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opposition to the war was severely punished. The Song had been notified beforehand of Wanyan Liang's plan. They prepared by securing their defenses along the border, mainly near the
Yangtze River, but were hampered by Emperor Gaozong's indecisiveness. Gaozong's desire for peace made him averse to provoking the Jin. Wanyan Liang began the invasion in 1161 without formally declaring war. Jurchen armies personally led by Wanyan Liang left Kaifeng on October 15, reached the Huai River border on October 28, and marched in the direction of the Yangtze. The Song lost the Huai to the Jurchens but captured a few Jin prefectures in the west, slowing the Jurchen advance. A group of Jurchen generals were sent to cross the Yangtze near the city of Caishi (south of
1914:, a nomadic confederation, had unified in the middle of the twelfth century. They and other steppe nomads occasionally raided the Jin empire from the northwest. The Jin shied away from punitive expeditions and was content with appeasement, similar to the practices of the Song. The Mongols, formerly a Jin tributary, ended their Jurchen vassalage in 1210 and attacked the Jin in 1211. In light of this event, the Song court debated ending tributary payments to the weakened Jin, but they again chose to avoid antagonizing the Jin. They refused Western Xia's offers of allying against the Jin in 1214 and willingly complied when in 1215 the Jin rejected a request to lower the annual indemnity. Meanwhile, in 1214, the Jin retreated from the
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Between 1130 and 1137, the court would sporadically move to
Jiankang, and back to Lin'an. There were proposals to make Jiankang the new capital, but Lin'an won out because the court considered it a more secure city. The natural barriers that surrounded Lin'an, including lakes and rice paddies, made it more difficult for the Jurchen cavalry to breach its fortifications. Access to the sea made it easier to retreat from the city. In 1138, Gaozong officially declared Lin'an the capital of the dynasty, but the label of temporary capital would still be in place. Lin'an would remain the capital of the Southern Song for the next 150 years, growing into a major commercial and cultural center.
1898:
1752:, to suicide. Shizong was pressured into ending the unpopular war with the Song, and ordered the withdrawal of Jin forces in 1162. Emperor Gaozong retired from the throne that same year. His mishandling of the war with Wanyan Liang was one of many reasons for his abdication. Skirmishes between the Song and Jin continued along the border, but subsided in 1165 after the negotiation of a peace treaty. There were no major territorial changes. The treaty dictated that the Song still had to pay the annual indemnity, but the indemnity was renamed from "tribute", which had implied a subordinate relationship, to "payment".
1875:) was executed, and other officials connected to Han were dismissed or exiled. Since neither combatant was eager to continue the war, they returned to negotiations. A peace treaty was signed on November 2, 1208, and the Song tribute to the Jin was reinstated. The Song annual indemnity increased by 50,000 taels of silver and 50,000 packs of fabric. The treaty also stipulated that the Song had to present to the Jin the head of Han Tuozhou, who the Jin held responsible for starting the war. The heads of Han and Su were severed from their exhumed corpses, exhibited to the public, then delivered to the Jin.
38:
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1411:, it is necessary for the southerners to stay in the south and the northerners in the north." Gaozong, who considered himself a northerner, initially rejected the proposal. There were gestures toward peace in 1132, when the Jin freed an imprisoned Song diplomat, and in 1133, when the Song offered to become a Jin vassal, but a treaty never materialized. The Jin requirement that the border between the two states be moved south from the Huai River to the Yangtze was too large of a hurdle for the two sides to reach an agreement.
1061:
993:; 1083–1140) rallied around the proposal of remaining in defensive positions until reinforcements arrived and Jurchen supplies ran out. They botched an ambush against the Jin that was carried out at night, and were replaced by officials who supported peace negotiations. The failed attack pushed Qinzong into meeting the Jurchen demands, and his officials convinced him to go through with the deal. The Song recognized Jin control over the three prefectures. The Jurchen army ended the siege in March after 33 days.
639:
811:
1855:; d. 1207), the governor-general of Sichuan, defected to the Jin in December 1206. The Song had depended on Wu's success in the west to divert Jin soldiers away from the eastern front. He had attacked Jin positions earlier in 1206, but his army of about 50,000 men had been repelled. Wu's defection could have meant the loss of the entire western front of the war, but Song loyalists assassinated Wu on March 29, 1207, before Jin troops could take control of the surrendered territories.
2078:
1590:
Zhang Jun (1086–1154) with titles that relieved them of their command over the Song armies. Han
Shizhong, a critic of the treaty, retired. Yue Fei also announced his resignation as an act of protest. In 1141 Qin Hui had him imprisoned for insubordination. Charged with treason, Yue Fei was poisoned in jail on Qin's orders in early 1142. Jurchen diplomatic pressure during the peace talks may have played a role, but Qin Hui's alleged collusion with the Jin has never been proven.
1052:), where they were stripped of their royal privileges and reduced to commoners. The former emperors were humiliated by their captors. They were mocked with disparaging titles like "Muddled Virtue" and "Double Muddled". In 1128 Jin made them perform a ritual meant for war criminals. The harsh treatment of the Song royalty softened after the death of Huizong in 1135. Titles were granted to the deceased monarch, and his son Qinzong was promoted to Duke, a position with a salary.
2030:(r. 1224–1234) of the Jin dispatched diplomats to implore the Song for supplies. Jin envoys reported to the Song that the Mongols would invade the Song after they were done with the Jin—a forecast that would later be proven true—but the Song ignored the warning and rebuffed the request. They instead formed an alliance with the Mongols against the Jin. The Song provided supplies to the Mongols in return for parts of Henan. The Jin dynasty collapsed when Mongol and Song troops
1444:
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2175:
nearly doubled between the closing of the
Northern Song era in 1127 and the final years of Gaozong's reign in the early 1160s. The recovery was not uniform, and areas like Huainan and Hubei that had been directly affected by the war took decades to return to their pre-war levels. In spite of multiple wars, the Jin remained one of the main trading partners of the Song. Song demand for foreign products like fur and horses went unabated. Historian
1609:
1869:
Jurchens by this time round had depopularised him amongst the common people which situation was exploited by the
Empress Yang and Shi Miyuan, his most powerful political rivals to Garner support amongst other Courtiers which led to his demise. On November 24, 1207, Han Touzhou on his way to Court he was intercepted, dragged outside Imperial precincts and bludgeoned to death by the Imperial Palace Guards. His accomplice Su Shidan (
2011:
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1933:(r. 1224–1264), was hesitant to fight the Jin and delayed the declaration of war for two months. Song generals were largely autonomous, allowing Shi to evade blame for their military blunders. The Jin advanced across the border from the center and western fronts. Jurchen military successes were limited, and the Jin faced repeated raids from the neighboring state of Western Xia. In 1217, the Song generals Meng Zongzheng (
1678:
1418:(the "Great Qi"), their second attempt at a puppet state in northern China. The Jurchens believed that this state, nominally ruled by someone of Han Chinese descent, would be able to attract the allegiance of disaffected members of the insurgency. The Jurchens also suffered from a shortage of skilled manpower, and controlling the entirety of northern China was not administratively feasible. In the final months of 1129,
1139:
by Liao. Instead of continuing their invasion of the Song, an empire with a military that outnumbered their own, they adopted the strategy of "using
Chinese to control the Chinese". The Jin hoped a proxy state would be capable of administering northern China and collecting the annual indemnity without requiring Jurchen interventions to quell anti-Jin uprisings. In 1127, the Jurchens installed a former Song official,
1980:; d. 1221). In the west, command of the Song forces in Sichuan was given to An Bing, who had previously been dismissed from this position. He successfully defended the western front, but was unable to advance further because of local uprisings in the area. The Jin tried to extort an indemnity from the Song but never received it. In the last of the three campaigns, in early 1221, the Jin captured the city of Qizhou (
1115:
919:
1594:
was only one of many generals who fought against the Jin in northern China. Traditional accounts have also blamed
Gaozong for Yue Fei's execution and submitting to the Jin. Qin Hui, in a reply to Gaozong's gratitude for the success of the peace negotiations, told the emperor that "the decision to make peace was entirely Your Majesty's. Your servant only carried it out; what achievement was there in this for me?"
439:
1728:
Song historians may have confused the number of
Jurchen soldiers at the Battle of Caishi with the total number of soldiers under the command of Wanyan Liang. The conflict was not the one-sided battle that traditional accounts imply, and the Song had numerous advantages over the Jin. The Song fleet was larger than the Jin's, and the Jin were unable to use their greatest asset, cavalry, in a naval battle.
1006:
siege, came back with his western army. Overwhelmed, Taiyuan fell in
September 1126, after 260 days of siege. When the Song court received news of the fall of Taiyuan, the officials who had advocated defending the empire militarily fell from favor again and were replaced by counselors who favored appeasement. In mid-December the two Jurchen armies converged on Kaifeng for the second time that year.
1025:
decimated and the morale of Song soldiers was on the decline. On
January 9, 1127, the Jurchens broke through and started to loot the conquered city. Emperor Qinzong tried to appease the victors by offering the remaining wealth of the capital. The royal treasury was emptied and the belongings of the city's residents were seized. The Song emperor offered his unconditional surrender a few days later.
738:
1147:" (Great Chu) dynasty. The puppet government did not deter the resistance in northern China, but the insurgents were motivated by their anger towards the Jurchens' looting rather than by a sense of loyalty towards the inept Song court. A number of Song commanders, stationed in towns scattered across northern China, retained their allegiance to the Song, and armed volunteers organized
624:. Song refugees from the north resettled in southern China. The north was the cultural center of China, and its conquest by Jin diminished the regional stature of the Song dynasty. The Southern Song, however, quickly returned to economic prosperity, and trade with Jin was lucrative despite decades of warfare. Lin'an, the Southern Song capital, expanded into a major city for commerce.
1086:
failed wars against the Western Xia. The Song insistence on a greater share of Liao territory only succeeded in provoking their Jin allies. Song diplomatic oversights underestimated Jin and allowed the unimpeded rise of Jurchen military power. The state had plentiful resources, with the exception of horses, but managed its assets poorly during battles. Unlike the expansive
1348:
their sails. Wuzhu's troops came back south of the Yangtze one last time to Jiankang, which they pillaged, and then headed north. Yet the Jin had been caught off guard by the strength of the Song navy, and Wuzhu never tried to cross the Yangtze River again. In early 1131, Jin armies between the Huai and the Yangtze were repelled by bandits loyal to the Song. Zhang Rong (
1761:
1574:, Wuzhu launched a surprise attack on Song forces with an army of 100,000 infantry and 15,000 horsemen. Yue Fei directed his cavalry to attack the Jurchen soldiers and won a decisive victory. He continued on to Henan, where he recaptured Zhengzhou and Luoyang. Later in 1140, Yue was forced to withdraw after the emperor ordered him to return to the Song court.
1543:, Qin purged his enemies and continued negotiations. In 1138 the Jin and Song agreed to a treaty that designated the Yellow River as border between the two states and recognized Gaozong as a "subject" of the Jin. But because there remained opposition to the treaty in both the courts of the Jin and Song, the treaty never came into effect. A Jurchen army led by
1520:(r. 1135–1150) inherited the Jin throne from Taizong, and pushed for peace. He and his generals were disappointed with Liu Yu's military failures and believed that Liu was secretly conspiring with Yue Fei. In late 1137, the Jin reduced Liu Yu's title to that of a prince and abolished the state of Qi. The Jin and Song renewed the negotiations towards peace.
980:, Taiyuan, and Zhongshan; and offered an indemnity of 50 million taels of silver, 5 million taels of gold, 1 million packs of silk, 1 million packs of satin, 10,000 horses, 10,000 mules, 10,000 cattle, and 1,000 camels. This indemnity was worth about 180 years of the annual tribute the Song had been paying to the Jin since 1123.
952:, they had faced fierce resistance from the Han Chinese population, yet when the Jurchens invaded that area, the Han Chinese did not oppose them at all. By the end of December 1125, the Jin army had seized control of two prefectures and re-established Jurchen rule over the Sixteen Prefectures. The eastern army was nearing Kaifeng by early 1126.
1030:
warrior flowed in Yao’s blood. For three generations, his family served the state loyally and their name was feared among the barbarians. Ever since the defense began, he labored day and night and allowed himself little time to eat and rest. He was the only court official to do this. How ironic that he would meet his tragic end because of it!
905:. The Song forces were not expecting an invasion and were caught off guard. The Chinese general Tong Guan was informed of the military expedition by an envoy he had sent to the Jin to obtain the cession of two prefectures. The returning envoy reported that the Jurchens were willing to forgo an invasion if the Song ceded control of
1516:) killed his superior official and defected to the Jin with 30,000 soldiers. This rebellion was provoked by Zhang Jun's attempt to reassert government control over the regional military commanders, as the court had previously been forced to tolerate growing military autonomy during the chaos of the Jin invasion. Meanwhile,
2312:
of the Jin and not for combat against the Jin infantry. Song soldiers compensated for the limited range and mobility of the weapon by timing their attacks on the Jin siege engines, waiting until they were within range of the fire lances. Later fire lances used metal barrels, fired projectiles farther
2125:
of the government. Jurchen clans adopted Chinese personal names with their Jurchen names. Wanyan Liang (Prince of Hailing; r. 1150–1161) was an enthusiastic proponent of Jurchen sinicization and enacted policies to encourage it. Wanyan Liang had been acculturated by Song diplomats from childhood, and
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hero Yue Fei and Han orchestrated the publishing of historical records that justified war with the Jin. From 1204 onwards, Chinese armed groups raided Jurchen settlements. Han Tuozhou was designated the head of national security in 1205. The Song funded insurgents in the north that professed loyalist
1743:
A modern analysis of the battlefield has shown that it was a minor battle, although the victory did boost Song morale. The Jin lost, but only suffered about 4,000 casualties and the battle was not fatal to the Jurchen war effort. It was Wanyan Liang's poor relationships with the Jurchen generals, who
1732:
Government troops using the “sea-eels” sailed straight towards the seventeen boats, and split them up into two groups. The government troops shouted “The government troops have won,” and struck at the men of Jin. The bottoms of the boats of the Jin were as broad as a box and the boats were unstable.
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The treaty reduced the Southern Song dynasty status to that of a Jin vassal. The document designated the Song as the "insignificant state", while the Jin was recognized as the "superior state". The text of the treaty has not survived in Chinese records, a clear sign of its humiliating reputation. The
1593:
After his execution, Yue Fei's reputation for defending the Southern Song grew to that of a national folk hero. Qin Hui was denigrated by later historians, who accused him of betraying the Song. The real Yue Fei differed from the later myths based on his exploits. Contrary to traditional legends, Yue
1024:
The Jin assault commenced in mid-December 1126. Even as fighting raged on, Qinzong continued to sue for peace, but Jin demands for territory were enormous: they wanted all provinces north of the Yellow River. After more than twenty days of heavy combat against the besieging forces, Song defenses were
1280:
From 1127 to 1129, the Song sent thirteen embassies to the Jin to discuss peace terms and to negotiate the release of Gaozong's mother and Huizong, but the Jin court ignored them. In December 1129, the Jin started a new military offensive, dispatching two armies across the Huai River in the east and
1138:
The Jin leadership had not expected or desired the fall of the Song dynasty. Their intention was to weaken the Song in order to demand more tribute, and they were unprepared for the magnitude of their victory. The Jurchens were preoccupied with strengthening their rule over the areas once controlled
1085:
A modern analysis by Ari Daniel Levine places more of the blame on deficiencies in the military and bureaucratic leadership. The loss of northern China was not inevitable. The military was overextended by a government too assured of its own military prowess. Huizong diverted the state's resources to
1068:
Many factors contributed to the Song's repeated military blunders and subsequent loss of northern China to the Jurchens. Traditional accounts of Song history held the venality of Huizong's imperial court responsible for the decline of the dynasty. These narratives condemned Huizong and his officials
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in the south. When a Song army under Tong Guan's command finally attacked Yanjing in May 1122, the smaller forces of the weakened Liao repelled the invaders with ease. Another attack failed in the fall. Both times, Tong was forced to retreat back to Kaifeng. After the first attack, Aguda changed the
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casings, are the first known hard casing bombs. The bomb needed to be capable of detonating in order to penetrate the iron casing. The Song army had a large supply of incendiary bombs, but there are no reports of them having a weapon similar to the Jin's detonating bombs. A participant in the siege
1918:
to Kaifeng, which became the new capital of the dynasty. As the Mongols expanded, the Jin suffered territorial losses and attacked the Song in 1217 to compensate for their shrinking territory. Periodic Song raids against the Jin were the official justification for the war. Another likely motive was
1823:
on the Grand Canal just south of the Huai River. Bi defended the town, and the Jurchens withdrew from the siege after three months. By the fall of 1206, however, the Jurchens had captured multiple towns and military bases. The Jin initiated an offensive against Song prefectures in the central front
790:
The quick collapse of the Liao led to more negotiations between the Song and Jin. Jurchen military success and their effective control over the Sixteen Prefectures gave them more leverage. Aguda grew increasingly frustrated as he realized that despite their military failures the Song still intended
482:
that had fallen under Liao control since 938. The Song agreed but the Jin's quick defeat of the Liao combined with Song military failures made the Jin reluctant to cede territory. After a series of negotiations that embittered both sides, the Jurchens attacked the Song in 1125, dispatching one army
2174:
recognized the Jin, not the Song, as the legitimate dynasty of China. The Song's military failures reduced it to a subordinate of the Jin, turning it into a "China among equals". The Song economy, however, recovered quickly after the move south. Government revenues earned from taxing foreign trade
2166:
remarked that "this city is greater than any in the world". Once retaking northern China became less plausible and Lin'an grew into a significant trading city, the government buildings were extended and renovated to better befit its status as an imperial capital. The modestly sized imperial palace
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that devastated Hebei and Shandong in northern China, and the droughts and swarming locusts that plagued the south near the Huai. The Song were informed of the Jurchen predicament by their ambassadors, who traveled twice a year to the Jin capital, and started provoking their northern neighbor. The
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gave the Jurchens a passage into the central valley of the Yangtze River. Their southward push was halted by the general Yue Fei. In 1134, Yue Fei defeated Li and retook Xiangyang and its surrounding prefectures. Later that year, however, Qi and Jin initiated a new offensive further east along the
1347:
and tried to prevent Wuzhu from crossing back to the north bank of the Yangtze. The small boats of the Jin army were outmatched by Han Shizhong's fleet of seagoing vessels. Wuzhu eventually managed to cross the river when he had his troops use incendiary arrows to neutralize Han's ships by burning
1005:
Accusing the Song of violating the agreement and realizing the weakness of the Song, the Jin generals launched a second punitive campaign, again dividing their troops into two armies. Wanyan Zonghan, who had withdrawn from Taiyuan after the Kaifeng agreement and left a small force in charge of the
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In the south, the retreat of the Song dynasty led to major demographic changes. The population of refugees from the north that resettled in Lin'an and Jiankang (modern Hangzhou and Nanjing) eventually grew greater than the population of original residents, whose numbers had dwindled from repeated
1727:
in the 4th century. Contemporaneous Song accounts claimed that the 18,000 Song soldiers commanded by Yu Yunwen and tasked with defending Caishi were able to defeat the invading Jurchen army of 400,000 soldiers. Modern historians are more skeptical and consider the Jurchen numbers an exaggeration.
