Japanese immigration in Brazil

664: 1237: 571:(Imperial Emigration Company), visited Brazil accompanied by Teijiro Suzuki. The timing was propitious, as the restriction of Japanese entry into the US and the restriction of Italian emigration to Brazil meant that the interests of both countries, Japan and Brazil, were aligned. The interest came mainly from São Paulo, since the state was looking for alternatives to Italian immigrants, pursuing the policy of wage depreciation by offering rural workers in quantities above demand. There was also an expectation that Japanese immigrants would resolve the tensions between employers and employees, a situation that had been worsening since the beginning of the century. After the government received favorable reports of the performance of Japanese immigrants in Hawaii, in which the superiority of the Japanese labor force compared to Europeans was praised, the São Paulo state government approved their entry. 2199:, previously restricted to properties close to consumer centers, has expanded with the influence of immigrants to different cities in the interior of the state of São Paulo and other Brazilian states, employing the most advanced technologies to the point of representing an important item in the country's trade balance. Thirty-eight municipalities in 6 Brazilian states with a strong Japanese influence account for 28% of the fruit volume. Depending on the crop, the representability reaches more than 80%. Forty-four municipalities with a strong Japanese influence from four Brazilian states account for 21% of the volume of vegetables, reaching more than 90% in some products. In 1940, the Superintendence of Coffee Business reported that the Japanese living in São Paulo did not represent even 3.5% of the state's population, but their participation in agriculture represented: 100% of the production of 1689:

countryside, as the suppliers were usually friends or relatives. Whichever activity the family chose, it was up to the first-born to work alongside their parents. The custom was a Japanese tradition of delegating to the eldest son the continuation of the family activity and also the need to help pay for the studies of the younger brothers. While the eldest worked, the younger siblings entered technical courses, such as accounting, mainly because it was easier to deal with numbers than with Portuguese. As for colleges, the preferred ones were engineering, medicine and law, which guaranteed money and social prestige. In 1958, Japanese descendants already represented 21% of Brazilians with education above high school. In 1977, they were 2.5% of the population of São Paulo, and accounted for 13% of those who passed the

3298: 2528: 171: 121: 717: 2444:, Japanese-Brazilians, who are 1.2% of the population of the city of São Paulo, represent 4% of those enrolled in the entrance exam and about 15% of those approved. In the most competitive careers, such as Medicine and Engineering, they represent, on average, 15% and 20% of enrolled students, respectively. According to IBGE data, 28% of Japanese-Brazilians have completed higher education, while the national average is approximately 8%. The good performance of these students is due to the fact that the Japanese carry values such as discipline, respect for hierarchy, effort and dedication, as well as the belief that education is the best way to rise economically. 3346: 889: 800: 816: 865: 334: 1681:, it was mandatory that the business did not require a large initial investment or advanced knowledge of Portuguese. Consequently, many of the settlers began to engage in small businesses or basic services, including dyeing. In the 1970s, 80% of the 3,500 establishments that washed and ironed the clothes of São Paulo's citizens were owned by Japanese. According to the anthropologist Célia Sakurai: "The business was convenient for families because they could live in the back of the dyehouse and do all the work without having to hire employees. In addition, the communication required by the activity was brief and simple". 901: 159: 1213: 3425: 326: 4343: 422: 2137:, which was a result of planting techniques developed in Japan, because in that country, due to the lack of space, large quantities were produced in small areas. On December 17, 1956, the National Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives of Colonization was founded, which was called the Federation of Immigration and Colonization Cooperatives. This institution was created to support Japanese immigrant farmers, promoting exchanges between these pioneers living in Brazil and Japan. Since 1994, the work has been expanded with personal training and the improvement of techniques for 1225: 776: 3500: 764: 788: 628:, in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The colony produced milk and dairy products, as well as corn, beans and rice. The rice was planted in the numerous floodplains of the property, reaching two harvests per year. As time went by, the immigrants abandoned the project. Other Japanese were sent to the area by the Immigration Company, but they also abandoned the property. The colony ended in 1912 when Saburo Kumabe and his family left. There were several reasons for the failure of the colony, such as exhaustion of the soil, lack of investment, 1104:

warning. About 90% of the displaced people were Japanese-Brazilians, leaving only those with Brazilian citizenship, but many also had to move to accompany their parents or spouses. This decision was made by the government due to unfounded rumors about immigrants disguised as fishermen to supposedly provide information to German submarines that were infesting the Brazilian coast. Even the sick patients were forced to move, being carried in hammocks. After the eviction, the abandoned houses were invaded by strangers. The Santos newspaper

2423: 2330:, as a result of the work of the Companhia de Terras Sul América which, after being founded, granted the land to the Companhia Nambei Toshi Kabushiki Kaisha, giving rise to the colonization of the area that is now Uraí. With the result of the first cultivation, production began to expand and has been marketed both in Brazil and abroad. In the 1970s, the city became the largest producer of ramie in the world, earning the nickname "ramie capital of the world". The crop occupied 22% of the total area of the municipality and the 877: 2414:

sold to Japanese industrialists". The drop in sales to Japan occurred due to the conflict in World War II, as the United States prohibited the passage of cargo ships through conflict zones. In 1952, the percentage of Japanese immigrants engaged in horticultural activities was 34.1%, while those in coffee had dropped to 27.5% and cotton to 20.5%. Currently, the Maeda Group, founded by Takayuki Maeda, is considered the largest verticalized chain of the crop in the world with operations from seed genetics to spinning.

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largest group has only a fair knowledge of the language (29%), with 11% having no knowledge at all and 20% having a very high knowledge. Among grandchildren, the largest group has little knowledge (29%) and the percentage of those who have none rises to 21% and those who have very high knowledge decreases to 12%. On the other hand, the great-grandchildren of Japanese or later generations show an intense polarization: 72% have no knowledge of the Japanese language and 28% have a very high level.

147: 1253: 1190:, the magazine with the largest circulation at the time, an illustrated article in which they intended to teach Brazilians how to distinguish a Japanese from a Chinese. David Nasser wrote, among other things, that the Japanese could be distinguished by their "repulsive, short-sighted, insignificant appearance". According to the writer Roney Cytrynowicz, "the oppression against Japanese immigrants, unlike what happened to Italians and Germans in São Paulo, makes it clear that the 2536: 1065:

night of February 2, 1942, police agents from DEOPS – the State Department of Public and Social Order, woke up the descendants living on Conde de Sarzedas Street and Students Street and, without any court order, warned them that they would have to leave the area within 12 hours. With nowhere to go, most stayed. However, the same was repeated on the night of September 6, when a ten-day deadline was given for the Japanese-Brazilians to move out of the area permanently.

1780: 2233:, in Pará, which would come to be called the "black diamond" of the Amazon, should be highlighted. Through Japanese immigrants, Tomé-Açu became the world's largest producer of black pepper. The immigrants imported the first seeds from Singapore to Brazil, and with the prosperity leveraged by the Japanese, the population of the municipality more than tripled in twenty years, drawing the attention of many people in search of job opportunities, mostly migrants from 135: 973:, my beloved city, is the largest center of Japanese in Brazil. They are the most efficient people for the job, educated, cultured, sober.... During the dark night when the farmers could not pay their settlers regularly, not a Japanese settler was seen impatient or complaining. As for race, I don't know if the great doctors (the anti-Japanese doctors Neiva and Couto) are right, because in Marília there are handsome and robust men and women among the settlers. 708:, bringing another 906 Japanese immigrants, constituting 247 families, divided between 518 men and 391 women, who were sent to work on 17 coffee farms in the State of São Paulo. Despite all this, Japanese immigration continued to grow. In 1914, when the São Paulo government stopped hiring immigrants, the Japanese population in Brazil was estimated at 10,000 people. By 1915, another 3,434 families (14,983 people) of Japanese immigrants had arrived in Brazil. 35: 605:, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and São Paulo. He was pleased with what he saw and made reports to the government and to the Japanese emigration companies in which he recommended Brazil for Japanese immigrants. The departure of the first batch of Japanese to work in the coffee plantations in 1897 was canceled the day before the shipment, due to the crisis that the price of the product suffered throughout the world, which would continue until 1906. 2451:, had the church as the main socializing nucleus, the Japanese had the school playing this role.In addition, the school reproduced the culture of their ancestors and maintained a nationalist mentality, as the first immigrants had plans to return to Japan. The Japanese government also sent inspectors to check on the situation in the colonies, as well as advising the communities on their activities and school education. The school trained the 957:

arguments such as: "they are stealing our jobs and our land", as well as racist, eugenicist statements such as "they will pollute our race". Those in favor of it tended to focus on production levels, with Japanese farmers producing 46% of Brazil's cotton, 57% of its silk and 75% of its tea in 1936. Other arguments given by proponents of Japanese immigration were the need for a larger workforce. One of the advocates of Japanese immigration,

1864: 59: 9127: 10069: 109: 10057: 47: 85: 71: 97: 3520:, an entity responsible for the health and well-being of Japanese immigrants in Brazil, was also important. The Japanese government sent doctors to Brazil to attend to the immigrants, but they were not enough to attend to the entire population. In addition to the precarious service, in the case of the Japanese, this problem was aggravated by the lack of understanding of the Portuguese language. 1685:

Other families decided to live in the suburban area to engage in horticultural activities and to be close to good schools for their children. By 1952, 34.1% of Japanese immigrants were engaged in horticultural activities, while those in coffee had dropped to 27.5% and cotton to 20.5%. The city of São Paulo became the city with the largest number of Japanese outside Japan.

1310:(son of the 1934 constituent deputy) was put to a vote, which simply stated: "The entry into the country of Japanese immigrants of any age and from any source is prohibited". The deputy Miguel Couto Filho often spoke on the rostrum of the constituent assembly defending his constitutional amendment project by quoting a book he had written, the title of which was: " 483:

Orientals would spread ethnically and culturally throughout the Americas. Fear of the "yellow peril" had been exacerbated by the militaristic expansionism of the Japanese empire which, seeking to conquer lands to colonize, defeated China in 1895 and Russia in 1905 (the third defeat of a European country against a non-European in modern times, the first being the

3569:, the Liberdade Medical Center, in São Paulo capital, and the Mobile Medical Assistance, which aims to provide medical assistance, performing consultations and exams to people in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo and cities in the interior of the state, in addition to raising awareness and guiding the public served on chronic diseases, health and nutrition. 1100:" was used for the prisons that housed the persecuted. The expression is different compared to the German concentration camps, where torture and death took place. In Brazil, there were several "concentration camps", which were aimed at German, Italian and Japanese immigrants. Overall, during the war, the Brazilian government created 31 concentration camps. 3130:) due to the great ethnic-cultural differences: language, religion, customs, traditions and prejudices of the Japanese against Brazilians and vice versa. They also did not want to create permanent ties in Brazil, hoping to return to Japan. Initially, marriages between Japanese and non-Japanese descendants were rare, although they did happen occasionally. 1120:, Pará, was practically transformed into a "concentration camp" from which no Japanese-Brazilians could leave. At this time, the Brazilian ambassador in Washington, Carlos Martins Pereira e Sousa, encouraged the Brazilian government to transfer all Japanese-Brazilians to "internment camps" without the need for legal support, just as had been done with 741:

profits from the first harvest, considering that coffee is a biennial crop. This allowed many Japanese to save up and buy their first pieces of land. The first land purchase by Japanese in the interior of São Paulo took place in 1911. With their social rise and the arrival of relatives, most Japanese immigrants decided to stay in Brazil permanently.

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neighbors, debt collection and even children's fights. Thousands of Japanese immigrants were expelled from Brazil on suspicion of espionage, and even arrested for suspicious activities when they gathered. In December 1942, the journalist Hideo Onaga and some companions were arrested at a picnic because they were suspected of building a submarine.

3139:, an arranged marriage in which there was an intermediary between Japanese families. Marriage between people from distant Japanese provinces was common in Brazil, but not in Japan. The exception was with people from Okinawa, because for centuries there had been a certain prejudice between Okinawans and Japanese due to cultural differences. 2405:. In 1936, immigrants produced 57% of Brazil's silk, and in 1940, in the state of São Paulo, they produced 100% of the state's silk. Japanese immigrants founded Sociedade Colonizadora do Brasil Ltda, which has the Japanese name of Burajiru Takushoku Kumiai, abbreviated as Bratac, which is currently the country's leading spinning industry. 3023:

and language similarity. In addition, the power of the environment had an influence (in regions where immigrants stayed together in isolated groups, the native language could survive for generations, while in regions where there was more fusion between immigrants and Brazilians, the native language was quickly supplanted by Portuguese).

2222:, where its members began to produce apples, mainly of the Fuji variety, which soon replaced imported apples in the 80s. Currently, Brazil is a major producer and exporter of apples, shipping mainly to Europe. Cooperatives such as Sanjo and Cooperserra that started with Japanese apple growers are responsible for major apple brands. 842:. Other factors for the growth of immigration were the advertisements of rapid enrichment in Brazil released by the government of Japan. Other countries, such as Australia and Canada, also placed restrictions on the entry of Japanese immigrants. Brazil became one of the few countries in the world to accept immigrants from Japan. 2409:

1942, 39.2% of all Japanese-Brazilians were engaged in cotton growing. The main Brazilian export market was Japan, and between January and July 1939, 51% of the product leaving the port of Santos was destined for the Japanese market. Due to the increasing development of relations between the two countries, the rapporteur of the

2987:", which comes from the English "toilet". Moreover, the Japanese spoken in Brazil is a mixture of several Japanese dialects, especially from western Japan, as most immigrants came from that area. In addition, the language of the immigrants was heavily influenced by Portuguese. As a result, the Japanese used in Brazil is called 3448:, immigrated to Brazil at the age of 58 to begin a tireless 17-year pastoral activity with the Japanese community settled in Brazil; he worked in the states of São Paulo, Mato Grosso, Paraná and Minas Gerais. He was the first Japanese missionary to work abroad and died with a reputation for sanctity on March 14, 1940; his 2968:, reported having spoken Japanese at home when they were children. This reflects that the second generation was mainly educated by their Japanese parents using the Japanese language. On the other hand, the third generation did not have much contact with their grandparents' language and most of them speak only Portuguese. 8672: 961:, then a congressman, proposed that the quotas be circumvented by the use of so-called "call letters", which would allow both Brazilian citizens and immigrants with permanent residence in Brazil to "call" their relatives and these could immigrate to Brazil. In a speech to the Legislative Assembly of São Paulo, 4784: 3273:. Japanese immigrants rarely married non-Japanese, but their descendants, from the second and third generations onwards, increasingly began to marry people of non-Japanese origin. In 1989, the interethnic marriage rate was 45.9% in Brazil. Today, marriages between descendants and non-descendants exceed 50%. 3254:", with photos of Japanese families with Brazilian women to prove that the union between Brazilians and Japanese would generate so-called "white" children. Three years later, in 1935, one of the advocates of Japanese immigration stated that the Japanese settlers were "even whiter than the Portuguese" in the 1792:

artists. With the arrival of post-war Japanese immigrants, these activities took on a new impetus – ceramists, plastic artists, craftsmen, photographers arrived in Brazil bringing novelties in aesthetic conceptions that helped to "compose and give new shape to the plastic arts of Brazil", in the words of

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The Japanese language is still an important element for the cultural identity of Japanese descendants in the city of São Paulo. According to a Datafolha survey published in 2008, 82% of Japanese descendants interviewed said they understood "even a little" the Japanese language. 46% of Japanese people

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The first Japanese school in Brazil, Taisho Shogakko, was founded by Professor Shinzo Miyazaki at his residence in 1914, and was officially recognized the following year. Initially, Japanese schools taught subjects related to Japan with a view to returning to their homeland. Later, schools founded by

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in the precepts of Japanese education, informing them about Japan and imparting discipline. According to data from the Secretary of Agriculture of the State of São Paulo, among immigrants over the age of 12 who disembarked at the port of Santos between 1908 and 1932, the literacy rate was 89.9% among

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In a short time, the immigrants managed to capitalize and buy their own equipment for fishing, as well as for transporting and storing fish. The Japanese fishing activity on the coast of Santos, in the state of São Paulo, is evident. After World War II, the Japanese in this area created cooperatives,

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The Japanese-Brazilian farmers also created the Green Belt of Brasília, to meet the needs of the population of the Federal District. In 1957, when the future capital of Brazil was being built, the soil in the region was very acidic, making it extra difficult to produce food, which until then had been

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Brazilian politicians continued to value the European immigrant as the most desirable. Decree-Law No. 7,967 of 1945 regulated immigration policy and stated that the entry of immigrants would be based on the need to preserve and develop, in the ethnic composition of the population, the most convenient

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Before going to war, the Brazilian government took measures that affected the Japanese-Brazilian community. When Brazilian ships were torpedoed by German submarines, the Liberdade neighborhood already had the largest population of Japanese-Brazilians in the city of São Paulo. A few days later, on the

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The consequence was the approval, by a large majority, of a constitutional amendment that established immigration quotas without mentioning race or nationality, and that prohibited the concentration of immigrant populations. According to the constitutional text, Brazil could only receive, per year, a

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However, through a system called "partnership farming", the workers committed themselves to clear the land, sow the coffee, take care of the plantation and return the area seven years later, when the second harvest would be ready. In exchange, they kept everything they planted besides coffee, and the

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on June 18, 1908. There were 781 people, 186 of whom were women, comprising 165 families. There were few women because most of the groups had a husband and wife at their core and the rest were made up of relatives or even acquaintances who were not family members. These immigrants went to work in the

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Medical care was precarious when Japanese immigrants arrived in Brazil, and they faced difficulties with communication, failed to adapt to local conditions and consequently contracted diseases. This situation led the immigrants and the Japanese government to organize to improve and try to remedy the

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Marriage to Catholic people also contributed to the growth of this religion in the Japanese-Brazilian community. According to IBGE data from the year 2000, about 63.9% of Japanese descendants in Brazil are Catholics, which represented the renunciation of religions commonly followed in Japan, such as

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at the highest levels of the educational scenario, encouraging bilingualism among the new generations. Before the ban on teaching foreign languages in Brazil, teachers received direct guidance from representatives of the Japanese government. In the post-war period, textbooks were developed in Brazil

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in Brazil, which is a mathematical calculation instrument that facilitates the understanding of numbering systems, assisting in mathematical education, as it helps in the improvement and development of concentration, motor coordination and dexterity, agility of mental calculations and development of

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stated in a report that, since a large part of the production and marketing of cotton in southern Brazil was in Japanese hands, he assumed that this product was more preferred by Japanese buyers. At the time, it was reported that "much of the cotton crop in southern Brazil belongs to Japanese and is

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around the city of São Paulo contributed to the formation of the Green Belt of São Paulo. The Japanese-Brazilians settled around the capital due to the fact that this community produced a considerable amount of vegetables, which is a highly perishable product, so the production site could not be too

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The population of Japanese origin in Brazil is extremely urban. If at the beginning of immigration almost all Japanese were in rural areas, in 1958, 55.1% were already in urban centers. By 1988, 90% were in urban centers. This early rural exodus had a direct influence on the occupational profile and

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The flow of Japanese immigration resumed in the early 1950s and only ceased almost entirely in 1973. In total, almost 200,000 Japanese were welcomed as immigrants to the country. In the early 1960s, the Japanese-Brazilian population in the cities already exceeded that of the countryside. As the vast

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When World War II ended, immigrants began to receive letters from their relatives who were in Japan reporting on the difficulties of the country after the war. For almost all the families settled in Brazil, it was the end of the dream of returning to Japan. Immigrants became convinced of the need to

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reported on the situation of those trying to dispose of their belongings: "In Marapé, Ponta da Praia and Santa Maria, there was a real rush to sell pigs, chickens, mules, etc. Many farm owners put almost everything they owned up for sale. They sold at any price, because there was no time to haggle".

