764:. The Salvadoran government considered the Bridge of Gold to be the most important bridge in the country due to the amount of commercial traffic crossing over it every day. At a rally celebrating the coup's anniversary, Gutiérrez denounced the bombing as a "criminal act directed at the Salvadoran people" and claimed that it was conducted by "foreign saboteurs". Despite his denouncement, Gutiérrez announced the end of the curfew implemented in January 1981 in order to influence the political climate prior to legislative elections scheduled to be held in March 1982.
2537:
2549:
2561:
408:
390:
721:(PDC), was appointed as the JRG's president while Gutiérrez was appointed as its vice president; Gutiérrez retained his position as commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Gutiérrez was the only member of the JRG who would interact with the armed forces, however, he was not granted executive authority over the armed forces. Gutiérrez was unable to assign military officers to positions, instead, he had to cooperate with the ministry of defense.
57:
891:, while others consider him an honest military man who "did not sit down at the negotiating table with criminals" and provided stability to the country. His participation in the 1979 coup is also debated: one view is he helped end the bloody dictatorship of Romero, another accuses him of removing a regime that had ensured stability since 1962. In 1982, a senior United States diplomat described Gutiérrez as a "true patriot".
535:—the JRG's chairman and commander-in-chief of the armed forces—throughout 1979 and 1980. This power struggle ended with Gutiérrez succeeding Majano as chairman and commander-in-chief in May 1980 and Majano's ultimate removal from the JRG in December 1980. Gutiérrez was the only member of the JRG to serve throughout its entire existence from 1979 to 1982. His membership of the JRG spanned the early years of the
710:") between Gutiérrez and Majano. The final vote tallied 310 votes for Gutiérrez to 201 votes for Majano; Gutiérrez subsequently succeeded Majano as both chairman of the JRG and commander-in-chief of the armed forces and Majano's influence within the JRG was curbed. Majano was ultimately removed from the JRG on 13 December amidst allegations that he had joined the leftist rebels.
2525:
688:
for attempting to stage a coup d'état against the JRG. Majano's arrest order caused controversy within the military. Many officers believed that Majano was causing internal division within the officer ranks for not consulting with other high ranking officers, especially Gutiérrez, prior to issuing
828:, who announced Gutiérrez's resignation at a press conference, elaborated that it was "not possible" for both Magaña and Gutiérrez to be commander-in-chief. Gutiérrez briefly remained on active duty after his resignation before withdrawing from active service entirely sometime before April 1984.
675:
Although both Gutiérrez and Majano both represented the military, they represented and were supported by different sectors within the military; Gutiérrez was supported by conservatives and the oligarchy while Majano was supported by moderates and reformists. Both men supported implement social,
732:
due to him not meeting the service time requirement at the time. In
November 1981, Duarte passed a law which changed the requirements for rank promotion within the armed forces. Gutiérrez was subsequently promoted to the rank of general on 31 December 1981 as a result of the law change.
590:
In 1974, Gutiérrez served as the director of the national telephone company. In 1978, Gutiérrez was appointed as an executive of the army's maintenance department and logistics center; six months later in 1979, he was appointed as its the commander of the maintenance department.
811:
Magaña assumed office as president of El
Salvador on 2 May 1982 and the JRG was dissolved in a peaceful transfer of power when all its members, including Gutiérrez, resigned. Gutiérrez was the only person to serve as a member of the JRG throughout its entire existence.
753:, a military offensive against the JRG. Prior to the final offensive, several High Command General Staff members, including Gutiérrez, placed the military in a "state of alert" in anticipation of such a military offensive; a national
906:
for most of the civil war—stated that he did not believe that Gutiérrez had any role in the massacre's occurrence. Bustillo added that while Gutiérrez and the military's high command may have known about potential "consequences"
618:(FSLN) in July 1979, some Salvadoran military officers feared that left-wing groups in El Salvador would seek to emulate the FSLN's success. Gutiérrez joined a junior officers' military clique known as the Military Youth ("
701:("the services") officer. As such, Majano's supported argued that he did not have to consult Gutiérrez before issuing the arrest order as Majano outranked Gutiérrez. D'Aubuisson was eventually released without charge.