1238:
The Song disbandment of the Great Chu and execution of Zhang Bangchang antagonized the Jurchens and violated the treaty that the two parties had negotiated. The Jin renewed their attacks on the Song and quickly reconquered much of northern China. In late 1127 Gaozong moved his court further south
1029:
On the evening of the twenty-fifth, Zhongyou was beaten to death by soldiers in the southern part of the city. His brain and intestines scattered, it was impossible to locate his flesh and bones afterward. Even his home got ransacked. What a shameful end to a good man like him! The spirit of the
1589:
Emperor Gaozong supported settling a peace treaty with the Jurchens and sought to rein in the assertiveness of the military. The military expeditions of Yue Fei and other generals were an obstacle to peace negotiations. The government weakened the military by rewarding Yue Fei, Han Shizhong, and
1001:
Almost as soon as the Jin armies had left Kaifeng, Emperor Qinzong reneged on the deal and dispatched two armies to repel the Jurchen troops attacking Taiyuan and bolster the defenses of Zhongshan and Hejian. An army of 90,000 soldiers and another of 60,000 were defeated by Jin forces by June. A
2073:
Jurchen migrants from the northeastern reaches of Jin territory settled in the Jin-controlled lands of northern China. Constituting less than ten percent of the total population, the two to three million ruling Jurchens were a minority in a region that was still dominated by 30 million Han
1395:
The Song court returned to Hangzhou in 1133, and the city was renamed Lin'an. The imperial ancestral temple was built in Lin'an later that same year, a sign that the court had in practice established Lin'an as the Song capital without a formal declaration. It was treated as a temporary capital.
1387:). The most important battles between Jin and Song in 1131 and 1132 took place in Shaanxi, Gansu, and Sichuan. The Jin lost two battles at Heshang Yuan in 1131. After failing to enter Sichuan, Wuzhu retreated to Yanjing. He returned to the western front again from 1132 to 1134. The Jin attacked
1020:
After the defeat of several Song armies in the north, Emperor Qinzong wanted to negotiate a truce with the Jin, but he committed a massive strategic blunder when he commanded his remaining armies to protect prefectural cities instead of Kaifeng. Neglecting the importance of the capital, he left
2145:
The emperor's political reforms were connected with his desire to conquer all of China and to legitimize himself as a Chinese emperor. The prospect of conquering southern China was cut short by Wanyan Liang's assassination. Wanyan Liang's successor, Emperor Shizong, was less enthusiastic about
1868:
Fighting continued in 1207, but by the end of that year the war was at a stalemate. The Song was now on the defensive, while the Jin failed to make gains in Song territory it therefore cost both parties much more than it gained them. The failure of Han Tuozhou's aggressive policies against the
1669:
by announcing that the Song had broken the 1142 peace treaty by acquiring horses. He instituted an unpopular draft that was the source of widespread unrest in the empire. Anti-Jin revolts erupted among the Khitans and in Jin provinces bordering the Song. Wanyan Liang did not allow dissent, and
837:
about 200 kilometres (120 mi) east of Yanjing, killed the main Jin official in that city and turned it over to the Song. The Jurchens defeated his armies a few months later and Zhang took refuge in Yanjing. Even though the Song agreed to execute him in late 1123, this incident put tension
1196:
After reigning for barely one month, Zhang Bangchang was persuaded by the Song to step down as emperor of the Great Chu and to recognize the legitimacy of the Song imperial line. Li Gang pressured Gaozong to execute Zhang for betraying the Song. The emperor relented and Zhang was coerced into
1561:
in Anhui). Yue Fei was assigned to head the Song forces defending the Huainan region. Instead of advancing to Huainan, however, Wuzhu retreated to Kaifeng and Yue's army followed him into Jin territory, disobeying an order by Gaozong that forbade Yue from going on the offensive. Yue captured
955:
Fearing the approaching Jin army, Song emperor Huizong planned to retreat south. The emperor deserting the capital would have been viewed as an act of capitulation, so court officials convinced him to abdicate. There were few objections. Rescuing an empire in crisis from destruction was more
1842:). By the fall of 1206, the Song offensive had already failed disastrously. Soldier morale sank as weather conditions worsened, supplies ran out, and hunger spread, forcing many to desert. The massive defections of Han Chinese in northern China that the Song had expected never materialized.
700:
of silver. Before the Jurchens overthrew the Khitan, married Jurchen women and Jurchen girls were raped by Liao Khitan envoys as a custom which caused resentment by the Jurchens against the Khitan. Song princesses committed suicide to avoid rape or were killed for resisting rape by the Jin.
1207:; 1059–1128), the Song general responsible for fortifying Kaifeng, entreated Gaozong to move the court back to the city, but Gaozong refused and retreated south. The southward move marked the end of the Northern Song and the beginning of the Southern Song era of Chinese history.
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to seize most of the prefectures. In the spring of 1123 the two sides finally set the terms of the first Song–Jin treaty. Only seven prefectures (including Yanjing) would be returned to the Song, and the Song would pay an annual indemnity of 300,000 packs of silk and 200,000
941:
Meanwhile, the eastern army, commanded by Wanyan Zongwang, was dispatched towards Yanjing (modern Beijing) and eventually the Song capital Kaifeng. It did not face much armed opposition. Zongwang easily took Yanjing, where Song general and former Liao governor Guo Yaoshi
795:
of silver to the Jin, as well as a one-time payment of one million strings of copper coins to compensate the Jurchens for the tax revenue they would have earned had they not returned the prefectures. In May 1123 Tong Guan and the Song armies entered the looted Yanjing.
2150:(r. 1189–1208), who promoted reforms that transformed the political structure of the dynasty closer to that of the Song and Tang dynasties. Despite cultural and demographic changes, military hostilities between the Jin and the Song persisted until the fall of the Jin.
1459:
The Jin granted Qi more autonomy than the first puppet government of Chu, but Liu Yu was obligated to obey the orders of the Jurchen generals. With Jin support, Da Qi invaded the Song in November 1133. Li Cheng, a Song turncoat who had joined the Qi, led the campaign.
2301:
in eastern Hubei) in 1132, during the Jin invasion of Hubei and Shaanxi. The weapon consisted of a spear attached with a flamethrower capable of firing projectiles from a barrel constructed of bamboo or paper. They were built by soldiers under the command of Chen Gui
777:
The joint attack against the Liao had been planned for 1121, but it was rescheduled for 1122. On February 23 of that year, Jin captured the Liao Central Capital as promised. The Song delayed their entry into the war because it diverted resources to fighting the
1197:
suicide. The killing of Zhang showed that the Song was willing to provoke the Jin, and that the Jin had yet to solidify their control over the newly conquered territories. The submission and abolition of Chu meant that Kaifeng was now back under Song control.
909:
and Shanxi to the Jin. Tong Guan retreated from Taiyuan and left command of his troops to Wang Bing. Jin armies besieged the city in mid January 1126. Under Wang Bing's command, Taiyuan held on long enough to stop the Jurchen troops from advancing to Luoyang.
1723:. Traditional Chinese accounts consider this the turning point of the war, characterizing it as a military upset that secured southern China from the northern invaders. The significance of the battle is said to have rivaled a similarly revered victory at the
1081:
in 1076. Corruption marred the reign of Huizong, who was more skilled as a painter than as a ruler. Huizong was known for his extravagance, and funded the costly construction of gardens and temples while rebellions threatened the state's grip on power.
1718:
bombs, overwhelmed the light ships of the Jin fleet. Jin ships were unable to compete because they were smaller and hastily constructed. The bombs launched by the Song contained mixtures of gunpowder, lime, scraps of iron, and a poison that was likely
612:, and other related weapons. In northern China, Jurchens were the ruling minority of an empire predominantly inhabited by former subjects of the Song. Jurchen migrants settled in the conquered territories and assimilated with the local culture. Jin, a
1306:
commanded the main Jin army. He crossed the Yangtze southwest of Jiankang and took that city when Du Chong surrendered. Wuzhu set out from Jiankang and advanced rapidly to try to capture Gaozong. The Jin seized Hangzhou (January 22, 1130) and then
975:
Kaifeng was besieged on January 31, 1126. The commander of the Jurchen army promised to spare the city if the Song submitted to Jin as a vassal; forfeited the prime minister and an imperial prince as prisoners; ceded the Chinese prefectures of
765:
that the Song had been giving the Liao. By the end of 1120, however, the Jurchens had seized the Liao Supreme Capital, and offered the Song only parts of the Sixteen Prefectures. Among other things, Jin would keep the Liao Western Capital of
1440:, made an attempt at reforming the bureaucracy, and enacted laws that enforced the collection of high taxes. It was also responsible for supplying a large portion of the troops that fought the Song in the seven years following its creation.
1391:
and Shaanxi in 1132. Wuzhu captured Heshang Yuan in 1133, but his advance was halted by a defeat at Xianren Pass. He gave up on taking Sichuan, and no more major battles were fought between the Jin and Song for the rest of the decade.
756:. Negotiations for an alliance began secretly under the pretense that the Song wanted to acquire horses from the Khitans. Song diplomats traveled to the Jin court to meet Aguda in 1118, while Jurchen envoys arrived in the Song capital
838:
between the two states, because the 1123 treaty had explicitly forbidden both sides from harboring defectors. In 1124, Song officials further angered Jin by asking for the cession of nine more border prefectures. The new Jin emperor
1469:
Huai River. For the first time, Gaozong issued an edict officially condemning Da Qi. The armies of Qi and Jin won a series of victories in the Huai valley, but were repelled by Han Shizhong near Yangzhou and by Yue Fei at Luzhou (
760:
the next year. At the beginning, the two sides agreed to keep whatever Liao territory they would seize in combat. In 1120, Aguda agreed to cede the Sixteen Prefectures to the Song in exchange for transfer to the Jin of the annual
1664:
led a coup against Emperor Xizong and became fourth emperor of the Jin dynasty in 1150. Wanyan Liang presented himself as a Chinese emperor, and planned to unite China by conquering the Song. In 1158, Wanyan Liang provided a
2246:
However, there was also a reverse migration when the war was over of Han Chinese from the Southern Song towards Jin ruled northern China leading southern China's population to shrink and northern China's population to grow.
1193:, the founder of the dynasty, who had previously served in that city as a military governor. The symbolism of the city was meant to secure the political legitimacy of the new emperor, who was enthroned there on June 12.
510:. Qinzong reneged on the deal and ordered Song forces to defend the prefectures instead of fortifying the capital. The Jin resumed war and again besieged Kaifeng in 1127. They captured Qinzong, many members of the
787:
terms of the agreement and only promised Yanjing and six other prefectures to the Song. In early 1123 it was Jurchen forces that easily took the Liao Southern Capital. They sacked it and enslaved its population.
2157:
The new capital Lin'an grew into a major commercial and cultural center. It rose from a middling city of no special importance to one of the world's largest and most prosperous. During his stay in Lin'an in the
1962:; modern Shaanxi) in late 1217. The Jin tried to captured Suizhou in Jingxi South circuit again in 1218 and 1219, but failed. A Song counteroffensive in early 1218 captured Sizhou and in 1219 the Jin cities of
1538:
Gaozong promoted Qin Hui in 1138 and put him in charge of deliberations with the Jin. Yue Fei, Han Shizhong, and a large number of officials at court criticized the peace overtures. Aided by his control of the
1277:) vacated his forces from Kaifeng, exposing Jiankang to attack. The emperor moved back to Hangzhou in September, leaving Jiankang in Du Chong's hands. The Jin eventually captured Kaifeng in early 1130.
1996:; d. 1231) defeated the Jin, who then withdrew. In 1224 both sides agreed on a peace treaty that ended the annual tributes to the Jin. Diplomatic missions between the Jin and Song were also cut off.
1632:
contents of the agreement were recovered from a Jurchen biography. Once the treaty had been settled, the Jurchens retreated north and trade resumed between the two empires. The peace ensured by the
1098:
where a large proportion of its horses could be bred or procured. As Song general Li Gang noted, without a consistent supply of horses the dynasty was at a significant disadvantage against Jurchen
2154:
Jurchen raids. The government encouraged the resettlement of peasant migrants from the southern provinces of the Song to the underpopulated territories between the Yangtze and the Huai rivers.
983:
With little prospect of help from afar arriving, infighting broke out in the Song court between the officials who supported the Jin offer and those who opposed it. Opponents of the treaty like
1331:. The Jin sent ships to chase after Gaozong, but failed to catch him. They gave up the pursuit and the Jurchens retreated north. After they plundered the undefended cities of Hangzhou and
2316:
2146:
sinicization and reversed several of Wanyan Liang's edicts. He sanctioned new policies with the intent to slow the assimilation of the Jurchens. Shizong's prohibitions were abandoned by
1628:, north of the Yangtze, was designated as the boundary between the two states. The Song agreed to pay a yearly tribute of 250,000 taels of silver and 250,000 packs of silk to the Jin.
522:
between Jin and Song. Remnants of the Song imperial family retreated to southern China and, after brief stays in several temporary capitals, eventually relocated to Lin'an (modern
1170:. The Jurchens tried to lure him back to Kaifeng where they could finally capture him, but did not succeed. Zhao Gou finally arrived in the Song Southern Capital at Yingtianfu (
5750:
Levine, Ari Daniel (2009). "The Reigns of Hui-tsung (1100–1126) and Ch'in-tsung (1126–1127) and the Fall of the Northern Sung". In Paul Jakov Smith; Denis C. Twitchett (eds.).
1414:
The continuing insurgency of anti-Jin forces in northern China hampered the Jurchen campaigns south of the Yangtze. Reluctant to let the war drag on, the Jin decided to create
1865:; d. 1221) was given Wu Xi's position, but the cohesion of Song forces in the west fell apart after Wu's demise and commanders turned on each other in the ensuing infighting.
2074:
Chinese. The southward expansion of the Jurchens caused the Jin to transition their decentralized government of semi-agrarian tribes to a bureaucratic Chinese-style dynasty.
1781:(r. 1194–1224) took little interest in the war effort. Under Han Tuozhou's supervision, preparations for the war proceeded gradually and cautiously. The court venerated the
2089:
The Jin government initially promoted an independent Jurchen culture alongside their adoption of the centralized Chinese imperial bureaucracy, but the empire was gradually
856:) vehemently refused to give them any more territory. Taizong eventually granted two prefectures, but by then the Jin leaders were ready to attack their southern neighbor.
