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specially equipped carts, each of which carried one tree. Each cart carrying a tree was positioned over the hole and carefully lowered it into place. The trees came from the garden that
Barille-Deschamps had built along the Marne for that purpose. The trees used most often were chestnut trees and platane trees, which Haussmann himself preferred he had seen rows of plantanes in Provence when he was Prefect of the Department of the Var, and he admired their wide leaves and the shade they gave. By 1868, Barillet-Deschamps had planted 102,154 trees along the boulevards of Paris.
474:"The network of alleys should be concentric. The paths which are farthest away must always lead the visitor toward the central parts or toward the habitations. The curves and changes of direction should be gentle and justified by natural obstacles. The alley should lead to its destination by the route that is the most convenient and pleasant. The path should also be hidden as much as possible, and one should see only the particular part of the path that one is on. To achieve that, the path should be slightly sunken so that it disappears in the general relief of the lawns."
336:
304:
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147:. The scale of the projects was gigantic: For the Bois de Boulogne alone, he planted 420,000 trees and seeded 273 hectares of lawns, using 150 kilograms of seed per hectare. To provide trees, shrubs and flowers for the park, he had gardens and greenhouses built near the racetrack of Longchamps, and at Auteuil. He created another garden at Petit-Bry, on the banks of the
111:
named
Alphand as the head of the new Service des Promenades et Plantations de Paris, and Alphand chose Barillet-Deschamps as the first jardinier en chef, or Chief Gardener of Paris. Barillet-Deschamps worked in close collaboration with Alphand, the engineer Eugene Belgrand (1810-1870), who was charged with providing water to the new parks, and with the architect
163:, close to the Parc de la Muette, he built another complex of greenhouses, called the Fleuriste de la Muette, especially for flowers and exotic plants. This complex was composed of thirty greenhouses, lit with gas lights, each with its own conditions devoted to different varieties of plants. One group of greenhouses was filled entirely with thousands of
17:
78:, and many smaller Parisian parks and gardens. He was also responsible for planting trees along the new boulevards of Paris. His landscape gardens, with their lakes, winding paths, sloping lawns, groves of exotic trees and flower beds, had a large influence on public parks throughout Europe and in the United States.
465:"Ponds and streams are essential features of a large garden. The course of the stream, and the placement of the ponds, waterfalls, and rocks should be justified by the landscape and appear as natural as possible. The general principle is to preserve the appearance of nature without being an exact copy."
383:
231:
In addition to the large new gardens around the edges of Paris, Barillet-Dechamps was responsible for providing trees to line the newly built avenues that Baron
Haussmann was building. A line of holes each three meters wide and one meter deep was dug along each side each boulevard. His gardeners used
110:
brought
Haussmann to Paris to be the new Prefect of the Seine Department, Haussmann summoned both Alphand and Barillet-Deschamps to Paris. The Emperior had conceived a plan to create large new parks around Paris, to provide green space and recreation for the rapidly growing population of the city. He
462:"Nature furnishes the major lines, but the vegetation should not strictly follow the laws of nature. The human intervention remains clear. The contours of the masses of plants should bordered by clear lines which resemble elliptical shapes.
283:
618:
The
Squares Created by Jean-Pierre Barillet-Deschamps in Turin. A Study Based on the Correspondance Between the French Landscape Architect and the Mayor of the City in the Years Between 1860 and 1864
459:"The flowers should be placed in masses that are clearly seen and close to any residences. It is desirable to give prominence to those species which are common in the region where they are planted.
389:
The Chausée de la Muette, in the 16th
Arrondissement of Paris. By 1868 Jean-Pierre Barillet-Deschamps and his gardeners had planted over a hundred thousand trees along the new boulevards of Paris.
86:
Barillet-Deschamps was born in 1824, the son of a gardener. His first job in 1841 was as a monitor and teacher in a revolutionary new kind of prison colony called "La
Paternelle," founded near
90:
in 1839, where the prisoners learned farming and gardening. From there he went to
Bordeaux, where he started a gardening enterprise, and met Baron Haussmann, then the Prefect of the
151:, specially to grow trees to line the boulevards of Paris. At Vincennes, near the fortifications of Paris, he planted another garden especially for cultivating ornamental plants.
367:
447:
Barillet-Deschamps did not write formal treatises about landscape gardening, but in his correspondence he described his method and basic principles when laying out a park:
223:
and other highly specialized plants. There were nearly three million plants in the greenhouses of the
Fleuriste de la Muette, tended by about one hundred gardeners.
427:
268:. He began working on a garden for the Khedive of Egypt in 1873, and was still working on it when he became ill, returned to France, and died in
648:
653:
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411:
319:
450:"First, study the relief of the site. The natural variations of the terrain, if they are significant, are the major elements to study.
603:
588:
351:
303:
395:
453:"The plants form the principal element of the composition. Place the rarest plants so that they are clearly seen.
240:
Barillet-Deschamps traveled widely to advise other cities on their gardens. He helped in the design of gardens in
95:
471:"Once the landscape has been sculpted and the plants laid out, then the alleys and paths are drawn in.
643:
326:
290:
140:
71:
35:
620: », Journal of Garden History, vol. 17, n° 2, April–June 1997, London, Washington DC, 1997.
27:
A landscape in the Bois de
Boulogne created by chief gardener Jean-Pierre Barillet-Deschamps
638:
633:
374:
55:
468:"A garden is a work of art where sculpture and architecture each have an important place.