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Japanese-Brazilians could not travel through the national territory without a pass issued by a police authority; more than 200 schools in the Japanese community were closed; radio sets were seized so that shortwave transmissions from Japan could not be heard. Japanese-Brazilians were prohibited from

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Decree No. 383 of April 18, 1938 imposed several prohibitions on foreigners: they could not participate in political activities, form any kind of association, speak foreign languages in public or use them as a language of literacy for children; for most Japanese in the country, this was the only way

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In the 1930s, the issue of Japanese immigration was much debated, and the written material at the time was published in the most diverse ways, with thousands of pages of articles, advertisements and books on Japanese immigration. Those who opposed the entry of Japanese used essentially nationalistic

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The Japanese expected to accumulate money quickly, but they received little, because their first payments were discounted from the installments of the debt for the trip, plus the expenses for food and medicine, usually bought on the farm itself. The contract stipulated that immigrants should stay on

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in June of the following year; but, mostly single individuals and little accustomed to farming, they shied away from certain agricultural services, which they gradually abandoned. Only a few families made up of real farmers remained on the farms, who work very hard to the satisfaction of the farmers

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had to dress like farmers. Buddhism arrived in Brazil as a way of preserving Japanese culture, but the number of followers is currently decreasing within the Japanese-Brazilian community. According to IBGE data, there has been a drop in the number of Buddhists; in 1991, there were more than 230,000

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Brazilians to Christianity. They offered a kind of Catholicism with which the Japanese could identify". The Japanese-Brazilian Pastoral, a non-profit civic-religious association that works in the evangelization and catechesis of Japanese and their descendants or others living in Brazil, was created

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Decree No. 383 of April 18, 1938 established several prohibitions on foreigners, including that they could not participate in political activities. In the 1940s, Japanese, German and Italian immigrants were persecuted and treated as "subjects of the Axis". After the war, there was an attempt to ban

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and were taught cultivation techniques, construction skills and the Portuguese language. At first, jute farming did not produce good results, as the plant did not adapt very well to the region, but with the acclimatization work done by Riota Oyama with the creation of the "Oyama variety", it became

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The contribution of the Japanese in the industrial sector from the 1960s onwards is highlighted by the fact that many industries from Japan set up their branches in Brazil, most of them associating with Japanese-Brazilian enterprises. Not only technology was implemented, but also new administrative

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and Japan's demand for workforce, about 85 000 Japanese and descendants living in Brazil decided to try life in Japan between 1980 and 1990. Japanese descendants and their spouses, with or without Japanese ancestry, and their mixed-race or non-Japanese children, began to emigrate to Japan in search

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At that time, Japanese-Brazilians began to play a more active role in politics. One of the first political events occurred after a measure imposed by the government of the State of São Paulo, which had the objective of increasing popularity among voters, to make a tabulation of the prices of dyeing

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suffered repression from the authorities and derision from the population. The families of Japanese immigrants suffered from looting by the population, in which their belongings were stolen or destroyed by the people. These acts usually took place in the homes or businesses of these immigrants, and

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There were also bills to restrict the immigration of Japanese to Brazil. On October 22, 1923, Congressman Fidélis Reis presented a draft law to regulate the entry of immigrants with an article that said: "The entry of settlers of the black race into Brazil is prohibited and, as for the yellow race,

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From 1912 onwards, groups of Japanese residents moved to the Conde de Sarzedas slope in São Paulo. In 1912, 92.6% of the Japanese were mainly engaged in coffee cultivation. The location was close to the city center and renting rooms or basements was the best the poor immigrants could afford. In the

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Japanese immigrants found it very difficult to adapt to Brazil. Language, eating habits, way of life and climate differences led to a strong culture shock. Most Japanese immigrants intended to get rich in Brazil and return to Japan after a few years. A considerable proportion never learned to speak

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In 1902, the Italian government banned subsidized emigration of Italians to Brazil. The coffee plantations faced a severe shortage of workers as the number of Italians decreased, which led the Brazilian government to accept the arrival of Japanese immigrants. In 1907, Brazil created the Immigration

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Despite the prejudice, interest in the workforce was very high and the arrival of a ship with Japanese immigrants began to be planned for 1897. However, due to a coffee overproduction crisis, international prices collapsed and the arrival of immigrants was discouraged. By 1901, international coffee

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The data show that, among immigrants to Brazil, Italians and Spaniards were those who most quickly adopted Portuguese as a language, and Japanese and Germans were those who resisted the most. Linguistic assimilation varied considerably from one group or nationality to another according to identity

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Until the 1970s, most of the melons consumed in Brazil were imported from Spain and Chile, but this changed in the 1980s, when imports were replaced by melons produced mainly by Japanese farmers in Brazilian territory, associated with the Agricultural Cooperative of Cotia, in the western region of

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The city of São Paulo has the highest concentration of Japanese-Brazilians – 326,000 according to the 1988 census. The Liberdade neighborhood, in the center of the capital of São Paulo, was the Japanese quarter of the city, although today it only maintains the characteristic shops and restaurants,

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Brazilians of Japanese descent have little visibility in the national media. The presence of Japanese descendants in commercials, soap operas and films is rare and characterized by stereotypes, since "the beauty standard imposed in Brazil is still for characters played by white actors". Artists of

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Another factor that made it easier to stay in Brazil was that immigration contracts were made with families. Single Japanese could not immigrate alone, as was allowed with other ethnic groups. The common pattern was the immigration of Japanese families with young children or newly married couples.

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The principal crop that reduced dependence on coffee as Brazil's main export was cotton. Before 1933, cotton did not represent even 5% of Brazilian exports. However, in 1934, their share became 13% and in 1936 16%, and in that same year, 1936, Japanese farmers produced 46% of Brazilian cotton. In

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Japanese immigrants also innovated in the fishing activities developed in Brazil with the introduction of new techniques and knowledge of navigation that increased production. One of them was the introduction of vessels built based on those used in Japan. An important change can be noticed in the

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One of the contributions of the Japanese colony in the Brazilian development is in the field of plastic arts, where the Japanese-Brazilian school was developed. Their constancy in participating in salons, exhibitions and events was decisive in attracting attention and maintaining contacts between

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Due to the severe financial crisis faced by Japan, thousands of Brazilians have returned to Brazil in recent years. By 2014, the Brazilian community in the country had shrunk to 177,953 people. Brazilians in Japan form the fourth largest community of foreign workers residing in the country, after

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The Japanese-Brazilian community was hit hard by restrictive measures when Brazil declared war on Japan in August 1942. In the same year, the percentage of Japanese-Brazilians engaged in coffee cultivation decreased compared to 1912, representing 24.3%, with an increase in those engaged in cotton

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Japanese immigration, however, increased during the 1930s. About 75% of Japanese immigrants went to São Paulo, a state that had a great need for workforce in the coffee plantations. As new job fronts became available, Japanese immigrants also went to work growing strawberries, tea and rice. Small

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In the Japanese-Brazilian community, the use of the Japanese language is not only limited to the oral means of communication, but also in the written form in publications, such as newspapers, which were discontinued, along with the prohibition of speaking Japanese in public, in the period of the

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According to a survey of Japanese and Brazilian descendants living in Japan, the degree of knowledge of the Japanese language changes significantly between generations. As expected, individuals born in Japan have a high or very high level of knowledge of Japanese. Among children of Japanese, the

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plants. Another innovation was the assembly of apparatus to hang the nets, allowing the visualization of the shape as if at sea and enabling possible repairs and the adaptation of the mesh shape. The Japanese also introduced glass buoys for flotation and iron doors to open the net, technological

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In relative terms, the municipalities of Assaí in Paraná and Bastos in São Paulo have the highest concentration of Japanese-Brazilians – respectively, 15% and 11.4% of their inhabitants. In 1934, while 10,828 Japanese lived in the city, 120,811 worked in the countryside. Despite the agricultural

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After World War II, there was a large rural exodus that took most of the Japanese-Brazilian community from the countryside to the cities, in the metropolitan regions or interior, becoming mainly merchants, owning laundries, grocery stores, fairs, hairdressers, mechanical workshops, among others.

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sent intervenors to take Banco América do Sul from the hands of the Japanese, leading to the dismissal of employees of Japanese origin who were replaced by Brazilian employees without any Japanese ancestry and most without banking experience; consequently, the bank entered into an administrative

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in its December 5, 1908 issue published a cartoon of Japanese immigrants with the following caption: "The São Paulo government is stubborn. After the failure of the first Japanese immigration, it hired 3,000 yellow people. It insists on endowing Brazil with a race diametrically opposed to ours".

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The ethnic isolation of Japanese-Brazilians weakened from the 1970s onwards. The descendants of Japanese immigrants – most of whom are now the third or fourth generation in Brazil – have integrated definitively into Brazilian society. The great-grandchildren of Japanese, mostly young, are fully

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After the war, there was a practice among the members of the colony of arranging marriages with people from Brazil and Japan, where photographs were sent to Japan in the hope of finding a person who would agree to travel to Brazil. In the late 1960s, many young women traveled to Brazil with the

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It was necessary to show that the Japanese could also blend in with the rest of the Brazilian population and some of those in favor of Japanese immigration needed to prove that they could have children with Brazilians as "white" as those of Europeans. In the 1930s, cultural organizations funded

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contributed to table tennis, since it was a sport very practiced in the colonies. Ricardo Inokuchi was the first Brazilian player to do an internship in Japan, which was possible thanks to the contacts that Brazilian players had with Japanese people linked to the sport in Japan. He has become a

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Since 1924, with the greater intervention of the Japanese government in immigration, the Brazilian government, through the Japanese consulate, began to create support entities such as schools and hospitals. In 1938, there were 294 Japanese schools, 20 German schools and 8 Italian schools in São

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The first generation born in Brazil lived similarly to their immigrant parents. Considering returning, the immigrants educated their children in Japanese schools founded by the community. The predominance of the rural environment facilitated such isolation. About 90% of the children of Japanese

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and estimated that, in 2000, there were 1,405,685 people of Japanese descent in Brazil. Japanese immigration has been concentrated in São Paulo and in 2000, 49.3% of Japanese and descendants lived in this state. There were 693,495 people of Japanese origin in São Paulo, followed by Paraná with

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sellers. During television auditions for a role, there are reports of actors being forced into a "Japanese accent", even though the Japanese community is in its fourth and fifth generation in Brazil. It is difficult for an oriental actor to get a "normal" role that is not related to his ethnic

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The fear of contact between immigrants and enemy submarines was exacerbated. On July 10, 1943, about 10,000 Japanese and German immigrants living in Santos were forced to close their homes and businesses and move away from the Brazilian coast within 24 hours. The police acted without any prior

1015:

in São Paulo showed that 87.7% of Japanese-Brazilians subscribed to Japanese-language newspapers, a very high rate considering that a large part of the Brazilian population was illiterate and lived in rural areas. Decree No. 383 of 1938 practically ended the dissemination of information in the

482:

The prejudice against Asian immigrants was very strong. All Asians were considered inferior races that would harm the "whitewashing" that was taking place in Brazil with the arrival of European immigrants. There was also the fear of the "yellow peril", in other words, that large populations of

443:

began negotiations in Tokyo to establish a Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the two countries. Mota was received by the Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs, Kagenori Ueno. Efforts were renewed in 1882 with Minister Plenipotentiary Eduardo Calado, who accompanied Mota in 1880.

1688:

In the urban environment, the Japanese began to work mainly in sectors related to agriculture as market traders or owners of small fruit, vegetable or fish stores. Working in greengrocers and market stalls was made easier by the contact that urban Japanese had with those who had stayed in the

3368:

in the legislative assembly of the Legislative Assembly of São Paulo, there was an increase in the Brazil-Japan interaction. Both countries began to receive delegations of deputies, diplomats, businessmen, governors, presidents and other authorities, to boost the relationship between the two

1799:

At the end of the 1970s, the Japanese-Brazilians had a different situation in terms of interaction compared to the times of the World War II, when they were viewed with suspicion by the population and the government. In these new times, the galleries systematically acquired the production of

3276:

According to a Datafolha survey published in 2008, the majority of Japanese descendants in the city of São Paulo still have romantic relationships with each other. 66% of the Japanese or descendants interviewed who have or had some kind of stable union, have or had partners belonging to the

1092:

Immigrants and descendants of Italians and Germans suffered different forms of discrimination, official or not, during the World War II, but the feeling was stronger against the Japanese-Brazilians. Anonymous reports of activities "against national security" arose from disagreements between

1010:

The broadcasting of radio programs in foreign languages was banned. Printed publications (newspapers, magazines, books) in foreign languages were also banned, unless they were bilingual; as this format was too expensive, newspapers and magazines ceased to circulate. In 1939, a survey by the

2132:

were established close to the main urban centers, ensuring self-sufficiency in vegetables, fruits and animal products such as eggs and chickens. The associative mentality, on the other hand, gave rise to large agricultural cooperatives that served as a model for various market organization

3107:

has maintained this language and customs in Brazil, many students of Okinawan leave Japan for Brazil to study it. Consequently, there has been a resumption in the dissemination of Okinawan culture in Japan. Currently, the language is considered an endangered cultural heritage according to

6159: 377:

In the countryside, farmers who did not have their land confiscated for non-payment of taxes were barely able to support their families. Landless peasants moved to the main cities, which became crowded, and job opportunities became increasingly rare, forming a mass of miserable workers.

3250:

publications with photos of Japanese men married to Brazilian women and their "white" children. The strategy paid off and even received the support of members of the Brazilian elite. In 1932, for example, Bruno Lobo, a professor of medicine in Rio de Janeiro, published a book entitled "

1044:

made it impossible to leave the country. In 1941, the government ordered the community's newspapers closed (at that time, the news the immigrants had was that Japan had an advantage in the war). Back then, citizens of German, Italian and Japanese origin were considered "subjects of the

3491:

adherents of this religion and in 2000, the number fell to just over 214,000 followers. According to 2000 data, non-oriental followers represented the majority of Brazilian Buddhists, more than 130 thousand, and Buddhists with oriental ancestry represented another 81 thousand people.

374:, the mechanization of agriculture left thousands of peasants unemployed, and thousands more had fallen into debt or lost their land because they could not pay the high taxes, which in the Meiji era were levied in cash, instead of being collected as part of agricultural production. 2270:, which only increased when mother birds were brought from Japan, combined with the experience of Japanese immigrants on farms. The city of Bastos, founded by Japanese settlers, has poultry farming as its main activity, along with the title of "egg capital". Its main event is the 2567:. Although baseball was already practiced before the arrival of Japanese immigrants, it was through them that the sport developed in Brazil. The presence of Japanese-Brazilians in judo is also noteworthy, as they won three Olympic bronze medals for Brazil, the first being won by 1989:

survey in 2000, there were 70 932 Japanese-born immigrants living in Brazil (compared to 158 087 in 1970). Of the Japanese, 51 445 lived in São Paulo. Most of the immigrants were over 60 years old, since immigration to Brazil practically ended in the middle of the 20th century.

2931:, the first immigrants to come directly from Japan hoped to return to their homeland after a few years working in Brazil. Consequently, most immigrants raised their children at home, where only Japanese was spoken, and after studying in Brazilian schools, the children attended 1998:

143,588. More recently, Brazilians of Japanese descent are making their presence felt in places that used to have a small population of this group. In 1960, there were 532 Japanese or descendants in Bahia, while in 2000, there were 78 449, or 0.6% of the state's population.

