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the time who challenged aspects of life: from her progressive divorce, which she initiated, to her religious beliefs, which set her apart in
England as a devout Protestant woman. Her ability to avoid indictment in 1545 points to what Paula McQuade calls Askew's "real brilliance", showing "her being familiar enough with English law to attempt to use the system to her benefit". While her Examinations are a rare record of her experiences as a woman in Tudor England, they also show her position as an educated woman. Not only was she able to write of her experiences, she was also able to correspond with learned men of the time, such as
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390:. Askew then climbed onto the rack, and her wrists and ankles were fastened. Again, she was asked for names, but she would say nothing. The wheel of the rack was turned, pulling Askew along the device and lifting her so that she was held taut about 5 inches above its bed and slowly stretched. In her own account written from prison, Askew said she fainted from pain and was lowered and revived. This procedure was repeated twice.
434:, Nicholas Belenian and John Adams. She was carried to execution in a chair wearing just her shirt, as she could not walk and every movement caused her severe pain. She was dragged from the chair to the stake and fastened upright to the stake by a chain around her middle. Foxe reports that of the four martyrs burned together that day at three stakes, at least some had gunpowder tied around their bodies to speed up death.
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300:, viewed "plain speaking" with suspicion, a tactic used by the devil to spread heresy: "and where planes may deceive, he make then his pretence to speak plainly and professes simplicities". The inquisitors saw in Anne a particularly threatening example of such plain speaking, her agile answers demonstrating a mastery of scriptural language that rivalled the inquisitors' own. Under questioning from the bishop
225:– required a halt to religious reform. The traditionalist party pursued tactics tried out three years previously with the arrests of minor evangelicals in the hope that they would implicate those who were more highly placed. In this case measures were taken that were "legally bizarre and clearly desperate". The people rounded up were in many cases strongly linked to
133:'s co-accused. Anne Askew was the fourth of five children by Sir William Askew and Elizabeth Wrotessley. Her brothers were Francis and Edward, and her sisters were Martha and Jane. She also had two stepbrothers, Christopher and Thomas, by her father's second wife Elizabeth Hutton. The Askews were related to
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she answered, "If the host should fall and a beast did eat it beast ... receive God or no?" She often played upon traditional gender roles to mock her questioners telling them "it is agaynst saynt Paules lernynge, that being a woman, should interpret the scriptures, specially where so many wise men
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chronicle her persecution and offer a unique look into 16th-century femininity, religion, and faith. Her writing is unusual because it deviates completely from what is expected from "Tudor women or, more specifically, Tudor women martyrs". It depicts her confrontations with male authority figures of
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mounted the pulpit and began to preach to them. Askew listened attentively throughout his discourse. When he spoke anything she considered to be the truth, she audibly expressed agreement; but when he said anything contrary to what she believed scripture stated, she exclaimed: "There he misseth, and
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Her answers infuriated the inquisitors, who found they were not able to force from her the answers they wanted to hear. Faced with Bonner's deepening rage, she repeated only that she believed "as the scripture doth teach", making it clear that she would not accept non-scriptural authorities over her
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In March 1545, Kyme had Askew arrested. She was brought back to
Lincolnshire, where he ordered that she stay. She escaped and returned to London to continue preaching. In early 1546, she was arrested again but then released. In May 1546, she was arrested for the third time, and tortured in the Tower
378:(the king's principal secretary). They threatened her with execution, but she still refused to confess or to name fellow Protestants. She was then ordered to be tortured. Her torturers did so, probably motivated by the desire for Askew to admit that Queen Catherine was also a practising Protestant.
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of 1563, which proclaimed her as a
Protestant martyr. Both of these publications surround Askew's writing with partisan commentary. Analysis has suggested that Bale added and deleted parts of Askew's text to position her as a "weak vessel of the Lord", rather than an independent woman and scholar.
304:, who commanded her repeatedly to "utter al thynges that burdened conscience," she answered in unembellished language blended with Scriptural teachings: "God hath given me the gifts of knowledge, but not of utterance. And Salomon sayth, that a woman of few words, is a gift of God (Sirach 26:14)."