839:
in June 1984, Gutiérrez estimated that repairs would take around one month and that the government would have to spend up to US$ 80,000 per day to make up for lost energy production. In
November 1984, Gutiérrez told
680:
sought to undermine Majano's influence in the JRG by denying his supporters important government positions and rank promotions. Gutiérrez and García believed that Majano was giving too many concessions to leftists.
586:
with neighboring
Honduras. After the war, Gutiérrez continued his engineering studies in South Korea. He began working for the National Communications Administration (ANTEL) as its planning director in 1973.
1915:
854:
in El
Salvador both sought to overthrow the JRG to prevent reforms but for different reasons: the right wanted to stop the reforms all together while the left wanted to overthrow the reforms to implement
2115:
757:
was implemented the day the offensive began. Although the final offensive ultimately ended in an FMLN failure, but it did establish the group as a competent guerrilla opposition to the JRG.
551:
on 5 April 1936. His father worked for the Public
Property Registry while his mother was a professor. Gutiérrez was orphaned at the age of 4, after which, he was raised by his grandparents.
1940:
928:, which was posthumously published in 2013. The book, which was presented by members of Gutiérrez's family in August 2013, recounts his testimony about his tenure as a member of the JRG.
676:
economic, and land reforms in order to rally support from the country's peasants away from left-wing groups promising the same reforms. Despite this, Gutiérrez and
Minister of Defense
2591:
572:
789:
1923:
704:
On 12 May 1980, the country's military officers met in San
Salvador in order to "to put an end to the duality in the leadership of the military institute command" ("
2160:
2067:
2195:
1972:[Colonel Adolfo Majano, Removed from Control of the Salvadoran Army, Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez will Represent the Armed Forces in the Government Junta].
1969:"El Coronel Adolfo Majano, Desplazado del Control del Ejército Salvadoreño, Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez Representará a las Fuerzas Armadas en la Junta de Gobierno"
1890:
639:
The military officers who organized the coup promised to prevent "another
Nicaragua" and sought to fix the country's economic problems. They established the
825:
531:
Gutiérrez became a member of the JRG which was established in the aftermath of the coup. He struggled for power and influence within the JRG with
Colonel
1999:
1983:
760:
On 15 October 1981, the two-year anniversary of the 1979 coup, the FMLN attacked and bombed the Bridge of Gold, one of only two bridges crossing the
773:
560:
505:
364:
582:
of Mexico where he graduated in 1968 with a degree in industrial engineering. In July 1969, Gutiérrez returned to El Salvador and took part in
2453:
2421:
640:
490:
203:
122:
72:
746:
2606:
2092:
2289:
2044:
2601:
652:
718:
327:
2621:
2596:
2369:
1672:
936:
2616:
781:
749:(FMLN), a guerrilla coalition unifying the country's left-wing groups against the JRG. In January 1981, the FMLN launched the
741:
Although the 1979 coup was organized in order to prevent a left-wing revolution in El Salvador, it led to the outbreak of the
801:
750:
624:") and plotted to overthrow Romero in order to prevent a leftist revolution. On 15 October 1979, the Military Youth staged a
469:
633:
615:
525:
489:(5 April 1936 – 9 August 2012) was Salvadoran military officer, statesman, and engineer. He served as the chairman of the
777:
745:
between the Salvadoran government and left-wing rebel groups. On 10 October 1980, five left-wing rebel groups formed the
2170:
632:, the country's capital city. The coup succeeded and Romero was forced to flee the country. The coup ended 48 years of
2377:
1769:
1718:
1643:
1606:
944:
625:
605:
517:
464:
916:
The General and Engineer Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez National Institution located in Sonsonate is named after Gutiérrez.
