7583:
7578:
7575:
7570:
7567:
7562:
7559:
7554:
7551:
7546:
7543:
7538:
7535:
7530:
7527:
7522:
7519:
7514:
7511:
7506:
7503:
7498:
7495:
7494:
7492:
7486:
7482:
7473:
7472:Ferdinand III
7470:
7465:
7462:
7457:
7454:
7449:
7446:
7441:
7438:
7433:
7430:
7425:
7422:
7417:
7414:
7409:
7406:
7401:
7398:
7393:
7390:
7389:
7387:
7381:
7377:
7368:
7365:
7360:
7357:
7352:
7349:
7344:
7341:
7336:
7333:
7328:
7325:
7320:
7317:
7312:
7311:Maria Theresa
7309:
7304:
7301:
7296:
7293:
7288:
7285:
7280:
7277:
7272:
7269:
7264:
7261:
7256:
7253:
7248:
7247:Ferdinand III
7245:
7240:
7237:
7232:
7229:
7224:
7221:
7216:
7215:Maximilian II
7213:
7208:
7205:
7200:
7197:
7192:
7189:
7184:
7181:
7176:
7173:
7168:
7165:
7160:
7157:
7152:
7149:
7144:
7141:
7136:
7133:
7128:
7125:
7120:Frederick II
7119:
7114:
7111:
7106:
7103:
7098:
7095:
7090:
7087:
7082:
7079:
7074:
7071:
7066:
7063:
7058:
7055:
7054:
7052:
7046:
7042:
7033:
7030:
7025:
7022:
7017:
7014:
7009:
7006:
7005:
7003:
7001:
6997:
6988:
6985:
6980:
6977:
6972:
6969:
6964:
6961:
6956:
6953:
6948:
6945:
6940:
6937:
6932:
6929:
6924:
6921:
6916:
6913:
6908:
6905:
6900:
6897:
6896:
6894:
6892:
6888:
6884:
6877:
6872:
6870:
6865:
6863:
6858:
6857:
6854:
6833:
6830:
6827:
6824:
6821:
6818:
6815:
6812:
6809:
6806:
6803:
6800:
6799:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6784:
6773:
6770:
6767:
6764:
6761:
6758:
6757:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6729:
6712:
6709:
6704:
6701:
6696:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6686:
6682:
6673:
6670:
6665:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6655:
6651:
6642:
6641:Maximilian II
6639:
6638:
6636:
6632:
6628:
6619:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6609:
6605:
6596:
6593:
6588:
6585:
6580:
6573:
6570:
6565:
6562:
6557:
6554:
6549:
6546:
6545:
6543:
6539:
6535:
6526:
6523:
6517:
6514:
6509:
6506:
6501:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6491:
6487:
6482:
6469:
6466:
6463:
6460:(1411–1415),
6458:
6455:
6452:
6447:
6444:
6439:
6436:
6431:
6430:Wenceslaus II
6428:
6423:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6391:
6374:
6371:
6366:
6363:
6358:
6355:
6350:
6347:
6342:
6339:
6334:
6331:
6330:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6311:
6308:
6305:
6302:(1197–1214),
6300:
6297:
6294:
6291:(1197–1247),
6289:
6286:
6285:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6243:
6240:
6239:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6224:
6211:
6208:
6203:
6200:
6195:
6192:
6187:
6184:
6179:
6176:
6171:
6168:
6163:
6160:
6155:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6108:
6103:
6101:
6096:
6094:
6089:
6088:
6085:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6067:Frederick III
6065:
6063:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6053:German Empire
6050:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6031:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6012:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5993:German Empire
5990:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5966:
5960:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5947:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5895:Ferdinand III
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5875:Maximilian II
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5855:Frederick III
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5840:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5781:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5764:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5697:
5693:
5691:
5690:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5640:
5636:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5599:
5595:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5535:
5530:
5528:
5523:
5521:
5516:
5515:
5512:
5501:
5495:
5488:
5485:
5482:
5479:
5476:
5473:
5470:
5467:
5464:
5461:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5446:
5439:
5438:Maria Theresa
5436:
5433:
5430:
5427:
5424:
5421:
5418:
5412:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5404:Ferdinand III
5402:
5399:
5396:
5393:
5390:
5387:
5384:
5381:
5378:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5367:
5363:
5356:
5353:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5342:
5338:
5331:
5328:
5325:
5324:Vladislaus II
5322:
5321:
5319:
5317:
5313:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5298:
5294:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5275:
5268:
5265:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5254:
5250:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5235:
5231:
5224:
5221:
5218:
5215:
5212:
5209:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5194:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5156:
5151:
5136:
5133:
5130:
5127:
5124:
5121:
5118:
5115:
5112:
5109:
5106:
5105:Ladislaus III
5103:
5100:
5097:
5094:
5091:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5064:
5061:
5058:
5055:
5052:
5049:
5046:
5043:
5040:
5037:
5034:
5031:
5028:
5025:
5022:
5019:
5016:
5013:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4988:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4971:
4968:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4954:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4910:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4891:Grand Princes
4889:
4886:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4871:
4867:
4860:
4855:
4853:
4848:
4846:
4841:
4840:
4837:
4824:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4799:Piast dynasty
4796:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4723:
4722:Maria Theresa
4720:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4696:Ferdinand III
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4648:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4632:Vladislaus II
4630:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4582:
4572:
4569:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4527:Wenceslaus IV
4525:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4466:
4461:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4441:Wenceslaus II
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4395:Wenceslaus II
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4369:Vladislaus II
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4344:Bretislaus II
4342:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4333:Vratislaus II
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4298:Boleslaus III
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
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4067:Ferdinand III
4065:
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4048:
4047:Maximilian II
4045:
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4027:Frederick III
4025:
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3781:Maria Theresa
3776:
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3693:13 March 1741
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3666:Regnal titles
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3641:
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3599:
3593:
3590:: C.H. Beck.
