227:
216:
614:
33:
460:(part 6 section 2, 1786), does not indicate self-experimentation; this experiment was most likely performed on a third party. Hunter championed the treatment of gonorrhoea and syphilis with mercury and cauterization. Because of Hunter's reputation, knowledge concerning the true nature of gonorrhoea and syphilis was set back, and his theory was not proved to be wrong until 51 years later through research by French physician
641:
perceive at every step the guidance, we had almost said, the inspiration, of those profound ideas concerning Life, which dawn upon us, indeed, through his written works, but which he has here presented to us in a more perfect language than that of words – the language of God himself, as uttered by Nature. That the true idea of Life existed in the mind of John Hunter I do not entertain the least doubt...
532:
His nature was kindly and generous, though outwardly rude and repelling.... Later in life, for some private or personal reason, he picked a quarrel with the brother who had formed him and made a man of him, basing the dissension upon a quibble about priority unworthy of so great an investigator. Yet
498:
Hunter bribed a member of the funeral party (possibly for £500) and filled the coffin with rocks at an overnight stop, then subsequently published a scientific description of the anatomy and skeleton. "He is now, after having being stolen on the way to his funeral," says legal scholar Thomas
Muinzer
452:
were caused by a single pathogen. Living in an age when physicians frequently experimented on themselves, he was the subject of an often-repeated legend claiming that he had inoculated himself with gonorrhea, using a needle that was unknowingly contaminated with syphilis. When he contracted both
640:
WHEN we stand before the bust of John Hunter, or as we enter the magnificent museum furnished by his labours, and pass slowly, with meditative observation through this august temple, which the genius of one great man has raised and dedicated to the wisdom and uniform working of the
Creator, we
348:
When nearly 21 years old, he visited
William in London, where his brother had become an admired teacher of anatomy. Hunter started as his assistant in dissections (1748), and was soon running the practical classes on his own. It has recently been alleged that Hunter's brother
288:, and in 1764 set up his own anatomy school in London. He built up a collection of living animals whose skeletons and other organs he prepared as anatomical specimens, eventually amassing nearly 14,000 preparations demonstrating the anatomy of humans and other
372:– a common condition affecting 10% of all pregnancies, and one which is easily treated today, but for which no treatment was known in Hunter's time – would more than suffice to explain a mortality rate that seems suspiciously high to 21st-century readers. In
491:. The space allowed him to arrange his collection of nearly 14,000 preparations of over 500 species of plants and animals into a teaching museum. The same year, he acquired the skeleton of the 2.31 metres (7 feet 7 inches) Irish giant
499:
of the
University of Stirling, "on display permanently as a sort of freak exhibit in the memorial museum to the person who screwed him over, effectively." The skeleton was, until 2020, displayed in the Hunterian Museum at the
357:, were responsible for the deaths of many women whose corpses were used for their studies on pregnancy. Hunter is alleged to have been connected to these deaths since at the time he was acting as his brother's assistant.
327:
to Agnes Paul (c.1685–1751) and John Hunter (1662/3–1741), the youngest of their ten children. Three of Hunter's siblings (one of whom had also been named John) died of illness before he was born. An elder brother was
283:
with dissections in
William's anatomy school in Central London, starting in 1748, and quickly became an expert in anatomy. He spent some years as an Army surgeon, worked with the dentist James Spence conducting
514:. While in this post, he instituted a reform of the system for appointment and promotion of army surgeons based on experience and merit, rather than the patronage-based system that had been in place.
249:, one of the most distinguished scientists and surgeons of his day. He was an early advocate of careful observation and scientific methods in medicine. He was a teacher of, and collaborator with,
2265:
1451:
700:, anatomist Gabriel Crowther advises an acquaintance to seek refuge at his friend Hunter's home for the young Earl of Sussex's party from deadly pursuers released during the
1856:
517:
Hunter's death in 1793 was due to a heart attack brought on by an argument at St George's
Hospital concerning the admission of students. He was originally buried at
2260:
2290:
1359:
1228:
1210:
1816:
1176:
820:
929:
383:
patients with various diseases. This helped him develop his theory that inflammation was a bodily response to disease, and was not itself pathological.
308:
537:
He was described by one of his assistants late in his life as a man 'warm and impatient, readily provoked, and when irritated, not easily soothed'.