577:
2208:
831:
He became the president of ANTEL and the chairman of the Executive Commission of the Hydroelectric Complex on the
785:
788:(ARENA), the party founded by D'Aubuisson in 1981, won a majority. ARENA and the PCN elected D'Aubuisson as the
2137:
820:
Gutiérrez resigned as commander-in-chief of the army on 18 May 1982. He relinquished the position to Magaña as
995:
officer was anyone who was an engineer, doctor, lawyer, or any other similar occupation. Under this system, a
871:. He died following a prolonged illness. He was buried the following day at the Montelena Funerary Complex in
2611:
2448:
2027:
494:
118:
2357:
Testigo y Actor: Una Revisión de los Antecedentes que nos han Conducido a la Situación Actual de El Salvador
2118:[General Bustillo Breaks the Officers' Script and Admits that a "Grossness" Occurred in El Mozote].
2327:
2467:
2227:
1968:
179:
2495:
2203:
2120:
821:
797:
628:
against Romero's government, during which, Gutiérrez organized the capture of the San Carlos barracks in
498:
441:
223:
824:
mandated that the country's president would also be the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Colonel
643:(JRG) as a joint civilian-military government to rule El Salvador. The JRG consisted of three civilians—
2515:
2071:
677:
2116:"El General Bustillo Rompe el Guion de los Oficiales y Admite que en El Mozote Ocurrió una "Grosería""
2505:
2463:
2431:
2362:
Witness and Actor: A Review of the Background that has Led Us to the Current Situation of El Salvador
2297:
2232:
1757:
Elections in the Americas A Data Handbook Volume 1: North America, Central America, and the Caribbean
1668:
1590:
933:
Witness and Actor: A Review of the Background that has Led Us to the Current Situation of El Salvador
913:") following military operations, they would have found out about atrocities through media coverage.
714:
648:
174:
143:
107:
868:
793:
611:
309:
1664:
From Clientelism to Militarism: The State, Politics and Authoritarianism in El Salvador, 1840–1940
2471:
1898:
1761:
1635:
184:
2249:
1598:
724:
When Gutiérrez assumed the role of commander-in-chief of the armed forces, he held the rank of
685:
568:
548:
521:
292:
2269:
2486:
2441:
2412:
2301:
1684:
664:
567:
and was given the command of a section of the Fifth Infantry Regiment which was stationed in
532:
246:
155:
95:
2586:
2581:
903:
899:
742:
660:
644:
536:
459:
2097:
872:
836:
320:
8:
1945:
1918:[Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez, ex-Member of the Revolutionary Government Junta, Dies].
2553:
2541:
2142:
2049:
2004:
1861:
1816:
895:
847:
842:
805:
258:
2383:
2373:
1869:
1853:
1824:
1808:
1775:
1765:
1732:
1724:
1714:
1704:
1676:
1649:
1639:
1612:
1602:
947:
940:
883:
Gutiérrez is a controversial figure in El Salvador. Some consider him to have been a
851:
989:
officer was anyone who served in the infantry, cavalry, or other combat position. A
2529:
2331:[The Rightist Colonel Gutiérrez, the Authentic Strong Man of El Salvador].
2165:
1845:
1710:
1007:
officer of the same rank regardless of how long the latter had held their position.
689:
the order. Majano's supporters argued that he outranked Gutiérrez, as Majano was a
2022:
796:, but after lobbying from the United States due to D'Aubuisson's affiliation with
780:, but did not reach a majority. Instead, a right-wing coalition consisting of the
2565:
2355:
1755:
1625:
888:
729:
564:
509:
431:
413:
44:
1688:
1916:"Fallece Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez, ex Miembro de Junta Revolucionaria de Gobierno"
656:
2230:[National Institution of General and Engineer Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez].
1873:
1828:
1736:
1653:
497:
of the JRG from 1980 to 1982. He also served as the commander-in-chief of the
2575:
2387:
1857:
1812:
1779:
1751:
1662:
647:, the vice president of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of El Salvador,
342:
329:
56:
2292:[Presidents of El Salvador – First Revolutionary Government Junta].
1680:
1616:
835:(CEL) sometime before 1984. After the FMLN briefly captured and damaged the
2365:
2338:
2076:
2068:"Leftist Guerrillas Bombed El Salvador's Most Important Bridge Thursday..."