7359:
1479:). Their sudden withdrawal in 1135 in response to the death of Jin Emperor Taizong gave the Song time to regroup. The war recommenced in late 1136 when Da Qi attacked the
1952:
A second Jin campaign in late 1217 did marginally better than the first. In the east, the Jin made little headway in the Huai River valley, but in the west they captured
584:
The wars engendered an era of swift technological, cultural, and demographic changes in China. Battles between the Song and Jin brought about the introduction of various
871:, the last emperor of the Liao, putting an end to the Liao dynasty for good. Ready to end their alliance with the Song, the Jurchens began preparations for an invasion.
1744:
despised him, that doomed the chances of a Jin victory. On December 15, Wanyan Liang was assassinated in his military camp by disaffected officers. He was succeeded by
537:
The Jurchens tried to conquer southern China in the 1130s but were bogged down by a pro-Song insurgency in the north and a counteroffensive by Song generals, including
1155:
2170:
The loss of northern China, the cultural center of Chinese civilization, diminished the regional status of the Song dynasty. After the Jurchen conquest of the north,
6458:
1419:
506:, his eldest son, was enthroned. The Jin dynasty laid siege to Kaifeng in 1126, but Qinzong negotiated their retreat from the capital by agreeing to a large annual
2142:
as the Jin main capital in 1153. Palaces were erected in Beijing and Kaifeng, while the original, more northerly residences of Jurchen chieftains were demolished.
734:
in 938, and that the Song had repeatedly but unsuccessfully tried to reconquer. The Song thus sought an alliance with the Jin against their common enemy the Liao.
1733:
Moreover, their men knew nothing about handling boats and were quite helpless. Only five or seven men could use their bows. So they were all killed in the river.
569:(1206–1208) was also unsuccessful. A decade later, Jin launched an abortive military campaign against the Song in 1217 to replace territory they had lost to the
257:
1407:, an official of the Song court, recommended a peaceful solution to the conflict in 1130, saying that, "If it is desirable that there will be no more conflicts
5547:
805:
1510:(1097–1164) convinced Gaozong to begin plans for a counterattack. Gaozong first agreed, but he abandoned the counteroffensive when an officer named Li Qiong (
770:
at the western end of the Sixteen Prefectures. The two sides agreed that the Jin would now attack the Liao Central Capital, whereas the Song would seize the
1021:
Kaifeng defended with fewer than 100,000 soldiers. The Song forces were dispersed throughout China, powerless to stop the second Jurchen siege of the city.
5325:
2097:
was used to legitimize the ruling government. Confucian state rituals were adopted during the reign of Emperor Xizong (1135–1150). The Jin implemented
1548:
2109:
were translated into Jurchen and studied by Jin intellectuals, but very few Jurchens actively contributed to the classical literature of the Jin. The
2426:
in 1206 by a Song army stationed in Xiangyang. The arrows were most likely an incendiary weapon, but its function may also have resembled that of an
1846:
847:
7352:
2188:
believes that Song commerce with the north was profitable enough that it compensated for the silver delivered annually as an indemnity to the Jin.
1158:
while on a diplomatic mission, and never made it back to Kaifeng. He was not present in the capital when the city fell to the Jurchens. The future
5861:
Paper Given at the Symposium "Dynastic Renaissance: Art and Culture of the Southern Song", National Palace Museum (Taipei), 22–24 November 2010
2308:), who led the Song army defending De'an. The fire lances with which Song soldiers were equipped at De'an were built for destroying the wooden
2052:, was killed in the town a few days later. The Mongols later turned their sights towards the Song. After decades of war, the Song dynasty also
1790:
Song officials, and war against the Jin was officially declared on June 14, 1206. The document that announced the war claimed the Jin lost the
1497:
5568:
Davis, Richard L. (2009). "The Reigns of Kuang-tsung (1189–1194) and Ning-tsung (1194–1224)". In Paul Jakov Smith; Denis C. Twitchett (eds.).
2391:) proposed to make incendiary bombs and arrows mandatory for all warships in the Song navy. At the battle of Caishi in 1161, Song ships fired
1738:
Zhao Shengzhi, writing after the death of Yu Yunwen, describing the battle at Caishi as a relatively minor battle involving only a few vessels
6246:
1436:
in Hebei was the first capital of Qi, before its move to Kaifeng, former capital of the Northern Song. The Qi government instituted military
5853:
968:
on January 27, 1126, two days after the New Year. Huizong fled Kaifeng the next day, escaping south and leaving the newly enthroned emperor
6672:
1698:
was in command of the army defending the river. The Jurchen army was defeated while attacking Caishi between November 26 and 27 during the
1369:
in the far west, to attack the Jin there to relieve pressure on the court. Zhang put together a large army, but was defeated by Wuzhu near
7276:
7000:
6939:
6831:
6446:
7388:
7345:
2039:
1971:
1817:) but suffered large losses against the Jurchens in Hebei. The Jin repelled the Song and moved south to besiege the Song town of Chuzhou
1707:
250:
752:
Because the land routes between the Song and Jin were controlled by the Liao, diplomatic exchanges had to occur by traveling across the
557:, but conflicts between the two dynasties continued until the fall of Jin in 1234. A war against the Song begun by the 4th Jin emperor,
7128:
2256:
2048:) led the Song army against Caizhou. The penultimate emperor of the Jin, Emperor Aizong, took his own life. His short-lived successor,
1798:
1268:
6666:
2411:), from trebuchets against the ships of the Jin fleet commanded by Wanyan Liang. The gunpowder mixture of the bomb contained powdered
1656:
1044:
Qigong, the former emperor Huizong, and members of the Song court were captured by the Jurchens as hostages. They were taken north to
1856:
1226:
in the north appointed Kong Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao who remained in Qufu as Duke Yansheng. Zhang Xuan 張選, a great-grandson of
1198:
2385:) were employed by the Song troops defending De'an and by the Jin soldiers besieging the city. The government official Lin Zhiping (
1919:
that the conquest of the Song would have given the Jin a place to escape should the Mongols succeed in taking control of the north.
7570:
1636:
lasted for the next 70 years, but was interrupted twice. One military campaign was initiated by the Song and the other by the Jin.
1415:
149:
6307:
5294:
1064:
A painting by Emperor Huizong. Huizong's excessive interest in the arts may have played a role in the fall of the northern Song.
818:
at the Museum of the First Capital of Jin. Taizong ordered military campaigns that led to the fall of the northern Song in 1127.
7240:
5169:
243:
5196:
1432:
in Shandong before his defection to the Jin in 1128. Da Qi was formed late in 1130, and the Jin enthroned Liu as its emperor.
1255:. The court spent over a year in the city. When the Jurchens advanced to the Huai River, the court was partially evacuated to
7141:
6149:
6119:
6087:
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5972:
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5930:
5903:
5884:
5845:
5810:
5791:
5759:
5740:
5707:
5688:
5665:
5630:
5600:
5580:
5535:
5512:
5267:
5240:
2628:
6568:
6553:
6540:
6505:
6470:
6441:
6054:
Tao, Jing-Shen (2009). "The Move to the South and the Reign of Kao-tsung". In Paul Jakov Smith; Denis C. Twitchett (eds.).
879:
In November 1125 Taizong ordered his armies to attack the Song. The defection of Zhang Jue two years earlier served as the
708:(1068–1123) united the disparate Jurchen tribes and led a revolt against the Liao. In 1115 he named himself emperor of the
498:
retreated from Taiyuan, which was besieged and later captured. As the second Jin army approached the capital, Song emperor
1151:
opposed to the Jurchen military presence. The insurgency hampered the ability of the Jin to exert control over the north.
7505:
6028:
2053:
1892:
578:
2415:, which produced blinding smoke once the casing of the bomb shattered. The Song also deployed incendiary weapons at the
2279:
The battles between the Song and the Jin spurred the invention and use of gunpowder weapons. There are reports that the
1069:
for their moral failures. Early Song emperors were eager to enact political reforms and revive the ethical framework of
7440:
6573:
5277:
5250:
5179:
5144:
2601:
2031:
1888:
1259:
in 1129. Days later, Gaozong narrowly escaped on horseback, just a few hours ahead of Jurchen vanguard troops. After a
570:
70:
577:, the last refuge of the Jin emperor. The Jin dynasty collapsed that year. After the demise of Jin, the Song became a
7398:
6337:
6239:
6036:
5995:
5833:
4369:
3927:
3890:
3514:
2493:
1483:
2138:
for recreation. Under his reign, the administrative core of the Jin state was moved south from Huining. He instated
1428:; 1073–1143) won the favor of the Jin emperor Taizong. Liu was a Song official from Hebei who had been a prefect of
1180:) in early June 1127. For Gaozong (r. 1127–1162), Yingtianfu was the first in a series of temporary capitals called
7215:
6563:
6453:
5213:
565:(1161) and was later assassinated by his own disaffected officers. An invasion of Jin territory motivated by Song
2204:
2192:
1162:
managed to evade the Jurchen troops tailing him by moving from one province to the next, traveling across Hebei,
7565:
7560:
6295:
5964:
5922:
5570:
5304:
5223:
3706:
2574:
1835:
1465:
350:
2371:) during the first Jin siege of Kaifeng in 1126. On the opposing side, the Jin launched incendiary bombs from
2243:
family also moved south with the Southern Song while the other part of the Zengzi family stayed in the north.
1768:
The Jin were weakened by the pressure of the rising Mongols to the north, a series of floods culminating in a
1547:
invaded in early 1140. The Song counteroffensive that followed achieved large territorial gains. Song general
7101:
6399:
6290:
6017:
364:
1794:, a sign that they were unfit to rule, and called for an insurrection of Han Chinese against the Jin state.
6599:
6268:
6232:
2102:
1749:
1106:, while we opposed them with foot soldiers. It is only to be expected that were scattered and dispersed."
859:
Before they could invade the Song, the Jurchens reached a peace agreement with their western neighbors the
617:
5984:
Taxing Heaven's Storehouse: Horses, Bureaucrats, and the Destruction of the Sichuan Tea Industry 1074–1224
4041:
7368:
7060:
6591:
6587:
6513:
6485:
6264:
6129:
5641:
5610:
5545:
Coblin, Weldon South (2002). "Migration History and Dialect Development in the Lower Yangtze Watershed".
2488:
1507:
1358:
1223:
746:
709:
519:
455:
126:
6426:
7555:
6475:
6285:
6204:
5527:
5504:
2126:
his emulation of Song practices earned him the Jurchen nickname of "aping the Chinese". He studied the
1319:
gave Gaozong time to escape. By the time Wuzhu resumed pursuit, the Song court was fleeing on ships to
731:
61:
1357:
After the Jin incursion that almost captured Gaozong, the sovereign ordered pacification commissioner
956:
important than preserving the rituals of imperial inheritance. In January 1126, a few days before the
7383:
6347:
5728:
2114:
633:
475:
321:
4225:
6923:
6678:
6332:
6300:
6165:
5825:
1884:
1778:
545:. The Song generals regained some territories but retreated on the orders of Southern Song emperor
2167:
was expanded in 1133 with new roofed alleyways and in 1148 with an extension of the palace walls.
1263:
in Hangzhou almost dethroned him, in May 1129 he moved his capital back north to Jiankang (modern
712:(1115–1234). Informed by a Liao defector of the success of the Jurchen uprising, the Song emperor
7526:
7465:
7435:
7408:
7185:
6954:
6529:
6362:
5864:
2019:
1769:
1447:
A Southern Song painting depicting the generals who stopped the Jin advance into southern China.
1344:
969:
930:
868:
713:
546:
503:
499:
288:
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3920:
The Ancestors' Instructions Must Not Change: Political Discourse and Practice in the Song Period
1624:
was ratified, ending the conflict between the Jin and the Song. By the terms of the treaty, the
1103:
7580:
7575:
6779:
6327:
2284:
1930:
1745:
1354:), the leader of the bandits, was given a government position for his victory against the Jin.
984:
839:
815:
696:, the Song paid its northern neighbor an annual indemnity of 200,000 bolts of silk and 100,000
643:
2591:
7590:
7585:
7460:
7450:
7309:
6548:
5136:
2564:
2027:
1897:
1517:
1190:
531:
527:
5896:
Science and Civilisation in China: Military technology: The Gunpowder Epic, Volume 5, Part 7
5732:
5719:
3063:
7195:
6684:
6404:
2207:
which caused a mass migration of Han Chinese from northern China to southern China called "
2098:
1903:
658:
642:
The Song and Jin were allies against the Khitan Liao. Painting of Khitan hunters, from the
585:
8:
7234:
7074:
6463:
6409:
5677:
5501:
Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
3794:
2825:
2223:). In 1126–1127 over half a million fled from northern China to southern China including
2196:
2110:
1724:
1703:
1312:
1252:
949:
724:
479:
806:
History of the Song dynasty § Jurchen invasions and the transition to Southern Song
7510:
7455:
7445:
7428:
7413:
7210:
7170:
6377:
6372:
6190:
6182:
6133:
6056:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 5, The Sung dynasty and Its Precursors, 907–1279
5987:
5752:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 5, The Sung dynasty and Its Precursors, 907–1279
5649:
5645:
5614:
2469:), 7000 incendiary gunpowder arrows for crossbows and 10000 for bows, as well as 20000
2106:
1633:
1621:
1613:
1603:
1571:
1533:
1078:
1045:
654:
550:
326:
298:
20:
2056:
in 1279, when the remaining Song loyalists lost to the Mongols in a naval battle near
657:
group of semi-agrarian tribes inhabiting areas of northeast Asia that are now part of
478:
against their common enemy the Liao dynasty, the Jin promised to cede to the Song the
7418:
7403:
7393:
7249:
7089:
7084:
7021:
6558:
6382:
6367:
6357:
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5968:
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5926:
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5806:
5787:
5755:
5736:
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5531:
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5300:
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5150:
5140:
4365:
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2624:
2597:
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2416:
2288:
2235:
with Southern Song emperor Gaozong while his brother Kong Duancao remained behind in
2093:
over time. The Jurchens became fluent in the Chinese language, and the philosophy of
2049:
1987:
1915:
1791:
1222:
Kong Duanyou fled south with the Song Emperor to Quzhou, while the newly established
1015:
589:
515:
303:
293:
283:
267:
5700:
A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century
1260:
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7423:
7160:
7094:
6641:
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6392:
6387:
6174:
6142:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368
6137:
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The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368
5653:
5623:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368
5618:
5556:
2261:
2147:
2127:
2122:
2105:, first regionally and then for the entire empire. The Classics and other works of
2035:
2005:
1699:
1650:
1299:). They were ordered to retreat a few months later when the eastern army withdrew.
957:
682:
613:
574:
562:
387:
313:
308:
77:
5171:
An Introduction to the Chinese Economy: The Driving Forces Behind Modern Day China
2563:
Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland (1995). Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland; West, Stephen H. (eds.).
2427:
1267:) on the south bank of the Yangtze. One month later, however, Zong Ze's successor
1154:
Meanwhile, one Song prince, Zhao Gou, had escaped capture. He had been held up in
960:, Huizong abdicated in favor of his son and was demoted to the ceremonial role of
7337:
6827:
6414:
6317:
6277:
2618:
2436:) in 1221, the Jurchens fought the Song with gunpowder bombs and arrows. The Jin
2412:
2176:
1286:
1159:
1140:
893:
The western army, led by Wanyan Zonghan, departed from Datong and headed towards
693:
160:
1094:
empires that preceded the Song, the Song did not have a significant foothold in
37:
7533:
7520:
7488:
7147:
6797:
6518:
6480:
6108:
Fighting Ships of the Far East: China and Southeast Asia 202 BC – AD 1419 14194
4302:
2330:
2118:
2082:
1687:
1451:(1103–1142) is second from left, the general Zhang Jun (1086–1154) fourth, and
961:
843:
650:
451:
415:
408:
5560:
5296:
The Premodern Chinese Economy: Structural Equilibrium and Capitalist Sterility
948:) switched his allegiances to the Jin. When the Song had tried to reclaim the
842:(r. 1123–1135), Aguda's brother and successor, hesitated, but warrior princes
7549:
7226:
7220:
7205:
7027:
7015:
6495:
6490:
6161:"The Ritual Formation of Confucian Orthodoxy and the Descendants of the Sage"
6046:
5961:
China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th–14th Centuries
4357:
2228:
2162:(1260–1368), when the city was not as wealthy as it had been under the Song,
2135:
1986:; in Huainan West) deep in Song territory. Song armies led by Hu Zaixing and
1582:
1506:; 1102–1166). The victory boosted Song morale, and the military commissioner
1433:
1384:
1248:
1219:
860:
834:
666:
511:
467:
205:
201:
189:
134:
5392:
5154:
2191:
The Jin–Song Wars were one of several wars in northern China along with the
1612:
Emperor Gaozong supported negotiating a peace treaty with the Jurchens, the
7321:
7200:
7175:
7009:
6960:
6809:
6701:
6656:
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6523:
6255:
6218:
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2159:
2094:
2090:
2023:
1671:
1661:
1567:
1452:
1437:
1340:
1091:
1070:
1035:
Shi Maoliang describing the aftermath of one of the defenders of Bianjing (
965:
864:
771:
742:
727:, a line of fortified cities and passes that the Liao had annexed from the
705:
689:
662:
621:
558:
542:
471:
463:
394:
184:
2566:
China Under Jurchen Rule: Essays on Chin Intellectual and Cultural History
1760:
466:(960–1279). In 1115, Jurchen tribes rebelled against their overlords, the
7493:
7315:
7272:
7165:
7155:
7117:
7106:
6996:
6972:
6846:
6815:
6719:
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2271:
2224:
1953:
1814:
1786:
sympathies. These early clashes continued to escalate, partly abetted by
1782:
1774:
1464:
and nearby prefectures fell to his army. The capture of Xiangyang on the
1087:
881:
779:
686:
674:
573:. The Song allied with the Mongols in 1233, and in the next year jointly
459:
223:
215:
172:
165:
2596:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 468.