2464:

Paulo. After the World War II, the Japanese began to occupy an increasing number of places at the University of São Paulo; in 1960, 10% of students had Japanese origins. In the 1970s, the number of Japanese descendants entering public universities increased. According to

3329:

to hold that position. In 1955, he was the first Japanese-Brazilian to become a federal deputy, a position he held four times. Besides Tamura, there were also several representatives of the Japanese community who achieved the most diverse political positions. In 2010,

2352:

region due to its climate. The fiber was indispensable to international trade, as it was used in sacks of coffee and other goods to absorb moisture and preserve their contents, but few countries produced it on a large scale. In 1930, Uyetsuka bought 1,500 hectares in

491:

in 1896). There was the feeling that the Japanese immigrant was an "unassimilable desired" due to his customs and religion. At that time, the Chinese were considered superior to the Japanese, but this view changed after the Japanese victory in the Russo-Japanese War.

2382:, and founded Companhia Industrial Amazonense, a subsidiary in Brazil of Cia. Industrial da Amazônia, created in Japan. Jute farming reached its peak in the 1960s, with more than 50,000 farmers involved in its planting and represented more than a third of the GDP of 413:. The report produced by Sugimura, which described the receptivity of Brazilians, increased Japan's interest in Brazil. Influenced by this report and also by the lectures given by Secretary Kumaichi Horiguchi, Japanese decided to travel to Brazil individually. 3573:

also maintains a project for autistic children called Pro-Autistic Integration Project, a treatment center for people with mental disorders, the Yassuragui Home, in Guarulhos, and also several retirement homes in various locations in the state of São Paulo.

991:. It also declared the confiscation of immigrants' property. In the following decades after World War II, several decrees were issued determining conditions for the return of what was confiscated, but currently the assets and shares remain in the custody of 3285:

integrated in Brazil and 61% are mestizo or multiracial. Generally, the bonds with Japanese culture are minimal: most of them can speak little or nothing of the Japanese language, usually they know words of domestic use. This is due to the fact that 90% of

2274:(English: Egg Festival), a celebration with international repercussions and officially recognized by the government of the State of São Paulo, which is included in the calendar of agricultural events of the Secretariat of Agriculture and Supply and the 6551: 3620:, who has also published books. Tiba was a lecturer in several countries, performed tens of thousands of psychotherapeutic consultations, and also participated frequently in several programs on television and radio. Another recognized psychiatrist is 355:), with no wars, epidemics from outside or emigration. Using the agricultural techniques of the time, Japan produced only as much food as it consumed, without storing enough for hard times. Any shortfall in the agricultural harvest caused widespread 4833: 2440:, "the common sense is that Japanese descendants are studious, disciplined, do well in school, pass the entrance exam more easily and, in most cases, have great affinities with mathematical careers". According to a survey carried out by USP and 1639:. In the city of São Paulo alone, there were around 1,500 dyehouses and about two-thirds belonged to Japanese and their descendants in the late 1940s and early 1950s. After meetings among the community, the decision was made to elect the first 660:

coffee plantations of western São Paulo. At that time, before embarking, everyone was forced to go through a process in which they took medical exams and had basic Portuguese lessons. Under normal conditions, the journey would take two months.

515:

on the possibility of Asians entering the country. The position defended by Ubaldino was widely publicized in the political space, since he had great prestige and even became vice-president of the House. However, on October 5, 1892, President

6167: 381:

The emigration policy implemented by the Japanese government was mainly intended to relieve social tensions due to the scarcity of cultivable land and indebtedness of rural workers, allowing for the implementation of modernization projects.

1338:

was also vehemently opposed, speaking that the amendment would "undermine our work" and proposed that, if passed, it be moved to the transitional provisions. In the final vote, there was a tie with 99 votes against and 99 in favor. Senator

459:

in 1846, was considered very distant physically and politically from Brazil. The signing of this treaty represented the beginning of a relationship that has persisted to the present day, with the exception of the years of the World War II.

3624:, who has written several best-selling books on career, happiness and success. In addition, Shinyashiki lectures both in Brazil and abroad, is an organizational consultant and has taught specialization courses in the US, Europe and Japan. 479:. The same decree did not restrict, and even encouraged, the immigration of Europeans. It was only in 1892 that Law No. 97 was approved, allowing Chinese and Japanese immigrants to enter Brazil, and Decree No. 528 of 1890 lost its effect. 7491: 1024:

Their despicable standard of living represents brutal competition with the country's workers; their selfishness, their bad faith, their refractory character, make them a huge ethnic and cultural cyst located in the richest of Brazil's

952:

who had already entered in large numbers and whose migratory flow was descendant. However, the quota system, which was to remain in force until the 1980s, restricted the immigration of Japanese and, in the future, Koreans and Chinese.

578:, representing the São Paulo government, was signed on November 6, 1907. The document stipulated that 3,000 Japanese immigrants would be brought in annual batches of 1,000 people to work as farmers. On November 23, 1907, the newspaper 835:(in Tokyo), an institution where they were prepared for about a year to come to Brazil, stood out from 1930 onwards. They were a different group who came with the intention of settling permanently, working and carrying out research. 2688:, Brazilian champion in the women's absolute category in 2012, and vice-champion in 2009, 2013 and 2014, stands out. Fier and Juliana also represented Brazil in Chess Olympiads. Another member of the Japanese colony in Brazil is 632:

epidemics and attacks by ants on the plantations. However, the main problem was the fact that it was a heterogeneous group of people – lawyers, teachers, civil servants – without farmers with experience in cultivating the land.

7683: 3549:

at the inauguration. The cost of the hospital was divided between funds sent by the Japanese government and funds raised in Brazil through contributions from members of the Japanese community, donations from legal entities and

1647:. Since Japanese could not vote, the campaign was carried out with the customers of the dyeing shops, and Tamura was elected state deputy in 1950. After Tamura, other Japanese-Brazilians had their stints in politics; the first 2021:(with only 8 Japanese). The percentage of Brazilians with Japanese ancestry increased largely among children and adolescents. In 1991, 0.6% of Brazilians aged 0–14 had it. By 2000, they were 4%, as a result of the return of 2393:, the improvement of the product was achieved with the Japanese immigrants, as they were responsible for producing the best silk thread in the world; their products gained names that pay homage to Japanese culture, such as 8734: 5634: 1906:, oriental actors who tested for the roles were dismissed and the broadcaster cast white artists to play characters of Japanese origin. Members of the Japanese community accuse the broadcaster of racism and of fostering " 1019:

From then on, the entry of Japanese immigrants became increasingly difficult. The Minister of Justice Francisco Campos, in 1941, defended the prohibition of the arrival of 400 Japanese immigrants in São Paulo by writing:

858:. By the 1930s, Brazil hosted the largest population of Japanese outside Japan. Many Japanese immigrants continued to arrive in this period, most of them attracted by their successful relatives who had already emigrated. 5576: 2149:

far from the city. The Japanese chose to produce vegetables in the area because the local climate is mild and is conducive to this culture. Mogi das Cruzes has established itself as the main center of the belt, and the

888: 404:

In April 1905, Minister Fukashi Sugimura arrived in Brazil and visited several locations, being well received by both the local authorities and the people; part of this treatment is due to the Japanese victory in the

663: 5568: 3529: 7080: 5534: 2033:

population was engaged in agriculture, by 1988 this figure had fallen to only 12%. Meanwhile, the percentage of technical (16%) and administrative (28%) workers in the secondary and tertiary sectors increased.

2313:

region, and on the production of raw materials, with a focus on mineral exploitation. The presence of the Japanese community is also pointed out as a reason for the attraction of Japanese companies in Brazil.

6559: 397:. Large colonies of Japanese descendants were formed only in Brazil, the United States and Peru, and almost all the immigrants who formed large colonies in Korea and Taiwan returned to Japan after the end of 8486: 6125: 3592:

Currently, in Brazil there are approximately 14,000 Japanese descendants working as doctors, and several doctors of Japanese descent have excelled in Brazilian medicine, such as the cardiovascular surgeon

8980:

Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Econômica do Departamento de História da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, para obtenção do título de Doutor em História

2113:. As a consequence, the states that received the immigrants had an increase in income and GDP. By offering new foods that were not part of the national diet, they changed the eating habits of Brazilians. 1800:

abstracts, and after the first Biennials, opportunities were opened to disseminate their productions and conquer the critics. There were collectors interested in these artists, both in Brazil and abroad.

1793: 864: 4335: 3269:

A census conducted in the late 1950s of some 400,000 members of the colony revealed that marriages between Japanese and non-Japanese accounted for less than 2% among immigrants and less than 6% among

7664: 1720:

From the end of the 1980s, there was a reversal of the migratory flow between Brazil and Japan, because, with the reflexes of the economic crisis of the 1980s, in addition to the consequences of the

6236: 3511:

situation. An example of this mobilization was the creation of the Santa Cruz Hospital in São Paulo, inaugurated in 1939 with five floors, a basement, and almost 10,000 square meters of built area.

1296:

attacks in the city, took to the streets and invaded houses willing to mistreat the Japanese. The lynching of the Japanese was only fully controlled with the intervention of an army detachment from

4899: 4585: 3349: 7499: 3266:

personally. People who had married in this way were even sent to Japan to give their testimonies through lectures and to seek out young women who were interested in marrying and living in Brazil.

2282:

fishing nets, since at the time, Brazilian nets were made of cotton, which deteriorated quickly. To increase their resistance, the immigrants bathed them in water in which they boiled the bark of

2307:

systems that revolutionized the productivity of many Brazilian factories. From the 1970s onwards, Japanese capital concentrated on expanding the country's agricultural frontier by exploiting the

1168:), Japanese internees were separated from their children, performed heavy farm work, being ridiculed and humiliated. Students who contributed to the war effort were "rewarded" with visits to the 5034: 2251:, also called "black diamond", where Pará stands out as the main producer of the fruit. The growth of açaí exports was so great that it drew the attention of major newspapers such as the French 617: 385:

From the 1880s, Japan encouraged the emigration of its inhabitants through contracts with other governments. Before Brazil, Japanese had already emigrated to the United States (mainly Hawaii),

2278:. Currently, Bastos is the largest egg producer in Brazil and Latin America, producing 14 million eggs per day, which corresponds to 40% of all production in the state and 20% in the country. 827:, the flow of Japanese immigrants to Brazil increased enormously. Between 1917 and 1940, 164,000 Japanese arrived in Brazil, most of them in the 1920s–1930s. The presence of immigrants called 7578: 7138: 1643:

representative to the Legislative Assembly to defend the rights of Japanese and Japanese-Brazilians, and they chose Yukishige Tamura, who had already been elected councilman in 1947 in the

6432: 2193:. The Vargem Bonita region alone is responsible for 40% of the market supply in the Federal District and of the 67 farms there, 43 still belong to Japanese settlers and their descendants. 8759: 3310:. Persecuted and divided, the community realized that it should change its image both for Brazilian society and within the colony itself, and one of the ways chosen was through politics. 1920:, a white actor played a South Korean and had to use adhesive tape to change the shape of his eyes. The choice of white actors to play Japanese characters caused outrage on social media. 684: 675:

The reception was not particularly warm. Only one journalist praised the immigrants by saying that they were "clean", something not very common among Europeans at that time. The magazine

594:

that sank off the Japanese coast in 1803, who were rescued by a Russian warship that took them on their journey. On the return trip, the ship docked for repairs in the Desterro Port, now

5898: 2215: 1236: 900: 5664: 965:, president of the Brazilian Rural Society, spoke of defending the Brazilian "race" from undesirable immigrants, but did not place the Japanese in this category. In a speech, he said: 463:

Before, the Brazilian immigration policy was executed not only as a means to colonize, but also to "civilize" and "whitewash" the country with European population. The immigration of

432:

Due to the expansion of coffee plantations, which was the major driver of the Brazilian economy from the second half of the 19th century until the 1920s, there was a demand for cheap

8307: 575: 8253: 6698: 2299:

also excelled in ocean fishing in partnership with Japanese companies that began operating in Brazil. Under the influence of the Japanese, a species not known until then was called

6939: 6644: 1069:

cultivation, representing 39.2% of the total number of Japanese-Brazilians and an increase in so-called suburban crops, such as vegetables, fruits and poultry, representing 19.9%.

8738: 7051: 5642: 1116:

No suspicion of activities by Japanese-Brazilians against "national security" was ever confirmed. Despite this, in 1942, the Japanese colony that introduced pepper cultivation in

3541:. The institution maintains the Nipo-Brasileiro Hospital, which was founded in 1988 in commemoration of the 80th anniversary of Japanese immigration, with the presence of Prince 8224: 8058: 3458:, Japanese Catholics who lived underground when Catholicism became illegal in Japan. According to Rafael Shoji of the Institute for Religion and Culture at Nanzan University in 996: 6058: 2174: 937: 1872:

Oriental origin complain that they only get cartoonish and stereotypical Japanese roles, such as market vendors, pastry chefs, tech enthusiasts, martial arts practitioners or

962: 5598: 7088: 2642: 598:, on December 20, and remained there until February 4, 1804. There, the four Japanese recorded the life of the local population and the agricultural production of the time. 7549: 753:

1920s, Conde de Sarzedas Street was already known as the preferred place of residence for Japanese who were leaving the countryside. As the community grew, the surrounding

2009:

Throughout Brazil, there are more than 1.4 million people of Japanese origin, with the highest percentages found in the states of São Paulo (1.9%), Paraná (1.5%) and

8170: 7520: 2995:

World War II. Since the beginning of immigration, different literary manifestations have been developed in the community in the form of short stories, novels, and poems.

2206:

Since Brazil is a tropical country, Brazilian technicians and agronomists did not believe that it was possible to produce apples in the country, importing the fruit from

1057:

often the places were broken and set on fire. Participants in these actions shouted "death to the fifth column", a pejorative term used by the population to refer to the

6728: 6029: 3938: 3103:

and culture, which was suppressed for many years in Japan and, with the constant use of Japanese in everyday life, it went into decline. As the immigrant community from

876: 5542: 2125: 9115: 6493: 2665: 2303:, which later became known as "meca", originated the official dish of the city of Santos. Nowadays, many big businessmen in the fishing sector have Japanese ancestry. 2291:

especially the Cooperativa Mista de Pesca Nipo Brasileira and the Cooperativa de Pesca Atlântica de Santos, both founded in the 50s. Much of the fish was sent to the

9476: 1049:". From 1942, the government of Getúlio Vargas officially supported the United States in the war, making these inhabitants seen as "enemies" in Brazilian territory. 7904: 1077: 958: 499:

became one of the most prominent figures on the national political scene regarding his position against the entry of Asians into Brazil. This opinion was shared by

7739: 6821: 6580: 6133: 3969: 3369:

countries. With the help of Japanese-Brazilian politicians, many Japanese investments in Brazil could be realized, resulting in the creation of companies, such as

2097:

and development of several types of fruits and vegetables previously unknown in Brazil is remarkable; in total, they brought more than 50 types of food, including

1335: 691:

Japanese immigration does not seem to have produced the expected results. The first 781 immigrants, introduced under the contract of November 6, 1907, entered the

449: 8494: 5449: 3381: 2638: 1652: 6293: 2002:(excluding Pará) saw its Japanese population increase from 2,341 in 1960 (0.2% of the total population) to 54,161 (0.8%) in 2000. During the same period, in the 3321:

entered as candidates, and the lawyer Yukishigue Tamura became an alternate, but after the cassation of communist candidates, he got a seat, becoming the first

472: 6609: 4450: 3120:

Compared to the European immigrant groups, the miscegenation of the Japanese-Brazilians took more time to happen. Marriage with people of non-Japanese origin (

2956:, both in the interior of São Paulo, showed that the use of the Japanese language is being lost over the generations. The first generation born in Brazil, the 2622: 2245:, the Japanese did not give up on black pepper and fought the disease, but this opened the opportunity for them to start growing other tropical crops, such as 8278: 6757: 2157:

producers own 50% of the rural properties in this region. Currently, this Green Belt supplies the entire Metropolitan Region of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.

3621: 1907: 1734:

In 2008, there were about 300,000 Brazilians living in Japan legally, most of them working as laborers in industry. The cities with the most Brazilians are:

8543: 7806: 6881: 6244: 3306:

Japanese immigration through a constitutional amendment that failed by one vote and the Japanese-Brazilian community was divided over the events involving

2689: 1307: 1160: 496: 8199: 7773: 4593: 2173:

invited the first families to the region. According to the Federation of Nipo-Brazilian Associations of the Central-West, the main colonies are in Incra,

8643: 7586: 7146: 5088: 3648: 1914:", when actors are cast to play roles of an ethnic group to which they do not belong. This practice is nothing new at Rede Globo: in the 2014 soap opera 1288:

After the murder of the truck driver Pascoal de Oliveira by the Japanese truck driver Kababe Massame, after an argument, in July 1946, the population of

1212: 8027: 7167: 5737: 4556: 4400: 2128:, he summarizes the cooperative movement of the Japanese immigrants: "Thanks to their production methods, especially in the fruit and vegetable sector, 8515: 7875: 6911: 6323: 5712: 5042: 763: 5508: 3486:

Buddhism arrived in Brazil with the first Japanese immigrants, at a time when there was a movement against the arrival of non-Christian religious and

2964:

informants from Aliança and 41.5% of those from Fukuhaku said they spoke Japanese as children. In comparison, only 14.3% of the third generation, the

1089:

crisis. The situation only normalized years after the war, with the purchase of the bank by its former owners, once the institution was nationalized.

8709: 8332: 5358: 4925: 3820: 3598: 2203:, silk, peaches and strawberries; 99% of mint and tea; 80% of potatoes and vegetables; 70% of eggs; 50% of bananas; 40% of cotton and 20% of coffee. 1331: 6000: 5792: 5424: 799: 500: 6993: 6440: 2753: 2334: 538:

in Brazil, were the great ideologues of the "whitewashing" of the country. Oliveira Viana considered that "the Japanese like sulphur: insoluble".