1979:
1894:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
629:
583:
513:
454:
22:
951:
707:
poner fin a la dualidad en la conducción del mando del instituto castrense
2328:"El Coronel Derechista Gutiérrez, Auténtico Hombre Fuerte de El Salvador"
1950:
832:
761:
395:
2560:
2536:
1865:
1820:
1096:
2290:"Presidentes de El Salvador – Primera Junta Revolucionaria de Gobierno"
1306:
1304:
516:
against Honduras in July 1969. Gutiérrez was one of the leaders of the
359:
2333:
1974:
1849:
1807:(32). Center for the Study and Documentation of Latin America: 5–13.
1545:
856:
784:(PCN), the party of the former military dictatorship since 1961, and
713:
After Majano was removed from the JRG, the junta reorganized itself.
1301:
971:
In the Salvadoran Army, officers were categorized as either being a
16:
Chairman of the Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador (1980)
1458:
884:
1521:
2196:"El Salvador: Significant Political Actors and Their Interaction"
725:
26:
2000:"El Salvador's Civil War Rooted in Leftist Violence and Strikes"
1836:
Karl, Terry Lynn (1992). "El Salvador's Negotiated Revolution".
1728:
1494:
894:
While giving testimony in 2021 regarding the events of the 1981
867:
Gutiérrez died on 9 August 2012 at the age of 76 at his home in
563:
in 1954; he graduated in 1957. After graduating, he entered the
1631:
1594:
1470:
754:
684:
On 2 May 1980, Majano unilaterally ordered the arrest of Major
2228:"Instituto Nacional General e Ingeniero Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez"
1941:"Military Dispute Imperils El Salvador's U.S.-Nurtured Junta"
1624:
Chin, John J.; Wright, Joseph & Carter, David B. (2022).
1557:
2272:[Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez, Memories of a Coup Leader].
1587:
The Salvadoran Officer Corps and the Final Offensive of 1981
2194:
1109:
663:
politician—and two military officers—Gutiérrez and Colonel
2226:
1551:
1187:
2163:[General Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez Died Yesterday].
2045:"El Salvador Rebels Capture Dam Before Being Driven Off"
1533:
1115:
594:
1889:
1446:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1310:
1231:
1229:
2592:
Captain General Gerardo Barrios Military School alumni
2248:
1527:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1241:
1204:
1202:
1175:
2513:
2095:[They Present the Book "Witness and Actor"].
1803:
Jung, Harald (1982). "The Civil War in El Salvador".
1511:
1509:
1434:
1127:
1074:
1072:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1482:
1422:
1410:
1352:
1340:
1226:
1163:
728:
but he was ineligible to be promoted to the rank of
1398:
1371:
1328:
1316:
1289:
1265:
1199:
1151:
667:, the latter of whom served as the JRG's chairman.
2326:
2136:
1998:
1967:
1713:: Library of Congress, Federal Research Division.
1506:
1500:
1476:
1277:
1253:
1214:
1139:
1069:
1046:
1025:
2091:
1563:
1084:
2573:
2270:"Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez, Memorias de un Golpista"
2161:"Ayer Falleció el General Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez"
1805:Bulletin of Latin American and Caribbean Studies
1623:
1464:
670:
610:Following the overthrow of Nicaraguan President
1599:McFarland & Company Incorporated Publishers
792:. D'Aubuisson was also likely to be elected as
561:Captain General Gerardo Barrios Military School
506:Captain General Gerardo Barrios Military School
365:Captain General Gerardo Barrios Military School
33: and the second or maternal family name is
2288:
1193:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
978:
972:
908:
705:
696:
690:
619:
123:Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador
73:Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador
2113:
1891:"Civilian Sworn in as El Salvador President"
1844:(2). Council on Foreign Relations: 147–164.
1627:Historical Dictionary of Modern Coups D'état
1539:
695:("the arms") officer while Gutiérrez was a
547:Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez Avendaño was born in
776:, the PDC won a plurality of seats in the
55:
2353:
747:Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front
2114:Rauda Zablah, Nelson (26 January 2020).
2065:
2020:
1939:Dickey, Christopher (4 September 1980).