406:, a famous anatomist and wax modeller teaching in London; some of the illustrations in his text were likely hers. After qualifying, he worked at
368:
women who died in London during the years of Hunter's and
Smellie's work was not particularly high for that locality and time; the prevalence of
1554:
Sampath, Prakash; Long, Donlin M.; Brem, Henry (2000). "The
Hunterian Neurosurgical Laboratory: the first 100 years of neurosurgical research".
716:, she intercuts her story with the biography of Hunter and other scientists who have dedicated their lives to analysing light and transparency.
2275:
1849:
1430:
1384:
2270:
1533:
729:
1842:
425:
Hunter left the Army in 1763, and spent at least five years working in partnership with James Spence, a well-known London dentist.
2250:
569:
In 1799, the government purchased Hunter's collection of papers and specimens, which it presented to the
Company of Surgeons.
2285:
2255:
1708:
1495:
1003:
553:. They had four children, two of whom died before the age of five. One of his infant children is buried in the churchyard in
315:, despite ongoing protests. It is currently no longer on display, but is still held by the Royal College of Surgeons (2024).
500:
1775:
453:
syphilis and gonorrhoea, he claimed it proved his erroneous theory that they were the same underlying venereal disease.
2235:
1783:
1426:
907:
220:
1020:
Napoleon and the Woman
Question: Discourses of the Other Sex in French Education, Medicine, and Medical Law, 1799–1815
1293:
413:
Hunter was commissioned as an Army surgeon in 1760 and was a staff surgeon on an expedition to the French island of
1344:
742:
507:
226:
1810:
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preserves his name and his collection of anatomical specimens. It still contains the illegally procured body of
2280:
788:
681:
354:
300:
215:
926:
1886:
1523:
of 24 February 1897, which related that Stevenson 'is said to have chosen' Hunter's house as his inspiration.
2245:
2090:
558:
399:
96:
1598:
1998:
238:
403:
2240:
894:
The real Mr Frankenstein: Sir Anthony Carlisle, medical murders, and the social genesis of Frankenstein
554:
350:
329:
280:
1795:
1334:
1942:
1902:
1829:
613:
324:
2182:
2130:
1990:
1626:
511:
376:, published in 1774, Hunter provides case histories for at least four of the subjects illustrated.
780:
749:
in Newcastle, Australia and the Hunterian Neurosurgical Laboratory of the Johns Hopkins Hospital.
1974:
625:
598:
593:, child development, the separateness of maternal and foetal blood supplies, and the role of the
518:
473:
428:
Hunter set up his own anatomy school in London in 1764 and started in private surgical practice.
407:
158:
267:
2022:
1918:
724:
38:
1739:
2202:
667:
657:
492:
312:
258:
506:
In 1786, he was appointed deputy surgeon to the British Army and in March 1790, he was made
2230:
2225:
746:
636:, namely as regards his principle of life, which he felt had come from the mind of genius.
1198:
Ethics and Error: the dispute between Ricord and Auzias-Turenne over syphilization 1845–70
1068:"The Knife Man: the Extraordinary Life and Times of John Hunter, Father of Modern Surgery"
261:, and proceeded to study and exhibit it against the deceased's explicit wishes. His wife,
8:
1647:"Inflammation: John Hunter's "A treatise on the blood, inflammation and gun-shot wounds""
753:
477:
2142:
557:, and the gravestone is Grade II listed. Their fourth child, Agnes, married General Sir
1663:
1646:
1092:
1067:
971:
946:
188:
2150:
1958:
1894:
1779:
1704:
1668:
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1156:
999:
976:
709:
633:
582:
522:
387:
304:
184:
176:
1567:
577:
Hunter helped to improve understanding of human teeth, bone growth and remodelling,
2186:
2158:
2070:
2014:
1799:
1658:
1563:
1146:
1087:
1079:
966:
958:
825:
760:
693:
618:
594:
488:
441:
391:
361:
285:
192:
1641:
A Treatise on the Blood, Inflammation and Gun-shot Wounds, by the late John Hunter
1333:
844:
2122:
2030:
1966:
1820:
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1462:
1283:'The Abbey Scientists' Hall, A.R. p21: London; Roger & Robert Nicholson; 1966
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461:
243:
42:
1834:
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His Leicester Square house is said to have been the inspiration for the home of
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1962:
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829:
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172:
1409:
962:
897:
814:
32:
2219:
2174:
2166:
2138:
2098:
2006:
1725:
927:"Burking and Body-Snatching: The Deadly Side of Medicine in Georgian London".