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When Askew was writing her accounts of her arrests and trial, she used strategies other men, such as John
Lascalles, were using at the time. She remained silent and did not give up her allies. Although other men were doing this at the same time, Askew was highly criticized for doing so and was
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Wriothesley and Rich set to work themselves. They turned the handles so hard that Anne was drawn apart, her shoulders and hips were pulled from their sockets and her elbows and knees were dislocated. Askew's cries could be heard in the garden next to the White Tower where the
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Anne Askew's father, Sir
William Askew, had arranged that his eldest daughter, Martha, be married to Thomas Kyme. When Martha died, Sir William decided that in order to save money he would have Anne, who was 15 years old at the time, take Martha's place and marry Thomas.
164:, and neither he nor Anne's brother, Francis, approved of the need Anne felt to spread her Protestant religion. Anne had two children with Kyme before he threw her out for being Protestant. It is alleged that Anne was seeking to divorce Kyme, so this did not upset her.
1258:. Vol. III. A new edition containing brief notices of the most celebrated worthies of England who have flourished since the time of Fuller; with explanatory notes and copious indexes by P. Austin Nuttall. London: T. Tegg.
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1247:. Vol. II. A new edition containing brief notices of the most celebrated worthies of England who have flourished since the time of Fuller; with explanatory notes and copious indexes by P. Austin Nuttall. London: T. Tegg.
1236:. Vol. I. A new edition containing brief notices of the most celebrated worthies of England who have flourished since the time of Fuller; with explanatory notes and copious indexes by P. Austin Nuttall. London: T. Tegg.
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While Bale is criticised and Foxe is often commended for doing a better job with capturing her narrative, it is important to point out the accuracy issues of the two texts principally responsible for Askew's legacy.
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According to her own account and that of gaolers within the Tower, she was tortured only once. She was taken from her cell, at about ten o'clock in the morning, to the lower room of the White Tower. She was shown the
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are imperfect and were altered by John Bale and John Foxe, but read as they were originally intended, Anne Askew's writing is an important autobiographical account of 16th century religious turmoil.
363:. He ordered that she be imprisoned for 12 days. During this time she refused to make any sort of confession. Her cousin Brittany was finally allowed to visit her after the 12 days to pay her bail.
398:, refused to carry on torturing her, left the tower, and sought a meeting with the king at his earliest convenience to explain his position and also to seek his pardon, which the king granted.
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1707:
174:, and studied the Bible. During her marriage to Thomas Kyme, Anne took his last name. After their divorce, she reverted to her maiden name. While in London, she continued as a
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portrayed as a weak woman. Bale also saw this as a chance to add his thoughts and comments to her published writing to make it more legitimate in the eyes of the people.
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359:. Askew stood trial before the "quest", which was an official heresy hearing commission. She was then cross examined by the chancellor of the Bishop of London,
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and asked if she would name those who believed as she did. Askew declined to name anyone at all, so she was asked to remove all her clothing except her
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1644:
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Freeman, Thomas S.; Wall, Sarah E. (Winter 2001). "Racking the Body, Shaping the Text: The
Account of Anne Askew in Foxe's 'Book of Martyrs'".
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Anne Askew underwent two "examinations" before her execution. On 10 March 1545 the aldermen of London ordered for her to be detained under the
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On 19 June 1546 Askew was again imprisoned and then subjected to a two-day-long cross examination, led by
Chancellor Sir Thomas Wriothesley,
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406:'s wife and daughter were walking. Askew gave no names and her ordeal ended when the Lieutenant ordered her to be returned to her cell.
198:, but Askew refused to renounce her beliefs. On 18 June 1546, she was convicted of heresy, and was condemned to be burned at the stake.
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205:. Due to the torture she had endured, she had to be carried to the stake on a chair. She was burned to death along with three others:
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Foxe removed Bale's notes to Askew's text, but then added his own along with uncited new information and edits to the language.
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In the last year of Henry VIII's reign, Askew was caught up in a court struggle between religious traditionalists and reformers.