1702:
1452:
1428:
1247:
1235:
1181:
1121:
2370:Technological University of El Salvador
2324:
2268:
2158:
2042:
1966:
1673:University of California, Santa Barbara
1488:
1208:
1063:
1040:
937:Technological University of El Salvador
512:three years later. He took part in the
85:12 May 1980 – 13 December 1980
2574:
2023:"Whirlwind of Violence in El Salvador"
2021:Goodsell, James Nelson (20 May 1980).
1986:from the original on 25 September 2020
1938:
1914:Dueñas, Víctor Hugo (10 August 2012).
1913:
1750:
1515:
1440:
1283:
191:(as co-vice presidents of El Salvador)
135:13 December 1980 – 2 May 1982
2066:Newhagen, John E. (15 October 1981).
1660:
1584:
1416:
1404:
1392:
1365:
1346:
1334:
1322:
1295:
1271:
1259:
1169:
1157:
1145:
1133:
1090:
1078:
790:president of the Legislative Assembly
595:Revolutionary Government of the Junta
571:. In 1962, Gutiérrez enrolled at the
508:in 1954 and became an officer in the
216:15 October 1979 – 2 May 1982
1835:
1802:
1380:
1220:
767:
634:military dictatorship in El Salvador
616:Sandinista National Liberation Front
526:military dictatorship in El Salvador
2364:] (in Spanish) (1st ed.).
2325:Ceberio, Jesús (10 December 1980).
2159:Vividor, Georgina (9 August 2012).
2093:"Presentan Libro "Testigo y Actor""
599:
13:
2607:People of the Salvadoran Civil War
2318:
1703:Haggerty, Richard A., ed. (1990).
919:
554:
520:which overthrew President General
236:12 May 1980 – 18 May 1982
160:(as vice president of El Salvador)
14:
2633:
2602:People from Sonsonate Department
2559:
2547:
2535:
2523:
2138:"Salvadoran Army Leader Resigns"
1110:Central Intelligence Agency 1984
406:
388:
2354:Gutiérrez, Jaime Abdul (2013).
2276:(in Spanish). 19 September 2013
2043:Lemoyne, James (29 June 1984).
1572:
965:
846:that he believed that both the
786:Nationalist Republican Alliance
2622:Vice presidents of El Salvador
2597:Leaders who took power by coup
2454:Revolutionary Government Junta
2422:Revolutionary Government Junta
2187:
1882:
1552:Government of El Salvador 2015
1465:Chin, Wright & Carter 2022
641:Revolutionary Government Junta
491:Revolutionary Government Junta
487:Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez Avendaño
279:Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez Avendaño
204:Revolutionary Government Junta
1:
2617:Salvadoran military personnel
2236:(in Spanish). 5 November 2015
2028:The Christian Science Monitor
2008:. 3 November 1984. p. 22
1901:. 23 December 1980. p. 2
1014:
924:Gutiérrez authored one book,
815:
671:Power struggle within the JRG
542:
2207:. April 1984. Archived from
2169:(in Spanish). Archived from
2101:(in Spanish). 16 August 2013
1982:, El Salvador. 13 May 1980.
1922:(in Spanish). Archived from
1706:El Salvador: A Country Study
1311:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 1980
1019:
983:("the services") officer. A
808:as the country's president.
802:Legislative Assembly elected
736:
573:Military School of Engineers
25:, the first or paternal
7:
2496:Armed Forces of El Salvador
2204:Central Intelligence Agency
1795:
653:Central American University
606:1979 Salvadoran coup d'état
518:1979 Salvadoran coup d'état
499:Armed Forces of El Salvador
442:Armed Forces of El Salvador
224:Armed Forces of El Salvador
10:
2638:
2254:Montelena Funerary Complex
2072:United Press International
1528:Montelena Funerary Complex
977:("the arms") officer or a
822:El Salvador's constitution
782:National Conciliation Part
719:Christian Democratic Party
603:
559:Gutiérrez enrolled at the
504:Gutiérrez enrolled in the
501:(FAES) from 1980 to 1982.