1577:
1570:
to stir up a peasant rebellion against the Jin. On July 8, 1140, at the
1443:
1189:. The court moved to Yingtianfu because of its historical importance to
7111:
7068:
6966:
6929:
6899:
6893:
6870:
6852:
6761:
6749:
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2200:
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1920:
1787:
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609:
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566:
554:
514:
and high officials of the Song imperial court in an event known as the
6224:
5877:
Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 1, Introductory Orientations
1674:
in modern Anhui) while Wanyan Liang established a base near Yangzhou.
7136:
7045:
6990:
6984:
6905:
6773:
6767:
6755:
6743:
6737:
6661:
6624:
6614:
5783:
5420:
4322:
2451:
2361:
were also in use as incendiary weapons. The defending Song army used
2358:
2057:
1715:
1711:
1695:
1682:
1563:
1540:
1461:
1227:
1211:
753:
720:
507:
495:
6178:
5338:, p. 660 (campaign during which the siege of De'an took place).
3545:
2781:
2719:
2117:, formed the basis of a national writing system for the empire, the
2077:
1073:, but the enthusiasm for reforms gradually died after the reformist
638:
616:, instituted a centralized imperial bureaucracy modeled on previous
7500:
7297:
7285:
7266:
7190:
7079:
7039:
6911:
6887:
6864:
6821:
6803:
6629:
6079:
5854:"Descendants and Portraits of Confucius in the Early Southern Song"
3880:
2239:
and became the Duke Yansheng for the Jin dynasty. A section of the
1963:
1839:
1764:
Jurchen warrior with a bow on an early 17th-century woodblock print
1370:
1324:
1320:
1308:
1296:
1256:
1240:
1177:
1167:
670:
523:
104:
4779:
4751:
4590:
3171:
3091:
2809:
2649:
2022:
of more than 10 months and the Jin court retreated to the town of
2010:
1335:, they finally started to face resistance from Song armies led by
827:
Barely one month after the Song had recovered Yanjing, Zhang Jue (
782:
in the northwest and suppressing a large popular rebellion led by
737:
7515:
7303:
7291:
7180:
6935:
6713:
6707:
6634:
6619:
6342:
6322:
5679:
Daily Life in China, on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250–1276
4535:
2139:
1946:
1945:) defeated the Jin and prevented them from capturing Zaoyang and
1911:
1825:
1720:
1677:
1529:
1480:
1448:
1408:
1404:
1366:
1362:
1336:
1328:
1282:
1264:
1148:
1099:
1036:
934:
902:
894:
833:), who had served as military governor of the Liao prefecture of
810:
783:
762:
757:
597:
538:
488:
484:
420:
3471:
3305:
3143:
2908:
2265:
The fire lance, an early firearm first recorded at the siege of
1585:
of Yue Fei, a general who led his forces against the Jin dynasty
1114:
918:
885:. Two armies were sent to capture the major cities of the Song.
438:
235:
6917:
6858:
6840:
6791:
6785:
6731:
3426:
2324:
bombs at Caishi contained mixtures of lime and gunpowder. This
2240:
2232:
2214:
2171:
1967:
1657:
History of the Song dynasty § Defeat of Jin invasion, 1161
1558:
1332:
1316:
1144:
1133:
1060:
1049:
977:
898:
767:
728:
717:
141:
5198:
The History of Science of Song, Liao, Jin and Xixia of Dynasty
2960:
2750:
1878:
1807:; d. 1217) captured the barely defended border city of Sizhou
1748:(r. 1161–1189), who had long resented Digunai for driving his
1608:
1523:
1143:(張邦昌; 1081–1127), as puppet emperor of the newly established "
526:). The retreat divided the dynasty into two distinct periods,
6978:
6948:
4767:
3561:
3321:
2976:
1620:
On October 11, 1142, after about a year of negotiations, the
1544:
1493:
1476:
1429:
1388:
1374:
1303:
1163:
937:
on January 28, 1126, as the Jurchen army approached the city.
906:
678:
5218:(illustrated ed.). Sotheby's Publications. p. 16.
4490:
3395:
3393:
2459:(辛巳泣蘄錄) that the Song army at Qizhou had an arsenal of 3000
2313:
and with greater force, and could be used against infantry.
7033:
6021:] (in Chinese). Vol. 6, Song, Liao, and Jin Times
2298:
2266:
2236:
1215:
1002:
second expedition to rescue Taiyuan was also unsuccessful.
792:
697:
5477:
5475:
5346:
5344:
4961:
4657:
4478:
4420:
4213:
926:
5803:
The Asian Military Revolution: From Gunpowder to the Bomb
5780:
War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 900–1795
5573:: Volume 5, The Sung dynasty and Its Precursors, 907–1279
5006:
5004:
4867:
4865:
4807:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4669:
4635:
4633:
4618:
4606:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4410:
4408:
4383:
4381:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4258:
4256:
4203:
4201:
4176:
4174:
4172:
3847:
3390:
3257:
3230:
3131:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2131:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4556:
4554:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4145:
4057:
3998:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3247:
3245:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3041:
3039:
2993:
2991:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2867:
2865:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2740:
2738:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2617:
Haywood, John; Jotischky, Andrew; McGlynn, Sean (1998).
1845:
A notable betrayal did occur on the Song side, however:
1813:(on the north bank of the Huai River across from modern
5472:
5460:
5436:
5368:
5341:
5313:
4393:
4360:(1976). "Chapter 6: The Jurchen Movement for Revival".
4121:
4019:
4017:
3758:
3734:
3281:
2797:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2616:
723:
saw the Liao weakness as an opportunity to recover the
692:(960–1276). The Song and Liao were at peace, but since
5548:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
5040:
5001:
4989:
4949:
4937:
4925:
4913:
4862:
4831:
4705:
4693:
4630:
4518:
4432:
4405:
4378:
4292:
4290:
4268:
4253:
4198:
4186:
4169:
4157:
3818:
3662:
3660:
3582:
3580:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3159:
3024:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2929:
2927:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2511:
1127:
716:(r. 1100–1127) and his highest military commander the
549:, who supported a peaceful resolution to the war. The
6202:
5408:
5076:
5028:
4889:
4843:
4819:
4795:
4739:
4722:
4681:
4645:
4578:
4566:
4551:
4506:
4461:
4449:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3864:
3862:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3803:, pp. 197 (150 years) and 461 (major Song city).
3696:
3694:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3535:
3533:
3504:
3502:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3405:
3293:
3242:
3211:
3119:
3107:
3079:
3051:
3036:
2988:
2939:
2862:
2845:
2762:
2735:
2690:
1901:
Battle between the Jin and Mongols in 1211, from the
1122:
553:(1142) set the boundary of the two empires along the
399:
5448:
5380:
5356:
5016:
4901:
4877:
4133:
4097:
4085:
4014:
2661:
2637:
822:
42:
Jin dynasty (blue) and Song dynasty (orange) in 1141
5064:
5052:
4287:
4241:
4109:
4073:
4029:
3986:
3657:
3577:
3487:
3459:
3361:
3349:
3269:
3199:
3003:
2924:
2896:
2877:
2707:
2678:
2620:
Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600–1492
2532:
2068:
474:(916–1125), and declared the formation of the Jin.
7367:
5914:
5725:Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture
5718:
5676:
4364:. University of Washington Press. pp. 69–83.
4338:
3967:
3955:
3936:
3899:
3859:
3830:
3806:
3782:
3770:
3746:
3722:
3691:
3672:
3640:
3621:
3604:
3592:
3530:
3499:
3442:
3378:
3337:
2544:
1557:) won a battle against Wuzhu at Shunchang (modern
3187:
2085:, one of the Jin empire's three working languages
863:Western Xia in 1124. The following year near the
661:. Many of the Jurchen tribes were vassals of the
7547:
6058:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 556–643.
5754:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 556–643.
5625:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 215–320.
5575:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 756–838.
5299:(illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 311.
3883:The Song-Yuan-Ming Transition in Chinese History
3527:, pp. 229–230 (Jin control not solidified).
2569:(illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. p. 27.
2479:), probably leather bags filled with gunpowder.
1970:were pillaged twice by a Song army commanded by
799:
6144:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 42–153.
6128:
5640:
2982:
2756:
1373:in late 1130. Wuzhu advanced further west into
494:Surprised by news of an invasion, Song general
2181:
1109:
1102:: "Jin were victorious only because they used
7353:
6240:
6132:; Tietze, Klaus-Peter (1994). "The Liao". In
6022:
6006:
5660:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 2–42.
2474:
2464:
2441:
2431:
2406:
2396:
2386:
2380:
2366:
2352:
2342:
2303:
2292:
2227:. One section of the Confucius family led by
2208:
2043:
1991:
1981:
1975:
1957:
1940:
1934:
1924:
1870:
1860:
1850:
1829:
1818:
1808:
1802:
1552:
1511:
1501:
1487:
1470:
1423:
1378:
1349:
1290:
1272:
1202:
1184:
1171:
988:
943:
851:
828:
369:
355:
251:
6673:Along the River During the Qingming Festival
5595:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
5266:Hansen, Valerie; Curtis, Kenneth R. (2012).
5265:
5239:Hansen, Valerie; Curtis, Kenneth R. (2012).
5238:
3917:
3881:Paul Jakov Smith, Richard von Glahn (2020).
3715:, p. 298 (date of return to Hangzhou);
2287:, was used by the Song against the Jurchens
1281:west. On the western front, an army invaded
627:
5334:, p. 31 (use of fire lance at De'an);
1879:Jin–Song war during the rise of the Mongols
1524:Song counteroffensive and the peace process
1055:
665:(907–1125), an empire ruled by the nomadic
7360:
7346:
6247:
6233:
5912:
5593:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China
5402:
2257:Science and technology of the Song dynasty
2063:
1773:hostilities were instigated by chancellor
1009:
745:, who in 1115 became first emperor of the
592:in 1132 was the first recorded use of the
258:
244:
6099:Monstrosity and Chinese Cultural Identity
5269:Voyages in World History, Complete, Brief
5242:Voyages in World History, Volume I, Brief
1486:of the Song. Qi lost a battle at Outang (
1399:
972:(r. 1126–1127) in charge of the capital.
913:
901:, on its way to the Song western capital
7259:
6105:
5959:Rossabi, Morris (1983). "Introduction".
5697:
5498:
4983:
4332:
4316:
4151:
2526:
2315:
2260:
2076:
2009:
1896:
1759:
1676:
1607:
1576:
1442:
1311:further south (February 4), but general
1113:
1059:
925:
917:
809:
736:
637:
600:. There were also reports of incendiary
437:
6254:
5958:
5893:
5874:
5481:
5466:
5454:
5442:
5430:
5426:
5398:
5374:
5319:
5126:
5082:
5046:
4328:
4312:
4054:, p. 687 (collusion never proven).
2562:
1999:
450:were a series of conflicts between the
57:1125–42, Jin conquest of northern China
7548:
7241:Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified
7166:Endless power transmitting chain drive
6158:
5851:
5749:
5674:
5609:
5544:
5034:
5010:
4995:
4979:
4967:
4955:
4943:
4931:
4919:
4871:
4837:
4789:
4757:
4716:
4699:
4663:
4639:
4596:
4529:
4496:
4484:
4443:
4426:
4414:
4387:
4281:
4262:
4231:
4219:
4207:
4192:
4180:
4163:
3853:
3764:
3740:
3555:
3551:
3524:
3477:
3436:
3420:
3399:
3311:
3299:
3263:
3251:
3236:
3224:
3181:
3177:
3153:
3137:
3125:
3113:
3101:
3097:
3085:
3073:
3057:
3045:
2997:
2970:
2954:
2918:
2871:
2856:
2835:
2831:
2819:
2815:
2791:
2775:
2744:
2725:
2701:
2672:
2643:
1315:'s (1086–1154) battle with Wuzhu near
7341:
6228:
5981:
5917:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder
5800:
5777:
5716:
5590:
5567:
5521:
5414:
5386:
5362:
5350:
5331:
4907:
4895:
4883:
4856:
4825:
4813:
4801:
4785:
4773:
4761:
4745:
4733:
4687:
4675:
4651:
4624:
4612:
4600:
4584:
4572:
4560:
4541:
4512:
4500:
4472:
4455:
4139:
4023:
3432:
3372:
3355:
3165:
3149:
3069:
3030:
3018:
2966:
2933:
2589:
2538:
1929:; 1164–1233), the chancellor of Song
1681:Song dynasty river ship armed with a
1644:
1597:
1377:, and drove as far south as Jiezhou (
694:a military defeat to the Liao in 1005
442:Map showing the Song-Jurchen Jin wars
239:
6073:
5939:
5819:
5292:
5022:
4362:The Jurchen in Twelfth-Century China
4350:
4103:
4091:
4067:
4047:
4008:
4004:
3992:
3800:
3712:
3666:
3586:
3567:
3523:, p. 649 (willing to provoke);
3493:
3481:
3465:
3343:
3331:
3327:
3315:
3287:
3275:
3205:
2914:
2902:
2890:
2803:
2787:
2729:
2713:
2684:
2655:
2623:. Barnes & Noble. p. 3.21.
2550:
2250:
1639:
16:1125–1234 Jurchen campaigns in China
6096:
6053:
6029:China Cartographic Publishing House
6004:
5335:
5211:
5167:
5070:
5058:
4545:
4399:
4356:
4308:
4296:
4247:
4235:
4127:
4115:
4079:
4063:
4051:
4035:
3980:
3961:
3949:
3905:
3868:
3841:
3824:
3812:
3788:
3776:
3752:
3728:
3716:
3700:
3685:
3651:
3634:
3615:
3598:
3571:
3539:
3520:
3508:
3453:
3384:
3193:
2839:
2375:down onto the city below. In 1127,
2269:in 1132, shown in the Ming dynasty
2014:Mongol–Song conquest of Jurchen Jin
1685:catapult on its top deck, from the
1128:The enthronement of Emperor Gaozong
888:
685:. To the south of the Liao lay the
109:Southern Song dynasty period begins
13:
7441:Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty
5769:
5524:Firearms: A Global History to 1700
4344:
4234:, p. 241 (securing borders);
4050:, p. 303 (Jurchen pressure);
1755:
1361:(1097–1164), who was in charge of
1123:Southern retreat of the Song court
996:
487:and the other to Bianjing (modern
14:
7602:
5986:. Council on East Asian Studies,
5591:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2010) .
5499:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009).
5272:. Cengage Learning. p. 255.
5245:. Cengage Learning. p. 255.
2475:
2465:
2442:
2432:
2407:
2397:
2387:
2381:
2367:
2353:
2343:
2337:Early rudimentary bombs like the
2304:
2293:
2044:
1992:
1982:
1976:
1958:
1941:
1935:
1925:
1871:
1861:
1851:
1830:
1819:
1809:
1803:
1553:
1512:
1502:
1488:
1471:
1424:
1379:
1350:
1302:Meanwhile, on the eastern front,
1291:
1273:
1233:
1203:
1185:
1172:
989:
964:. The Jurchen forces reached the
944:
874:
852:
829:
823:Collapse of the Song–Jin alliance
265:
6425:
6212:
5723:. In John Stewart Bowman (ed.).
5286:
5259:
5232:
5215:China in ancient and modern maps
5205:
5188:
5161:
5127:中华书局编辑部, ed. (1 January 1999).
5120:
5088:
2590:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2014).