3589:
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3524:
3520:
3519:History Today
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3481:(1): 89–114.
3480:
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3461:
3459:9783643106117
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3268:
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3262:public domain
3251:
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3233:
3229:
3226:. Cambridge:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3201:0-521-24240-1
3197:
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3190:. Cambridge:
3189:
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3179:
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3165:
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3145:
3143:0-300-04212-4
3139:
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3128:
3120:
3108:
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3093:
3086:
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2930:0-19-816443-2
2926:
2922:
2915:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2897:
2891:, p. 65.
2890:
2885:
2878:
2873:
2865:
2863:0-06-097468-0
2859:
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2844:
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2760:
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2740:
2737:
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2721:
2714:
2709:
2702:(4): 471–478.
2701:
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2690:
2682:
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2642:
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2623:
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2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2578:
2572:, p. 79.
2571:
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2557:
2553:
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2531:
2523:
2519:
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2370:
2361:
2355:, p. 77.
2354:
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2028:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2008:
2007:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1917:
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1911:
1908:
1902:
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1898:
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1888:
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1823:
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1811:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1780:Jeffrey Jones
1777:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1766:Peter Shaffer
1762:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1718:
1708:
1705:
1704:Jean Berenger
1700:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1635:
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1622:
1620:
1617:In 1849, the
1615:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1572:included the
1571:
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1300:
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1234:
1227:
1223:
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1199:
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1191:
1180:
1177:
1169:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1127: –
1126:
1122:
1121:Find sources:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1099:This section
1097:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1058:
1056:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1021:death penalty
1014:
1009:
1000:
998:
994:
988:
986:
981:
979:
975:
969:
967:
959:
954:
945:
943:
939:
934:
932:
928:
924:
919:
917:
916:death penalty
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
884:
882:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
848:
846:
841:
839:
835:
831:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
811:
806:
801:
799:
795:
790:
786:
784:
780:
776:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
752:
750:
746:
738:
734:
730:
729:Pompeo Batoni
726:
725:Peter Leopold
721:
712:
710:
706:
701:
699:
693:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
667:
659:
655:
650:
646:
642:
640:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
609:
608:Maria Theresa
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
566:
563:(painting by
562:
558:
549:
547:
543:
542:
537:
533:
529:
528:Edward Gibbon
525:
521:
510:
507:
499:
489:
485:
481:
475:
474:
470:
465:This section
463:
459:
454:
453:
445:
443:
439:
435:
430:
428:
424:
423:
418:
417:Enlightenment
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
330:
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322:
319:
316:
312:
309:
308:Maria Theresa
306:
302:
299:
296:
292:
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286:
284:
280:
269:
264:
260:
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194:
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176:
172:
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158:
154:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:13 March 1741
134:
130:
126:
123:
120:
116:
113:
110:
106:
103:
98:
96:
92:
85:
81:
76:
71:
67:
56:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
11356:
11346:
11336:
11326:
10749:
10687:
10677:
10659:
10468:
10361:
10106:Catherine II
9558:Beaumarchais
9388:Universality
9359:Reductionism
9306:
9283:Human rights
9143:
8963:Prince Louis
8873:
8857:
8648:
8642:
8636:
8630:
8624:
8570:Karl Philipp
8442:Joseph Árpád
8409:Franz Joseph
8114:Joseph Franz
8053:Anton Victor
7991:
7894:Ferdinand IV
7772:Ferdinand II
7709:Maximilian I
7561:Ferdinand II
7326:
7255:Ferdinand IV
6834:(since 2000)
6739:(since 1815)
6694:
6525:Maximilian I
6461:
6450:
6449:(1411–1443)
6422:Wenceslaus I
6373:Wenceslaus I
6303:
6292:
5929:
5900:Ferdinand IV
5890:Ferdinand II
5860:Maximilian I
5837:
5820:
5778:
5763:Henry (VIII)
5761:
5747:Frederick II
5702:Conrad (III)
5694:
5687:
5621:
5598:East Francia
5549:East Francia
5499:
5456:
5411:Ferdinand IV
5406:(1637–1657)
5398:Ferdinand II
5286:Vladislaus I
5129:Ladislaus IV
5076:Ladislaus II
5071:(1162–1172)
4973:
4963:
4959:
4949:
4945:
4935:
4931:
4925:
4919:
4915:
4905:
4901:
4750:
4686:Ferdinand II
4617:Jagiellonian
4584:Non-dynastic
4468:Non-dynastic
4431:Wenceslaus I
4380:Sobeslaus II
4359:Vladislaus I
4328:Spytihněv II
4323:Bretislaus I
4293:Boleslaus II
4278:Vratislaus I
4096:
4062:Ferdinand II
4032:Maximilian I
4002:Frederick II
3786:
3762:
3743:
3719:
3697:
3690:
3685:
3677:
3654:
3643:
3621:
3605:
3583:
3561:(1): 69–85.
3558:
3552:
3532:
3518:
3478:
3472:
3448:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3379:
3350:
3306:
3300:
3286:
3274:
3222:
3186:
3163:
3158:
3152:
3133:
3127:
3098:
3092:
3080:
3068:
3056:
3044:
3032:
3020:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2965:
2956:
2947:
2920:
2914:
2901:
2896:
2884:
2872:
2851:
2843:
2817:. Retrieved
2812:
2802:
2786:
2777:
2768:
2749:
2731:
2720:
2713:Padover 1934
2708:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2664:
2657:
2648:
2640:
2635:
2627:
2622:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2570:Padover 1934
2565:
2547:
2542:
2535:Padover 1934
2530:
2500:(1): 22–56.
2497:
2491:
2485:
2473:. Retrieved
2466:the original
2461:
2448:
2440:
2435:
2425:
2418:
2413:1970 pp.274.
2410:
2405:
2398:Padover 1934
2393:
2386:Padover 1934
2381:
2374:Padover 1934
2369:
2360:
2348:
2052:
1798:
1791:
1788:Danny Huston
1769:
1763:
1753:. The young
1744:
1738:
1727:District of
1722:
1714:
1699:Tim Blanning
1695:
1679:Adolf Hitler
1666:
1660:
1642:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1598:
1586:Derek Beales
1583:
1568:Joseph II's
1555:
1550:
1544:
1533:
1517:
1507:
1503:
1474:
1462:
1458:Georg Decker
1447:
1415:
1393:Transylvania
1382:
1370:
1359:
1343:
1323:
1316:
1308:Pope Pius VI
1304:anticlerical
1301:
1253:
1237:
1230:
1207:
1187:
1172:
1163:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1120:
1108:Please help
1103:verification
1100:
1068:
1064:
1055:Physiocratic
1051:
1047:
1043:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1003:Legal reform
989:
982:
970:
963:
942:Count Fersen
935:
920:
912:
885:
878:
849:
842:
827:
808:
802:
791:
787:
772:
753:
744:
742:
702:
694:
690:
671:
643:
635:
632:as the bride
617:
605:
570:
560:
539:
517:
502:
496:October 2023
493:
478:Please help
466:
431:
420:
394:
345:
341:
337:
336:
161:(1790-02-20)
99:3 April 1764
53:Portrait by
36:
11488:1790 deaths
11483:1741 births
10363:Romanticism
10185:Charles III
10026:Poniatowski
9963:Leeuwenhoek
9943:de la Court
9931:Netherlands
9775:Mendelssohn
9770:Lichtenberg
9648:Montesquieu
9366:Sapere aude
9349:Rationalism
9344:Rationality
9334:Objectivity
8951:Prince John
8491:Carl Ludwig
8215:Karl Ludwig
8154:Joseph Karl
8002:Leopold VII
7976:Charles III
7746:Ferdinand I
7683:Frederick V
7620:(1665–1705)
7612:(1662–1665)
7604:(1632–1662)
7596:(1623–1632)
7588:(1619–1623)
7572:(1595–1619)
7564:(1564–1595)
7556:(1521–1564)
7553:Ferdinand I
7548:(1519–1521)
7540:(1490–1519)
7532:(1439–1490)
7524:(1406–1439)
7516:(1386–1406)
7508:(1365–1386)
7500:(1363–1365)
7475:(1590–1637)
7467:(1564–1590)
7459:(1521–1564)
7456:Ferdinand I
7451:(1519–1521)
7443:(1493–1519)
7435:(1457–1463)
7427:(1424–1493)
7419:(1402–1424)
7411:(1386–1411)
7403:(1386–1406)
7395:(1365–1386)
7370:(1916–1918)
7362:(1848–1916)
7354:(1835–1848)
7351:Ferdinand I
7346:(1792–1835)
7338:(1790–1792)
7335:Leopold VII
7330:(1765–1790)
7322:(1740–1765)
7314:(1740–1780)
7306:(1711–1740)
7303:Charles III
7298:(1705–1711)
7282:(1662–1665)
7274:(1632–1662)
7266:(1623–1632)
7258:(1637–1657)
7234:(1608–1619)
7226:(1576–1608)
7218:(1564–1576)
7210:(1521–1564)
7207:Ferdinand I
7202:(1519–1521)
7194:(1493–1519)
7186:(1457–1493)
7178:(1440–1457)
7170:(1404–1439)
7162:(1395-1404)
7154:(1365-1395)
7146:(1365-1379)
7138:(1358–1365)
7130:(1339–1344)
7122:(1339–1344)
7116:(1330–1339)
7108:(1330–1358)
7100:(1308–1326)
7092:(1308–1330)
7084:(1298–1307)
7076:(1282–1283)
7068:(1282–1308)
7060:(1278–1282)
7000:Interregnum
6990:(1230–1246)
6982:(1198–1230)
6974:(1195–1198)
6966:(1177–1194)
6958:(1141–1177)
6950:(1137–1141)
6942:(1095–1136)
6934:(1075–1095)
6926:(1055–1075)
6918:(1018–1055)
6828:(1964–2000)
6822:(1919–1964)
6816:(1912–1919)
6810:(1905–1912)
6804:(1890–1905)
6774:(1849–1890)
6772:William III
6768:(1840–1849)
6762:(1815–1840)
6753:(1815–1890)
6714:(1792–1794)
6706:(1790–1792)
6698:(1780–1790)
6688:(1780–1794)
6675:(1740–1780)
6667:(1713–1740)
6657:(1713–1780)
6644:(1712–1713)
6634:(1712–1713)
6621:(1700–1712)
6611:(1700–1712)
6598:(1665–1700)
6590:(1621–1665)
6582:(1598–1621)
6575:(1598–1621)
6567:(1556–1598)
6559:(1506–1556)
6556:Charles III
6551:(1482–1506)
6541:(1482–1700)
6528:(1477–1482)
6519:(1477–1482)
6511:(1467–1477)
6503:(1443–1467)
6493:(1443–1482)
6471:(1418–1425)
6441:(1388–1411)
6433:(1383–1388)
6425:(1354–1383)
6415:(1354–1443)
6401:(1354–1794)
6376:(1353–1354)
6368:(1346–1353)
6360:(1313–1346)
6352:(1288–1313)
6344:(1281–1288)
6336:(1247–1281)
6326:(1247–1354)
6313:(1214–1226)
6281:(1197–1247)
6268:(1196–1197)
6258:(1196–1197)
6245:(1136–1189)
6235:(1136–1189)
6213:(1131–1136)
6205:(1096–1131)
6197:(1086–1096)
6189:(1059–1086)
6181:(1047–1059)
6173:(1026–1047)