824:(online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. ref:odnb/14220.
708:
killed the would-be assassins, and he envisaged their bodies' dissection. In
662:
652:
605:
in the thigh is also known by its eponym "Hunter's canal" after John Hunter.
437:
395:
369:
337:
296:
250:
65:
1825:
2194:
2062:
1982:
1934:
1926:
1865:
1636:
1575:
1263:
Commissioned Officers in the Medical Services of the British Army 1660–1960
1160:
912:
701:
686:
578:
550:
380:
273:
202:
1672:
980:
414:
336:. As a youth, he showed little talent, and helped his brother-in-law as a
2106:
1950:
1910:
1878:
1694:
672:
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546:
289:
262:
118:
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of Hunter in Leicester Square until the 2010–12 redesign of the square.
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against Byrne's clear deathbed wishes—he had asked to be buried at sea.
2046:
2038:
1339:
481:
445:
1496:"'Sight' Is an Unusual Novel About Motherhood That's Hard to Put Down"
1385:"ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION OF MARRIED WOMEN (Hansard, 26 February 1958)"
1360:"Hunter Gravestone Approx 15 Yards South of Church of St Bartholomew"
720:
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180:
168:
1452:
s:Hints towards the formation of a more comprehensive theory of life
1419:
1151:
1134:
752:
His birthplace in Long Calderwood, Scotland, has been preserved as
590:
533:
three years later, he lived to mourn this brother's death in tears.
449:
365:
254:
632:
thought, science, and medicine, saw in Hunter's work the seeds of
1183:, Library of the History of Medical Sciences, Marshall University
440:
in 1767. At this time he was considered the leading authority on
246:
148:
1348:. Vol. 28. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 284–285.
410:
as an assistant surgeon from 1756, then as a surgeon from 1768.
1631:
Memoirs of the Life and Doctrines of the Late John Hunter, Esq.
1229:"The Saga of the Irish Giant's Bones Dismays Medical Ethicists"
1211:"The Saga of the Irish Giant's Bones Dismays Medical Ethicists"
230:
A plaster cast medallion of John Hunter, Science Museum, London
84:
996:
Science and the Practice of Medicine in the Nineteenth Century
521:, but in 1859 was reburied in the north aisle of the nave in
812:
Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, B., eds. (23 September 2004).
2266:
Alumni of the Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital
1467:
A Blake Dictionary: The Ideas and Symbols of William Blake
1135:"Hunter's chancre: did the surgeon give himself syphilis?"
1232:
1214:
1639:, (1794) 'A short account of the life of the author' in
1469:(Hanover: Brown University Press 1988; revised ed. 1988)
947:"Deaths in childbed from the eighteenth century to 1935"
651:
Hunter was the basis for the character Jack Tearguts in
272:), was a poet, some of whose poems were set to music by
908:
Founders of British obstetrics 'were callous murderers'
528:
Hunter's character has been discussed by biographers:
671:. Hunter is mentioned by Dr Moreau in Chapter XIV of
374:
The Anatomy of the Gravid Uterus Exhibited in Figures
417:
in 1761, then served in 1762 with the British Army.
1261:Moore, p477, citing Peterkin, Johnston & Drew,
1194:Pox: Genius, Madness and the Mysteries of Syphilis
813:
549:, daughter of Robert Boyne Home and sister of Sir
279:He learned anatomy by assisting his elder brother
1864:
1688:The Reluctant Surgeon. A Biography of John Hunter
309:Hunterian Museum at the Royal College of Surgeons
2217:
1734:. Masters of medicine. London: T. Fischer Unwin.
1053:Moore, pp. 291–292, citing Laszlo Magyar's
1651:International Journal of Experimental Pathology
1553:
1022:, Texas Tech University Press (2007), pp.81–82.
811:
1724:
1445:
1319:Home, p. lxv cited in Moore, p. 346.
879:Shelton, Don 2010. The Emperor's new clothes.
2291:Members of the American Philosophical Society
1850:
815:"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"
785:American Philosophical Society Member History
1693:
1683:, E&S Livingstone, Edinburgh and London.
572:
525:, reflecting his importance to the country.