2081:A medallion with writing in the
2069:Cultural and demographic changes
1345:a major defeat on Jurchen forces
1289:resided, and captured Hongzhou (
1230:, also fled south with Gaozong.
1118:Jin invasions of Song, 1126–1130
922:Jin invasions of Song, 1125–1126
561:, was unsuccessful. He lost the
69:1217–24, Jin–Song war after the
54:November 1125 – 9 February 1234
36:
7571:Wars involving the Song dynasty
7506:Jin dynasty coinage (1115–1234)
5613:(1994). "The Chin dynasty". In
5491:
4238:, p. 704 (indecisiveness).
3911:
3874:
3719:, p. 696 (renamed Lin'an).
2658:, pp. 64–65, 195, and 208.
2205:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
2193:Uprising of the Five Barbarians
421:
100:Jurchens conquer northern China
6667:Great Bodhisattva of Zhengding
6023:
6007:
5965:University of California Press
5923:Johns Hopkins University Press
5898:. Cambridge University Press.
5894:——— (1987).
5879:. Cambridge University Press.
5805:. Cambridge University Press.
5801:——— (2008).
5772:China as a Sea Power 1127–1368
5702:. Cambridge University Press.
5571:The Cambridge History of China
5522:Chase, Kenneth Warren (2003).
5194:
3072:, p. 53 (failed attack);
2610:
2583:
2556:
2430:. At the Jin siege of Qizhou (
2422:Gunpowder was also applied to
2219:
2203:Rebellion and the wars of the
2018:In February 1233, the Mongols
1616:, ratified on October 11, 1142
772:Liao Southern Capital, Yanjing
400:
370:
356:
1:
7102:Southern Song dynasty coinage
6018:The Historical Atlas of China
5683:. Stanford University Press.
5135:] (in Chinese). Beijing:
2499:
2494:Timeline of the Jin–Song wars
2275:firing pellets as projectiles
1566:and sent soldiers across the
1496:, against a Song army led by
800:War against the Northern Song
669:that included most of modern
620:, basing their legitimacy on
2842:, pp. 10–11 (location).
2504:
2231:Kong Duanyou moved south to
1343:. The latter even inflicted
1327:, and then further south to
677:, Northeast China, northern
66:1206–08, Song revanchist war
7:
6514:Department of State Affairs
5944:. Oxford University Press.
5820:Mote, Frederick W. (1999).
5648:(1994). "Introduction". In
3922:. BRILL. pp. 555–556.
2983:Franke & Twitchett 1994
2757:Twitchett & Tietze 1994
2489:History of the Song dynasty
2482:
1916:besieged capital of Zhongdu
1797:Song armies led by general
1110:Wars with the Southern Song
10:
7607:
6476:Bureau of Military Affairs
6159:Wilson, Thomas A. (1996).
6106:Turnbull, Stephen (2002).
5913:Partington, J. R. (1960).
5720:"China, Political History"
5698:Holcombe, Charles (2011).
5528:Cambridge University Press
5505:Princeton University Press
3076:, p. 639 (officials).
2254:
2020:took Kaifeng after a siege
2003:
1882:
1770:Yellow River flood in 1194
1654:
1648:
1601:
1527:
1285:, the area where the Song
1131:
1013:
803:
631:
502:abdicated and fled south.
103:Song court moves south to
18:
7481:
7384:Alliance Conducted at Sea
7376:
7127:
7059:
6880:
6694:
6586:
6539:
6504:
6434:
6423:
6348:Alliance Conducted at Sea
6338:Song–Viet war (1075–1077)
6263:
5852:Murray, Julia K. (2010).
5729:Columbia University Press
5561:10.1017/S0041977X02000320
5174:. John Wiley & Sons.
2209:
2182:
2121:. All three scripts were
2115:Chinese family of scripts
897:through the mountains of
634:Alliance Conducted at Sea
628:Fragile Song–Jin alliance
581:, and collapsed in 1279.
432:
422:/suoŋ kˠiɪm t͡ɕiᴇnt͡ʃˠɛŋ/
414:
407:
393:
386:
381:
377:
363:
349:
345:
340:
275:
118:
46:
35:
30:
6679:Four Great Books of Song
6166:Journal of Asian Studies
6012:
5875:Needham, Joseph (1954).
5826:Harvard University Press
5822:Imperial China: 900–1800
5675:Gernet, Jacques (1962).
5128:
5101:
5096:
2285:ancestors of the firearm
1885:Mongol invasion of China
1056:Reasons for Song failure
351:Traditional Chinese
19:Not to be confused with
7527:Zhaocheng Jin Tripitaka
7436:1194 Yellow River flood
7369:Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
6530:Secretariat-Chancellery
5982:Smith, Paul J. (1991).
4776:, pp. 827 and 829.
2064:Historical significance
1224:Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
1010:Second siege of Kaifeng
704:In 1114, the chieftain
596:, an early ancestor of
456:Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
365:Simplified Chinese
7161:Early Bessemer process
7129:Science and technology
6328:Nong Zhigao rebellions
5942:China in World History
5940:Ropp, Paul S. (2010).
5863:: 1–18. Archived from
5770:Lo, Jung-pang (2012),
5717:Hymes, Robert (2000).
5168:Guo, Rongxing (2011).
2419:during the same year.
2334:
2283:, one of the earliest
2276:
2086:
2015:
1907:
1824:of the war, capturing
1765:
1741:
1691:
1617:
1586:
1456:
1400:Da Qi invades the Song
1251:, by sailing down the
1119:
1065:
1042:
938:
923:
914:First siege of Kaifeng
819:
774:(modern-day Beijing).
749:
646:
644:National Palace Museum
443:
71:Mongol invasion of Jin
7566:13th century in China
7561:12th century in China
6549:Ministry of Personnel
6454:Imperial examinations
5778:Lorge, Peter (2005).
5137:Zhonghua Book Company
3918:Xiaonan Deng (2021).
3885:. BRILL. p. 74.
2357:) bombs propelled by
2319:
2264:
2080:
2032:defeated the Jurchens
2013:
1900:
1763:
1730:
1680:
1611:
1580:
1446:
1191:Emperor Taizu of Song
1117:
1104:iron-shielded cavalry
1063:
1027:
929:
921:
813:
740:
641:
579:target of the Mongols
520:north and south China
491:), the Song capital.
476:Allying with the Song
441:
76:1233–34, Jin fall to
60:1161–65, Jin emperor
6685:Dongjing Meng Hua Lu
6459:Administrative units
6333:Song–Tibet relations
6308:Song–Đại Cồ Việt war
4982:, pp. 239–240;
2790:, pp. 209–210;
2728:, pp. 628–630;
2328:is from the earlier
2000:Mongol–Song alliance
710:Jin "golden" dynasty
622:Confucian philosophy
7235:Forensic entomology
7196:Watertight bulkhead
7075:Joint-stock company
6569:Ministry of Justice
6554:Ministry of Revenue
6464:Sixteen Prefectures
6097:Yue, Isaac (2020).
6074:Tong, Yong (2012).
5405:, pp. 263–264.
5293:Deng, Gang (2002).
4970:, pp. 282–283.
4816:, pp. 828–829.
4678:, pp. 819–821.
4666:, pp. 251–252.
4627:, pp. 808–811.
4615:, pp. 803–804.
4487:, pp. 247–248.
4429:, pp. 245–247.
4402:, pp. 708–709.
4222:, pp. 240–241.
4130:, pp. 688–689.
3856:, pp. 230–232.
3827:, pp. 673–674.
3558:, pp. 571–572.
3402:, pp. 229–230.
3290:, pp. 207–208.
3266:, pp. 556–557.
3239:, pp. 232–233.
3140:, pp. 641–642.
2806:, pp. 209–210.
2197:An Lushan Rebellion
1725:Battle of Fei River
1239:from Yingtianfu to
950:Sixteen Prefectures
816:Jin emperor Taizong
725:Sixteen Prefectures
681:, and parts of the
480:Sixteen Prefectures
7511:Huining Prefecture
7429:Treaty of Shaoxing
7171:Astronomical clock
6378:Treaty of Shaoxing
6136:; Herbert Franke;
6134:Denis C. Twitchett
5988:Harvard University
5652:; Herbert Franke;
5650:Denis C. Twitchett
5617:; Herbert Franke;
5615:Denis C. Twitchett
5212:Yan, Ping (1998).
5108:] (in Chinese)
2335:
2277:
2107:Chinese literature
2103:Confucian Classics
2087:
2016:
1939:) and Hu Zaixing (
1908:
1766:
1750:wife, Lady Wulinda
1704:paddle-wheel ships
1694:The Song official
1692:
1645:Wanyan Liang's war
1634:Treaty of Shaoxing
1622:Treaty of Shaoxing
1618:
1614:Treaty of Shaoxing
1604:Treaty of Shaoxing
1598:Treaty of Shaoxing
1587:
1572:Battle of Yancheng
1534:Battle of Yancheng
1457:
1455:(1089–1151) fifth.
1210:The descendant of
1120:
1066:
939:
924:
820:
763:tributary payments
750:
741:Jurchen chieftain
647:
551:Treaty of Shaoxing
444:
401:Sòng Jīn zhànzhēng
327:Treaty of Shaoxing
62:Wanyan Liang's war
21:Battle of Song-Jin
7543:
7542:
7404:Jingkang incident
7335:
7334:
7331:
7330:
7250:Dream Pool Essays
7142:Gunpowder weapons
7055:
7054:
6582:
6581:
6574:Ministry of Works
6559:Ministry of Rites
6506:Three Departments
6343:Fang La rebellion
6323:Wang Ze rebellion
6151:978-0-521-24331-5
6121:978-1-78200-017-4
6112:Osprey Publishing
6089:978-1-59884-415-3
6065:978-0-521-81248-1
5974:978-0-520-04562-0
5967:. pp. 1–13.
5951:978-0-19-979876-6
5932:978-0-8018-5954-0
5905:978-0-521-30358-3
5886:978-0-521-05799-8
5846:978-0-674-01212-7
5812:978-0-521-84682-0
5793:978-0-203-96929-8
5761:978-0-521-81248-1
5742:978-0-231-11004-4
5709:978-0-521-51595-5
5690:978-0-8047-0720-6
5667:978-0-521-24331-5
5632:978-0-521-24331-5
5602:978-0-521-12433-1
5582:978-0-521-81248-1
5537:978-0-521-82274-9
5514:978-0-691-13589-2
5353:, pp. 31–32.
4548:, pp. 52–53.
3767:, pp. 22–23.
3743:, pp. 23–25.
3168:, pp. 53–54.
3033:, pp. 52–53.
2630:978-0-7607-1976-3
2455:recounted in the
2417:battle of Tangdao
2251:Gunpowder warfare
2148:Emperor Zhangzong
2123:working languages
2038:in 1234. General
1904:Jami' al-tawarikh
1792:Mandate of Heaven
1640:Further campaigns
1323:off the coast of
1247:and north of the
1016:Jingkang Incident
814:Modern statue of
655:Tungusic-speaking
618:Chinese dynasties
610:incendiary arrows
604:or the exploding
586:gunpowder weapons
518:. This separated
516:Jingkang Incident
436:
435:
428:
427:
388:Standard Mandarin
335:
334:
234:
233:
228:
220:
210:
194:
177:
170:
154:
146:
114:
113:
78:Mongol–Song siege
7598:
7362:
7355:
7348:
7339:
7338:
7281:
7278:
7257:
7256:
7005:
7004: 1174–1189
7002:
6944:
6943: 1050–1080
6941:
6836:
6835: 1111–1117
6833:
6692:
6691:
6642:Longquan celadon
6610:Five Great Kilns
6502:
6501:
6429:
6249:
6242:
6235:
6226:
6225:
6217:
6216:
6215:
6208:
6198:
6155:
6138:John K. Fairbank
6130:Twitchett, Denis
6125:
6102:
6093:
6069:
6050:
6026:
6025:
6010:
6009:
6001:
5978:
5955:
5936:
5920:
5909:
5890:
5871:
5870:on 4 March 2016.
5869:
5858:
5839:
5816:
5797:
5774:
5765:
5746:
5722:
5713:
5694:
5682:
5671:
5654:John K. Fairbank
5646:Twitchett, Denis
5636:
5619:John K. Fairbank
5606:
5586:
5564:
5541:
5518:
5485:
5479:
5470:
5464:
5458:
5452:
5446:
5440:
5434:
5424:
5418:
5412:
5406:
5396:
5390:
5384:
5378:
5372:
5366:
5360:
5354:
5348:
5339:
5329:
5323:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5290:
5284:
5283:
5263:
5257:
5256:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5209:
5203:
5202:
5192:
5186:
5185:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5092:
5086:
5080:
5074:
5068:
5062:
5056:
5050:
5044:
5038:
5032:
5026:
5020:
5014:
5008:
4999:
4993:
4987:
4977:
4971:
4965:
4959:
4953:
4947:
4941:
4935:
4929:
4923:
4917:
4911:
4905:
4899:
4893:
4887:
4881:
4875:
4869:
4860:
4854:
4841:
4835:
4829:
4823:
4817:
4811:
4805:
4799:
4793:
4783:
4777:
4771:
4765:
4755:
4749:
4743:
4737:
4731:
4720:
4714:
4703:
4697:
4691:
4685:
4679:
4673:
4667:
4661:
4655:
4649:
4643:
4637:
4628:
4622:
4616:
4610:
4604:
4594:
4588:
4582:
4576:
4570:
4564:
4558:
4549:
4539:
4533:
4527:
4516:
4510:
4504:
4494:
4488:
4482:
4476:
4470:
4459:
4453:
4447:
4441:
4430:
4424:
4418:
4412:
4403:
4397:
4391:
4385:
4376:
4375:
4354:
4348:
4342:
4336:
4326:
4320:
4306:
4300:
4294:
4285:
4279:
4266:
4260:
4251:
4245:
4239:
4229:
4223:
4217:
4211:
4205:
4196:
4190:
4184:
4178:
4167:
4161:
4155:
4149:
4143:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4113:
4107:
4101:
4095:
4089:
4083:
4077:
4071:
4061:
4055:
4045:
4039:
4033:
4027:
4021:
4012:
4002:
3996:
3990:
3984:
3978:
3965:
3959:
3953:
3947:
3934:
3933:
3915:
3909:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3878:
3872:
3866:
3857:
3851:
3845:
3839:
3828:
3822:
3816:
3810:
3804:
3798:
3792:
3786:
3780:
3774:
3768:
3762:
3756:
3750:
3744:
3738:
3732:
3726:
3720:
3710:
3704:
3698:
3689:
3683:
3670:
3664:
3655:
3649:
3638:
3632:
3619:
3613:
3602:
3596:
3590:
3584:
3575:
3565:
3559:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3528:
3518:
3512:
3506:
3497:
3491:
3485:
3475:
3469:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3440:
3430:
3424:
3418:
3403:
3397:
3388:
3382:
3376:
3370:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3325:
3319:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3175:
3169:
3163:
3157:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3129:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3001:
2995:
2986:
2980:
2974:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2937:
2931:
2922:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2875:
2869:
2860:
2854:
2843:
2829:
2823:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2733:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2478:
2477:
2468:
2467:
2445:
2444:
2435:
2434:
2410:
2409:
2400:
2399:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2383:
2370:
2369:
2356:
2355:
2346:
2345:
2307:
2306:
2296:
2295:
2221:
2212:
2211:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2128:Chinese classics
2047:
2046:
2036:siege of Caizhou
2006:Siege of Caizhou
1995:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1961:
1960:
1956:and Dasan Pass (
1944:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1874:
1873:
1864:
1863:
1854:
1853:
1833:
1832:
1822:
1821:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1779:Emperor Ningzong
1739:
1700:Battle of Caishi
1651:Battle of Caishi
1556:
1555:
1515:
1514:
1505:
1504:
1491:
1490:
1474:
1473:
1427:
1426:
1382:
1381:
1353:
1352:
1294:
1293:
1276:
1275:
1206:
1205:
1188:
1187:
1175:
1174:
1077:'s expulsion as
1040:
992:
991:
947:
946:
889:Siege of Taiyuan
867:, they captured
855:
854:
832:
831:
683:Russian Far East
614:conquest dynasty
575:captured Caizhou
571:invading Mongols
563:Battle of Caishi
424:
423:
403:
402:
379:
378:
373:
372:
359:
358:
338:
337:
270:
260:
253:
246:
237:
236:
226:
218:
208:
192:
175:
168:
152:
144:
48:
47:
40:
28:
27:
7606:
7605:
7601:
7600:
7599:
7597:
7596:
7595:
7546:
7545:
7544:
7539:
7477:
7372:
7366:
7336:
7327:
7279:
7255:
7211:Horner's method
7123:
7051:
7003:
6955:Emperor Huizong
6942:
6876:
6834:
6690:
6578:
6564:Ministry of War
6535:
6500:
6430:
6421:
6400:Mongol conquest
6318:Chanyuan Treaty
6278:Chenqiao mutiny
6259:
6253:
6223:
6213:
6211:
6203:
6201:
6179:10.2307/2646446
6152:
6122:
6090:
6066:
6039:
6014:
5998:
5975:
5952:
5933:
5906:
5887:
5867:
5856:
5836:
5813:
5794:
5762:
5743:
5710:
5691:
5668:
5642:Franke, Herbert
5633:
5611:Franke, Herbert
5603:
5583:
5538:
5515:
5494:
5489:
5488:
5480:
5473:
5465:
5461:
5453:
5449:
5441:
5437:
5429:, p. 156;
5425:
5421:
5413:
5409:
5403:Partington 1960
5401:, p. 156;
5397:
5393:
5385:
5381:
5373:
5369:
5361:
5357:
5349:
5342:
5330:
5326:
5318:
5314:
5307:
5291:
5287:
5280:
5264:
5260:
5253:
5237:
5233:
5226:
5210:
5206:
5193:
5189:
5182:
5166:
5162:
5147:
5139:. p. 761.