374:Military officer, engineer
20:
2502:
2493:Commander-in-Chief of the
2491:
2483:
2478:
2468:Mauricio Gutiérrez Castro
2460:
2446:
2438:
2428:
2417:
2409:
2404:
2298:Government of El Salvador
2233:Government of El Salvador
1669:Santa Barbara, California
1591:Jefferson, North Carolina
878:
774:1982 legislative election
493:(JRG) in 1980 and as the
480:
447:
437:
427:
419:
401:
383:
378:
370:
358:
316:
299:
273:
268:
264:
252:
240:
229:
221:Commander-in-Chief of the
220:
209:
200:
180:Mauricio Gutiérrez Castro
165:
149:
139:
128:
117:
112:(as president of the JRG)
101:
89:
78:
70:
66:
54:
42:
2146:. 18 May 1982. p. 3
1636:Rowman & Littlefield
1585:Bosch, Brian J. (1999).
1577:
958:
862:
794:president of El Salvador
612:Anastasio Somoza Debayle
2472:Pablo Mauricio Alvergue
2250:"Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez"
1899:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
1762:Oxford University Press
1661:Ching, Erik K. (1997).
1501:The New York Times 1984
1477:The New York Times 1982
751:final offensive of 1981
470:Final offensive of 1981
185:Pablo Mauricio Alvergue
1564:La Prensa Gráfica 2013
1003:
997:
991:
985:
979:
973:
909:
902:—the commander of the
804:independent candidate
798:far-right death squads
706:
697:
691:
620:
549:Sonsonate, El Salvador
524:and ended 48 years of
522:Carlos Humberto Romero
2487:Adolfo Arnoldo Majano
2442:Julio Ernesto Astacio
2413:Adolfo Arnoldo Majano
678:José Guillermo García
665:Adolfo Arnoldo Majano
604:Further information:
533:Adolfo Arnoldo Majano
420:Years of service
343:13.66750°N 89.26556°W
247:Adolfo Arnoldo Majano
156:Julio Ernesto Astacio
96:Adolfo Arnoldo Majano
49:Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez
2612:Salvadoran engineers
2506:José Napoleón Duarte
2464:Raúl Molina Martínez
2432:José Napoleón Duarte
1001:officer outranked a
904:Salvadoran Air Force
900:Juan Rafael Bustillo
778:Legislative Assembly
743:Salvadoran Civil War
715:José Napoleón Duarte
661:democratic socialist
649:Román Mayorga Quirós
645:Mario Antonio Andino
537:Salvadoran Civil War
460:Salvadoran Civil War
175:Raúl Molina Martínez
144:José Napoleón Duarte
108:José Napoleón Duarte
1946:The Washington Post
1467:, pp. 529–530.
686:Roberto D'Aubuisson
348:13.66750; -89.26556
339: /
2405:Political offices
2214:on 23 January 2017
2143:The New York Times
2050:The New York Times
2005:The New York Times
1634:, United Kingdom:
896:El Mozote massacre
843:The New York Times
826:Rafael Flores Lima
717:, a member of the
651:, a member of the
2512:
2511:
2503:Succeeded by
2479:Military offices
2461:Succeeded by
2429:Succeeded by
2294:Casa Presidencial
2173:on 10 August 2012
2098:La Prensa Gráfica
1926:on 12 August 2012
1540:Rauda Zablah 2020
1395:, pp. 76–78.
1194:Casa Presidencial
1136:, pp. 27–28.
1124:, pp. 33–34.
926:Witness and Actor
887:and conductor of
873:Antiguo Cuscatlán
837:Cerrón Grande Dam
768:Transfer of power
484:
483:
321:Antiguo Cuscatlán
61:Gutiérrez in 1979
2629:
2564:
2563:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2540:
2539:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2519:
2484:Preceded by
2439:Preceded by
2410:Preceded by
2402:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2330:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2300:. Archived from
2285:
2283:
2281:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2213:
2200:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2166:El Diario de Hoy
2155:
2153:
2151:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2017:
2015:
2013:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1971:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1877:
1850:10.2307/20045130
1832:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1711:Washington, D.C.
1709:(2nd ed.).