6055:(1871–1918)
6036:(1867–1871)
6017:(1850–1866)
5995:(1848/1849)
5983:Ferdinand I
5971:(1815–1848)
5952:(1806–1813)
5920:Charles VII
5870:Ferdinand I
5752:Henry (VII)
5727:Frederick I
5489:(1916–1918)
5483:(1848–1916)
5477:(1835–1848)
5475:Ferdinand V
5471:(1792–1835)
5465:(1790–1792)
5459:(1780–1790)
5440:(1740–1780)
5434:(1711–1740)
5432:Charles III
5428:(1705–1711)
5422:(1657–1705)
5413:(1647–1654)
5400:(1619–1637)
5394:(1608–1619)
5392:Matthias II
5388:(1576–1608)
5382:(1564–1576)
5376:(1526–1564)
5374:Ferdinand I
5357:(1540–1570)
5351:(1526–1540)
5332:(1516–1526)
5326:(1490–1516)
5307:(1458–1490)
5288:(1440–1444)
5269:(1440–1457)
5267:Ladislaus V
5263:(1437–1439)
5244:(1387–1437)
5225:(1385–1386)
5213:(1342–1382)
5207:(1308–1342)
5188:(1305–1307)
5169:(1301–1305)
5137:(1290–1301)
5131:(1272–1290)
5125:(1270–1272)
5119:(1235–1270)
5113:(1205–1235)
5107:(1204–1205)
5101:(1196–1204)
5095:(1172–1196)
5086:(1163–1165)
5078:(1162–1163)
5069:Stephen III
5065:(1141–1162)
5059:(1131–1141)
5053:(1116–1131)
5047:(1095–1116)
5041:(1077–1095)
5039:Ladislaus I
5035:(1074–1077)
5029:(1063–1074)
5023:(1060–1063)
5017:(1046–1060)
5011:(1041–1044)
4999:(1000–1038)
4875:Family tree
4767:Ferdinand V
4681:Matthias II
4666:Ferdinand I
4566:Interregnum
4364:Sobeslaus I
4288:Boleslaus I
4273:Spytihněv I
4087:Charles VII
4042:Ferdinand I
3987:Frederick I
3982:Lothair III
3912:Charles III
3887:Charlemagne
3175:Works cited
3115:|work=
2889:Beales 1987
2877:Beales 2009
2819:10 February
2757: [
2353:Beales 1987
1810:Ringstrasse
1729:Józsefváros
1656: 1823
1601:Josephinism
1584:Biographer
1504:Landesfürst
1477:Burgtheater
1443:Fürstenbund
1312:Freemasonry
1289:Franciscans
1281:Cistercians
1273:Poor Clares
1269:Carthusians
1257:Camaldolese
1226:Protestants
1198:papal power
1194:Charlemagne
966:Josephinism
676:, Princess
427:Josephinism
344:; English:
318:Catholicism
108:Predecessor
62: 1775
11477:Categories
11309:Francis II
10732:Leopold II
10205:Villarroel
10200:Jovellanos
10136:Radishchev
10083:Micu-Klein
10021:Niemcewicz
9988:Swammerdam
9978:Nieuwentyt
9968:Mandeville
9823:Farmakidis
9709:Burlamaqui
9618:La Mettrie
9593:Fontenelle
9548:d'Argenson
9543:d'Alembert
9467:Harrington
9393:Utopianism
9293:Liberalism
9250:Empiricism
9225:Classicism
9215:Capitalism
8467:Descent of
8435:of Hungary
8371:Maximilian
8119:Franz Karl
8088:Maximilian
7945:Leopold VI
7838:Wenceslaus
7833:Albert VII
7777:Charles II
7617:Leopold VI
7577:Albert VII
7464:Charles II
7343:Francis II
7287:Leopold VI
7239:Albert VII
7127:Leopold II
6910:(994–1018)
6808:William IV
6766:William II
6595:Charles IV
6564:Philip III
6508:Charles II
6165:(998–1026)
6147:(963–1136)
6133:(963–1354)
6118:Luxembourg
6072:William II
5959:Napoleon I
5940:Francis II
5935:Leopold II
5915:Charles VI
5828:Wenceslaus
5816:Charles IV
5722:Henry (VI)
5717:Conrad III
5646:(962–1806)
5641:within the
5551:during the
5487:Charles IV
5463:Leopold II
5380:Maximilian
5305:Matthias I
5223:Charles II
5167:Wenceslaus
5135:Andrew III
5084:Stephen IV
5051:Stephen II
4982:(997–1000)
4976:. 972–997)
4761:Francis II
4756:Leopold II
4711:Charles II
4676:Rudolph II
4671:Maximilian
4603:Matthias I
4521:Charles IV
4501:Luxembourg
4436:Ottokar II
4349:Bořivoj II
4107:Francis II
4102:Leopold II
4082:Charles VI
4052:Rudolph II
4017:Charles IV
3907:Charles II
3839:1780–1790
3818:Luxembourg
3773:1765–1790
3755:Leopold II
3749:1764–1765
3725:1765–1766
3383:. Urbana.
3085:Szabo 2011
3073:Szabo 2011
3061:Szabo 2011
3049:Szabo 2011
3037:Szabo 2011
3025:Szabo 2011
2970:Szabo 2011
2795:Vox populi
2340:References
1805:Linienwall
1673:Democrat,
1611:philosophe
1508:Volksfürst
1499:Civil Code
1385:Cameralism
1265:Carmelites
1136:newspapers
910:in 1781.