5821: 4518: 3533:

in 1972, which aimed to offer social, moral and material assistance to immigrants who, in some way, present vulnerability and social risk. In the

6852: 3594: 3393: 3385: 2038:

with increasing influence of Chinese and Korean communities. The São Paulo municipalities with the largest population of Japanese-Brazilians are

1986: 1073:

driving motor vehicles, even if they were cabs, buses or trucks owned by them. Drivers hired by Japanese-Brazilians had to have a police permit.

987:

in 1937 sought to emphasize Brazilian nationalism by repressing the culture of immigrants who formed closed communities such as the Japanese and

775: 609: 8767: 8688: 7109: 6382: 4701:

XI Congresso Internacional de Estudos Japoneses no Brasil – XXIV Encontro de Professores Universitários de Língua, Literatura e Cultura Japonesa

9108: 7433: 1177: 7059: 6348: 6096: 3845: 2447:

Schools also played an active role in the history of the Japanese community in Brazil because, while Western communities, such as Germans and

2116:

In addition to the new technologies in agriculture developed by Japanese immigrants, another characteristic of Japanese-Brazilian farmers was

8842: 5010: 3331: 1181: 933: 8644:"Cerimônia de Entrega Oficial de Doação "Projeto de Aquisição de Mamógrafo para o Ambulatório Médico da Entidade Filantrópica de São Paulo"" 8232: 8066: 7254: 6964: 5672: 235:

officially began in 1908. Currently, Brazil is home to the largest population of Japanese origin outside Japan, with about 1.5 million

9433: 8311: 5268: 4119: 3413: 2933: 1259:

neighborhood, Rua dos Aflitos. Liberdade today is a multiethnic neighborhood that houses Japanese, Chinese, Korean and Taiwanese immigrants

262:. Consequently, June 18 was established as the national day of Japanese immigration. In 1973, the flow stopped almost completely after the 8257: 6706: 5866: 3436:

and Shintoists. In the Japanese colonies, there was the presence of Brazilian and Japanese priests to evangelize the immigrants. In 1923,

2975:

that disappeared in Japan, mainly due to the influence of the English language. For example, in the Japanese of Brazil, the archaic term "

2468:

data from 1995, 53% of Japanese-Brazilians of adult age had a university degree, while 9% of the rest of the Brazilian population had it.

9093: 6943: 6648: 3909: 3357: 1007:, which were the schools where the children of immigrants learned not only to read and write in Japanese, but to be and act as Japanese. 749:

immigrants spoke only Japanese at home, and many Brazilians of Japanese origin in rural areas still have difficulty speaking Portuguese.

439:

The first official visit to pursue a diplomatic trade agreement with Japan took place in 1880. On November 16 of that year, Vice Admiral

7462: 6786: 5478: 5203: 1076:

The assets of Japanese companies were confiscated and several Japanese-Brazilian companies were intervened, including the newly founded

345:

At the beginning of the 20th century, Japan was overpopulated. The country had been isolated from the world during the 265 years of the

9441: 7346: 7225: 6822:"Sociedade Brasileira de Cultura Japonesa e de Assistência Social (BUNKYO): sua importância e relação com a comunidade nipo-brasileira" 560:

and Colonization Law, which regularized the entry of all immigrants and definitively ended the restrictions of Decree No. 528 of 1890.

4750: 3476: 2629:. He got inspired to practice more after a group of Japanese swimmers, known as the "Flying Fish", which included world record holder 1731:(出稼ぎ), although the word in Japan includes all migrant workers, even Japanese from rural areas who go to work in large urban centers. 1264:

prepare their children to succeed in Brazilian society. To this end, many Japanese-Brazilians moved from the countryside to the city.

389:

and Mexico. The early 20th century also experienced large flows of Japanese emigration to colonize the newly conquered territories of

9101: 7709: 7528: 6069: 5609: 5382: 2166: 1694: 1200: 440: 8788: 5971: 4161: 249:) is a Brazilian citizen with Japanese ancestry. People born in Japan and living in Brazil are also considered Japanese-Brazilians. 9657: 9466: 9456: 9446: 8408: 9599: 6522: 6501: 3669:"O Brigadeiro Saito passa a ser o primeiro nikkei (descendente de japoneses) a ocupar o mais alto posto da Força Aérea Brasileira" 3561:

maintains other institutions that support the general population, such as the São Miguel Arcanjo Hospital, located in the city of

2991:, which means "language of the colony", and is commonly characterized by the Japanese as "an old Japanese mixed with Portuguese". 9835: 9504: 8383: 8130: 7607: 7557: 5232: 2410: 2053:. In Paraná, most Japanese-Brazilians live in the capital Curitiba, in populous municipalities in the north of the state such as 787: 6581:"Amazônia: pesquisa resgata a história da imigração japonesa e sua contribuição no cultivo de juta e pimenta-do-reino na região" 1881:

says that, since she has Japanese origins, her characters "were always stereotypical, funny" and that she "always appeared in a

1224: 1151:

was mocked. At the time, Emperor Hirohito was not only head of state, but also the central figure of Japan's official religion,

838:

The increase in immigration to Brazil was stimulated when the United States banned the entry of Japanese immigrants through the

9626: 9524: 9451: 8813: 8178: 5927: 3874: 2085:

Japanese immigrants improved the farming and fishing skills of Brazilians and helped spread food production techniques through

278: 7962: 7751: 6736: 6588: 6407: 6037: 3946: 3392:. Many Japanese descendants have distinguished themselves in Brazilian medicine, one of them being the cardiovascular surgeon 3325:

to become a councilor in the state of São Paulo. In 1951, Tamura was elected to the state legislature, and was also the first

10104: 9861: 9514: 9461: 8682: 5906: 281:, in a total of 46,801,772 Brazilians' names analyzed, 315,925 or 0.7% of them had the only or last name of Japanese origin. 8098: 7933: 4245: 2595:

in which Brazil has participated. After the 2012 Summer Olympics, judo became the sport that earned Brazil the most medals.

2515:

unit. After contacting the Japanese institute, he obtained authorization to bring the method to the country. In Brazil, the

2133:

initiatives". Another fundamental contribution that Japanese farmers brought to the country was the innovative technique of

1803:

The Liberdade neighborhood in the city of São Paulo represents an example of Japanese influence in Brazil, with several red

1084:, as it was where most immigrants invested the money from crops and commerce in the cities. However, during the war period, 9509: 9088: 8354: 7842: 3753: 553: 9678: 7196: 3255: 1256: 10089: 9519: 8461: 7991: 7912: 7807:"O Talian entre o Italiano-padrão e o português brasileiro: manutenção e substituicao linguística no alto Uruguai gaúcho" 5303: 4870: 4063: 2692:, who has played for Brazil at the Chess Olympics three times and is considered one of the most respected chess players. 1281:

and the anti-Japanese sentiment of the time caused several violent conflicts between Brazilians and Japanese-Brazilians.

1012: 8436: 6832: 6461: 3977: 3297: 2672:

became champion, and in 2001 and 2003 he was also vice-champion of Brazilian chess, besides representing the country in

944:

maximum of 2% of the total number of entrants of each nationality that had been received in the last 50 years. Only the

10094: 9621: 8547: 7404: 7375: 3562: 2960:, reported alternating between the use of Portuguese and Japanese. Regarding the use of Japanese at home, 64.3% of the 9609: 7283: 6669: 6301: 1040:

The second generation of Japanese in Brazil definitely gave up on returning to Japan, especially when the outbreak of

9647: 8959: 8931: 8203: 4672:"PRONUNCIAMENTO DO DEPUTADO CUNHA BUENO (PPB-SP), FEITO EM 18 DE JUNHO DE 2002, SOBRE A IMIGRAÇÃO JAPONESA AO BRASIL" 4006: 3405: 2731:. Another Japanese-Brazilian pioneer in soccer was Alexandre Carvalho Kaneko, better known as Kaneko, who played for 2344:

Besides ramie, another important crop for fiber production that had the Japanese as introducers and main growers was

7022: 6620: 4629: 2527: 2150: 1644: 924:

that proposed the need to "whitewashing" the Brazilian population. The great defender of these ideas was the doctor

452:

and the Japanese plenipotentiary Minister Sone Arasuke, allowing the introduction of Japanese immigrants in Brazil.

306:. Japanese-Brazilians who moved to Japan in search of work and settled there from the late 1980s onwards are called 201:

São Paulo, Paraná and Mato Grosso do Sul. Distributed throughout the national territory through internal migrations.

8618: 8286: 6765: 6189: 2275: 2121: 1660: 8519: 7684:"As línguas japonesa e portuguesa em duas comunidades nipo-brasileiras: a relação entre os domínios e as gerações" 4092: 9325: 5771:"A língua falada nas comunidades rurais nipo-brasileiras do estado de São Paulo – considerações sobre koronia-go" 4564: 3542: 2762: 2716: 2266:

In addition to the food brought by Japanese immigrants to Brazil, there is also the great expansion of Brazilian

1303:

Besides preferring the European immigrant, some Brazilian politicians proposed extremely anti-Japanese measures.

475:

determined that the entry of immigrants from Africa and Asia would be allowed only with the authorization of the

7317: 6889: 3705: 170: 10022: 9754: 9594: 9303: 8895: 8568: 2971:

The Japanese spoken in Brazil is different from that used in Japan. In Brazil, the language has preserved some

2491: 1656: 8654: 7817: 5096: 2482:

in Brazil was Professor Fukutaro Kato who, in 1958, published the first book of its kind in Brazil, entitled "

552:, was consulted and expressed his opposition to the project of receiving Japanese immigrants. He wrote to the 9731: 9320: 8034: 7175: 4671: 4411: 3597:

who was Minister of Health in the Sarney government. There was also the contribution of the medical inventor

2700: 2625:. Okamoto also broke Brazilian and South American records, and won two gold medals and a silver medal at the 948:

were excluded from this law. These measures did not affect the immigration of Europeans such as Italians and

7781: 6922: 6860: 6327: 5716: 5142: 2441: 2210:, until the Japanese agronomist Kenshi Ushirozawa demonstrated that it was conceivable to produce apples in 120: 9652: 9160: 9131: 8952:

O caminho que o dekassegui sonhou (dekassegui no yumê-ji) - cultura e subjetividade no movimento dekassegui

5457: 5064: 3389: 2704: 2661: 2190: 2186: 1698: 716: 508: 9123: 8713: 8340: 7168:"Conheça os maiores medalhistas brasileiros nos Jogos Pan-Americanos – Rede record – R7 Pan Toronto 2015»" 5745: 3606: 3479:, becoming the first Japanese-Brazilian to reach the rank of bishop within the Catholic Church in Brazil. 651:

is considered the first ship to arrive in Brazil with Japanese immigrants. The 52-day voyage began in the

6008: 5800: 5333: 3668: 3397: 3345: 2077:

origin of most Japanese immigrants, today about 90% of the Japanese-Brazilian community lives in cities.

2003: 1633:

services; one of the results of this would be the reduction of the value of washing a suit from 25 to 16

1348: 894:

Japanese immigrants waiting for accommodation at the Hospedaria dos Imigrantes in São Paulo (circa 1935).

721: 476: 9379: 8593: 7001: 5512: 1158:

Degrading reports about the Japanese were common in the Brazilian press during the World War II. At the

10047: 7262: 4191: 3441: 2383: 920:

The National Constituent Assembly of 1933 was the site of discussions of "scientific theses" of racial

815: 302: 9912: 2998:

After the World War II, descendants continued their studies in Brazilian schools with the presence of

2519:

method has about 100 thousand students and is one of the main brands of Japan in Brazilian education.

1690: 1289: 1194:

conducted a large-scale racist campaign against them – under the pretext of accusations of sabotage".

846:

it will be allowed, annually, in a number corresponding to 5% of the individuals existing in Brazil".

737:

the farms for five years, but poor conditions led to many of them leaving the farms in the same year.

542:

prices had recovered and the Brazilian government considered receiving Japanese immigrants again. The

10099: 6386: 4023: 3917: 3565:, founded in 2013. Other examples are the Guarulhos Orthopedic and Rehabilitation Clinic, located in 2494:

in 2002 as a facilitating tool in the process of inclusion of visually impaired students in schools.

1319: 929: 754: 683:

In the first group of immigrants in 1908, few were farmers, as reported by São Paulo State President

484: 7639: 7441: 6104: 4127: 2507:

method. In 1977, the first teaching unit with this methodology was inaugurated in South America, in

333: 9974: 9631: 9499: 6794: 6356: 3853: 2543:

The Japanese-Brazilians were responsible for the introduction and dissemination of sports such as:

2238: 621: 601:

When Law No. 97 became effective, in 1894, Japan sent Deputy Tadashi Nemoto to visit the states of

269:

Currently, there are approximately one million Japanese-Brazilians, mostly living in the states of

266:

immigration ship arrived; at that time, there were almost 200,000 Japanese settled in the country.

8850: 3796: 2591:. In judo, there has always been at least one Japanese-Brazilian medalist in every edition of the 444:

However, the treaty would only be signed three years later, on November 5, 1895, by the Brazilian

259: 9876: 9704: 9662: 9423: 6972: 5177: 4336:"Os filhos do império celeste: a imigração chinesa e sua incorporação à nacionalidade brasileira" 2626: 1713: 839: 549: 531: 512: 9362: 9052:

Ayumi (caminhos percorridos): memorial da imigração japonesa : Curitiba e litoral do Paraná

5276: 4519:"A imigração Japonesa no contexto das relações de trabalho em São Paulo no começo do século XX1" 2326:

plantations in Brazil since 1884, the largest production of this crop took place in the city of

1314:" (English: For the future of the homeland – Let's avoid the "Japanization" of Brazil). Senator 870:

One of the last large arrivals of Japanese immigrants at the Port of Santos (year 1937 or 1938).

544: 10002: 9726: 8874: 8086: 7117: 5874: 3424: 2211: 504: 325: 9866: 6266: 4303: 3585:, the Amazônia de Quatro-Bocas Hospital in Tomé-Açu, and the Social Rehabilitation Center, in 2699:

in soccer is marked by innovations and appearances in great teams, as well as call-ups in the

1315: 158: 10017: 10012: 9917: 9871: 9714: 9534: 7470: 6324:"A CULTURA JAPONESA E A FESTA DO OVO COMO ATRATIVO TURÍSTICO PARA O MUNICÍPIO DE BASTOS – SP" 5486: 5211: 3029:

Foreigners and naturalized Brazilians who preferably spoke the native language (1940 census)

535: 8134: 7615: 7354: 7233: 3605:

respirator in 1955. In 2005, he received the Finep Inventor Innovator Trophy from President

3472: 2348:. The pioneer of this project was the deputy Tsukasa Uyetsuka, who saw the potential of the 940:, from Ceará. Together, they called for an end to the immigration of "aboriginal Japanese". 9892: 9845: 9809: 9529: 9484: 9413: 9408: 9400: 9165: 4758: 3452:

process was opened in 2002. Monsignor Domingos Nakamura was part of the descendants of the

3401: 2787:

players born in Brazil, but who were called up to the Japan National Football Team such as

2772: 2685: 2630: 2618: 2588: 2580: 2572: 2214:

with superior quality to the imported ones. Based on the experience of Santa Catarina, the

2162: 1999: 1297: 564: 425: 7843:"Os descendentes que preservaram no Brasil uma língua que quase não se fala mais no Japão" 7717: 5979: 5935: 4315: 4169: 3616:

psychiatrists who have become prominent in the area in which they work in Brazil, such as

2292: 1347:

rejecting the amendment. By just one vote, Japanese immigration was not prohibited by the

705: 270: 8: 9953: 9922: 9897: 9794: 9736: 9709: 9694: 9604: 9489: 9386: 9357: 8989:

Negociando a Identidade Nacional: Imigrantes, Minorias e a Luta pela Etnicidade no Brasil

8792: 6212: 3633: 2796: 1747: 730: 608:

A significant group willing to establish a colony arrived in Brazil only in 1907. Led by

456: 242: 8971:

Antes do Kasato Maru... Centenário da Colônia Agrícola Japonesa da Fazenda Santo Antônio

8419: 3586: 3499: 3384:

in 1969, who was Ministry of Trade and Industry in the Médici government. In the 1970s,

2941:

or descendants said they could read Japanese and 43% said they could write in Japanese.

2511:, after a visit to Japan by a Brazilian of Japanese descent, who was impressed to see a 1135:". A Japanese-Brazilian felt much more offended when Emperor Hirohito was mocked than a 421: 10029: 9949: 9943: 9927: 9907: 9840: 9589: 9494: 9391: 7941: 6530: 5240: 4499: 3104: 2800: 2592: 2259: 2010: 1751: 1635: 1144: 1113:, the Japanese had to have a pass granted at the discretion of the police authorities. 1061:. In rural areas, looting and destruction occurred and animals were frequently killed. 468: 406: 351: 8924:

Matizes do "amarelo". A gênese dos discursos sobre os orientais no Brasil (1878–1908)"

8884:

Silva, Fernando Teixeira; Naxara, Márcia Regina Capelari; Camilotti, Virginia (2003).

8387: 4985: 3289:

live in urban areas and tend to assimilate Brazilian customs more than Japanese ones.

3133:

For a long time, marriages among immigrants occurred through a Japanese custom called

2049:

Other important centers of Japanese-Brazilian presence are Paraná, Rio de Janeiro and

1016:

Japanese community, since much of it did not even understand the Portuguese language.

9964: 9814: 9804: 9719: 9616: 9418: 8955: 8927: 8901: 8891: 8678: 7204: 4696: 4002: 3882: 3468: 3454: 3100: 2767: 2669: 2390: 2349: 2134: 1994: 1136: 945: 590:

The first Japanese to land on Brazilian territory were four crew members of the ship

467:

was practically prohibited in 1890. In that year, Decree No. 528 signed by President

428:(center), responsible for organizing the first trip of Japanese immigrants to Brazil. 236: 8821: 4841: 4732: 4715: 2234: 1668: 984: 274: 10034: 9969: 9959: 9902: 9819: 9799: 9769: 9563: 9548: 9218: 9183: 7970: 6411: 5118: 4727: 4491: 4451:"Exposição resgata a história de Ryo Mizuno, o pai da imigração japonesa no Brasil" 4311: 3638: 3581:

is an institution created in 1965 that maintains the Amazônia Hospital, located in

3483:

Buddhism and Shintoism, in the name of greater integration into Brazilian society.