1109:(Drama, History), Alicia Vikander, Junia Rees, Ruby Bentall, MBK Productions, FilmNation Entertainment, Brouhaha Entertainment
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own engagement with the
Scriptures – which she quotes from directly – "That God dwelleth not in temples made with hands" (
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331:. Asked if she acted with the Holy Spirit inside her, she answered "if I had not, I was but a reprobate or cast awaye."
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58:(1521 – 16 July 1546), was an English writer, poet, and Protestant preacher who was condemned as a
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were especially feared because they claimed the authority of the Holy Spirit and rejected other laws (like the
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524:, lately martyred in Smythfelde, by the wycked Synagoge of Antichrist, with the Elucydacyon of Johan Bale
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The traditionalist party included Thomas
Wriothesley and Richard Rich (who racked Askew in the Tower),
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316:: "I answered, that I would not throw pearls among swine, for acorns were good enough" (Matthew 7:6).
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After being thrown out by Kyme, Askew moved to London. There she met other
Protestants, including the
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and close friends, who were suspected of having harboured Protestant beliefs. These ladies included
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517:, latelye martyred in Smythfelde, by the Romysh popes vpholders, with the Elucydacyon of Johan Bale
312:). When Christopher Dare asked for her interpretation of this saying she mocked them, invoking the
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Askew wrote a first-person account of her ordeal and her beliefs, which was published first as
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Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 210. The Martyrdom of John Lacels, John Adams, and Nicholas Belenian
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977:"Racking the Body, Shaping the Text: The Account of Anne Askew in Foxes "Book of Martyrs"*"
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was telling the king that diplomacy – the prospect of an alliance with the Roman Catholic
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186:. She was ordered to name like-minded women but refused. The torturers, Lord Chancellor
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Treacherous Faith: The Specter of Heresy in Early Modern English Literature and Culture
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698:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 762–763.
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Prior to their death, the prisoners were offered one last chance at pardon.
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Of particular interest to the questioners was Anne's relationship with the
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The lattre examinacyon of the worthye servaunt of God mastres Anne Askewe
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Hickerson, Megan L. (April 2006) . "'Ways of Lying': Anne Askew and the
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The First Examinacyon of the worthye servaunt of god Mastres Anne Askewe
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Woodcut of the burning of Anne Askew, for heresy, at Smithfield in 1546
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which declared the establishment of a "kingdom of a thousand years").
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The prevailing religious culture of Anne's time, summed up by bishop
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of London, the only woman to have been tortured there, aside from
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Passages in the Life of the Faire Gospeller, Mistress Anne Askew
1282:. Vol. 2. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 190–192.
1182:
The Acts and Monuments of John Foxe: A New and Complete Edition
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A Tudor tapestry: Men, Women and Society in Reformation England
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Pittsburgh, Pa: University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 164-165.
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who were also arrested for heresy. As stated above, Askew's
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was a false idea. Her pronouncements caused controversy in
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Katherine the Queen: The Remarkable Life of Katherine Parr
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are the only women on record known to have been both
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People executed by the Kingdom of England by burning
1185:. Vol. V. London: R. B. Seeley and W. Burnside.
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Anne askew, intituled, I am a vvoman, poor and blind
241:. Others in Cranmer's circle who were arrested were
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throughout her life. Her reading convinced her that
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The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn: 'The Most Happy'
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2037:People from the Borough of North East Lincolnshire
1589:Anne Askew – Illustrated story on History's Heroes
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975:Freeman, Thomas S.; Wall, Sarah Elizabeth (2001).
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1252:Fuller, Thomas (1840). Nuttall, Austin P. (ed.).
2057:Converts to Protestantism from Roman Catholicism
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748:. Oxford University Press. pp. xxii–xxiii.
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1132:Askew, Anne (1996). Beilin, Elaine V. (ed.).
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125:. Her father was a gentleman in the court of
1576:Representative Poetry Online – Anne Askew's
1519:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
487:Anne Askew's autobiographical and published
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1241:Fuller, Thomas; Nuttall, Austin P. (1840).
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1516:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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573:. Her execution takes place off-screen.
201:On 16 July 1546, Askew was martyred in
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1513:(2004). "Askew, Anne (c. 1521–1546)".