1699:
1697:
1695:
1657:
1620:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1369:
1363:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1067:
1061:
1044:
1038:
1008:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
976:
969:
912:
709:
700:
694:
623:
621:Juventud Militar
600:1979 coup d'état
581:
465:1979 coup d'état
412:
410:
409:
394:
392:
391:
379:Military service
354:
353:
351:
350:
349:
344:
340:
337:
336:
335:
332:
306:
289:
287:
280:
269:Personal details
255:
243:
234:
214:
193:
192:
168:
161:
152:
133:
113:
104:
92:
83:
71:Chairman of the
59:
40:
39:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2534:
2524:
2522:
2514:
2508:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2457:
2452:
2444:
2434:
2425:
2420:
2419:Chairman of the
2415:
2392:
2390:
2380:
2368:, El Salvador:
2344:
2342:
2321:
2319:Further reading
2316:
2307:
2305:
2304:on 2 March 2009
2279:
2277:
2259:
2257:
2239:
2237:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2198:
2190:
2185:
2176:
2174:
2149:
2147:
2127:
2125:
2104:
2102:
2082:
2080:
2056:
2054:
2033:
2031:
2011:
2009:
1989:
1987:
1956:
1954:
1929:
1927:
1904:
1902:
1897:, El Salvador:
1885:
1880:
1838:Foreign Affairs
1798:
1793:
1784:
1782:
1772:
1741:
1739:
1721:
1693:
1691:
1646:
1609:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1372:
1364:
1353:
1349:, pp. 6–7.
1345:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1207:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1160:, pp. 6–8.
1156:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1070:
1062:
1047:
1039:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1011:
970:
966:
961:
922:
920:Published works
881:
865:
818:
770:
739:
673:
608:
602:
597:
575:
565:Salvadoran Army
557:
555:Military career
545:
510:Salvadoran Army
476:
414:Salvadoran Army
407:
405:
389:
387:
347:
345:
341:
338:
333:
330:
328:
326:
325:
324:
308:
304:
291:
285:
283:
282:
281:
278:
253:
241:
235:
230:
222:
215:
210:
202:
196:
190:
189:
166:
159:
158:
150:
134:
129:
111:
110:
102:
90:
84:
79:
62:
50:
47:
38:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2635:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2569:
2568:
2556:
2544:
2532:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2501:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2462:
2459:
2449:Vice President
2445:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2427:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2378:
2351:
2337:(in Spanish).
2320:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2296:(in Spanish).
2286:
2266:
2246:
2224:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2156:
2134:
2111:
2089:
2063:
2040:
2018:
1996:
1978:(in Spanish).
1964:
1936:
1911:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1833:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1770:
1752:Nohlen, Dieter
1748:
1719:
1700:
1658:
1644:
1621:
1607:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1556:
1544:
1532:
1520:
1505:
1493:
1481:
1469:
1457:
1455:, p. 147.
1445:
1443:, p. 281.
1433:
1421:
1419:, p. 102.
1409:
1397:
1385:
1383:, p. 149.
1370:
1368:, p. 114.
1351:
1339:
1327:
1315:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1264:
1252:
1240:
1225:
1213:
1198:
1186:
1174:
1172:, p. 357.
1162:
1150:
1138:
1126:
1114:
1095:
1083:
1068:
1045:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1009:
963:
962:
960:
957:
956:
955:
921:
918:
880:
877:
864:
861:
817:
814:
769:
766:
738:
735:
672:
669:
657:Guillermo Ungo
601:
598:
596:
593:
556:
553:
544:
541:
495:vice president
482:
481:
478:
477:
475:
474:
473:
472:
467:
457:
451:
449:
445:
444:
439:
435:
434:
429:
425:
424:
421:
417:
416:
403:
402:Branch/service
399:
398:
385:
381:
380:
376:
375:
372:
368:
367:
362:
356:
355:
318:
314:
313:
307:(aged 76)
301:
297:
296:
277:
275:
271:
270:
266:
265:
262:
261:
256:
250:
249:
244:
238:
237:
227:
226:
218:
217:
207:
206:
198:
197:
195:
194:
187:
182:
177:
171:
169:
163:
162:
153:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
126:
125:
119:Vice President
115:
114:
105:
99:
98:
93:
87:
86:
76:
75:
68:
67:
64:
63:
60:
52:
51:
48:
43:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2634:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2555:
2545:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2531:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2507:
2498:
2497:
2488:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2443:
2437:
2433:
2424:
2423:
2414:
2408:
2403:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2379:9789996148040
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2352:
2341:, El Salvador
2340:
2336:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2079:, El Salvador
2078:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1970:
1965:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1800:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1771:9780191557934
1767:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1720:9780525560371
1716:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1701:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1645:9781538120682
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1608:0-7864-0612-7
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1582:
1565:
1560:
1553:
1548:
1541:
1536:
1529:
1524:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1503:, p. 22.