2792: 2788: 2653:, Mariana Katsuno, Raquel Takaya, Cristiane Oda Nakama, Celina Endo, among others. 2422: 2371: 1896: 1755: 1739: 1165: 1148: 1110: 517: 2712: 1327: 1292:, in the interior of the state of São Paulo, which was already upset with the two 595: 10007: 9699: 9272: 9257: 8440: 8106: 7850: 4256: 2634: 2341:, ramie production declined and farmers in the region sought to diversify crops. 2338: 2267: 2218:

organized and implemented a settlement of rural producers in the municipality of

2170: 2106: 2094: 2039: 1743: 1709: 1306:

During the 1946 National Constituent Assembly, an amendment No. 3165 proposed by

1085: 992: 671:, which brought the first Japanese immigrants to Brazil, 1908. National Archives. 445: 9083: 8362: 8308:"A umbanda no Japão e a busca pela ressignificação da vida dos nipo-brasileiros" 3761: 2949: 2758: 2604: 9204: 7081:"Vela e judô prometem disputa por topo no quadro de medalhas do Brasil em 2016" 6677: 4878: 4246:"O centenário do Tratado de Amizade, Comércio e Navegação entre Brasil e Japão" 3373:, and the implementation of industries of the most diverse segments in Brazil. 2673: 2650: 2614: 2584: 2436: 2379: 2370:

viable in that region. In 1935, Uyetsuka obtained funds from companies such as

2247: 1916: 1890:

Artists, activists and entities of the Japanese community especially criticize

1273:, a terrorist organization formed by Japanese-Brazilians, emerged and murdered 999:

admit the existence of this wealth, but do not officially comment on the fact.

882:

Train carrying Japanese immigrants from Santos to the city of São Paulo (1935).

656: 523: 410: 8622: 8465: 7999: 5665:"Escolha de Luís Melo para viver japonês em novela causa indignação nas redes" 5311: 4071: 3546: 2576: 2226:

the State of São Paulo. Today, Brazil is a major melon producer and exporter.

2219: 10083: 10061: 9004: 8735:"Bazar beneficente arrecada donativos para casa de repouso que atende idosos" 8087:

Legislative Assembly of São Paulo & Historical Collection Division (1988)

6469: 5409: 3782: 3643: 3589:, which is a retirement home that serves more than a hundred elderly people. 3449: 3409: 2681: 2448: 2230: 2196: 2090: 1808: 1269: 1252: 1127:

Popular irreverence was encouraged with Carnival marches that mocked Emperor

1117: 9043:

A imigração japonesa no Amazonas à luz da Teoria das Relações Internacionais

8905: 7412: 7383: 6190:"Colonização japonesa em Santa Catarina: metamorfoses na imigração tutelada" 5713:"Nipo-brasileiros estão mais presentes no Norte e no Centro-Oeste do Brasil" 3999:

Resistência & integração : 100 anos de imigração japonesa no Brasil

3617: 2229:

In the agricultural area, the introduction of black pepper in the region of

1052:

The 1940s was the worst decade for the Japanese-Brazilian community, as the

1003:

to communicate. In the same year, the government ordered the closure of the

10073: 9368: 8279:"Júlio Akamine é nomeado primeiro bispo com ascendência japonesa do Brasil" 7492:"Corinthians vira tema de reportagem no Japão com ex-ponta da década de 60" 7291: 6001:"Japoneses criaram o cinturão verde em São Paulo – Centenario da Imigração" 5569:"Globo favorece atores ocidentais em núcleo japonês de nova novela das 18h" 4475: 4435:

Barbosa, Muryatan S. (2001). "Identidade nacional e ideologia racialista".

3730:"Centenário da Imigração Japonesa – Conte sua história : Sabrina Sato" 2748: 2568: 2535: 2531:

Hugo Hoyama, the second athlete with the most medals in Pan American Games.

2178: 2102: 1902: 1878: 1863: 1784: 1721: 1344: 1140: 1041: 1035: 925: 855: 652: 464: 398: 8875:

Legislative Assembly of São Paulo; Historical Collection Division (1988).

8572: 7905:"Casamentos nipo-brasileiros adaptam e resgatam tradições dos dois países" 5770: 3706:"Sebo Temático: Histórias da Arte « Catraca Livre – São Paulo Grátis" 2365:) to train specialists in colonization work. These students were known as 574:

The contract between Ryo Mizuno and the Secretary of Agriculture Affairs,

146: 8885: 7030: 3729: 3339: 2608: 2117: 2086: 1779: 1442:

Distribution of immigrants from Japan, natural and Brazilian – 1940/1950

1323: 1046: 824: 642: 371: 254: 222: 134: 9225: 3516: 3301:

Fábio Riodi Yassuda was the first Nikkei to become a minister in Brazil.

2456:

the Japanese, 71.36% among the Italians and 51.7% among the Portuguese.

2426:

Inauguration of a multipurpose hall at the Japanese-Brazilian School in

9278: 9154: 7521:"Há 42 anos, ex-ponta Kaneko dava "Lençol Psicodélico" em jogo na Vila" 7052:"Modalidade que mais dá medalhas ao Brasil, judô celebra data especial" 4503: 4479: 4401:"História da discriminação brasileira contra os japoneses sai do limbo" 3122: 3015:

emerged. Later, in 1985, the three entities joined to form the current

2684:, in 2005; Fier was Brazilian vice-champion in 2011. In women's chess, 2646: 2611:, who are among the top ten Brazilian medalists at Pan American Games. 2560: 2460:

Japanese-Brazilians began to incorporate Brazilian academic curricula.

2129: 2110: 2050: 1841: 1829:

restaurants, karaoke establishments and supermarkets where you can buy

1340: 1186: 1097: 978: 346: 34: 9170: 8516:"Enkyo lança pedra fundamental do novo hospital em São Miguel Arcanjo" 6940:"A participação de atletas nikkeis brasileiros na Olimpíada de Pequim" 5635:"Em 'Viver a Vida', Daniele Suzuki definitivamente abandona o quimono" 3875:"U.S. State Department – International Religious Freedom Report, 2007" 2054: 1184:, the country's most famous journalist-photographer duo, published in 970: 9374: 7579:"Recepção ao novo embaixador do Japão Umeda, laços que se fortalecem" 7325: 7139:"Conheça os maiores medalhistas brasileiros nos Jogos Pan-Americanos" 6267:"Fundada por imigrantes japoneses, Bastos vive como "capital do ovo"" 3566: 3437: 3263: 2780: 2732: 2728: 2720: 2465: 2427: 2354: 2207: 2098: 1911: 1836: 1763: 1735: 1173: 1155:, and was worshipped at domestic altars as a descendant of the gods. 949: 613: 556:

warning about the danger of Brazilians mixing with "inferior races".

433: 367: 366:

allowed an intense project of modernization and expansion during the

9244: 6294:"Produtores de ovos de SP reforçam atenção com os custos do negócio" 5509:"Atores Nikkeis: Nipo-descendentes contam experiências na profissão" 4926:"Cerca de 30 milhões de pessoas vivem no campo desde 1940, diz IBGE" 4495: 3462:, this group was very important for the "conversion of Japanese and 2983:" (English: bathroom). However, in Japan this word was replaced by " 2814:

Japanese language skills of individuals from Brazil living in Japan

2633:, visited Brazil. Other prominent Nikkei in Brazilian swimming are: 757:

became a Japanese neighborhood with typical stores and restaurants.

58: 9198: 9061:

Produção acadêmica sobre a imigração e a cultura japonesa no Brasil

8597: 8059:"Yanai deixa cadeira de Goellner e garante que já mostrou trabalho" 3821:"Censo 2010: população asiática no Brasil cresceu 177% em dez anos" 3445: 3433: 3370: 2948:

Another survey conducted in the Japanese communities of Aliança in

2776: 2548: 2508: 2283: 2253: 2242: 2058: 1891: 1813: 1727: 1725:

of better job opportunities. These Brazilian migrants are known as

1128: 921: 488: 308: 191:~2.084 million descendants (1.09% of the Brazilian population) 6160:"As ceasas brasileiras e o negócio de frutas e hortaliças frescas" 5928:"A contribuição japonesa para a economia local desde o século XIX" 3582: 3428:

A Japanese-Brazilian girl during a Shinto celebration in Curitiba.

2062: 1831: 1783:

Sculpture in honor of 100 years of Japanese immigration by artist

625: 520:

sanctioned Law No. 97, allowing Asian immigrants to enter Brazil.

9284: 9234: 9191: 9016:

A imigração japonesa para a lavoura cafeeira paulista (1908–1922)

5693: 4834:"Segunda Guerra Mundial: os bens confiscados e jamais devolvidos" 2972: 2680:

who became Brazilian chess champion in the absolute category was

2552: 2473: 2309: 2165:

had the idea of "importing" Japanese families to the region, and

2029:

high level of education of this group. While in 1958, 56% of the

2018: 2014: 1867:

Daniele Suzuki is Brazil's best-known Japanese-Brazilian actress.

1825: 1804: 988: 629: 108: 9176: 6645:"Vale da Seda inaugura sua primeira loja com produtos 100% seda" 6349:"Maiores municípios produtores de ovos do Brasil segundo o IBGE" 5425:"Um século depois, influência japonesa torna-se parte do Brasil" 4697:"BUSCANDO AS ORIGENS DOS KÔTAKUSEI: PERFIL, PLANO E REALIZAÇÕES" 2736: 2327: 2066: 1343:, who was presiding over the constituent session, exercised the 851: 46: 9135: 8157:

Domingos Chohachi Nakamura: O Apóstolo dos Imigrantes Japoneses

5535:"Atores descendentes de japoneses tentam fugir de estereótipos" 3459: 3109: 2953: 2544: 2375: 2043: 1883: 1152: 394: 356: 296: 84: 7876:"UM ESTUDO SOBRE OS JAPONESES E SEUS DESCENDENTES EM CURITIBA" 7640:"Permanentemente temporário: dekasseguis brasileiros no Japão" 6322:

Lebrão, Ana Carolina Vieira; Hanada, Thais; Bomtempo, Denise.

5822:"Semana da Cultura Japonesa vai até dia 18 no Norte Sul Plaza" 2656:

There is also significant Japanese-Brazilian participation in

2389:

Although silk was already produced in Brazil since the era of

241:(日系), term used to refer to Japanese and their descendants. A 96: 70: 9211: 8760:"Kentaro Takaoka (1919–2010) – Médico anestesista e inventor" 8225:"Pastoral nipo-brasileira celebra seu 50º congresso nacional" 4751:"A política brasileira de branqueamento – uma visão jurídica" 3338:

to assume the position of senator, representing the state of

2927: 2657: 2556: 2503: 2323: 2200: 1819: 1673: 932:) supported by other medical deputies such as the sanitarian 602: 390: 337:

Poster advertising the immigration of Japanese to Brazil and

290: 6126:"Brasília 'importou' japoneses para impulsionar agricultura" 3099:

Brazil has also become a stronghold for the preservation of

2937:, schools where they learned to read and write in Japanese. 2386:, leading Brazil to self-sufficiency in jute fiber in 1952. 2006:

it increased from 3,582 to 66,119 (0.7% of the population).

258:

arrived in the country bringing 781 workers to farms in the

8254:"Bento XVI nomeia bispos auxiliares de São Paulo e Vitória" 5899:"Quais alimentos foram trazidos ao Brasil pelos japoneses?" 4192:"Resumo Histórico sobre as Emigrações Japonesas, 1868–1998" 3487: 3135: 2564: 2345: 2337:

became known as the "king of ramie". With competition from

1847: 720:

Passport photograph of Masataro Yamada and his wife, 1919.

386: 338: 8487:"Hospital de São Miguel Arcanjo é inaugurado neste sábado" 5599:"PRECONCEITO E ESTEREÓTIPOS NA TELEDRAMATURGIA BRASILEIRA" 5359:"Primeiros dekasseguis não querem voltar a morar no Japão" 3797:"Fernanda Takai "despertou" para idioma japonês já adulta" 3754:"Modelo nikkei mostra talento na passarela e nos negócios" 2739:, and is considered the "father" of the dribbling called " 2617:

won the first Olympic medal for Brazilian swimming at the

2539:

Poliana Okimoto, Olympic, World and Pan-American medalist.

2471:

Immigrants were also responsible for the insertion of the

1312:

Para o futuro da pátria – Evitemos a niponização do Brasil

1277:

who believed in Japanese defeat. The murders committed by

8409:"Médicos celebram o Centenário Brasil-Japão em Congresso" 7665:"Na hora de casar, nikkei busca nikkei, mostra Datafolha" 6237:"Alheia à crise, exportação de açaí do Pará bate recorde" 4900:"Estudo revela 60 anos de transformações sociais no país" 3262:

intention of getting married, even without knowing their

2430:, Paraná. The work was funded by the Japanese government. 1322:

to vote in favor of amendment 3165, and deputies such as

854:

with Japanese immigrants attracted by the cultivation of

211:

Portuguese, and a minority of descendants speak Japanese.

6188:

Martinello, André Souza; Carvalho, Ely Bergo de (2011).

5597:

Andrade, Larissa Pamela de; Magnoni, Antônio Francisco.

7774:"Breve história do ensino de língua japonesa no Brasil" 5383:"Número de brasileiros no Japão cai 4,2%, para 177.953" 769:

Japanese immigrants going to the coffee harvest, 1930s.

687:

in his message to the São Paulo State Congress in 1909:

9005:

São Paulo Museum of Art; Banco América do Sul (1988).

5867:"São Paulo, o algodão e o japonês na década de trinta" 4785:"Japoneses trouxeram 'diamante negro' para a Amazônia" 3352:

in Mogi das Cruzes. It was inaugurated in 2008 by the

3317:, municipal elections were held again. That year, the 2161:

brought in from other regions. As a result, President

10045: 6912:"OPERAÇÕES MATEMÁTICAS COM O SOROBAN (ÁBACO JAPONÊS)" 6699:"Seda brasileira, 'a melhor do mundo', está ameaçada" 5972:"Federação das Cooperativas Agrícolas de Colonização" 5233:"COMÉRCIO JAPONÊS: O surgimento das casas comerciais" 4304:"Colonização, imigração e a questão racial no Brasil" 819:

Japanese immigrant passport, 1921. National Archives.

636: 582:

published a note opposing the entry of the Japanese.

8883: 6552:"Koutakuseis: uma comemoração histórica aos 80 anos" 6523:"Imigrantes japoneses na região amazônica – Parte 1" 5410:

São Paulo Museum of Art, Banco América do Sul (1988)

4226: 3686: 548:

of the first Brazilian diplomatic mission in Japan,

7738:Bolognini, Carmen Zink; Payer, Maria Onice (2005). 3649:

Historical Museum of Japanese Immigration in Brazil

3145:Distribution of Japanese-Brazilians in generations 2603:reference for a new generation of players, such as 969:I know like no one else the value of the Japanese. 252:This process began on June 18, 1908, when the ship 8674:Amazônia: meio ambiente e desenvolvimento agrícola 6187: 5956:"Um centenário difícil, mas de boas influências". 5063:Duarte, Alexandre; Garattoni, Bruno (2020-02-18). 4586:"Livro contesta aniversário da imigração japonesa" 3525:Associação de Assistência aos Imigrantes Japoneses 1334:firmly supported the opposite position. Rep. José 8710:"Hospital Amazônia em Belém, Endereço e Telefone" 7463:"Simultânea com MI Edson Tsuboi no SESC Ipiranga" 3557:In addition to the Nipo-Brasileiro Hospital, the 3005:Federação das Escolas de Ensino Japonês no Brasil 2287:developments that led to increased productivity. 2241:. Even though their plantations were attacked by 1218:Japanese immigrants with their potato plantation. 810: 711: 416: 315: 10081: 8915:Pequena história da imigração japonesa no Brasil 6321: 3126:) was not accepted by most Japanese immigrants ( 2727:", which was later perfected and popularized by 2357:, now called Vila Amazônia, and established the 1845:, has been adapted into a Japanese version with 1667:majority of families who moved to São Paulo and 915: 781:Japanese immigrants tending a coffee plantation. 226:A small proportion follow Buddhism and Shintoism 7682:Ota, Junko; Gardenal, Luiz Maximiliano Santin. 7284:"Porto Alegre 1990 – 57° Campeonato Brasileiro" 7110:"Influência Nikkei no Tênis de Mesa Brasileiro" 5062: 3388:became Minister of Mines and Energy during the 320: 7737: 5334:"As dez cidades com mais brasileiros no Japão" 4526:XXII Encontro Estadual de História da ANPUH-SP 1931:Distribution of Japanese-Brazilians by states 1858: 1206:Japanese immigrants clearing untouched forest. 9109: 9089:Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation 6787:"Valores impulsionam alunos nipo-brasileiros" 6758:"Escola Nipo-Brasileira ganha salão multiuso" 6030:"Clima ameno atraiu nikkei a Mogi das Cruzes" 4093:"DERRUBADA DO XOGUNATO E A RESTAURAÇÃO MEIJI" 2478:logical reasoning. The first disseminator of 2013:(1.4%). The lowest percentages were found in 1704: 507:. In 1892, there were several debates in the 9070:Conde Koma – O invencível yondan da história 4986:"A história da sede do Banco América do Sul" 4950:"DECRETO-LEI Nº 383, DE 18 DE ABRIL DE 1938" 1839:. Even the most famous Brazilian drink, the 1285:characteristics of their European ancestry. 487:in 1241, and the second being Italy against 9050:Seto, Cláudio; Uyeda, Maria Helena (2011). 8949: 8339:. No. 2182. 2011-09-02. Archived from 5844: 5338:Blog do AERU – Guia de Gastronomia Japonesa 4670:Bueno, Antônio Henrique Bittencourt Cunha. 2754:Campeonato Brasileiro de Seleções Estaduais 2747:". Ademir Ueta, known as China, played for 1172:, where the inmates were exhibited as in a 1096:At the time of the World War II, the term " 850:Japanese-Brazilian communities appeared in 9116: 9102: 6462:"Rami e japoneses contam história de Uraí" 5596: 5506: 5035:"Paraná também teve campo de concentração" 4628:Oliveira, Alexandre Lima de (2020-04-16). 4398: 4334:Lima, Silvio Cezar de Souza (2021-01-10). 4021: 3970:"História da Imigração Japonesa no Brasil" 3505:Beneficência Nipo-Brasileira de São Paulo. 2771:, and was called up to participate in the 1357:Japanese immigration to Brazil by periods 277:. According to a 2016 survey published by 9049: 8977: 5331: 4731: 4613: 4290: 3559:Beneficência Nipo-Brasileira de São Paulo 3530:Beneficência Nipo-Brasileira de São Paulo 1080:, which played an important role for the 700:Only on June 28, 1910, another ship, the 9067: 9013: 8200:"Centro de Pesquisas Monsenhor Nakamura" 7963:"As noivas que atravessaram o Atlântico" 7902: 5710: 5116: 5008: 4627: 4301: 3692: 3579:Beneficência Nipo-Brasileira da Amazônia 3545:and the then President of the Republic, 3498: 3444:(1856–1940), a priest of the Diocese of 3423: 3344: 3296: 3009:Sociedade Brasileira de Cultura Japonesa 2534: 2526: 2421: 2061:, and in smaller municipalities such as 1862: 1794:Antônio Henrique Bittencourt Cunha Bueno 1778: 1708: 1251: 814: 715: 667:Front Page of the Passenger List of the 662: 420: 332: 324: 9022: 8982:. São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo. 8538: 8536: 8462:"Histórico do Hospital Nipo-Brasileiro" 8125: 8123: 8022: 8020: 8018: 8016: 7898: 7896: 7894: 7892: 7869: 7867: 7814:Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul 7800: 7798: 7772:Morales, Leiko Matsubara (2009-06-09). 7771: 7704: 7702: 7700: 7681: 7659: 7657: 7634: 7632: 7312: 7310: 7308: 6847: 6845: 6815: 6813: 6811: 6488: 6486: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6265:Galvão, Vinícius Queiroz (2008-06-22). 5532: 5450:"Drink recipes: Caipisake or sakerinha" 5356: 4983: 4516: 4474: 4434: 3527:was founded, which changed its name to 3350:Centennial Park of Japanese Immigration 2411:United States Department of Agriculture 2359:Escola Superior de Colonização do Japão 2141:producers from all over Latin America. 1697:(ITA) and 12% of those selected at the 284:The descendants of Japanese are called 10082: 9084:Museum of Japanese Immigration website 9058: 8995: 8986: 8154: 7873: 6433:"Japão dobra presença no PR em 5 anos" 6288: 6286: 6264: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6091: 6089: 5893: 5891: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5764: 5762: 5663:Amaral, Denise Meira do (2016-07-18). 5662: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5419: 5417: 5405: 5403: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5165: 5161: 5159: 5143:"Do sol nascente aos tristes trópicos" 4923: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4821: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4745: 4743: 4713: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4114: 4112: 2719:and is considered the inventor of the 2501:in Brazil was the introduction of the 1993:In 2008, IBGE published a book on the 1695:Technological Institute of Aeronautics 805:Japanese warehouse in São Paulo, 1940. 696:on whose properties they were located. 16:Migration movement in the 20th century 9097: 8968: 8943:Shindô Renmei: terrorismo e repressão 8940: 8921: 8912: 8877:Os nikkeis na Assembléia de São Paulo 8677:. Serviço de Produção de Informação. 8670: 8651:Consulado Geral do Japão em São Paulo 6882:"As primeiras escolas dos imigrantes" 6494:"Koutakuseis – Os guerreiros da juta" 5632: 5301: 5065:"Os campos de concentração no Brasil" 4972: 4868: 4623: 4621: 4554: 4543: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4517:Almeida, Gustavo H. Gomes de (2014). 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4316:10.11606/issn.2316-9036.v0i53p117-149 4286: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4214: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4061: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4025:SOBRENOMES E ANCESTRALIDADE NO BRASIL 3964: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3939:"DIA NACIONAL DA IMIGRAÇÃO JAPONESA!" 3903: 3901: 3899: 2783:. There is also the participation of 2120:. In a statement given by the former 1671:had few resources and were headed by 1330:did so. At the other extreme, Deputy 8533: 8120: 8013: 7889: 7864: 7840: 7795: 7697: 7654: 7629: 7434:"Entrevista com a WFM Juliana Terao" 7305: 6842: 6808: 6483: 6408:"Pesca santista... profissional (3)" 6370: 6210: 5864: 4333: 4243: 4189: 3432:The Japanese immigrants were mostly 3017:Centro Brasileiro de Língua Japonesa 300:, and their great-grandchildren are 196:Regions with significant populations 9041:Sá, Michele Eduarda Brasil (2010). 9031: 9007:Vida e arte dos japoneses no Brasil 8671:Homma, Alfredo Kingo Oyama (1998). 8569:"Assistência Médica Móvel (Junkai)" 7804: 7023:"Judô Nacional Galeria de Campeões" 6909: 6726: 6283: 6147: 6086: 5888: 5849: 5790: 5768: 5759: 5556: 5507:Minatogawa, Henrique (2014-07-14). 5414: 5400: 5290: 5254: 5189: 5156: 5089:"Os imigrantes expulsos do litoral" 4855: 4802: 4772: 4740: 4646: 4555:Gomes, Marcelo Abreu (2008-06-01). 4227:Silva, Naxara & Camilotti (2003 4109: 3414:Secretariat of Social Communication 2904:Great-grandchildren and subsequent 2765:for Palmeiras, participated in the 2317: 2151:Institute of Agricultural Economics 1013:Estrada de Ferro Noroeste do Brasil 793:Japanese immigrants sifting coffee. 455:Japan, which had only opened up to 13: 9040: 8843:"Biografia de Roberto Shinyashiki" 8594:"Fundação Mitsui Bussan do Brasil" 7934:"Negócios com a "raça brasileira"" 7440:. 24 February 2012. Archived from 7226:"Medalhas o Brasil no Pan de 1951" 6965:"De A a Z – 100 legados japoneses" 6819: 5738:"IBGE traça perfil dos imigrantes" 5117:Kawakami, Alexandre (2014-06-04). 4618: 4532: 4399:Suzuki Jr., Matinas (2008-04-20). 4357: 4322: 4273: 4232: 4162:"Cronologia da Imigração Japonesa" 4141: 4042: 3953: 3907: 3896: 2735:at the time of great players like 2069:, but with a higher percentage of 685:Manuel Joaquim de Albuquerque Lins 637:Early days of official immigration 585: 14: 10116: 9077: 8887:República, liberalismo, cidadania 8384:"O Dōjinkai e o Hospital Japonês" 7197:"O inesquecível Tetsuo – Parte I" 6910:Azevedo, Orlando César Siade de. 6729:"OS HERÓIS DA IMIGRAÇÃO JAPONESA" 4669: 3783:"Yudi é descendente de japoneses" 3256:Legislative Assembly of São Paulo 2662:Brazilian absolute chess champion 2216:Agricultural Cooperative of Cotia 2122:Minister of Agriculture of Brazil 1769: 620:, in the current municipality of 10067: 10055: 9125: 9034:A língua japonesa dos imigrantes 9014:Nogueira, Arlinda Rocha (1973). 8835: 8806: 8781: 8752: 8727: 8702: 8664: 8636: 8611: 8586: 8561: 8508: 8479: 8454: 8429: 8401: 8376: 8347: 8325: 8300: 8271: 8246: 8217: 8192: 8163: 8148: 8091: 8080: 8051: 7984: 7955: 7926: 7903:Morisawa, Mariane (2008-09-11). 7834: 7765: 7731: 7675: 7600: 7571: 7542: 7513: 7484: 7455: 7426: 7397: 7368: 7339: 7276: 7255:"A natação e a colônia japonesa" 7247: 7218: 7189: 7160: 7131: 7102: 7073: 7044: 7015: 6986: 6957: 6932: 6903: 6874: 6779: 6750: 6720: 6691: 6662: 6637: 6602: 6573: 6544: 6515: 6454: 6425: 6400: 5533:Boeckel, Cristina (2008-06-01). 5332:Rodriguez, Sheila (2017-04-02). 5011:"Os espiões de Hitler no Brasil" 3115: 1235: 1223: 1211: 1199: 899: 887: 875: 863: 798: 786: 774: 762: 528:Populações Meridionais do Brasil 524:Francisco José de Oliveira Viana 450:Gabriel de Toledo Piza e Almeida 169: 157: 145: 133: 119: 107: 95: 83: 69: 57: 45: 33: 8978:Gonçalves, Paulo Cezar (2008). 8868: 6994:"Origem do beisebol brasileiro" 6341: 6315: 6258: 6229: 6204: 6181: 6118: 6051: 6022: 5993: 5964: 5949: 5920: 5838: 5814: 5784: 5730: 5704: 5686: 5656: 5626: 5590: 5526: 5500: 5471: 5442: 5375: 5350: 5325: 5225: 5179:Brasil – 500 anos de povoamento 5170: 5135: 5110: 5081: 5056: 5027: 5002: 4977: 4966: 4942: 4917: 4892: 4826: 4733:10.1590/S0103-40142006000200009 4707: 4695:Sá, Michele Eduarda Brasil de. 4688: 4607: 4578: 4548: 4510: 4480:"Japanese Emigration to Brazil" 4468: 4443: 4428: 4295: 4220: 4208: 4183: 4085: 4015: 3991: 3931: 3867: 3846:"Adital – Brasileiros no Japão" 2822:Level of knowledge of Japanese 2763:CONMEBOL Pre-Olympic Tournament 2717:Sport Club Corinthians Paulista 1923: 1029: 833:Kokushikan Kôtô Takushoku Gakkô 329:Japanese postage stamp in 1958. 8333:"A crise do budismo no Brasil" 6097:"Imigração Japonesa no Brasil" 5357:Pereira, Liésio (2005-05-25). 4694: 4630:"IMIGRAÇÃO JAPONESA AO BRASIL" 4120:"Razões da Imigração Japonesa" 3910:"Imigração Japonesa no Brasil" 3838: 3813: 3789: 3775: 3746: 3722: 3698: 3661: 3313:In 1947, after the end of the 3003:and organizations such as the 2775:; he also played for teams in 2185:farmers in the rural areas of 1939:Japanese-Brazilian population 1900:, in 2016, for the soap opera 1693:, 16% of those who passed the 1657:Ministry of Trade and Industry 1645:Municipal Chamber of São Paulo 1242:Family of Japanese immigrants. 1230:Family of Japanese immigrants. 995:, and the institution and the 811:The great Japanese immigration 712:Difficulties of the early days 526:, author of the classic book " 417:Need for immigration in Brazil 316:History of Japanese immigrants 233:Japanese immigration in Brazil 1: 9025:O Súdito: (Banzai, Massateru) 8969:Gomes, Marcelo Abreu (2008). 8950:Galimbertti, Antonio (2002). 8171:"Portugueses do sol nascente" 7405:"Torino 2006 – 37ª Olimpiada" 5711:Bianconi, Nara (2008-06-27). 5633:Trigo, Mariana (2010-04-05). 4954:Chamber of Deputies of Brazil 4924:Araújo, Glauco (2010-11-29). 4838:Chamber of Deputies of Brazil 4255:(28): 245–250. Archived from 4190:Azum, Eiichiro (2014-02-28). 4022:Monasterio, Leonardo (2016). 3654: 3412:took over as minister of the 3013:Aliança Cultural Brasil-Japão 2749:Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras 2668:in 1990. The following year, 2484:O Soroban pelo Método Moderno 1894:. According to the newspaper 1124:living in the United States. 997:National Treasury Secretariat 916:Nationalism in the Vargas era 576:Carlos José de Arruda Botelho 10105:Japanese diaspora by country 8766:. 2010-07-31. Archived from 8737:. 2011-11-09. Archived from 8518:. 2011-09-29. Archived from 8493:. 2013-08-10. Archived from 8285:. 2011-07-12. Archived from 8256:. 2011-05-04. Archived from 8231:. 2012-07-13. Archived from 8177:. 2009-12-08. Archived from 8065:. 2010-09-13. Archived from 7940:. 1999-06-06. Archived from 7883:Federal University of Paraná 7841:Mori, Leticia (2018-01-22). 7614:. 2003-11-09. Archived from 7585:. 2014-04-14. Archived from 7556:. 2008-07-01. Archived from 7527:. 2010-03-09. Archived from 7498:. 2014-03-26. Archived from 7261:. 2013-10-23. Archived from 7116:. 2009-11-25. Archived from 7087:. 2014-07-31. Archived from 7058:. 2014-10-29. Archived from 6971:. 2008-06-04. Archived from 6942:. 2008-08-07. Archived from 6888:. 2008-06-13. Archived from 6793:. 2009-09-01. Archived from 6764:. 2019-03-11. Archived from 6670:"Produção de seda no Brasil" 6647:. 2014-11-19. Archived from 6558:. 2011-11-29. Archived from 6500:. 2009-06-25. Archived from 6439:. 2014-09-23. Archived from 6211:Paul, Gustavo (1993-08-18). 6166:. 2009-10-27. Archived from 6132:. 2008-04-21. Archived from 6007:. 2008-03-04. Archived from 5744:. 2008-06-21. Archived from 5485:. 2008-10-13. Archived from 5275:. 2008-09-26. Archived from 5210:. 2008-09-19. Archived from 5095:. 2008-06-27. Archived from 5041:. 2020-04-30. Archived from 5009:Silveira, Ari (2009-11-20). 4984:Vignoli, José (2021-04-19). 4840:. 2011-11-09. Archived from 4592:. 2008-06-19. Archived from 4168:. 2008-04-20. Archived from 3945:. 2020-06-18. Archived from 3852:. 2011-07-22. Archived from 3467:for the community. In 2011, 3380:in the executive branch was 2806: 2417: 983:dictatorship implemented by 963:Bento de Abreu Sampaio Vidal 471:and Minister of Agriculture 321:Need for emigration in Japan 7: 9054:. Official Press of Paraná. 8418:(590). 2008. Archived from 7805:Pertile, Marley Terezinha. 7376:"Calvia 2004 36ª Olimpiada" 6610:"A ORIGEM DA SERICICULTURA" 5793:"O estilo japonês de Sampa" 3627: 3475:as auxiliary bishop of the 3419: 3292: 2643:Lucas Vinicius Yoko Salatta 2434:According to the newspaper 1859:Representation in the media 1247: 906:Japanese immigrants at the 616:, the group settled on the 554:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 10: 10121: 10090:Japanese-Brazilian culture 9068:Virgílio, Stanlei (2002). 8437:"Hospital Nipo-Brasileiro" 8028:"A felicidade do pioneiro" 7750:(2): 42–46. Archived from 7644:Revista bras. Estud. Popul 7550:"Do Palmeiras à Olimpíada" 6820:Moraes, Bruno Pedroso de. 4716:"A imigração para o Japão" 4302:Seyferth, Giralda (2002). 