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1483:Vol. 2. St Omer: François Bellet.
1255:The History of the Worthies of England
1244:The History of the Worthies of England
1233:The History of the Worthies of England
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1403:Loewenstein, David (30 August 2013).
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1179:(1838). Cattley, Stephen Reed (ed.).
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27:English Protestant martyr (1521–1546)
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89:to compose in the English language.
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2017:16th-century English women writers
1594:Spartacus Educational – Anne Askew
563:In the 2023 historical drama film
545:Representations in popular culture
160:. Her husband, Thomas Kyme, was a
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2097:Executed people from Lincolnshire
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556:Anne was played by Welsh actress
430:, aged 25, on 16 July 1546, with
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2062:People executed under Henry VIII
1666:Theological writers and scholars
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1305:10.1111/j.1468-0424.2006.00414.x
1279:Dictionary of National Biography
2082:16th-century Protestant martyrs
2027:16th-century English memoirists
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105:Anne Askew was born in 1521 in
1950:Significant for another reason
1855:Marietje Jan de Gortersdochter
1779:Anna II, Abbess of Quedlinburg
1135:The Examinations of Anne Askew
1103:AĂŻnouz, Karim (14 June 2024),
745:The Examinations of Anne Askew
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18:John Adams (Protestant martyr)
13:
1:
1424:MacCulloch, Diarmaid (1996).
1230:; Nuttall, Austin P. (1840).
1124:
1079:"List of The Tudors episodes"
1921:Anna Radziwiłłówna Kiszczyna
1906:Anna Maria of the Palatinate
1599:Works by or about Anne Askew
1533:UK public library membership
1382:Divorced, Beheaded, Survived
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442:speaketh without the book."
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370:(The Bishop of Winchester),
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1614:(public domain audiobooks)
1452:Merle D'Aubigné, Jean Henri
577:
10:
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2117:English Anabaptist martyrs
2112:People executed by burning
2047:People executed for heresy
2022:16th-century English poets
1456:The Reformation in England
1348:The Queen's Friend: A Play
520:1547 - John Bale (Hrsg.):
513:1546 - John Bale (Hrsg.):
319:When questioned about the
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888:, pp. liv, 127, 187.
680:Pollard, Albert Frederick
550:In the television series
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2032:16th-century Anabaptists
1936:Elisabeth of Brandenburg
1708:Elisabeth of Brandenburg
1703:Catherine Vasa of Sweden
1655:women in the Reformation
1653:16th-century Protestant
1477:Parsons, Robert (1604).
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343:Arrest and interrogation
284:and the Queen's sister,
231:Archbishop of Canterbury
2107:Executed English people
2072:English torture victims
2052:Executed British people
1962:Anna Pehrsönernas moder
1916:Inger Ottesdotter Rømer
1815:Wendelmoet Claesdochter
1140:Oxford University Press
1030:Freeman & Wall 2001
708:Wilson, Derek. (1973).
695:Encyclopædia Britannica
396:Lieutenant of the Tower
101:Martyrdom of Anne Askew
2077:Executed English women
1769:Birgitta Botolfsdotter
1428:Thomas Cranmer: A Life
1350:(DVD). Moscow, Idaho:
987:(4–Part1): 1165–1196.
569:Anne was portrayed by
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1931:Marguerite de Navarre
1870:Elisabeth Wandscherer
1754:Katharina von Zimmern
1744:Ursula of Munsterberg
1495:. London: Pan Books.
1460:Banner of Truth Trust
1434:Yale University Press
1192:Renaissance Quarterly
1157:Fedele, Gene (2003).
981:Renaissance Quarterly
535:1866 - Anne Manning.
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351:Torture of Anne Askew
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111:Lincolnshire, England
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1941:Barbara von Wertheim
1820:Anneke Esaiasdochter
1749:Charlotte of Bourbon
1525:10.1093/ref:odnb/798
1384:. Cambridge, Mass.:
1329:Blackwell Publishing
1293:Gender & History
619:Merle D'Aubigné 1994
270:Katherine Willoughby
66:of England. She and
62:during the reign of
2067:English women poets
2042:English Anabaptists
1788:Reformation martyrs
1673:Argula von Grumbach
1608:Works by Anne Askew
1269:"Askew, Anne"
1198:(4(1)): 1165–1196.