480:. In 1776, he was appointed surgeon to King
472:In 1768, Hunter was appointed as surgeon to
2261:Alumni of St George's, University of London
307:of London was named in his honour, and the
242:(13 February 1728 – 16 October 1793) was a
1857:
1843:
1327:
1325:
1308:An introduction to the history of medicine
487:In 1783, Hunter moved to a large house in
360:However, persons who have studied life in
31:
1662:
1478:
1150:
1132:
1091:
970:
745:in London is named after him, as are the
730:The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde
343:
1310:. Saunders, Philadelphia PA. p. 274
1072:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
998:. Cambridge University. pp. 14–15.
617:A bust of Hunter near where he lived in
612:
257:vaccine. He paid for the stolen body of
225:
214:
108:Many discoveries in surgery and medicine
1742:John Hunter, Man of Science and Surgeon
1731:John Hunter, Man of Science and Surgeon
1493:
1331:
1322:
1192:Moore, p. 268, citing Deborah Hayden's
1106:
1065:
821:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
431:
2218:
1760:, Plymouth: William Brendon & Son.
1012:
944:
608:
601:in 1790 on a linen draper's wife. The
436:Hunter was elected as a Fellow of the
379:Hunter heavily researched blood while
2276:18th-century Scottish medical doctors
1838:
1758:A Memoir of William & John Hunter
1031:Moore, p. 188, quoting Hunter's
993:
456:The experiment, reported in Hunter's
266:
1644:
1433:from the original on 21 January 2008
807:
805:
655:'s 1784 unfinished satirical novel,
597:. He carried out the first recorded
910:, Denis Campbell, 7 February 2010,
476:. Later, he became a member of the
458:A Treatise on the Venereal Diseases
420:
13:
1750:(3657): 752–753. 27 November 1897.
1620:
1246:Doctors: the biography of medicine
221:Scottish National Portrait Gallery
14:
2302:
1789:
802:
661:. He is a principal character in
353:, and his brother's former tutor
2271:British Army regimental surgeons
1427:"CHAPTER 15: THE THIGH AND KNEE"
1345:Dictionary of National Biography
1196:(2003) and Diane Beyer Perett's
870:. Strickland, Glasgow. pp. 15–17
743:Chelsea and Westminster Hospital
685:(2015) as a friend of the actor
364:London agree that the number of
1719:The Life of John Hunter, F.R.S.
1599:"John Hunter, Leicester Square"
1591:
1582:
1562:(1): 184–94, discussion 194–5.
1547:
1526:
1513:
1487:
1472:
1456:
1402:
1377:
1352:
1332:Bettany, George Thomas (1891).
1313:
1300:
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1277:
1268:
1255:
1239:
1221:
1203:
1186:
1167:
1126:
1100:
1059:
1047:
1038:
1025:
987:
679:(1896). He appears in the play
299:in 1767. He was elected to the
127:
2251:Recipients of the Copley Medal
1771:, Corgi, 1962; reprinted 1968.
1494:Hulbert, Ann (3 August 2018).
1145:(1): 128, author reply 128–9.
938:
919:
901:
886:
873:
860:
851:
789:American Philosophical Society
773:
741:The John Hunter Clinic of the
467:
301:American Philosophical Society
295:Hunter became a Fellow of the
1:
1645:Turk, J. L. (December 1994).
1568:10.1093/neurosurgery/46.1.184
1055:John Hunter and John Dolittle
766:
318:
106:Scientific method in medicine
2286:Burials at Westminster Abbey
2256:Fellows of the Royal Society
1813:Treatise on Venereal Disease
1483:. Headline Publishing Group.
1306:Garrison, Fielding H. 1913.
1139:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1109:"How Species Save Our Lives"
881:J. Royal Society of Medicine
845:UK public library membership
736:
559:James Campbell of Inverneill
292:, including 3,000+ animals.
7:
677:The Island of Doctor Moreau
402:. Hunter also studied with
16:British surgeon (1728–1793)
10:
2307:
1756:Peachey, George C. (1924)
1479:Robertson, Imogen (2009).
1174:Dr. Charles "Carl" Hoffman
1084:10.1177/014107680509800718
1066:Goddard, Jonathan (2005).
555:Kirkheaton, Northumberland
2236:People from East Kilbride
1873:
1830:Royal College of Surgeons
1107:Conniff, Richard (2012).