3612:There is also the case of 3537:community, it is known as 2363:Nihon Koto Takushoku Gakko 2175:Núcleo Rural Vargem Bonita 2080: 1910:", a practice similar to " 1774: 1705:Reversal of migration flow 1033: 938:Antônio Xavier de Oliveira 910:in São Paulo (circa 1935). 640: 530:", published in 1918, and 294:, their grandchildren are 10095:Brazilian immigration law 9995: 9936: 9885: 9854: 9828: 9787: 9778: 9762: 9753: 9687: 9671: 9640: 9582: 9573: 9556: 9547: 9475: 9432: 9399: 9351: 9344: 9312: 9295: 9265: 9256: 9146: 9142: 8996:Morais, Fernando (2000). 8789:"Biografia de Içami Tiba" 7318:"Campeonatos Brasileiros" 5865:Nogueira, Arlinda Rocha. 3607:Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 3494: 3364:With the presence of the 3158: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3144: 3028: 2821: 2818: 2813: 2664:of Japanese origin being 2522: 1930: 1699:Getulio Vargas Foundation 1651:to become a minister was 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1356: 1320:Brazilian Communist Party 908:Hospedaria dos Imigrantes 485:Mongol invasion of Europe 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 27: 9358:American (United States) 8987:Lesser, Jeffrey (2001). 8926:. Humanitas/USP/FAPESP. 7874:Kojima, Shigeru (1991). 7714:Enciclopédia das Línguas 5119:"Racismo à moda da casa" 4561:revistadehistoria.com.br 4557:"Antes do 'Kasato Maru'" 3477:Archdiocese of São Paulo 2979:" is used to designate " 2666:Roberto Tadashi Watanabe 2621:, a bronze medal in the 2589:the 2012 Summer Olympics 2322:Although there had been 9023:Okubaro, Jorge (2006). 9000:. Companhia das Letras. 8941:Dezem, Rogério (2000). 8922:Dezem, Rogério (2005). 8544:"Ficha Estabelecimento" 7740:"LÍNGUAS DE IMIGRANTES" 6101:Government of São Paulo 5694:"Números do Censo 2000" 4291:Seto & Uyeda (2011) 3252:De Japonês a Brasileiro 2711:in Brazilian soccer is 2627:1951 Pan American Games 2276:Ministry of Agriculture 1835:and different types of 1691:University of São Paulo 840:Immigration Act of 1924 550:Manuel de Oliveira Lima 10003:Demographics of Brazil 9132:Ancestry and ethnicity 8155:Onichi, Pedro (2005). 7467:Clube de Xadrez Online 6998:City Hall of São Paulo 6733:Revista Dinheiro Rural 4714:Sasaki, Elisa (2006). 3507: 3429: 3361: 3302: 3019:, based in São Paulo. 2540: 2532: 2497:Another legacy of the 2431: 2126:João Roberto Rodrigues 1868: 1788: 1717: 1341:Fernando de Melo Viana 1336:Eduardo do Prado Kelly 1260: 1027: 975: 820: 755:Liberdade neighborhood 725: 698: 672: 569:Kokoku Shokumin Kaisha 441:Artur Silveira da Mota 429: 342: 330: 9380:Santa Bárbara d'Oeste 8913:Daigo, Masao (2008). 6617:Agricultura.pr.gov.br 6005:O Estado de São Paulo 5958:Revista Plasticultura 5269:"Integração política" 3974:centenario2008.org.br 3879:U.S. State Department 3502: 3427: 3348: 3300: 2952:and Fukuhaku-mura in 2695:The participation of 2538: 2530: 2492:Ministry of Education 2490:was regulated by the 2425: 2144:The concentration of 2135:intensive agriculture 2073:in their population. 1866: 1782: 1762:Chinese, Koreans and 1712: 1255: 1131:and the "land of the 1022: 967: 928:(elected by the then 818: 719: 689: 666: 624:, then a district of 612:, who was a judge in 424: 336: 328: 288:, their children are 260:interior of São Paulo 9059:Suzuki, Tae (1992). 8131:"Centenário de amor" 7691:Estudos Lingüísticos 7525:Santos Futebol Clube 6383:"Imigração japonesa" 6213:"Tem tigre na selva" 3673:nippobrasilia.com.br 3514:The creation of the 3237:Great-grandchildren 2773:1968 Summer Olympics 2733:Santos Futebol Clube 2705:Japan national teams 2686:Juliana Sayumi Terao 2631:Hironoshin Furuhashi 2623:1500-meter freestyle 2581:1984 Summer Olympics 2573:1972 Summer Olympics 2163:Juscelino Kubitschek 2093:. Their work in the 1078:Banco América do Sul 959:Alfredo Ellis Júnior 823:With the end of the 436:in rural São Paulo. 245:(Japanese: 日系ブラジル人, 9032:Ota, Junko (1998). 8359:Santa Cruz Hospital 7351:Tabuleiro de Xadrez 7347:"Everaldo Matsuura" 6853:"Beleza e presteza" 6762:apucarana.pr.gov.br 5769:Ota, Junko (2009). 5302:Magalhães, Naiara. 4869:Magalhães, Naiara. 4229:, pp. 153–161) 4062:Magalhães, Naiara. 3943:Promissão City Hall 3634:Brazilians in Japan 3622:Roberto Shinyashiki 3601:, who invented the 3382:Fábio Riodi Yassuda 3334:, became the first 2797:Marcus Tulio Tanaka 2639:Rogério Aoki Romero 2619:1952 Helsinki Games 2042:, Osvaldo Cruz and 1655:, in 1969, who was 1653:Fábio Riodi Yassuda 1597:Mato Grosso do Sul 1316:Luis Carlos Prestes 622:Conceição de Macabu 567:, president of the 509:Chamber of Deputies 495:From 1892, Senator 457:international trade 247:nikkei burajiru-jin 24: 23:Japanese–Brazilians 9161:Indigenous peoples 6059:"Conheça a região" 5845:Galimbertti (2002) 5479:"Nikkeis na mídia" 5387:Alternativa Online 5204:"Nikkeis no poder" 5069:Super Interessante 4244:Ninomiya, Masato. 3563:São Miguel Arcanjo 3508: 3473:Júlio Endi Akamine 3430: 3398:Minister of Health 3362: 3303: 2801:Daishiro Yoshimura 2743:", also known as " 2690:Edson Kenji Tsuboi 2593:Pan American Games 2541: 2533: 2432: 2260:The New York Times 2011:Mato Grosso do Sul 1869: 1789: 1718: 1308:Miguel Couto Filho 1261: 1161:Granja do Canguiri 1098:concentration camp 821: 726: 673: 618:Santo Antônio farm 497:Ubaldino do Amaral 473:Francisco Glicério 469:Deodoro da Fonseca 430: 409:against the great 407:Russo-Japanese War 364:Tokugawa Shogunate 352:Tokugawa shogunate 343: 331: 243:Japanese-Brazilian 22: 10043: 10042: 9991: 9990: 9987: 9986: 9983: 9982: 9749: 9748: 9745: 9744: 9543: 9542: 9334: 9333: 9063:. Agência Estado. 8917:. Gráfica Paulos. 8684:978-85-7383-026-2 8619:"Yassuragui Home" 8283:São Paulo Shimbun 8175:Guia do Estudante 7744:Ciencia e Cultura 6498:Guia do Estudante 5903:Superinteressante 5791:Pereira, Liésio. 5573:Folha de S. Paulo 4720:Estudos Avançados 3455:Kakure Kirishitan 3442:Domingos Nakamura 3406:Lula's government 3402:Sarney government 3390:Geisel government 3247: 3246: 3101:Okinawan language 3097: 3096: 2923: 2922: 2768:Copa Libertadores 2729:Roberto Rivellino 2715:, who played for 2670:Everaldo Matsuura 2660:, with the first 2583:and the third by 2293:Greater São Paulo 2257:and the American 2181:. There are also 1995:Japanese diaspora 1983: 1982: 1897:Folha de S. Paulo 1661:Médici government 1630: 1629: 1546:Federal District 1437: 1436: 1349:1946 Constitution 1145:Italian-Brazilian 1143:was mocked or an 936:, from Bahia and 831:, trained by the 722:National Archives 655:and ended in the 545:chargé d'affaires 477:National Congress 230: 229: 181: 180: 10112: 10100:Culture of Japan 10072: 10071: 10070: 10060: 10059: 10058: 10051: 9785: 9784: 9760: 9759: 9580: 9579: 9554: 9553: 9349: 9348: 9263: 9262: 9144: 9143: 9130: 9129: 9128: 9118: 9111: 9104: 9095: 9094: 9073: 9064: 9055: 9046: 9037: 9028: 9027:. Terceiro Nome. 9019: 9010: 9001: 8992: 8983: 8974: 8965: 8946: 8937: 8918: 8909: 8880: 8862: 8861: 8859: 8858: 8849:. Archived from 8839: 8833: 8832: 8830: 8829: 8820:. Archived from 8818:palestrantes.org 8810: 8804: 8803: 8801: 8800: 8791:. Archived from 8785: 8779: 8778: 8776: 8775: 8756: 8750: 8749: 8747: 8746: 8731: 8725: 8724: 8722: 8721: 8712:. Archived from 8706: 8700: 8699: 8697: 8696: 8687:. Archived from 8668: 8662: 8661: 8659: 8653:. 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Actress 1439: 1438: 1354: 1353: 1239: 1227: 1215: 1203: 1166:Greater Curitiba 1137:German-Brazilian 1111:Baixada Santista 930:Federal District 903: 891: 879: 867: 802: 790: 778: 766: 647:Officially, the 518:Floriano Peixoto 186:Total population 176:Daniel Matsunaga 173: 161: 149: 137: 123: 111: 99: 87: 73: 61: 49: 37: 29: 28: 25: 21: 10120: 10119: 10115: 10114: 10113: 10111: 10110: 10109: 10080: 10079: 10078: 10068: 10066: 10056: 10054: 10046: 10044: 10039: 9979: 9932: 9881: 9850: 9824: 9780: 9774: 9741: 9683: 9667: 9636: 9575: 9569: 9539: 9471: 9434:Central America 9428: 9395: 9340: 9330: 9314: 9313:Central Africa 9308: 9297: 9291: 9252: 9138: 9126: 9124: 9122: 9080: 8962: 8934: 8898: 8871: 8866: 8865: 8856: 8854: 8841: 8840: 8836: 8827: 8825: 8812: 8811: 8807: 8798: 8796: 8787: 8786: 8782: 8773: 8771: 8758: 8757: 8753: 8744: 8742: 8733: 8732: 8728: 8719: 8717: 8708: 8707: 8703: 8694: 8692: 8685: 8669: 8665: 8657: 8646: 8642: 8641: 8637: 8628: 8626: 8617: 8616: 8612: 8603: 8601: 8592: 8591: 8587: 8578: 8576: 8567: 8566: 8562: 8553: 8551: 8542: 8541: 8534: 8525: 8523: 8514: 8513: 8509: 8500: 8498: 8485: 8484: 8480: 8471: 8469: 8460: 8459: 8455: 8446: 8444: 8435: 8434: 8430: 8422: 8411: 8407: 8406: 8402: 8393: 8391: 8382: 8381: 8377: 8368: 8366: 8353: 8352: 8348: 8331: 8330: 8326: 8317: 8315: 8306: 8305: 8301: 8292: 8290: 8277: 8276: 8272: 8263: 8261: 8252: 8251: 8247: 8238: 8236: 8223: 8222: 8218: 8209: 8207: 8198: 8197: 8193: 8184: 8182: 8169: 8168: 8164: 8153: 8149: 8140: 8138: 8129: 8128: 8121: 8112: 8110: 8099:"Shigeaki Ueki" 8097: 8096: 8092: 8085: 8081: 8072: 8070: 8057: 8056: 8052: 8043: 8041: 8037: 8030: 8026: 8025: 8014: 8005: 8003: 7990: 7989: 7985: 7976: 7974: 7961: 7960: 7956: 7947: 7945: 7932: 7931: 7927: 7918: 7916: 7901: 7890: 7878: 7872: 7865: 7856: 7854: 7839: 7835: 7826: 7824: 7820: 7809: 7803: 7796: 7787: 7785: 7778:Descubra Nikkei 7770: 7766: 7757: 7755: 7736: 7732: 7723: 7721: 7708: 7707: 7698: 7686: 7680: 7676: 7663: 7662: 7655: 7638: 7637: 7630: 7621: 7619: 7606: 7605: 7601: 7592: 7590: 7577: 7576: 7572: 7563: 7561: 7548: 7547: 7543: 7534: 7532: 7519: 7518: 7514: 7505: 7503: 7490: 7489: 7485: 7476: 7474: 7461: 7460: 7456: 7447: 7445: 7432: 7431: 7427: 7418: 7416: 7403: 7402: 7398: 7389: 7387: 7374: 7373: 7369: 7360: 7358: 7345: 7344: 7340: 7331: 7329: 7316: 7315: 7306: 7297: 7295: 7282: 7281: 7277: 7268: 7266: 7253: 7252: 7248: 7239: 7237: 7224: 7223: 7219: 7210: 7208: 7195: 7194: 7190: 7181: 7179: 7166: 7165: 7161: 7152: 7150: 7137: 7136: 7132: 7123: 7121: 7108: 7107: 7103: 7094: 7092: 7079: 7078: 7074: 7065: 7063: 7050: 7049: 7045: 7036: 7034: 7021: 7020: 7016: 7007: 7005: 6992: 6991: 6987: 6978: 6976: 6963: 6962: 6958: 6949: 6947: 6938: 6937: 6933: 6925: 6914: 6908: 6904: 6895: 6893: 6880: 6879: 6875: 6866: 6864: 6851: 6850: 6843: 6835: 6824: 6818: 6809: 6800: 6798: 6785: 6784: 6780: 6771: 6769: 6756: 6755: 6751: 6742: 6740: 6725: 6721: 6712: 6710: 6697: 6696: 6692: 6683: 6681: 6668: 6667: 6663: 6654: 6652: 6643: 6642: 6638: 6629: 6627: 6623: 6612: 6608: 6607: 6603: 6594: 6592: 6579: 6578: 6574: 6565: 6563: 6550: 6549: 6545: 6536: 6534: 6521: 6520: 6516: 6507: 6505: 6492: 6491: 6484: 6475: 6473: 6460: 6459: 6455: 6446: 6444: 6431: 6430: 6426: 6417: 6415: 6406: 6405: 6401: 6392: 6390: 6381: 6380: 6371: 6362: 6360: 6347: 6346: 6342: 6333: 6331: 6320: 6316: 6307: 6305: 6292: 6291: 6284: 6275: 6273: 6263: 6259: 6250: 6248: 6235: 6234: 6230: 6221: 6219: 6209: 6205: 6186: 6182: 6173: 6171: 6158: 6157: 6148: 6139: 6137: 6124: 6123: 6119: 6110: 6108: 6095: 6094: 6087: 6078: 6076: 6072: 6061: 6057: 6056: 6052: 6043: 6041: 6028: 6027: 6023: 6014: 6012: 5999: 5998: 5994: 5985: 5983: 5970: 5969: 5965: 5955: 5954: 5950: 5941: 5939: 5926: 5925: 5921: 5912: 5910: 5897: 5896: 5889: 5880: 5878: 5863: 5850: 5843: 5839: 5830: 5828: 5820: 5819: 5815: 5806: 5804: 5789: 5785: 5773: 5767: 5760: 5751: 5749: 5736: 5735: 5731: 5722: 5720: 5709: 5705: 5692: 5691: 5687: 5678: 5676: 5661: 5657: 5648: 5646: 5631: 5627: 5618: 5616: 5612: 5601: 5595: 5591: 5582: 5580: 5567: 5566: 5557: 5548: 5546: 5531: 5527: 5518: 5516: 5505: 5501: 5492: 5490: 5477: 5476: 5472: 5463: 5461: 5448: 5447: 5443: 5434: 5432: 5423: 5422: 5415: 5408: 5401: 5392: 5390: 5381: 5380: 5376: 5367: 5365: 5355: 5351: 5342: 5340: 5330: 5326: 5317: 5315: 5300: 5291: 5282: 5280: 5267: 5266: 5255: 5246: 5244: 5231: 5230: 5226: 5217: 5215: 5202: 5201: 5190: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5171: 5164: 5157: 5148: 5146: 5141: 5140: 5136: 5127: 5125: 5115: 5111: 5102: 5100: 5087: 5086: 5082: 5073: 5071: 5061: 5057: 5048: 5046: 5033: 5032: 5028: 5019: 5017: 5007: 5003: 4994: 4992: 4982: 4978: 4971: 4967: 4958: 4956: 4948: 4947: 4943: 4934: 4932: 4922: 4918: 4909: 4907: 4898: 4897: 4893: 4884: 4882: 4867: 4856: 4847: 4845: 4832: 4831: 4827: 4820: 4803: 4794: 4792: 4783: 4782: 4773: 4764: 4762: 4749: 4748: 4741: 4712: 4708: 4693: 4689: 4680: 4678: 4668: 4647: 4638: 4636: 4626: 4619: 4612: 4608: 4599: 4597: 4584: 4583: 4579: 4570: 4568: 4553: 4549: 4542: 4533: 4521: 4515: 4511: 4496:10.2307/2750689 4484:Pacific Affairs 4473: 4469: 4460: 4458: 4449: 4448: 4444: 4433: 4429: 4420: 4418: 4414: 4403: 4397: 4358: 4349: 4347: 4340:Rede de Memória 4332: 4323: 4310:(53): 117–149. 4300: 4296: 4289: 4274: 4265: 4263: 4259: 4248: 4242: 4233: 4225: 4221: 4213: 4209: 4200: 4198: 4196:Descubra Nikkei 4188: 4184: 4175: 4173: 4160: 4159: 4142: 4133: 4131: 4118: 4117: 4110: 4101: 4099: 4091: 4090: 4086: 4077: 4075: 4060: 4043: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4020: 4016: 4009: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3983: 3981: 3968: 3967: 3954: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3923: 3921: 3908:Poubel, Mayra. 3906: 3897: 3888: 3886: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3859: 3857: 3844: 3843: 3839: 3830: 3828: 3819: 3818: 3814: 3805: 3803: 3795: 3794: 3790: 3781: 3780: 3776: 3767: 3765: 3758:ensaionb.com.br 3752: 3751: 3747: 3738: 3736: 3734:japao100.com.br 3728: 3727: 3723: 3714: 3712: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3691: 3687: 3678: 3676: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3630: 3599:Kentaro Takaoka 3497: 3422: 3295: 3118: 2809: 2635:Poliana Okimoto 2563:, softball and 2525: 2420: 2339:synthetic fiber 2320: 2268:poultry farming 2171:Israel Pinheiro 2095:acclimatization 2083: 2040:Mogi das Cruzes 2000:Northern Brazil 1926: 1861: 1777: 1772: 1707: 1529:Rio de Janeiro 1458:Proportions (%) 1448:Federation Unit 1332:Aureliano Leite 1250: 1243: 1240: 1231: 1228: 1219: 1216: 1207: 1204: 1109:To live in the 1086:Banco do Brasil 1038: 1032: 993:Banco do Brasil 918: 911: 904: 895: 892: 883: 880: 871: 868: 813: 806: 803: 794: 791: 782: 779: 770: 767: 714: 645: 639: 588: 586:Pre-immigration 446:plenipotentiary 419: 362:The end of the 323: 318: 225: 177: 174: 165: 162: 153: 150: 141: 138: 127: 124: 115: 112: 103: 100: 91: 88: 77: 74: 65: 62: 53: 50: 41: 38: 20: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10118: 10108: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10077: 10076: 10064: 10041: 10040: 10038: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10026: 10025: 10015: 10010: 10005: 9999: 9997: 9996:Related topics 9993: 9992: 9989: 9988: 9985: 9984: 9981: 9980: 9978: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9946: 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9329: 9328: 9323: 9317: 9315: 9310: 9309: 9307: 9306: 9300: 9298: 9293: 9292: 9290: 9289: 9288: 9287: 9275: 9269: 9267: 9260: 9254: 9253: 9251: 9250: 9249: 9248: 9241: 9240: 9239: 9232: 9231: 9230: 9216: 9209: 9208: 9207: 9205:Amazonian Jews 9202: 9181: 9163: 9158: 9150: 9148: 9140: 9139: 9121: 9120: 9113: 9106: 9098: 9092: 9091: 9086: 9079: 9078:External links 9076: 9075: 9074: 9065: 9056: 9047: 9038: 9029: 9020: 9011: 9002: 8998:Corações Sujos 8993: 8984: 8975: 8966: 8960: 8947: 8938: 8932: 8919: 8910: 8896: 8881: 8870: 8867: 8864: 8863: 8834: 8805: 8780: 8751: 8726: 8701: 8683: 8663: 8660:on 2013-02-04. 8635: 8610: 8585: 8560: 8532: 8507: 8478: 8453: 8428: 8425:on 2014-03-28. 8416:Revista da APM 8400: 8375: 8346: 8343:on 2013-03-31. 8324: 8299: 8270: 8245: 8216: 8191: 8162: 8147: 8119: 8090: 8079: 8050: 8012: 7983: 7954: 7925: 7888: 7863: 7833: 7794: 7764: 7730: 7696: 7674: 7653: 7628: 7599: 7570: 7541: 7512: 7483: 7454: 7425: 7396: 7367: 7338: 7304: 7275: 7246: 7217: 7188: 7159: 7130: 7101: 7072: 7056:Torcedores.com 7043: 7014: 6985: 6956: 6931: 6928:on 2014-07-14. 6902: 6873: 6841: 6838:on 2014-05-04. 