5130:
5125:
5121:
5111:
5109:
5103:
5098:
5094:
5093:
5089:
5081:
5077:
5069:
5065:
5057:
5053:
5045:
5041:
5033:
5029:
5021:
5017:
5009:
5002:
4994:
4990:
4978:
4974:
4966:
4962:
4954:
4950:
4942:
4938:
4930:
4926:
4918:
4914:
4906:
4902:
4894:
4890:
4882:
4878:
4870:
4863:
4855:
4844:
4836:
4832:
4824:
4820:
4812:
4808:
4800:
4796:
4788:, p. 827;
4784:
4780:
4772:
4768:
4760:, p. 259;
4756:
4752:
4744:
4740:
4732:
4723:
4715:
4706:
4698:
4694:
4686:
4682:
4674:
4670:
4662:
4658:
4650:
4646:
4638:
4631:
4623:
4619:
4611:
4607:
4599:, p. 248;
4595:
4591:
4583:
4579:
4571:
4567:
4559:
4552:
4544:, p. 796;
4540:
4536:
4528:
4519:
4511:
4507:
4495:
4491:
4483:
4479:
4471:
4462:
4454:
4450:
4442:
4433:
4425:
4421:
4413:
4406:
4398:
4394:
4386:
4379:
4372:
4355:
4351:
4343:
4339:
4331:, p. 166;
4327:
4323:
4315:, p. 166;
4311:, p. 706;
4307:
4303:
4295:
4288:
4280:
4269:
4261:
4254:
4246:
4242:
4230:
4226:
4218:
4214:
4206:
4199:
4191:
4187:
4179:
4170:
4162:
4158:
4150:
4146:
4138:
4134:
4126:
4122:
4114:
4110:
4102:
4098:
4090:
4086:
4078:
4074:
4062:
4058:
4046:
4042:
4034:
4030:
4022:
4015:
4003:
3999:
3991:
3987:
3979:
3968:
3960:
3956:
3948:
3937:
3930:
3916:
3912:
3904:
3900:
3893:
3879:
3875:
3867:
3860:
3852:
3848:
3840:
3831:
3823:
3819:
3811:
3807:
3799:
3795:
3787:
3783:
3775:
3771:
3763:
3759:
3751:
3747:
3739:
3735:
3727:
3723:
3711:
3707:
3699:
3692:
3684:
3673:
3665:
3658:
3650:
3641:
3633:
3622:
3614:
3605:
3597:
3593:
3585:
3578:
3570:, p. 293;
3566:
3562:
3550:
3546:
3538:
3531:
3519:
3515:
3507:
3500:
3492:
3488:
3480:, p. 230;
3476:
3472:
3464:
3460:
3452:
3443:
3431:
3427:
3419:
3406:
3398:
3391:
3383:
3379:
3371:
3362:
3354:
3350:
3342:
3338:
3330:, p. 208;
3326:
3322:
3314:, p. 615;
3310:
3306:
3298:
3294:
3286:
3282:
3274:
3270:
3262:
3258:
3250:
3243:
3235:
3231:
3223:
3212:
3204:
3200:
3192:
3188:
3180:, p. 229;
3176:
3172:
3164:
3160:
3148:
3144:
3136:
3132:
3124:
3120:
3112:
3108:
3100:, p. 640;
3096:
3092:
3084:
3080:
3068:
3064:
3056:
3052:
3044:
3037:
3029:
3025:
3017:
3004:
2996:
2989:
2981:
2977:
2965:
2961:
2953:
2940:
2932:
2925:
2917:, p. 196;
2913:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2889:
2878:
2870:
2863:
2855:
2846:
2838:, p. 227;
2834:, p. 633;
2830:
2826:
2818:, p. 225;
2814:
2810:
2802:
2798:
2786:
2782:
2774:
2763:
2755:
2751:
2743:
2736:
2724:
2720:
2712:
2708:
2700:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2671:
2662:
2654:
2650:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2593:Emperor Huizong
2588:
2584:
2577:
2561:
2557:
2549:
2545:
2537:
2533:
2525:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2485:
2401:), also called
2289:besieging De'an
2259:
2253:
2179:
2177:Shiba Yoshinobu
2071:
2066:
2008:
2002:
1895:
1883:Main articles:
1881:
1758:
1756:Song revanchism
1746:Emperor Shizong
1740:
1737:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1642:
1606:
1600:
1536:
1528:Main articles:
1526:
1402:
1287:dowager empress
1243:, south of the
1236:
1160:Emperor Gaozong
1141:Zhang Bangchang
1136:
1130:
1125:
1112:
1058:
1041:
1034:
1018:
1012:
999:
997:Second campaign
962:Retired Emperor
931:Emperor Huizong
916:
891:
877:
848:Wanyan Zongwang
825:
808:
802:
673:, a portion of
659:Northeast China
636:
630:
512:imperial family
336:
331:
316:
271:
266:
264:
212:
198:Co-belligerents
196:
188:
179:
161:Co-belligerents
158:
157:
131:
91:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7604:
7594:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7541:
7540:
7538:
7537:
7534:History of Jin
7530:
7523:
7521:Yanqing Temple
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7497:
7496:
7489:Jurchen people
7485:
7483:
7479:
7478:
7476:
7475:
7474:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7438:
7433:
7432:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7391:
7386:
7380:
7378:
7374:
7373:
7365:
7364:
7357:
7350:
7342:
7333:
7332:
7329:
7328:
7326:
7325:
7319:
7313:
7307:
7301:
7295:
7289:
7283:
7280: 10th c.
7270:
7263:
7261:
7254:
7253:
7246:
7245:
7244:
7232:
7231:
7230:
7223:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7152:
7151:
7148:Wujing Zongyao
7144:
7133:
7131:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7121:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7098:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7077:
7072:
7065:
7063:
7057:
7056:
7053:
7052:
7050:
7049:
7043:
7037:
7031:
7025:
7019:
7013:
7007:
6994:
6988:
6982:
6976:
6970:
6964:
6958:
6952:
6946:
6933:
6927:
6921:
6915:
6909:
6903:
6897:
6891:
6884:
6882:
6878:
6877:
6875:
6874:
6868:
6862:
6856:
6850:
6844:
6838:
6825:
6819:
6813:
6807:
6801:
6798:Huang Tingjian
6795:
6789:
6783:
6777:
6771:
6765:
6759:
6753:
6747:
6741:
6735:
6729:
6723:
6717:
6711:
6705:
6698:
6696:
6689:
6688:
6681:
6676:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6638:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6607:
6602:
6596:
6594:
6584:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6545:
6543:
6541:Six Ministries
6537:
6536:
6534:
6533:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6510:
6508:
6499:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6481:Qingli Reforms
6478:
6473:
6468:
6467:
6466:
6456:
6451:
6450:
6449:
6438:
6436:
6432:
6431:
6424:
6422:
6420:
6419:
6418:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6397:
6396:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6304:
6303:
6301:Gaoliang River
6298:
6293:
6288:
6280:
6274:
6272:
6261:
6260:
6252:
6251:
6244:
6237:
6229:
6222:
6221:
6200:
6199:
6173:(3): 559–584.
6156:
6150:
6126:
6120:
6103:
6094:
6088:
6071:
6064:
6051:
6037:
6002:
5996:
5979:
5973:
5956:
5950:
5937:
5931:
5910:
5904:
5891:
5885:
5872:
5849:
5834:
5817:
5811:
5798:
5792:
5775:
5767:
5760:
5747:
5741:
5714:
5708:
5695:
5689:
5672:
5666:
5638:
5631:
5607:
5601:
5588:
5581:
5565:
5555:(3): 529–543.
5542:
5536:
5519:
5513:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5484:, p. 170.
5471:
5469:, p. 156.
5459:
5447:
5445:, p. 166.
5435:
5433:, p. 134.
5419:
5417:, p. 168.
5407:
5391:
5379:
5377:, p. 222.
5367:
5355:
5340:
5324:
5322:, p. 238.
5312:
5305:
5285:
5279:978-1111352332
5278:
5258:
5252:978-1111352349
5251:
5231:
5224:
5204:
5187:
5181:978-0470826751
5180:
5160:
5146:978-7101017168
5145:
5119:
5087:
5075:
5073:, p. 699.
5063:
5061:, p. 701.
5051:
5039:
5027:
5025:, p. 461.
5015:
5013:, p. 533.
5000:
4998:, p. 250.
4988:
4986:, p. 129.
4972:
4960:
4958:, p. 282.
4948:
4946:, p. 310.
4936:
4934:, p. 271.
4924:
4922:, p. 306.
4912:
4900:
4898:, p. 858.
4888:
4876:
4874:, p. 264.
4861:
4859:, p. 856.
4842:
4840:, p. 261.
4830:
4828:, p. 829.
4818:
4806:
4804:, p. 828.
4794:
4792:, p. 538.
4778:
4766:
4764:, p. 829.
4750:
4748:, p. 827.
4738:
4736:, p. 822.
4721:
4719:, p. 259.
4704:
4702:, p. 254.
4692:
4690:, p. 821.
4680:
4668:
4656:
4654:, p. 812.
4644:
4642:, p. 249.
4629:
4617:
4605:
4603:, p. 805.
4589:
4587:, p. 800.
4577:
4575:, p. 796.
4565:
4563:, p. 805.
4550:
4534:
4532:, p. 248.
4517:
4515:, p. 799.
4505:
4489:
4477:
4475:, p. 793.
4460:
4458:, p. 791.
4448:
4446:, p. 247.
4431:
4419:
4417:, p. 244.
4404:
4392:
4390:, p. 243.
4377:
4370:
4358:Tao, Jing-shen
4349:
4347:, p. 166.
4337:
4321:
4301:
4299:, p. 707.
4286:
4284:, p. 242.
4267:
4265:, p. 241.
4252:
4250:, p. 709.
4240:
4224:
4212:
4210:, p. 240.
4197:
4195:, p. 239.
4185:
4183:, p. 235.
4168:
4166:, p. 234.
4156:
4154:, p. 175.
4144:
4132:
4120:
4118:, p. 687.
4108:
4106:, p. 301.
4096:
4094:, p. 299.
4084:
4082:, p. 686.
4072:
4056:
4040:
4038:, p. 684.
4028:
4013:
3997:
3995:, p. 303.
3985:
3983:, p. 682.
3966:
3964:, p. 679.
3954:
3952:, p. 677.
3935:
3928:
3910:
3908:, p. 676.
3898:
3891:
3873:
3871:, p. 675.
3858:
3846:
3844:, p. 674.
3829:
3817:
3815:, p. 673.
3805:
3793:
3791:, p. 662.
3781:
3779:, p. 661.
3769:
3757:
3755:, p. 697.
3745:
3733:
3731:, p. 696.
3721:
3705:
3703:, p. 660.
3690:
3688:, p. 655.
3671:
3669:, p. 298.
3656:
3654:, p. 658.
3639:
3637:, p. 657.
3620:
3618:, p. 654.
3603:
3601:, p. 652.
3591:
3589:, p. 293.
3576:
3574:, p. 650.
3560:
3544:
3542:, p. 650.
3529:
3513:
3511:, p. 649.
3498:
3496:, p. 292.
3486:
3484:, p. 197.
3470:
3468:, p. 291.
3458:
3456:, p. 647.
3441:
3435:, p. 54;
3425:
3423:, p. 230.
3404:
3389:
3387:, p. 646.
3377:
3360:
3348:
3336:
3320:
3318:, p. 208.
3304:
3302:, p. 615.
3292:
3280:
3278:, p. 207.
3268:
3256:
3254:, p. 614.
3241:
3229:
3227:, p. 232.
3210:
3208:, p. 197.
3198:
3186:
3184:, p. 642.
3170:
3158:
3156:, p. 642.
3152:, p. 53;
3142:
3130:
3128:, p. 641.
3118:
3116:, p. 640.
3106:
3104:, p. 229.
3090:
3088:, p. 639.
3078:
3062:
3060:, p. 638.
3050:
3048:, p. 229.
3035:
3023:
3002:
3000:, p. 637.
2987:
2975:
2973:, p. 636.
2959:
2957:, p. 636.
2938:
2923:
2921:, p. 636.
2907:
2905:, p. 210.
2895:
2893:, p. 196.
2876:
2874:, p. 634.
2861:
2859:, p. 633.
2844:
2824:
2822:, p. 632.
2808:
2796:
2794:, p. 632.
2780:
2778:, p. 632.
2761:
2759:, p. 149.
2749:
2747:, p. 630.
2734:
2732:, p. 209.
2718:
2716:, p. 209.
2706:
2704:, p. 629.
2689:
2687:, p. 208.
2677:
2675:, p. 628.
2660:
2648:
2646:, p. 221.
2636:
2629:
2609:
2603:978-0674726420
2602:
2582:
2575:
2555:
2553:, p. 116.
2543:
2541:, p. 136.
2531:
2529:, p. 129.
2509:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2484:
2481:
2457:Xinsi Qi Qi Lu
2450:"), which had
2331:Wujing Zongyao
2255:Main article:
2252:
2249:
2220:yì guān nán dù
2119:Jurchen script
2099:imperial exams
2083:Jurchen script
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2028:Emperor Aizong
2004:Main article:
2001:
1998:
1931:Emperor Lizong
1880:
1877:
1828:and Guanghua (
1757:
1754:
1735:
1688:Wujing Zongyao
1649:Main article:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1602:Main article:
1599:
1596:
1525:
1522:
1518:Emperor Xizong
1401:
1398:
1295:, present-day
1235:
1234:The move south
1232:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1111:
1108:
1057:
1054:
1032:
1014:Main article:
1011:
1008:
998:
995:
915:
912:
890:
887:
876:
875:First campaign
873:
844:Wanyan Zonghan
824:
821:
801:
798:
629:
626:
590:siege of De'an
434:
433:
430:
429:
426:
425:
418:
416:Middle Chinese
412:
411:
409:Middle Chinese
405:
404:
397:
391:
390:
384:
383:
382:Transcriptions
375:
374:
367:
361:
360:
353:
347:
346:
343:
342:
333:
332:
330:
329:
324:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
276:
273:
272:
263:
262:
255:
248:
240:
232:
231:
230:
229:
221:
200:
180:
164:
156:
155:
147:
138:
121:
120:
116:
115:
112:
111:
110:
107:
101:
97:
93:
92:
89:
87:
83:
82:
81:
80:
74:
67:
64:
58:
52:
44:
43:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7603:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7581:1130s in Asia
7579:
7577:
7576:1120s in Asia
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7556:Jin–Song Wars
7554:
7553:
7551:
7536:
7535:
7531:
7529:
7528:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7495:
7492:
7491:
7490:
7487:
7486:
7484:
7480:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7443:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7409:Huangtiandang
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7396:
7395:
7394:Jin–Song Wars
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7381:
7379:
7375:
7370:
7363:
7358:
7356:
7351:
7349:
7344:
7343:
7340:
7323:
7320:
7317:
7314:
7311:
7308:
7305:
7302:
7299:
7296:
7293:
7290:
7287:
7284:
7274:
7271:
7268:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7258:
7252:
7251:
7247:
7243:
7242:
7238:
7237:
7236:
7233:
7229:
7228:
7227:Yingzao Fashi
7224:
7222:
7221:Liaodi Pagoda
7219:
7218:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7206:Tianchi basin
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7150:
7149:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7139:
7138:
7135:
7134:
7132:
7130:
7126:
7120:
7119:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7082:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7070:
7067:
7066:
7064:
7062:
7058:
7047:
7044:
7041:
7038:
7035:
7032:
7029:
7028:Zhao Mengjian
7026:
7023:
7020:
7017:
7016:Wuzhun Shifan
7014:
7011:
7008:
6998:
6995:
6992:
6989:
6986:
6983:
6980:
6977:
6974:
6971:
6968:
6965:
6962:
6959:
6956:
6953:
6950:
6947:
6937:
6934:
6931:
6928:
6925:
6922:
6919:
6916:
6913:
6910:
6907:
6904:
6901:
6898:
6895:
6892:
6889:
6886:
6885:
6883:
6879:
6872:
6869:
6866:
6863:
6860:
6857:
6854:
6851:
6848:
6845:
6842:
6839:
6829:
6826:
6823:
6820:
6817:
6814:
6811:
6808:
6805:
6802:
6799:
6796:
6793:
6790:
6787:
6784:
6781:
6778:
6775:
6772:
6769:
6766:
6763:
6760:
6757:
6754:
6751:
6748:
6745:
6742:
6739:
6736:
6733:
6730:
6727:
6724:
6721:
6718:
6715:
6712:
6709:
6706:
6703:
6700:
6699:
6697:
6693:
6687:
6686:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6674:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6612:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6542:
6538:
6531:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6507:
6503:
6497:
6496:Three Bureaus
6494:
6492:
6491:Baojia system
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6465:
6462:
6461:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6443:
6440:
6439:
6437:
6433:
6428:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6402:
6401:
6398:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6363:Huangtiandang
6361:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6354:
6353:Jin–Song Wars
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6313:Song–Xia wars
6311:
6309:
6306:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6296:Southern Tang
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6283:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6257:
6250:
6245:
6243:
6238:
6236:
6231:
6230:
6227:
6220:
6210:
6209:
6206:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6168:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6153:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6104:
6100:
6095:
6091:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6061:
6057:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6038:7-5031-0385-X
6034:
6030:
6020:
6019:
6005:Tan, Qixiang
6003:
5999:
5997:0-674-40641-9
5993:
5989:
5985:
5980:
5976:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5957:
5953:
5947:
5943:
5938:
5934:
5928:
5924:
5919:
5918:
5911:
5907:
5901:
5897:
5892:
5888:
5882:
5878:
5873:
5866:
5862:
5855:
5850:
5847:
5843:
5840:(hardcover);
5837:
5835:0-674-44515-5
5831:
5827:
5823:
5818:
5814:
5808:
5804:
5799:
5795:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5776:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5757:
5753:
5748:
5744:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5721:
5715:
5711:
5705:
5701:
5696:
5692:
5686:
5681:
5680:
5673:
5669:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5634:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5598:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5578:
5574:
5572:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5549:
5543:
5539:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5520:
5516:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5497:
5496:
5483:
5478:
5476:
5468:
5463:
5456:
5451:
5444:
5439:
5432:
5428:
5423:
5416:
5411:
5404:
5400:
5395:
5389:, p. 36.