8:
47:
599:
584:
310:
132:
128:
75:
63:
611:
L’Art des jardins sous le Second Empire. Jean-Pierre Barillet-Deschamps (1873-1924)
564:
L’Art des jardins sous le Second Empire. Jean-Pierre Barillet-Deschamps (1873-1924)
456:"The trees should be placed according to their shape and color to accent the view.
294:
124:
59:
342:
144:
112:
67:
16:
43:
627:
168:
483:
358:
212:
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136:
123:
Under Alphand's guidance, Barillet-Deschamps created the landscapes of the
107:
51:
180:
148:
188:
377:
was remade by Barillet-Deschamps into an English-style garden (1865).
241:
23:
216:
204:
196:
184:
176:
418:
257:
253:
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91:
50:. He was the chief gardener of Paris during the reign of Emperor
261:
434:
402:
269:
265:
245:
192:
160:
87:
39:
54:, and was responsible for planting the great gardens of the
275:
220:
566:. (translation of citations from French by D.R. Siefkin).
226:
235:
187:plants. Individual greenhouses were built to grow
625:
115:, who designed all the structures in the parks.
519:, Paris (1867) cited in Patrice de Moncan,
442:
433:The tree nursery in the Jardin Vauban in
276:Gardens landscaped by Barillet-Deschamps
98:, an engineer who worked for Haussmann.
81:
22:
15:
118:
626:
489:
649:French landscape and garden designers
581:Paris- les jardins du Baron Haussmann
293:) planted in the Pre-Catalan in the
154:
583:, (2009). Les Éditions du Mécène, (
13:
227:Lining Parisian streets with trees
14:
665:
654:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
426:
410:
394:
382:
366:
350:
334:
318:
302:
282:
101:
596:Grammaire des jardins Parisiens
236:International travels and death
556:
551:Les Jardins du Baron Haussmann
543:
538:Les Jardins du Baron Haussmann
536:, cited by Patrice de Moncan,
526:
521:Les Jardins du Baron Haussmann
509:
504:Les Jardins du Baron Haussmann
496:
32:Jean-Pierre Barillet-Deschamps
1:
573:
272:in 1873 at the age of fifty.
38:– 12 September 1873 at
96:Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand
7:
477:
10:
670:
417:The Jardin des plantes in
327:Parc des Buttes Chaumont
291:Sequoiadendron giganteum
141:Parc des Buttes Chaumont
94:Department. He also met
72:Parc des Buttes-Chaumont
443:Approach to landscaping
401:The Parco Valentino in
341:Weeping beech trees in
36:Saint-Antoine-du-Rocher
289:A giant sequoia tree (
74:, the remaking of the
28:
20:
616:Luisa Limido, «
598:(2007), Parigramme, (
135:as it appears today;
82:Early life and career
26:
19:
594:Dominique Jarrassé,
375:Jardin du Luxembourg
373:A large part of the
119:Major parks in Paris
56:French Second Empire
579:Patrice de Moncan,
549:Patrice de Moncan,
502:Patrice de Moncan,
490:Notes and citations
48:landscape architect
29:
21:
604:978-2-84096-476-6
311:Bois de Vincennes
211:; and others for
155:Plant propagation
133:Luxembourg Garden
129:Bois de Vincennes
106:When the Emperor
76:Luxembourg Garden
64:Bois de Vincennes
661:
644:French gardeners
589:978-2-907970-914
567:
560:
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541:
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507:
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430:
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295:Bois de Boulogne
286:
125:Bois de Boulogne
60:Bois de Boulogne
34:(7 June 1824 at
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343:Parc Montsouris
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145:Parc Montsouris
131:, and then the
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113:Gabriel Davioud
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84:
68:Parc Montsouris
42:) was a French
12:
11:
5:
667:
657:
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641:
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622:
621:
614:
609:Luisa Limido,
607:
592:
575:
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569:
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562:Luisa Limido,
555:
542:
525:
515:Eduard Andre,
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357:Flowerbeds in
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175:, pelagorium,
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83:
80:
44:horticulturist
9:
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4:
3:
2:
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361:, (1860-1861)
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353:
348:
345:, (1867-1869)
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329:, (1864-1867)
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313:, (1855-1866)
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169:chrysanthemum
166:
162:
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116:
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109:
102:Move to Paris
99:
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37:
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25:
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523:. pp. 43-44.
520:
516:
511:
506:, pp. 59-60.
503:
498:
484:Orman Garden
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
359:Parc Monceau
297:(1852-1858).
239:
230:
213:banana trees
158:
137:Parc Monceau
122:
108:Napoleon III
105:
85:
52:Napoleon III
31:
30:
639:1873 deaths
634:1824 births
532:Haussmann,
517:Paris-Guide
181:calceolaira
149:Marne River
628:Categories
574:References
189:palm trees
437:. (1863).
264:, and in
242:Marseille
197:camellias
553:. p. 133
540:. p. 133
534:Memoires
478:See also
405:, Italy.
217:hibiscus
209:begonias
205:Caladium
185:ageratum
177:verveine
127:and the
421:(1865).
419:Le Mans
258:Prussia
254:Austria
250:Belgium
201:solanum
165:fuchsia
92:Gironde
602:
587:
262:Turkey
207:, and
183:, and
143:; and
139:; the
62:, the
58:; the
435:Lille
403:Turin
270:Vichy
266:Egypt
260:, in
256:, in
252:, in
248:, in
246:Turin
244:, in
221:ferns
193:ficus
173:canna
161:Passy
88:Tours
40:Vichy
600:ISBN
585:ISBN
325:The
309:The
46:and
159:At
630::
591:).
219:,
215:,
203:,
199:,
195:,
191:,
179:,
171:,
167:,
70:,
66:,
613:.
606:)
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