870:Sole reign
709:Leopold II
538:, and the
524:David Hume
448:Early life
442:Leopold II
422:philosophe
370:Leopold II
122:Leopold II
95:Coronation
11348:HI&RH
11320:Spouse(s)
10743:Spouse(s)
10689:HI&RH
10671:Spouse(s)
10660:Joseph II
10436:Francis I
10326:Jefferson
10268:Hutcheson
10157:Obradović
10126:Lomonosov
10121:Kheraskov
10031:Śniadecki
9795:Weishaupt
9790:Thomasius
9780:Pufendorf
9623:Lavoisier
9608:d'Holbach
9603:Helvétius
9583:Descartes
9578:Condorcet
9573:Condillac
9507:Priestley
9324:Modernity
9245:Democracy
8886:Leopold I
8521:Palatines
8469:Charles I
8433:Palatines
8414:Karl Pius
8389:Gottfried
8245:Friedrich
8169:Sigismund
8007:Ferdinand
7992:Joseph II
7884:Ferdinand
7853:Leopold V
7741:Charles I
7693:Sigismund
7688:Albert VI
7593:Leopold V
7545:Charles I
7448:Charles I
7367:Charles I
7327:Joseph II
7263:Leopold V
7199:Charles I
6902:(976–994)
6820:Charlotte
6760:William I
6664:Charles V
6587:Philip IV
6548:Philip II
6446:Elisabeth
6365:Charles I
6349:Henry VII
6288:Ermesinde
6210:Conrad II
6202:William I
6194:Henry III
6178:Giselbert
6157:(963–998)
6154:Siegfried
6062:William I
6043:William I
5978:Francis I
5930:Joseph II
5925:Francis I
5905:Leopold I
5880:Rudolf II
5865:Charles V
5850:Albert II
5845:Sigismund
5801:Henry VII
5757:Conrad IV
5678:Henry III
5673:Conrad II
5605:(919–962)
5600:(911–919)
5556:(843–911)
5457:Joseph II
5420:Leopold I
5242:Sigismund
5205:Charles I
5123:Stephen V
5111:Andrew II
4997:Stephen I
4812:from the
4797:from the
4777:Charles I
4751:Joseph II
4701:Leopold I
4691:Frederick
4532:Sigismund
4487:Rudolph I
4426:Ottokar I
4400:Ottokar I
4385:Frederick
4375:Frederick
4268:Bořivoj I
4239:Křesomysl
4187:Legendary
4179:Přemyslid
4097:Joseph II
4092:Francis I
4072:Leopold I
4037:Charles V
4022:Sigismund
4007:Henry VII
3967:Henry III
3962:Conrad II
3932:Louis III
3897:Lothair I
3714:Francis I
3575:0362-3319
3527:0018-2753
3511:162762308
3495:0018-246X
3437:Joseph II
3423:Joseph II
3407:cite book
3331:144338172
3323:0022-2801
3271:Joseph II
3117:ignored (
3107:cite book
3004:0013-8266
2939:231661778
2614:153786907
2556:0013-2586
2522:153577075
2514:0707-5332
1238:Joseph's
1166:July 2023
1039:feudalism
931:Louis XVI
904:peasantry
783:Vergennes
745:Staatsrat
622:Ferdinand
467:does not
388:, styled
340:(German:
338:Joseph II
324:Signature
118:Successor
112:Francis I
42:Joseph II
11371:Children
10764:Children
10702:Children
10447:Children
10376:Category
10321:Franklin
10288:Playfair
10258:Ferguson
10215:Scotland
10162:Mrazović
10116:Kantemir
10111:Fonvizin
10050:Portugal
10016:Krasicki
10011:Konarski
10006:Kołłątaj
9958:Koerbagh
9907:Genovesi
9892:Beccaria
9854:Berkeley
9785:Schiller
9750:Humboldt
9724:Saussure
9719:Rousseau
9683:Voltaire
9638:Maréchal
9613:Jaucourt
9568:Châtelet
9563:Chamfort
9512:Reynolds
9415:Thinkers
9319:Midlands
9308:Lumières
9278:Humanism
9271:Haskalah
8701:, first
8380:Habsburg
8336:Leo Karl
8129:Albrecht
7966:Joseph I
7823:Matthias
7813:Rudolf V
7569:Matthias
7295:Joseph I
7231:Matthias
7223:Rudolf V
7167:Albert V
7065:Albert I
7057:Rudolf I
6618:Philip V
6500:Philip I
6462:and then
6341:Henry VI
6304:and then
6299:Theobald
6242:Henry IV
6186:Conrad I
6170:Henry II
6114:Monarchs
5910:Joseph I
5885:Matthias
5806:Louis IV
5796:Albert I
5786:Rudolf I
5732:Henry VI
5683:Henry IV
5668:Henry II
5663:Otto III
5612:Conrad I
5568:Carloman
5426:Joseph I
5330:Louis II
5093:Béla III
5015:Andrew I
4806:Antiking
4706:Joseph I
4651:Habsburg
4546:Habsburg
4339:Conrad I
4303:Vladivoj
4249:Hostivít
4219:Nezamysl
4167:Monarchs
4125:Category
4077:Joseph I
4057:Matthias
4012:Louis IV
3992:Henry VI
3972:Henry IV
3957:Henry II
3952:Otto III
3937:Berengar
3902:Louis II
3370:60750917
3348:(2005).