5388:
5383:
5376:
5371:
5365:, p. 35.
5364:
5359:
5352:
5347:
5345:
5337:
5333:
5328:
5321:
5316:
5308:
5302:
5298:
5297:
5289:
5281:
5275:
5271:
5270:
5262:
5254:
5248:
5244:
5243:
5235:
5227:
5221:
5217:
5216:
5208:
5200:
5199:
5191:
5183:
5177:
5173:
5172:
5164:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5133:Quan Tang shi
5123:
5107:
5099:
5091:
5084:
5079:
5072:
5067:
5060:
5055:
5049:, p. 10.
5048:
5043:
5037:, p. 25.
5036:
5031:
5024:
5019:
5012:
5007:
5005:
4997:
4992:
4985:
4984:Holcombe 2011
4981:
4976:
4969:
4964:
4957:
4952:
4945:
4940:
4933:
4928:
4921:
4916:
4910:, p. 36.
4909:
4904:
4897:
4892:
4886:, p. 73.
4885:
4880:
4873:
4868:
4866:
4858:
4853:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4839:
4834:
4827:
4822:
4815:
4810:
4803:
4798:
4791:
4787:
4782:
4775:
4770:
4763:
4759:
4754:
4747:
4742:
4735:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4718:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4701:
4696:
4689:
4684:
4677:
4672:
4665:
4660:
4653:
4648:
4641:
4636:
4634:
4626:
4621:
4614:
4609:
4602:
4598:
4593:
4586:
4581:
4574:
4569:
4562:
4557:
4555:
4547:
4543:
4538:
4531:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4514:
4509:
4502:
4498:
4493:
4486:
4481:
4474:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4457:
4452:
4445:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4428:
4423:
4416:
4411:
4409:
4401:
4396:
4389:
4384:
4382:
4373:
4371:0-295-95514-7
4367:
4363:
4359:
4353:
4346:
4341:
4335:, p. 46.
4334:
4333:Turnbull 2002
4330:
4325:
4319:, p. 46.
4318:
4317:Turnbull 2002
4314:
4310:
4305:
4298:
4293:
4291:
4283:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4264:
4259:
4257:
4249:
4244:
4237:
4233:
4228:
4221:
4216:
4209:
4204:
4202:
4194:
4189:
4182:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4165:
4160:
4153:
4152:Beckwith 2009
4148:
4142:, p. 34.
4141:
4136:
4129:
4124:
4117:
4112:
4105:
4100:
4093:
4088:
4081:
4076:
4069:
4065:
4060:
4053:
4049:
4044:
4037:
4032:
4026:, p. 56.
4025:
4020:
4018:
4010:
4006:
4001:
3994:
3989:
3982:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3963:
3958:
3951:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3931:
3929:9789004473270
3925:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3902:
3894:
3892:9781684173815
3888:
3884:
3877:
3870:
3865:
3863:
3855:
3850:
3843:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3826:
3821:
3814:
3809:
3802:
3797:
3790:
3785:
3778:
3773:
3766:
3761:
3754:
3749:
3742:
3737:
3730:
3725:
3718:
3714:
3709:
3702:
3697:
3695:
3687:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3668:
3663:
3661:
3653:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3636:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3617:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3600:
3595:
3588:
3583:
3581:
3573:
3569:
3564:
3557:
3554:, p. 3;
3553:
3548:
3541:
3536:
3534:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3510:
3505:
3503:
3495:
3490:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3467:
3462:
3455:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3439:, p. 22.
3438:
3434:
3429:
3422:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3401:
3396:
3394:
3386:
3381:
3375:, p. 54.
3374:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3358:, p. 16.
3357:
3352:
3346:, p. 71.
3345:
3340:
3334:, p. 71.
3333:
3329:
3324:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3301:
3296:
3289:
3284:
3277:
3272:
3265:
3260:
3253:
3248:
3246:
3238:
3233:
3226:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3207:
3202:
3196:, p. 44.
3195:
3190:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3167:
3162:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3139:
3134:
3127:
3122:
3115:
3110:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3087:
3082:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3059:
3054:
3047:
3042:
3040:
3032:
3027:
3021:, p. 53.
3020:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2999:
2994:
2992:
2985:, p. 39.
2984:
2979:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2956:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2936:, p. 52.
2935:
2930:
2928:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2904:
2899:
2892:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2873:
2868:
2866:
2858:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2805:
2800:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2777:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2758:
2753:
2746:
2741:
2739:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2715:
2710:
2703:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2686:
2681:
2674:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2657:
2652:
2645:
2640:
2632:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2613:
2605:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2586:
2578:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2559:
2552:
2547:
2540:
2535:
2528:
2527:Holcombe 2011
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2510:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2480:
2472:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2439:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2394:
2378:
2374:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2340:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2310:siege engines
2300:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2229:Duke Yansheng
2226:
2222:
2216:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2151:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2136:Chinese chess
2134:, and played
2133:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2111:Khitan script
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2012:
2007:
1997:
1989:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1932:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1905:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1866:
1858:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1827:
1816:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1762:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1734:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1710:, armed with
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1652:
1637:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1583:Summer Palace
1581:Mural in the
1579:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1509:
1499:
1495:
1492:), in modern
1485:
1482:
1478:
1467:
1463:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1249:Yangtze River
1246:
1242:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1220:Duke Yansheng
1217:
1213:
1208:
1200:
1194:
1192:
1183:
1179:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1116:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1062:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1038:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1007:
1003:
994:
986:
981:
979:
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
953:
951:
936:
932:
928:
920:
911:
908:
904:
900:
896:
886:
884:
883:
872:
870:
866:
862:
857:
849:
845:
841:
836:
817:
812:
807:
797:
794:
788:
785:
781:
775:
773:
769:
764:
759:
755:
748:
744:
739:
735:
733:
730:
726:
722:
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
699:
695:
691:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
645:
640:
635:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
535:
533:
532:Southern Song
529:
528:Northern Song
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
492:
490:
486:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
448:Jin–Song Wars
440:
431:
419:
417:
413:
410:
406:
398:
396:
392:
389:
385:
380:
376:
368:
366:
362:
354:
352:
348:
344:
341:Jin–Song wars
339:
328:
325:
323:
319:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
289:Huangtiandang
287:
285:
281:
278:
277:
274:
269:
268:Jin–Song Wars
261:
256:
254:
249:
247:
242:
241:
238:
225:
222:
217:
214:
213:
211:
207:
206:Mongol Empire
203:
199:
195:
191:
190:Mongol Empire
187:
186:
181:
178:
174:
167:
163:
162:
151:
148:
143:
140:
139:
137:
136:
135:puppet states
130:
129:
128:
123:
122:
117:
108:
106:
102:
99:
98:
95:
94:
88:
85:
84:
79:
75:
72:
68:
65:
63:
59:
56:
55:
53:
50:
49:
45:
39:
34:
31:Jin–Song Wars
29:
26:
22:
7591:1134 in Asia
7586:1125 in Asia
7532:
7525:
7322:Guo Shoujing
7248:
7239:
7225:
7216:Architecture
7201:Fishing reel
7176:Movable type
7146:
7116:
7010:Zhou Jichang
6961:Zhang Zeduan
6810:Zhou Bangyan
6702:Fan Zhongyan
6683:
6671:
6657:Yaozhou ware
6652:Qingbai ware
6486:New Policies
6291:Southern Han
6282:Unification
6256:Song dynasty
6170:
6164:
6141:
6107:
6098:
6076:China at War
6075:
6055:
6016:
5983:
5960:
5941:
5916:
5895:
5876:
5865:the original
5860:
5848:(paperback).
5821:
5802:
5779:
5771:
5751:
5724:
5699:
5678:
5657:
5622:
5592:
5569:
5552:
5546:
5523:
5500:
5492:Bibliography
5482:Needham 1987
5467:Needham 1987
5462:
5455:Needham 1987
5450:
5443:Needham 1987
5438:
5431:Needham 1954
5427:Needham 1987
5422:
5410:
5399:Needham 1987
5394:
5382:
5375:Needham 1987
5370:
5358:
5327:
5320:Needham 1987
5315:
5295:
5288:
5268:
5261:
5241:
5234:
5214:
5207:
5201:. DeepLogic.
5197:
5190:
5170:
5163:
5132:
5122:
5110:. Retrieved
5105:
5090:
5085:, p. 8.
5083:Rossabi 1983
5078:
5066:
5054:
5047:Rossabi 1983
5042:
5030:
5018:
4991:
4975:
4963:
4951:
4939:
4927:
4915:
4903:
4891:
4879:
4833:
4821:
4809:
4797:
4781:
4769:
4753:
4741:
4695:
4683:
4671:
4659:
4647:
4620:
4608:
4592:
4580:
4568:
4537:
4508:
4492:
4480:
4451:
4422:
4395:
4361:
4352:
4340:
4329:Needham 1987
4324:
4313:Needham 1987
4304:
4243:
4227:
4215:
4188:
4159:
4147:
4135:
4123:
4111:
4099:
4087:
4075:
4059:
4043:
4031:
4000:
3988:
3957:
3919:
3913:
3901:
3882:
3876:
3849:
3820:
3808:
3796:
3784:
3772:
3760:
3748:
3736:
3724:
3708:
3594:
3563:
3547:
3516:
3489:
3473:
3461:
3428:
3380:
3351:
3339:
3323:
3307:
3295:
3283:
3271:
3259:
3232:
3201:
3189:
3173:
3161:
3145:
3133:
3121:
3109:
3093:
3081:
3065:
3053:
3026:
2978:
2962:
2910:
2898:
2827:
2811:
2799:
2783:
2752:
2721:
2709:
2680:
2651:
2639:
2619:
2612:
2592:
2585:
2565:
2558:
2546:
2534:
2470:
2460:
2456:
2447:
2437:
2428:early rocket
2421:
2402:
2392:
2376:
2373:siege towers
2362:
2348:
2338:
2336:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2278:
2270:
2245:
2218:
2190:
2169:
2160:Yuan dynasty
2156:
2152:
2144:
2095:Confucianism
2088:
2072:
2017:
1951:
1909:
1902:
1893:Song dynasty
1867:
1844:
1838:near modern
1796:
1767:
1742:
1731:
1693:
1686:
1666:
1662:Wanyan Liang
1660:
1630:
1619:
1592:
1588:
1568:Yellow River
1537:
1498:Yang Qizhong
1458:
1453:Han Shizhong
1438:conscription
1413:
1409:under Heaven
1403:
1394:
1356:
1341:Han Shizhong
1301:
1279:
1237:
1209:
1195:
1181:
1153:
1137:
1096:Central Asia
1084:
1071:Confucianism
1067:
1043:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1004:
1000:
982:
974:
966:Yellow River
954:
940:
892:
880:
878:
865:Ordos Desert
858:
826:
789:
776:
751:
743:Wanyan Aguda
706:Wanyan Aguda
703:
663:Liao dynasty
648:
605:
601:
583:
559:Wanyan Liang
543:Han Shizhong
536:
493:
472:Liao dynasty
464:Song dynasty
447:
445:
395:Hanyu Pinyin
322:Sea Alliance
317:
279:
204:
197:
185:Song dynasty
183:
182:
171:
159:
132:
125:
124:
119:Belligerents
25:
7494:Wanyan clan
7461:Sanfengshan
7451:Dachangyuan
7324:(1231–1316)
7318:(1202–1261)
7316:Qin Jiushao
7312:(1192-1279)
7306:(1186–1249)
7300:(1031–1095)
7294:(1020–1101)
7288:(1010–1070)
7273:Zhang Sixun
7118:Zhu Fan Zhi
7107:Champa rice
7071:(1021–1086)
7048:(1235–1305)
7042:(1222–1307)
7036:(1210–1269)
7030:(1199–1295)
7024:(1190–1230)
7018:(1178–1249)
6997:Lin Tinggui
6993:(1140–1210)
6987:(1120–1182)
6981:(1100–1197)
6975:(1096–1119)
6973:Wang Ximeng
6969:(1094-1172)
6963:(1085–1145)
6957:(1082–1135)
6951:(1051–1107)
6932:(1049–1106)
6926:(1036–1093)
6920:(1020–1090)
6914:(1019–1079)
6908:(1000–1064)
6873:(1170–1231)
6867:(1140–1207)
6861:(1130–1200)
6855:(1127–1206)
6849:(1126–1193)
6847:Fan Chengda
6843:(1125–1209)
6824:(1085–1144)
6818:(1084–1155)
6816:Li Qingzhao
6812:(1056–1121)
6806:(1047–1126)
6800:(1045–1105)
6794:(1039–1112)
6788:(1037–1101)
6782:(1033–1107)
6776:(1032–1085)
6770:(1022–1077)
6764:(1019–1086)
6758:(1019–1083)
6752:(1017–1073)
6746:(1012–1067)
6740:(1011–1077)
6734:(1009–1066)
6728:(1007–1072)
6722:(1002–1060)
6720:Mei Yaochen
6647:Cizhou ware
6524:Chancellery
6519:Secretariat
6447:Family tree
6405:Diaoyucheng
6070:(hardcover)
6027:. Beijing:
5766:(hardcover)
5731:. pp.