1032:, pp. 1165–96.
742:Anne Askew (1996).
732:, pp. 252–253.
685:"Askew, Anne"
609:, pp. xv, 190.
392:Sir Anthony Knyvett
314:Sermon on the Mount
139:Pilgrimage of Grace
46:(sometimes spelled
1901:Elisabeth of Hesse
1880:Katarzyna Weiglowa
1800:MarĂa de BohĂłrquez
1739:Katharina von Bora
1718:Elisabeth Cruciger
1693:Elizabeth Melville
1546:Secretaries of God
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428:Smithfield, London
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1469:978-0-85151-487-1
1443:978-0-300-07448-2
1416:978-0-19-150488-4
1395:978-0-201-40823-2
1361:978-1-59128-218-1
1338:978-1-4051-3463-7
1168:978-0-88270-934-5
1149:978-0-19-510849-1
1068:, pp. 50–65.
1056:, pp. 56–58.
755:978-0-19-510849-1
337:MĂĽnster rebellion
278:Joan Champernowne
266:ladies-in-waiting
223:Emperor Charles V
115:Sir William Askew
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16:(Redirected from
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1967:Catharina Herman
1957:Amalia of Cleves
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452:The Examinations
368:Stephen Gardiner
357:Six Articles Act
298:Stephen Gardiner
235:Nicholas Shaxton
219:Stephen Gardiner
192:Sir Richard Rich
54:), married name
21:
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1997:
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1977:Idelette Calvin
1945:
1926:Renée of France
1911:Jeanne d'Albret
1884:
1825:Aefgen Listincx
1783:
1764:Cecily Bodenham
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1264:Gairdner, James
1204:10.2307/1261970
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1159:Heroes of Faith
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649:
645:, p. xvii.
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558:Emma Stansfield
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458:, and later in
448:
422:Anne Askew was
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184:Margaret Cheyne
127:King Henry VIII
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76:Tower of London
68:Margaret Cheyne
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1570:External links
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1409:. OUP Oxford.
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1378:Lindsey, Karen
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1228:Fuller, Thomas
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1066:Hickerson 2006
1058:
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1042:Hickerson 2006
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1022:
967:
965:, p. 550.
955:
941:
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914:
912:, p. 192.
902:
890:
878:
862:
860:, p. 127.
850:
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811:
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734:
722:
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690:Chisholm, Hugh
666:
647:
635:
633:, p. 339.
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494:John Lascelles
484:
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439:Bishop Shaxton
432:John Lascelles
411:
408:
344:
341:
293:
292:Plain speaking
290:
274:Anne Calthorpe
262:Catherine Parr
247:Richard Turner
243:Rowland Taylor
227:Thomas Cranmer
214:
211:
137:, who led the
94:
91:
26:
9:
6:
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3:
2:
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1549:. Cambridge:
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1489:Porter, Linda
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1432:. New Haven:
1430:
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1044:, p. 53.
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1038:
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1026:
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906:
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894:
887:
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875:
871:
866:
859:
854:
847:
842:
840:
833:, p. 89.
832:
827:
821:, p. 94.
820:
815:
809:, p. 87.
808:
803:
797:, p. 86.
796:
791:
789:
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779:
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768:
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718:0-8229-3242-3
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662:Gairdner 1885
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361:Edmund Bonner
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302:Edmund Bonner
299:
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282:Lady Hertford
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259:
258:Thomas Howard
255:
254:Edmund Bonner
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34:
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19:
1840:Alice Benden
1805:Alice Driver
1794:
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1551:D. S. Brewer
1545:
1514:
1492:
1479:
1455:
1427:
1405:
1381:
1347:
1324:
1299:(1): 50–65.