3246:13823416
3220:(2009).
3210:13823416
3184:(1987).
2908:in JSTOR
2829:cite web
2791:Alcuinus
2739:Archived
2681:46579421
2606:40109472
2559:in Jstor
2318:See also
1816:Ancestry
1774:and the
1768:'s play
1725:Budapest
1671:New Deal
1636:and the
1580:in 1782.
1540:Florence
1485:Keglević
1469:Milanese
1465:Lombardy
1433:and the
1400:Reaction
1319:Sorbonne
1082:Religion
852:Lorraine
796:and the
756:Jacobins
731:, 1769,
715:Co-ruler
705:pleurisy
639:smallpox
589:Louis XV
532:Voltaire
386:Lorraine
382:Habsburg
314:Religion
10331:Madison
10303:Stewart
10243:Burnett
10238:Boswell
10223:Beattie
10195:Moratín
10180:Cadalso
10131:Novikov
10066:Romania
10041:Wybicki
10036:Staszic
9983:Spinoza
9953:Huygens
9948:Grotius
9902:Galvani
9897:Galiani
9847:Ireland
9828:Feraios
9800:Wieland
9765:Lessing
9760:Leibniz
9733:Germany
9714:Prévost
9699:Abauzit
9663:Quesnay
9653:Morelly
9643:Meslier
9628:Leclerc
9588:Diderot
9477:Johnson
9452:Collins
9447:Bentham
9432:Addison
9425:England
9373:Science
9210:Atheism
8595:Charles
8548:Charles
8512:Dominic
8505:Tuscany
8382:Tuscany
8341:Wilhelm
8149:Stephen
8038:Charles
7879:Charles
7049:Austria
6802:Adolphe
6711:Francis
6703:Leopold
6672:Mary II
6468:John II
6457:Anthony
6333:Henry V
6310:Waleran
6162:Henry I
5822:Günther
5780:Alfonso
5774:Richard
5769:William
5742:Otto IV
5707:Henry V
5696:Hermann
5658:Otto II
5617:Henry I
5500:italics
5469:Francis
5386:Rudolph
5211:Louis I
5117:Béla IV
5063:Géza II
5057:Béla II
5045:Coloman
5027:Solomon
4980:Stephen
4956:Taksony
4823:Bavaria
4318:Oldřich
4313:Jaromír
4234:Vnislav
4214:Valasca
4171:Bohemia
3997:Otto IV
3977:Henry V
3947:Otto II
3922:Lambert
3892:Louis I
3831:Hainaut
3814:Lothier
3809:Limburg
3796:Bohemia
3792:Croatia
3624:(2000)
3535:(2010)
3503:2639517
3399:4857752
3264::
1784:Salieri
1771:Amadeus
1690:Josefov
1606:Diderot
1423:Scheldt
1326:Galicia
1150:scholar
1013:Moravia
908:serfdom
830:Bavaria
775:consort
762:of the
656:in the
488:removed
473:sources
413:Prussia
234:
226:
222:
209:
201:
197:
182:Spouses
75:more...
10434:&
10283:Newton
10273:Hutton
10253:Cullen
10150:Serbia
10098:Russia
10088:Șincai
9998:Poland
9938:Bekker
9912:Pagano
9874:Toland
9838:Korais
9833:Kairis
9815:Greece
9745:Herder
9740:Goethe
9704:Bonnet
9692:Geneva
9678:Turgot
9668:Raynal
9658:Pascal
9598:Gouges
9536:France
9522:Tindal
9517:Sidney
9492:Newton
9487:Milton
9462:Godwin
9457:Gibbon
9354:Reason
9196:Topics
8607:Amedeo
8575:Simeon
8565:Lorenz
8528:Eduard
8496:Rudolf
8481:Robert
8394:Rainer
8164:Ernest
8048:Joseph
7889:Alonso
7818:Ernest
7580:(1619)
7242:(1619)
6695:Joseph
6579:Albert
6516:Mary I
6357:John I
5833:Rupert
5737:Philip
5689:Rudolf
5653:Otto I
5629:Otto I
5623:Arnulf
5583:Arnulf
5261:Albert
5099:Emeric
5033:Géza I
5021:Béla I
5009:Samuel
4966:. 972)
4962:. 955–
4952:. 955)
4948:. 947–
4938:. 947)
4934:. 907–
4927:Zoltán
4922:. 907)
4918:. 895–
4908:. 895)
4904:. 850–
4598:George
4561:Albert
4244:Neklan
4204:Libuše
3942:Otto I
3927:Arnulf
3736:Albert
3696:
3612:
3594:
3588:Munich
3573:
3539:
3525:
3509:
3501:
3493:
3456:
3432:(1984)
3397:
3387:
3368:
3358:
3329:
3321:
3258:
3244:
3234:
3208:
3198:
3140:
3012:576012
3010:
3002:
2937:
2927:
2860:
2679:
2671:(MA).