5637:(hardcover)
5587:(hardcover)
5112:20 December
5035:Gernet 1962
5011:Coblin 2002
4996:Franke 1994
4980:Franke 1994
4968:Franke 1994
4956:Franke 1994
4944:Franke 1994
4932:Franke 1994
4920:Franke 1994
4872:Franke 1994
4838:Franke 1994
4790:Levine 2009
4758:Franke 1994
4717:Franke 1994
4700:Franke 1994
4664:Franke 1994
4640:Franke 1994
4597:Franke 1994
4530:Franke 1994
4497:Franke 1994
4485:Franke 1994
4444:Franke 1994
4427:Franke 1994
4415:Franke 1994
4388:Franke 1994
4282:Franke 1994
4263:Franke 1994
4232:Franke 1994
4220:Franke 1994
4208:Franke 1994
4193:Franke 1994
4181:Franke 1994
4164:Franke 1994
3854:Franke 1994
3765:Gernet 1962
3741:Gernet 1962
3556:Wilson 1996
3552:Murray 2010
3525:Franke 1994
3478:Franke 1994
3437:Gernet 1962
3421:Franke 1994
3400:Franke 1994
3312:Levine 2009
3300:Levine 2009
3264:Levine 2009
3252:Levine 2009
3237:Franke 1994
3225:Franke 1994
3182:Levine 2009
3178:Franke 1994
3154:Levine 2009
3138:Levine 2009
3126:Levine 2009
3114:Levine 2009
3102:Franke 1994
3098:Levine 2009
3086:Levine 2009
3074:Levine 2009
3058:Levine 2009
3046:Franke 1994
2998:Levine 2009
2971:Levine 2009
2955:Levine 2009
2919:Levine 2009
2872:Levine 2009
2857:Levine 2009
2836:Franke 1994
2832:Levine 2009
2820:Levine 2009
2816:Franke 1994
2792:Levine 2009
2776:Levine 2009
2745:Levine 2009
2726:Levine 2009
2702:Levine 2009
2673:Levine 2009
2644:Franke 1994
2403:pili huopao
2393:pili huoqiu
2341:fire bomb (
2322:pili huoqiu
2272:Huolongjing
2225:Li Qingzhao
2113:, from the
1889:Jin dynasty
1815:Xuyi County
1783:irredentist
1777:. The Song
1775:Han Tuozhou
1714:that fired
1667:casus belli
1253:Grand Canal
882:casus belli
780:Western Xia
747:Jin dynasty
729:Shatuo Turk
690:Song Empire
687:Han Chinese
675:North China
224:Eastern Xia
216:Western Xia
173:Eastern Xia
166:Western Xia
127:Jin dynasty
7550:Categories
7269:(972–1051)
7186:Pound lock
7112:Nanhai One
7069:Wang Anshi
6967:Su Hanchen
6930:Li Gonglin
6900:Zhao Chang
6896:(970–1053)
6894:Xu Daoning
6890:(960–1030)
6871:Zhao Rukuo
6853:Yang Wanli
6762:Sima Guang
6750:Zhou Dunyi
6726:Ouyang Xiu
6716:(998–1061)
6710:(991–1055)
6704:(989–1052)
6435:Government
5415:Ebrey 2010
5387:Lorge 2008
5363:Lorge 2008
5351:Chase 2003
5332:Chase 2003
5306:1134716567
5225:0856674133
4908:Hymes 2000
4896:Davis 2009
4884:Lorge 2005
4857:Davis 2009
4826:Davis 2009
4814:Davis 2009
4802:Davis 2009
4786:Davis 2009
4774:Davis 2009
4762:Davis 2009
4746:Davis 2009
4734:Davis 2009
4688:Davis 2009
4676:Davis 2009
4652:Davis 2009
4625:Davis 2009
4613:Davis 2009
4601:Davis 2009
4585:Davis 2009
4573:Davis 2009
4561:Davis 2009
4542:Davis 2009
4513:Davis 2009
4501:Davis 2009
4473:Davis 2009
4456:Davis 2009
4140:Hymes 2000
4024:Lorge 2005
3433:Lorge 2005
3373:Lorge 2005
3356:Smith 1991
3166:Lorge 2005
3150:Lorge 2005
3070:Lorge 2005
3031:Lorge 2005
3019:Lorge 2005
2967:Lorge 2005
2934:Lorge 2005
2576:0791422739
2539:Ebrey 2010
2500:References
2347:) and the
2281:fire lance
2201:Huang Chao
2186:, b. 1930)
2164:Marco Polo
2050:Emperor Mo
2026:. In 1233
1921:Shi Miyuan
1788:revanchist
1712:trebuchets
1655:See also:
1626:Huai River
1245:Huai River
1132:See also:
1079:chancellor
1075:Wang Anshi
804:See also:
632:See also:
594:fire lance
567:revanchism
555:Huai River
7260:Inventors
7137:Gunpowder
7046:Qian Xuan
7012:(12th c.)
6991:Liang Kai
6985:Zhao Boju
6924:Wang Shen
6906:Yi Yuanji
6902:(10th c.)
6774:Cheng Hao
6768:Zhang Zai
6756:Zeng Gong
6744:Cai Xiang
6738:Shao Yong
6662:Jian ware
6625:Guan ware
6615:Ding ware
6410:Xiangyang
6286:Later Shu
6195:162848825
6047:297417784
6011:(1982).
5784:Routledge
5195:Li, Shi.
5023:Mote 1999
4104:Mote 1999
4092:Mote 1999
4068:Mote 1999
4048:Mote 1999
4009:Tong 2012
4005:Mote 1999
3993:Mote 1999
3801:Mote 1999
3713:Mote 1999
3667:Mote 1999
3587:Mote 1999
3568:Mote 1999
3494:Mote 1999
3482:Mote 1999
3466:Mote 1999
3344:Ropp 2010
3332:Ropp 2010
3328:Mote 1999
3316:Mote 1999
3288:Mote 1999
3276:Mote 1999
3206:Mote 1999
2915:Mote 1999
2903:Mote 1999
2891:Mote 1999
2804:Mote 1999
2788:Mote 1999
2730:Mote 1999
2714:Mote 1999
2685:Mote 1999
2656:Mote 1999
2551:Mote 1999
2505:Citations
2452:cast iron
2438:tiehuopao
2359:trebuchet
2297:; modern
2091:sinicized
2058:Guangdong
2040:Meng Gong
1972:Zhao Fang
1836:Han River
1834:; on the
1716:gunpowder
1708:Song navy
1696:Yu Yunwen
1683:trebuchet
1672:Ma'anshan
1564:Zhengzhou
1541:Censorate
1508:Zhang Jun
1475:, modern
1466:Han River
1462:Xiangyang
1383:, modern
1359:Zhang Jun
1313:Zhang Jun
1228:Zhang Zai
1212:Confucius
1176:; modern
754:Bohai Sea
732:Later Jin
721:Tong Guan
606:tiehuopao
508:indemnity
496:Tong Guan
227:(1215–22)
219:(1210–19)
209:(1211–33)
193:(1233–34)
169:(1225–27)
153:(1133–37)
7501:Jiaochao
7482:See also
7456:Daohuigu
7446:Yehuling
7414:Yancheng
7399:Timeline
7389:Military
7298:Shen Kuo
7286:Jia Xian
7267:Bi Sheng
7191:Dry dock
7080:Banknote
7040:Gong Kai
6912:Wen Tong
6888:Fan Kuan
6881:Painters
6865:Xin Qiji
6822:Zhu Bian
6804:Cai Jing
6780:Cheng Yi
6630:Jun ware
6600:Religion
6471:Military
6442:Emperors
6373:Yancheng
6358:Jingkang
6269:Timeline
6140:(eds.).
6080:ABC-CLIO
5656:(eds.).
5621:(eds.).
5336:Tao 2009
5155:48425140
5106:Han Dian
5071:Tao 2009
5059:Tao 2009
4546:Tan 1982
4400:Tao 2009
4309:Tao 2009
4297:Tao 2009
4248:Tao 2009
4236:Tao 2009
4128:Tao 2009
4116:Tao 2009
4080:Tao 2009
4064:Tao 2009
4052:Tao 2009
4036:Tao 2009
3981:Tao 2009
3962:Tao 2009
3950:Tao 2009
3906:Tao 2009
3869:Tao 2009
3842:Tao 2009
3825:Tao 2009
3813:Tao 2009
3789:Tao 2009
3777:Tao 2009
3753:Tao 2009
3729:Tao 2009
3717:Tao 2009
3701:Tao 2009
3686:Tao 2009
3652:Tao 2009
3635:Tao 2009
3616:Tao 2009
3599:Tao 2009
3572:Tao 2009
3540:Tao 2009
3521:Tao 2009
3509:Tao 2009
3454:Tao 2009
3385:Tao 2009
3194:Yue 2020
2840:Tan 1982
2483:See also
2446:, "iron
2130:, drank
1968:Tangzhou
1964:Dengzhou
1954:Xihezhou
1840:Laohekou
1799:Bi Zaiyu
1736:—
1484:circuits
1325:Zhejiang
1309:Shaoxing
1297:Nanchang
1269:Du Chong
1257:Hangzhou
1241:Yangzhou
1178:Shangqiu
1168:Shandong
1149:militias
1048:(modern
1033:—
958:New Year
835:Pingzhou
671:Mongolia
651:Jurchens
598:firearms
524:Hangzhou
458:and the
318:Treaties
299:Yancheng
284:Jingkang
86:Location
7516:Zhongdu
7471:Caizhou
7466:Kaifeng
7419:Tangdao
7377:History
7304:Song Ci
7292:Su Song
7181:Compass
7061:Economy
7022:Li Song
6936:Cui Bai
6714:Song Qi
6708:Yan Shu
6695:Writers
6635:Ru ware
6620:Ge ware
6592:Society
6588:Culture
6393:Caizhou
6383:Tangdao
6265:History
6187:2646446
6024:宋·辽·金时期
6013:中国历史地图集
4345:Lo 2012
2471:pidapao
2405:bombs (
2140:Beijing
2101:on the
2034:at the
2024:Caizhou
1988:Li Quan
1947:Suizhou
1912:Mongols
1857:An Bing
1826:Zaoyang
1721:arsenic
1706:of the
1530:Yue Fei
1481:Huainan
1449:Yue Fei
1405:Qin Hui
1367:Sichuan
1363:Shaanxi
1337:Yue Fei
1329:Wenzhou
1321:islands
1283:Jiangxi
1265:Nanjing
1199:Zong Ze
1182:xingzai
1100:cavalry
1046:Huining
1037:Kaifeng
985:Li Gang
970:Qinzong
935:Kaifeng
903:Luoyang
895:Taiyuan
869:Tianzuo
840:Taizong
784:Fang La
758:Kaifeng
714:Huizong
667:Khitans
653:were a
547:Gaozong
539:Yue Fei
504:Qinzong
500:Huizong
489:Kaifeng
485:Taiyuan
452:Jurchen
314:Caizhou
304:Tangdao
280:Battles
202:Khitans
73:in 1211
7424:Caishi
7371:topics
7090:Guanzi
7085:Jiaozi
6918:Guo Xi
6859:Zhu Xi
6841:Lu You
6828:Zhu Yu
6792:Su Zhe
6786:Su Shi
6732:Su Xun
6605:Poetry
6388:Caishi
6258:topics
6205:Portal
6193:
6185:
6148:
6118:
6086:
6062:
6045:
6035:
5994:
5971:
5948:
5929:
5902:
5883:
5844:
5832:
5809:
5790:
5758:
5739:
5706:
5687:
5664:
5629:
5599:
5579:
5534:
5511:
5303:
5276:
5249:
5222:
5178:
5153:
5143:
4368:
3926:
3889:
2627:
2600:
2573:
2461:huopao
2448:huopao
2424:arrows
2377:huopao
2363:huopao
2349:huopao
2339:huopao
2326:huoqiu
2241:Zengzi
2233:Quzhou
2217::
2215:pinyin
1891:, and
1702:. The
1559:Fuyang
1549:Liu Qi
1434:Daming
1420:Liu Yu
1333:Suzhou
1317:Ningbo
1218:, the
1166:, and
1156:Cizhou
1145:Da Chu
1134:Da Chu
1050:Harbin
978:Hejian
899:Shanxi
861:Tangut
768:Datong
718:eunuch
698:ounces
602:huopao
588:. The
468:Khitan
309:Caishi
176:(1233)
145:(1127)
142:Da Chu
105:Lin'an
96:Result
7310:Li Ye
7095:Huizi
6979:Li Di
6949:Mi Fu
6415:Yamen
6368:De'an
6219:China
6191:S2CID
6183:JSTOR
6015:[
5868:(PDF)
5857:(PDF)
5131:[
5104:[
2267:De'an
2172:Korea
1847:Wu Xi
1545:Wuzhu
1494:Anhui
1477:Hefei
1430:Jinan
1416:Da Qi
1389:Hubei
1375:Gansu
1371:Xi'an
1304:Wuzhu
1164:Henan
933:left
907:Hebei
793:taels
679:Korea
470:-led
462:-led
454:-led
294:De'an
150:Da Qi
90:China
7156:Coke
7034:Muqi
6590:and
6146:ISBN
6116:ISBN
6084:ISBN
6060:ISBN
6043:OCLC
6033:ISBN
5992:ISBN
5969:ISBN
5946:ISBN
5927:ISBN
5900:ISBN
5881:ISBN
5842:ISBN
5830:ISBN
5807:ISBN
5788:ISBN
5756:ISBN
5737:ISBN
5733:3–78
5704:ISBN
5685:ISBN
5662:ISBN
5627:ISBN
5597:ISBN
5577:ISBN
5532:ISBN
5509:ISBN
5301:ISBN
5274:ISBN
5247:ISBN
5220:ISBN
5176:ISBN
5151:OCLC
5141:ISBN
5114:2020
5097:衣冠南渡
4366:ISBN
3924:ISBN
3887:ISBN
2625:ISBN
2598:ISBN
2571:ISBN
2413:lime
2408:霹靂火砲
2398:霹靂火球
2320:The
2299:Anlu
2237:Qufu
2210:衣冠南渡
2183:斯波義信
2054:fell
1966:and
1910:The
1532:and
1385:Wudu
1365:and
1339:and
1261:coup
1216:Qufu
1092:Tang
1090:and
853:完颜宗望
846:and
649:The
541:and
530:and
446:The
371:宋金战争
357:宋金戰爭
133:Jin
51:Date
7277:fl.
7001:fl.
6940:fl.
6832:fl.
6175:doi
6008:谭其骧
5557:doi
5129:全唐诗
5100:.
2476:皮大礮
2443:鐵火砲
2388:林之平
2213:" (
2132:tea
1959:大散關
1942:扈再興
1936:孟宗政
1926:史彌遠
1872:蘇師旦
1804:畢再遇
1503:楊沂中
1214:at
1173:應天府
1088:Han
945:郭藥師
483:to
460:Han
7552::
6189:.
6181:.
6171:55
6169:.
6163:.
6114:.
6110:.
6082:.
6078:.
6041:.
6031:.
5990:.
5963:.
5925:.
5921:.
5859:.
5828:.
5824:.
5786:.
5782:.
5735:.
5727:.
5644:;
5553:65
5551:.
5530:.
5526:.
5507:.
5503:.
5474:^
5343:^
5149:.
5102:汉典
5003:^
4864:^
4845:^
4724:^
4707:^
4632:^
4553:^
4520:^
4499:;
4463:^
4434:^
4407:^
4380:^
4289:^
4270:^
4255:^
4200:^
4171:^
4066:;
4016:^
4007:;
3969:^
3938:^
3861:^
3832:^
3693:^
3674:^
3659:^
3642:^
3623:^
3606:^
3579:^
3532:^
3501:^
3444:^
3407:^
3392:^
3363:^
3244:^
3213:^
3038:^
3005:^
2990:^
2969:;
2941:^
2926:^
2879:^
2864:^
2847:^
2764:^
2737:^
2692:^
2663:^
2513:^
2466:火礮
2433:蘄州
2382:火礮
2368:火礮
2354:火砲
2344:火礮
2305:陳規
2294:德安
2199:,
2195:,
2060:.
2045:孟珙
1993:李全
1983:蘄州
1977:趙方
1949:.
1887:,
1862:安丙
1852:吳曦
1831:光化
1820:楚州
1810:泗州
1554:劉錡
1513:酈瓊
1489:藕塘
1472:廬州
1425:劉豫
1380:階州
1351:張榮
1292:洪州
1274:杜充
1204:宗澤
1186:行在
990:李剛
830:張覺
608:,
534:.
320::
282::
7361:e
7354:t
7347:v
7282:)
7275:(
7006:)
6999:(
6945:)
6938:(
6837:)
6830:(
6532:)
6528:(
6271:)
6267:(
6248:e
6241:t
6234:v
6207::
6197:.
6177::
6154:.
6124:.
6101:.
6092:.
6068:.
6049:.
6000:.
5977:.
5954:.
5935:.
5908:.
5889:.
5838:.
5815:.
5796:.
5764:.
5745:.
5712:.
5693:.
5670:.
5635:.
5605:.
5585:.
5563:.
5559::
5540:.
5517:.
5457:.
5309:.
5282:.
5255:.
5228:.
5184:.
5157:.
5116:.
4503:.
4374:.
4070:.
4011:.
3932:.
3895:.
2633:.
2606:.
2579:.
2473:(
2463:(
2440:(
2395:(
2379:(
2365:(
2351:(
2302:(
2291:(
2180:(
2042:(
1990:(
1974:(
1923:(
1859:(
1849:(
1801:(
1551:(
1500:(
1422:(
1271:(
1201:(
1039:)
987:(
942:(
850:(
259:e
252:t
245:v
23:.
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