6807: 6791:Gazeta do Povo 6778: 6749: 6719: 6690: 6661: 6636: 6601: 6572: 6543: 6514: 6482: 6453: 6437:Gazeta do Povo 6424: 6399: 6369: 6340: 6314: 6282: 6257: 6228: 6203: 6180: 6146: 6117: 6085: 6050: 6021: 5992: 5976:Nippo no campo 5963: 5948: 5919: 5887: 5848: 5837: 5813: 5783: 5758: 5729: 5703: 5685: 5655: 5625: 5589: 5555: 5525: 5499: 5470: 5441: 5413: 5399: 5374: 5363:Agência Brasil 5349: 5324: 5289: 5253: 5224: 5188: 5169: 5155: 5134: 5123:Portal Geledés 5109: 5080: 5055: 5039:Gazeta do Povo 5026: 5015:Gazeta do Povo 5001: 4976: 4965: 4941: 4916: 4891: 4854: 4825: 4801: 4771: 4755:Movimento Afro 4739: 4726:(57): 99–117. 4706: 4687: 4645: 4617: 4606: 4577: 4547: 4531: 4509: 4476:Normano, J. F. 4467: 4442: 4427: 4356: 4321: 4294: 4272: 4231: 4219: 4207: 4182: 4140: 4108: 4084: 4041: 4014: 4007: 4001:. IBGE. 2008. 3990: 3952: 3949:on 2023-06-14. 3930: 3895: 3866: 3837: 3812: 3788: 3774: 3745: 3721: 3697: 3685: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3652: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3629: 3626: 3496: 3493: 3421: 3418: 3294: 3291: 3245: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3218:Grandchildren 3216: 3211: 3207: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3192: 3188: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3168: 3165: 3161: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3147: 3146: 3117: 3114: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3087: 3086: 3083: 3079: 3078: 3075: 3071: 3070: 3067: 3063: 3062: 3059: 3055: 3054: 3051: 3047: 3046: 3043: 3039: 3038: 3035: 3031: 3030: 2921: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2901: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2884:Grandchildren 2881: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2861: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2844:Japanese born 2841: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2823: 2820: 2816: 2815: 2808: 2805: 2674:Chess Olympics 2651:Tatiane Sakemi 2615:Tetsuo Okamoto 2585:Felipe Kitadai 2524: 2521: 2437:Gazeta do Povo 2419: 2416: 2335:Susumo Itimura 2319: 2316: 2235:Espírito Santo 2212:Santa Catarina 2082: 2079: 1981: 1980: 1977: 1973: 1972: 1969: 1965: 1964: 1961: 1957: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1948: 1945: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1932: 1925: 1922: 1917:Geração Brasil 1879:Daniele Suzuki 1860: 1857: 1809:Shinto temples 1776: 1773: 1771: 1770:Social aspects 1768: 1706: 1703: 1628: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1611: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1560: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1444: 1443: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1406: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1359: 1358: 1267:At this time, 1249: 1246: 1245: 1244: 1241: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1198: 1034:Main article: 1031: 1028: 985:Getúlio Vargas 917: 914: 913: 912: 905: 898: 896: 893: 886: 884: 881: 874: 872: 869: 862: 812: 809: 808: 807: 804: 797: 795: 792: 785: 783: 780: 773: 771: 768: 761: 713: 710: 657:port of Santos 641:Main article: 638: 635: 587: 584: 536:Legal Medicine 532:Nina Rodrigues 505:Santa Catarina 503:, Senator for 418: 415: 411:Russian Empire 322: 319: 317: 314: 228: 227: 218: 217: 213: 212: 208: 207: 203: 202: 198: 197: 193: 192: 188: 187: 183: 182: 179: 178: 175: 168: 166: 164:Fernanda Takai 163: 156: 154: 151: 144: 142: 140:Paulo Nagamura 139: 132: 129: 128: 126:Daniele Suzuki 125: 118: 116: 114:Yudi Tamashiro 113: 106: 104: 101: 94: 92: 89: 82: 79: 78: 75: 68: 66: 63: 56: 54: 51: 44: 42: 39: 32: 18: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10117: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10087: 10085: 10075: 10065: 10063: 10053: 10052: 10049: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10024: 10021: 10020: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 10000: 9998: 9994: 9976: 9975:Luxembourgian 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9955: 9951: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9941: 9939: 9935: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9890: 9888: 9884: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9859: 9857: 9853: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9833: 9831: 9827: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9792: 9790: 9786: 9783: 9777: 9771: 9768: 9767: 9765: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9752: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9702: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9692: 9690: 9686: 9680: 9677: 9676: 9674: 9670: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9645: 9643: 9639: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9611: 9608: 9607: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9587: 9585: 9581: 9578: 9572: 9565: 9562: 9561: 9559: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9546: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9482: 9480: 9478: 9477:South America 9474: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9439: 9437: 9435: 9431: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9406: 9404: 9402: 9398: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9370: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9360: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9352:North America 9350: 9347: 9343: 9337: 9336: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9318: 9316: 9311: 9305: 9302: 9301: 9299: 9294: 9286: 9283: 9282: 9281: 9280: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9270: 9268: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9255: 9247: 9246: 9242: 9238: 9237: 9233: 9229: 9228: 9224: 9223: 9222: 9221: 9217: 9215: 9214: 9210: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9200: 9196: 9195: 9194: 9193: 9189: 9188: 9187: 9186: 9182: 9180: 9179: 9175: 9174: 9173: 9172: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9156: 9152: 9151: 9149: 9145: 9141: 9137: 9133: 9119: 9114: 9112: 9107: 9105: 9100: 9099: 9096: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9081: 9071: 9066: 9062: 9057: 9053: 9048: 9044: 9039: 9035: 9030: 9026: 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8328: 8314:on 2014-02-01 8313: 8309: 8303: 8289:on 2011-09-16 8288: 8284: 8280: 8274: 8260:on 2014-11-05 8259: 8255: 8249: 8235:on 2014-02-01 8234: 8230: 8226: 8220: 8206:on 2014-02-01 8205: 8201: 8195: 8181:on 2013-11-10 8180: 8176: 8172: 8166: 8158: 8151: 8137:on 2014-07-28 8136: 8132: 8126: 8124: 8109:on 2014-02-09 8108: 8104: 8100: 8094: 8088: 8083: 8069:on 2014-11-02 8068: 8064: 8060: 8054: 8040:on 2014-10-18 8036: 8029: 8023: 8021: 8019: 8017: 8002:on 2014-04-28 8001: 7997: 7993: 7987: 7973:on 2014-02-09 7972: 7968: 7964: 7958: 7944:on 2014-05-31 7943: 7939: 7935: 7929: 7915:on 2013-12-22 7914: 7910: 7906: 7899: 7897: 7895: 7893: 7884: 7877: 7870: 7868: 7853:on 2018-06-04 7852: 7848: 7844: 7837: 7823:on 2014-02-01 7819: 7815: 7808: 7801: 7799: 7784:on 2009-07-20 7783: 7779: 7775: 7768: 7754:on 2014-10-19 7753: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7734: 7720:on 2014-01-02 7719: 7715: 7711: 7705: 7703: 7701: 7692: 7685: 7678: 7671:. 2008-06-16. 7670: 7666: 7660: 7658: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7635: 7633: 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6974: 6970: 6966: 6960: 6946:on 2010-11-24 6945: 6941: 6935: 6924: 6920: 6913: 6906: 6892:on 2012-11-20 6891: 6887: 6886:Made in Japan 6883: 6877: 6863:on 2014-07-11 6862: 6858: 6854: 6848: 6846: 6834: 6830: 6823: 6816: 6814: 6812: 6797:on 2014-05-04 6796: 6792: 6788: 6782: 6768:on 2020-07-16 6767: 6763: 6759: 6753: 6739:on 2012-12-19 6738: 6734: 6730: 6723: 6709:on 2015-01-24 6708: 6704: 6700: 6694: 6680:on 2014-08-31 6679: 6675: 6671: 6665: 6651:on 2015-01-24 6650: 6646: 6640: 6626:on 2015-01-24 6622: 6618: 6611: 6605: 6591:on 2014-04-30 6590: 6586: 6582: 6576: 6562:on 2014-05-02 6561: 6557: 6553: 6547: 6533:on 2009-01-23 6532: 6528: 6524: 6518: 6504:on 2014-04-30 6503: 6499: 6495: 6489: 6487: 6472:on 2009-07-31 6471: 6467: 6463: 6457: 6443:on 2015-02-13 6442: 6438: 6434: 6428: 6414:on 2009-02-07 6413: 6409: 6403: 6389:on 2019-01-26 6388: 6384: 6378: 6376: 6374: 6359:on 2014-12-26 6358: 6354: 6350: 6344: 6330:on 2014-12-26 6329: 6325: 6318: 6304:on 2014-12-26 6303: 6299: 6295: 6289: 6287: 6272: 6268: 6261: 6247:on 2010-12-30 6246: 6242: 6238: 6232: 6218: 6214: 6207: 6200:(3): 453–465. 6199: 6195: 6191: 6184: 6170:on 2012-03-19 6169: 6165: 6161: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6136:on 2008-05-01 6135: 6131: 6127: 6121: 6107:on 2012-04-21 6106: 6102: 6098: 6092: 6090: 6075:on 2015-02-14 6071: 6067: 6060: 6054: 6040:on 2015-02-14 6039: 6035: 6031: 6025: 6011:on 2008-04-22 6010: 6006: 6002: 5996: 5982:on 2008-12-01 5981: 5977: 5973: 5967: 5959: 5952: 5938:on 2013-12-10 5937: 5933: 5929: 5923: 5909:on 2009-08-10 5908: 5904: 5900: 5894: 5892: 5877:on 2015-01-24 5876: 5872: 5868: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5846: 5841: 5827: 5823: 5817: 5803:on 2008-05-10 5802: 5798: 5794: 5787: 5779: 5772: 5765: 5763: 5748:on 2012-11-19 5747: 5743: 5742:Made in Japan 5739: 5733: 5719:on 2017-08-13 5718: 5714: 5707: 5699: 5695: 5689: 5675:on 2018-06-18 5674: 5670: 5666: 5659: 5645:on 2018-06-12 5644: 5640: 5636: 5629: 5615:on 2018-06-12 5611: 5607: 5600: 5593: 5579:on 2020-06-30 5578: 5574: 5570: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5545:on 2018-06-12 5544: 5540: 5536: 5529: 5515:on 2019-12-22 5514: 5510: 5503: 5489:on 2014-07-03 5488: 5484: 5483:Made in Japan 5480: 5474: 5460:on 2014-06-30 5459: 5455: 5451: 5445: 5430: 5426: 5420: 5418: 5411: 5406: 5404: 5388: 5384: 5378: 5364: 5360: 5353: 5339: 5335: 5328: 5314:on 2014-04-28 5313: 5309: 5308:Made in Japan 5305: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5279:on 2013-08-21 5278: 5274: 5273:Made in Japan 5270: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5243:on 2014-03-22 5242: 5238: 5237:Made in Japan 5234: 5228: 5214:on 2013-08-20 5213: 5209: 5208:Made in Japan 5205: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5185:. IBGE. 2007. 5181: 5180: 5173: 5167: 5166:Morais (2000) 5162: 5160: 5144: 5138: 5124: 5120: 5113: 5099:on 2012-11-20 5098: 5094: 5093:Made in Japan 5090: 5084: 5070: 5066: 5059: 5045:on 2020-11-24 5044: 5040: 5036: 5030: 5016: 5012: 5005: 4991: 4987: 4980: 4974: 4969: 4955: 4951: 4945: 4931: 4927: 4920: 4905: 4901: 4895: 4881:on 2014-04-28 4880: 4876: 4872: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4844:on 2014-04-14 4843: 4839: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4822:Lesser (2001) 4818: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4790: 4786: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4761:on 2007-08-08 4760: 4756: 4752: 4746: 4744: 4734: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4710: 4702: 4698: 4691: 4677: 4676:Camara.gov.br 4673: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4635: 4631: 4624: 4622: 4615: 4610: 4596:on 2008-09-19 4595: 4591: 4587: 4581: 4567:on 2014-06-27 4566: 4562: 4558: 4551: 4545: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4527: 4520: 4513: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4471: 4456: 4452: 4446: 4438: 4431: 4417:on 2014-09-07 4413: 4409: 4402: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4346:on 2014-05-21 4345: 4341: 4337: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4298: 4292: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4262:on 2009-07-31 4258: 4254: 4247: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4228: 4223: 4216: 4211: 4197: 4193: 4186: 4172:on 2014-02-03 4171: 4167: 4163: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4130:on 2009-05-29 4129: 4125: 4121: 4115: 4113: 4098: 4094: 4088: 4074:on 2013-03-31 4073: 4069: 4065: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4027: 4026: 4018: 4010: 4008:9788524040146 4004: 4000: 3994: 3980:on 2020-09-27 3979: 3975: 3971: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3934: 3920:on 2013-04-26 3919: 3915: 3911: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3885:on 2014-08-19 3884: 3880: 3876: 3870: 3856:on 2014-02-26 3855: 3851: 3847: 3841: 3826: 3822: 3816: 3802: 3798: 3792: 3784: 3778: 3764:on 2009-05-14 3763: 3759: 3755: 3749: 3735: 3731: 3725: 3711: 3710:Catraca Livre 3707: 3701: 3694: 3693:Virgílio 2002 3689: 3674: 3670: 3664: 3660: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3644:Shindo Renmei 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3631: 3625: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3595:Seigo Tsuzuki 3590: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3575: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3553: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3531: 3526: 3523:In 1959, the 3521: 3519: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3501: 3492: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3456: 3451: 3450:beatification 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3426: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3410:Luiz Gushiken 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3394:Seigo Tsuzuki 3391: 3387: 3386:Shigeaki Ueki 3383: 3379: 3374: 3372: 3367: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3309: 3308:Shindo Renmei 3299: 3290: 3288: 3282: 3280: 3274: 3272: 3267: 3265: 3259: 3257: 3253: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3227: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3189: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3148: 3143: 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1959: 1958: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1929: 1921: 1919: 1918: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1904: 1899: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1886: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1865: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1849: 1844: 1843: 1838: 1834: 1833: 1828: 1827: 1822: 1821: 1816: 1815: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1795: 1786: 1781: 1767: 1765: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1730: 1729: 1723: 1715: 1711: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1686: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1675: 1670: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1637: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1512:Minas Gerais 1511: 1510: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1459: 1454: 1453:Absolute data 1449: 1445: 1440: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1401: 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9296:West Africa 9277: 9266:By ethnicity 9243: 9235: 9226: 9219: 9212: 9197: 9190: 9184: 9177: 9169: 9153: 9069: 9060: 9051: 9042: 9033: 9024: 9015: 9006: 8997: 8988: 8979: 8970: 8951: 8942: 8923: 8914: 8886: 8876: 8869:Bibliography 8855:. 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March 2007 3672: 3663: 3613: 3611: 3602: 3591: 3578: 3576: 3571:Beneficência 3570: 3558: 3556: 3551: 3538: 3534: 3528: 3524: 3522: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3485: 3481: 3469:Benedict XVI 3463: 3453: 3431: 3377: 3375: 3365: 3363: 3353: 3335: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3312: 3307: 3304: 3286: 3283: 3278: 3275: 3270: 3268: 3260: 3251: 3248: 3232: 3213: 3194: 3175: 3134: 3132: 3127: 3121: 3119: 3098: 3034:Nationality 3021: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2950:Mirandópolis 2947: 2943: 2939: 2932: 2926: 2924: 2784: 2766: 2752: 2744: 2740: 2724: 2708: 2696: 2694: 2677: 2655: 2613: 2605:Cláudio Kano 2599: 2597: 2569:Chiaki Ishii 2542: 2516: 2512: 2502: 2498: 2496: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2472: 2470: 2462: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2435: 2433: 2407: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2388: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2343: 2331: 2321: 2308: 2305: 2300: 2296: 2295:region. 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