963:10.1017/s0025727300045014
589:, the functioning of the
573:Contributions to medicine
564:
540:
501:Royal College of Surgeons
400:St Bartholomew's Hospital
219:A statue of John Hunter,
209:
198:
164:
154:
144:
137:
112:
102:
97:St Bartholomew's Hospital
92:
73:
50:
30:
23:
2183:George Shuckburgh-Evelyn
1721:, Philadelphia, Haswell.
1364:British Listed Buildings
1044:Moore, pp. 223–224.
404:Marie Marguerite Bihéron
1717:Ottley, Drewry, (1839)
1679:Dobson, Jessie, (1969)
1481:Instruments of Darkness
1133:Gladstein, Jay (2005).
1018:June K. Burton (2007),
945:Loudon, Irvine (1986).
704:; leopards in Hunter's
698:Instruments of Darkness
626:Samuel Taylor Coleridge
599:artificial insemination
519:St Martin-in-the-Fields
1767:, Bantam. Reissued as
1690:, New York, Doubleday.
1588:Moore, pp. 546–7.
1519:Moore, p. 430, citing
932:9 October 2011 at the
830:10.1093/ref:odnb/14220
725:Robert Louis Stevenson
649:
622:
535:
344:Education and training
231:
223:
2281:18th-century surgeons
2203:Edward Charles Howard
1763:Rogers, Garet (1958)
1697:(30 September 2010).
1686:Kobler, John, (1960)
994:Bynum, W. F. (1994).
658:An Island in the Moon
638:
616:
530:
386:Hunter studied under
229:
218:
64:Long Calderwood near
1826:The Hunterian Museum
1796:Works of John Hunter
1534:"John Hunter Clinic"
1335:"Hunter, Anne"
747:John Hunter Hospital
682:Mr Foote's Other Leg
545:In 1771, he married
474:St George's Hospital
444:, and believed that
432:Self-experimentation
408:St George's Hospital
159:St George's Hospital
2246:Scottish anatomists
1819:8 June 2010 at the
1265:(1968) vol 1, p. 33
1179:8 June 2010 at the
916:, accessed May 2010
754:Hunter House Museum
609:Literary references
478:Company of Surgeons
323:Hunter was born at
1776:The Gravid Cadaver
1774:Mays, Eva (2020).
1113:The New York Times
668:The Giant, O'Brien
628:, a key figure in
623:
581:, gunshot wounds,
510:by Prime Minister
232:
224:
189:foetal development
41:, 1813, after Sir
2241:Scottish surgeons
2213:
2212:
2151:Benjamin Thompson
1959:William Brownrigg
1919:Charles Cavendish
1895:Benjamin Franklin
1866:Copley Medallists
1807:at whonamedit.com
1805:Medical biography
1744:by Stephen Paget"
1710:978-1-4090-4462-8
1389:api.parliament.uk
1250:Sherwin B. Nuland
1005:978-0-521-27205-6
843:(Subscription or
759:There had been a
710:Jessie Greengrass
634:Romantic medicine
583:venereal diseases
523:Westminster Abbey
442:venereal diseases
388:William Cheselden
305:Hunterian Society
286:tooth transplants
253:, pioneer of the
213:
212:
185:child development
177:venereal diseases
2298:
2206:
2198:
2190:
2187:Charles Hatchett
2178:
2170:
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2159:Alessandro Volta
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2143:Jean-André Deluc
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2071:William Herschel
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2018:
2015:Joseph Priestley
2010:
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1999:William Hamilton
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1800:Internet Archive
1769:Brother Surgeons
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1603:London Remembers
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868:Battling surgeon
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694:Imogen Robertson
647:
619:Leicester Square
595:lymphatic system
489:Leicester Square
421:Post-Army career
392:Chelsea Hospital
271:
241:
193:lymphatic system
131:
129:
80:
61:13 February 1728
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35:
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2123:Charles Blagden
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2091:Thomas Hutchins
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2045:
2037:
2031:Nevil Maskelyne
2029:
2021:
2013:
2005:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1973:
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1790:External links
1788:
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1784:979-8678808936
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1726:Paget, Stephen
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1983:Peter Woulfe
1935:John Smeaton
1927:John Dollond
1887:John Pringle
1812:
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1695:Moore, Wendy
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1606:. Retrieved
1602:
1593:
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1556:Neurosurgery
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1537:. Retrieved
1528:
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1503:. Retrieved
1500:The Atlantic
1499:
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1435:. Retrieved
1421:
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1392:. Retrieved
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911:
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857:Moore, p. 43
853:
833:. Retrieved
819:
792:. Retrieved
784:
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718:
713:
702:Gordon Riots
697:
691:
687:Samuel Foote
680:
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579:inflammation
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551:Everard Home
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381:bloodletting
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274:Joseph Haydn
234:
233:
203:Copley Medal
155:Institutions
138:
79:(1793-10-16)
39:John Jackson
18:
2231:1793 deaths
2226:1728 births
2115:John Hunter
2107:William Roy
1951:John Canton
1911:John Huxham
1879:John Canton
1868:(1751–1800)
1740:"Review of
1681:John Hunter
1608:16 November
1340:Lee, Sidney
1274:Moore, p478
957:(1): 1–41.