2630:p. 136
2612:
2604:
2554:
2520:
2512:
2443:p. 551
1801:glacis
1751:Mozart
1608:-like
1594:Russia
1536:Vienna
1512:Alcuin
1152:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1123:
1072:Vienna
976:. The
805:Neisse
768:reason
733:Vienna
662:
405:Russia
376:, and
304:Mother
294:Father
170:Burial
142:Vienna
10341:Paine
10336:Mason
10298:Smith
10248:Burns
10233:Blair
10228:Black
10172:Spain
10078:Maior
9973:Meyer
9917:Verri
9884:Italy
9869:Swift
9864:Burke
9859:Boyle
9805:Wolff
9633:Mably
9553:Bayle
9502:Price
9482:Locke
9472:Hooke
9442:Bacon
9240:Deism
8560:Georg
8486:Felix
8404:Anton
8255:Eugen
8068:Louis
7489:Tyrol
6832:Henri
6438:Jobst
5839:Jobst
5791:Adolf
5217:Maria
5003:Peter
4990:Kings
4942:Fajsz
4912:Árpád
4898:Álmos
4779:(III)
4718:(II)
4637:Louis
4229:Vojen
4224:Mnata
4194:Czech
3835:Namur
3822:Milan
3698:Died:
3691:Born:
3507:S2CID
3499:JSTOR
3327:S2CID
3162:[
3008:JSTOR
2761:]
2669:(PDF)
2610:S2CID
2602:JSTOR
2518:S2CID
2475:9 May
2469:(PDF)
2458:(PDF)
1749:from
1530:Death
1202:tithe
1157:JSTOR
1143:books
958:ducat
956:Gold
764:state
760:power
749:serfs
283:House
266:Names
242:Issue
228:(
224:
203:(
199:
83:Reign
10293:Reid
10278:Mill
10263:Hume
9922:Vico
9755:Kant
9673:Sade
9497:Pope
8858:None
8555:Karl
8447:Géza
8291:Otto
8058:John
6826:Jean
6577:and
6451:with
6293:with
6265:Otto
5349:John
5186:Otto
4970:Géza
4199:Krok
3833:and
3820:and
3734:and
3610:ISBN
3592:ISBN
3571:ISSN
3537:ISBN
3523:ISSN
3491:ISSN
3454:ISBN
3413:link
3395:OCLC
3385:ISBN
3366:OCLC
3356:ISBN
3319:ISSN
3242:OCLC
3232:ISBN
3206:OCLC
3196:ISBN
3138:ISBN
3119:help
3000:ISSN
2935:OCLC
2925:ISBN
2858:ISBN
2835:link
2821:2024
2677:OCLC
2552:ISSN
2510:ISSN
2477:2012
2267:15.
2209:14.
2147:13.
2089:12.
2025:11.
1967:10.
1723:The
1675:Nazi
1302:His
1295:and
1233:Mass
1224:and
1222:Jews
1129:news
854:and
727:(by
471:any
469:cite
436:and
407:and
384:and
156:Died
132:Born
11358:HRH
11338:HRH
10751:HRH
10679:HRH
8647:B:
8641:M:
8635:T:
8629:P:
8623:S:
6521:and
6116:of
4821:of
4763:(I)
4523:(I)
4371:(I)
4335:(I)
4169:of
3917:Guy
3563:doi
3483:doi
3311:doi
3273:".
2992:doi
2988:110
2793:on
2594:doi
2502:doi
2235:7.
2173:3.
2115:6.
2051:1.
1993:5.
1931:2.
1905:9.
1873:4.
1847:8.
1592:of
1463:In
1112:by
1070:in
866:).
856:Bar
482:by
429:.
411:of
403:of
392:.
11479::
11328:HH
4259:c.
3829:,
3816:,
3807:,
3794:,
3790:,
3586:.
3569:.
3559:32
3557:.
3551:.
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