1296:
1292:
1289:Examinations
1288:
1277:
1254:
1243:
1232:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1158:
1134:
1113:18 September
1111:, retrieved
1105:
1098:
1089:18 September
1087:, retrieved
1082:
1073:
1061:
1049:
1037:
1025:
984:
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970:
958:
928:
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865:
853:
826:
814:
802:
744:
737:
725:
709:
704:
693:
638:
626:
614:
607:Lindsey 1995
602:
585:
571:Erin Doherty
564:
551:
537:
529:
521:
514:
502:Examinations
501:
498:Edward Crome
489:Examinations
488:
486:
482:Examinations
481:
475:
471:
463:
451:
449:
436:
421:
400:
380:
365:
354:
326:
318:
306:
295:
264:through her
251:
216:
200:
180:
166:
147:
143:
107:South Kelsey
104:
87:female poets
84:
55:
51:
47:
43:
42:
29:
2012:1546 deaths
2007:1521 births
1896:Anne Boleyn
1889:Benefactors
1860:Weyn Ockers
1810:Joan Bocher
1732:Former nuns
1541:Watt, Diane
1511:Watt, Diane
1352:Canon Press
963:Foxe V 1838
933:Beilin 1996
910:Beilin 1996
898:Beilin 1996
886:Beilin 1996
870:Beilin 1996
858:Beilin 1996
776:, pp.
730:Porter 2011
643:Beilin 1996
372:John Dudley
333:Anabaptists
329:Holy Spirit
194:, used the
172:Joan Bocher
135:Robert Aske
131:Anne Boleyn
38:Hans Eworth
2001:Categories
1875:Joan Waste
1795:Anne Askew
1683:Anne Locke
1678:Anne Bacon
1535:required.)
1321:Ives, Eric
1177:Foxe, John
1125:References
935:, p.
872:, p.
586:The Tudors
553:The Tudors
404:Lieutenant
374:, and Sir
310:Acts 17:24
169:Anabaptist
150:Protestant
64:Henry VIII
44:Anne Askew
1370:814419948
1220:192997178
1106:Firebrand
1083:Knowledge
1017:192997178
1001:0034-4338
846:Watt 2004
631:Ives 2005
594:Footnotes
566:Firebrand
460:John Foxe
456:John Bale
410:Execution
321:Eucharist
286:Anne Parr
123:Berkshire
93:Biography
56:Anne Kyme
1982:Rose Lok
1612:LibriVox
1543:(1997).
1491:(2011).
1454:(1994).
1380:(1995).
1323:(2005).
1313:59154806
1266:(1885).
682:(1911).
588:episodes
584:List of
578:See also
496:and Dr.
239:Hadleigh
176:preacher
162:Catholic
72:tortured
48:Ayscough
1601:at the
1276:(ed.).
1212:1261970
1009:1261970
778:352–354
692:(ed.).
527:1670 -
394:, then
324:were."
158:Lincoln
119:Reading
74:in the
60:heretic
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1499:
1466:
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1335:
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1165:
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1015:
1007:
999:
752:
716:
446:Legacy
1309:S2CID
1272:. In
1216:S2CID
1208:JSTOR
1013:S2CID
1005:JSTOR
688:. In
508:Works
388:shift
52:Ascue
1555:ISBN
1497:ISBN
1464:ISBN
1438:ISBN
1411:ISBN
1390:ISBN
1366:OCLC
1356:ISBN
1333:ISBN
1163:ISBN
1144:ISBN
1115:2024
1091:2024
997:ISSN
750:ISBN
714:ISBN
384:rack
256:and
245:and
196:rack
190:and
78:and
1610:at
1521:doi
1301:doi
1291:".
1200:doi
989:doi
937:191
874:130
462:'s
454:by
426:at
113:to
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1553:.
1462:.
1436:.
1388:.
1364:.
1354:.
1331:.
1327:.
1307:.
1297:18
1295:.
1214:.
1206:.
1196:54
1194:.
1142:.
1081:,
1011:.
1003:.
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979:.
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669:^
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280:,
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229:,
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1419:.
1398:.
1372:.
1341:.
1315:.
1303::
1222:.
1202::
1171:.
1152:.
1019:.
991::
939:.
900:.
876:.
848:.
780:.
758:.
720:.
664:.
621:.
560:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