883:, February.
794:14 December
673:H. G. Wells
503:in London.
468:Late career
290:vertebrates
263:Anne Hunter
235:John Hunter
37:Painted by
25:John Hunter
2220:Categories
2047:John Mudge
2039:James Cook
2023:John Walsh
1975:John Ellis
1643:.See also
1539:19 January
1521:The Sketch
1437:27 January
1369:14 October
1078:(7): 335.
847:required.)
767:References
712:'s novel,
482:George III
446:gonorrhoea
319:Early life
270: Home
145:Profession
68:, Scotland
57:1728-02-13
1633:, London.
1629:, (1817)
1033:The Works
737:Memorials
721:Dr Jekyll
706:menagerie
646:Coleridge
587:digestion
547:Anne Home
415:Belle Île
334:anatomist
181:digestion
169:Dentistry
119:Anne Home
93:Education
87:, England
1817:Archived
1728:(1897).
1576:10626949
1431:Archived
1410:synd/105
1177:Archived
1161:15937780
930:Archived
644:—
630:Romantic
621:, London
591:lacteals
450:syphilis
366:pregnant
362:Georgian
255:smallpox
244:Scottish
165:Research
1828:at the
1798:at the
1673:7734328
1664:2001919
1505:9 March
1394:2 March
1342:(ed.).
1118:9 March
1093:1168927
981:3511335
972:1139579
835:11 July
351:William
281:William
247:surgeon
149:Surgeon
132:
124:
2205:(1800)
2197:(1799)
2189:(1798)
2177:(1796)
2169:(1795)
2161:(1794)
2153:(1792)
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2093:(1783)
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2057:(1778)
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2041:(1776)
2033:(1775)
2025:(1773)
2017:(1772)
2009:(1771)
2001:(1770)
1993:(1769)
1985:(1768)
1977:(1767)
1969:(1766)
1953:(1764)
1945:(1760)
1937:(1759)
1929:(1758)
1921:(1757)
1913:(1755)
1905:(1754)
1897:(1753)
1889:(1752)
1881:(1751)
1782:
1765:Lancet
1707:
1671:
1661:
1574:
1200:(1977)
1159:
1090:
1002:
979:
969:
841:
565:Legacy
541:Family
332:, the
205:(1787)
199:Awards
113:Spouse
85:London
45:, 1786
1338:. In
714:Sight
126:(
122:
1780:ISBN
1705:ISBN
1669:PMID
1610:2020
1572:PMID
1541:2014
1507:2021
1439:2008
1396:2020
1371:2021
1157:PMID
1120:2012
1000:ISBN
977:PMID
837:2021
796:2020
761:bust
448:and
394:and
74:Died
51:Born
1659:PMC
1564:doi
1413:at
1248:by
1233:NPR
1215:NPR
1147:doi
1088:PMC
1080:doi
967:PMC
959:doi
826:doi
723:of
692:In
675:'s
398:at
390:at
268:née
239:FRS
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2185:/
2141:/
2089:/
1965:/
1961:/
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1746:.
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1655:75
1653:.
1649:.
1601:.
1570:.
1560:46
1558:.
1498:.
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1429:.
1387:.
1362:.
1324:^
1231:.
1213:.
1155:.
1143:41
1141:.
1137:.
1111:.
1086:.
1076:98
1074:.
1070:.
975:.
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1149::
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1096:.
1082::
1008:.
983:.
961::
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828::
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265:(
59:)
55:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