1502:
1497:
1490:
1485:
1478:
1473:
1466:
1461:
1454:
1453:Haggerty 1990
1449:
1442:
1437:
1430:
1429:Newhagen 1981
1425:
1418:
1413:
1407:, p. 86.
1406:
1401:
1394:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1348:
1343:
1337:, p. 55.
1336:
1331:
1325:, p. 54.
1324:
1319:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1298:, p. 40.
1297:
1292:
1285:
1280:
1274:, p. 39.
1273:
1268:
1261:
1256:
1250:, p. 35.
1249:
1248:Haggerty 1990
1244:
1237:
1236:Goodsell 1980
1232:
1230:
1223:, p. 11.
1222:
1217:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1195:
1190:
1184:, p. 34.
1183:
1182:Haggerty 1990
1178:
1171:
1166:
1159:
1154:
1148:, p. 28.
1147:
1142:
1135:
1130:
1123:
1122:Haggerty 1990
1118:
1112:, p. 39.
1111:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1092:
1087:
1081:, p. 32.
1080:
1075:
1073:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1005:
1004:Los Servicios
999:
993:
992:Los Servicios
987:
981:
980:Los Servicios
975:
968:
964:
953:
949:
946:
945:9789996148040
942:
938:
934:
931:
930:
929:
927:
917:
914:
911:
910:consecuencias
905:
901:
897:
892:
890:
886:
876:
874:
870:
860:
858:
853:
849:
845:
844:
838:
834:
829:
827:
823:
813:
809:
807:
806:Álvaro Magaña
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
765:
763:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
734:
731:
727:
722:
720:
716:
711:
708:
702:
699:
698:Los Servicios
693:
687:
682:
679:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
637:
635:
631:
627:
622:
617:
613:
607:
592:
588:
585:
579:
574:
570:
566:
562:
552:
550:
540:
538:
534:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
479:
471:
468:
466:
463:
462:
461:
458:
456:
453:
452:
450:
446:
443:
440:
436:
433:
430:
426:
422:
418:
415:
404:
400:
397:
386:
382:
377:
373:
369:
366:
363:
361:
357:
352:
323:, El Salvador
322:
319:
317:Resting place
315:
312:, El Salvador
311:
303:9 August 2012
302:
298:
295:, El Salvador
294:
276:
272:
267:
263:
260:
259:Álvaro Magaña
257:
251:
248:
245:
239:
233:
228:
225:
219:
213:
208:
205:
201:Member of the
199:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
172:
170:
164:
157:
154:
148:
145:
142:
138:
132:
127:
124:
120:
116:
109:
106:
100:
97:
94:
88:
82:
77:
74:
69:
65:
58:
53:
46:
41:
36:
32:
28:
24:
19:
2492:
2447:
2418:
2391:. Retrieved
2366:San Salvador
2361:
2356:
2343:. Retrieved
2339:San Salvador
2332:
2306:. Retrieved
2302:the original
2293:
2278:. Retrieved
2273:
2258:. Retrieved
2256:(in Spanish)
2253:
2238:. Retrieved
2231:
2216:. Retrieved
2209:the original
2202:
2175:. Retrieved
2171:the original
2164:
2148:. Retrieved
2141:
2126:. Retrieved
2124:(in Spanish)
2119:
2103:. Retrieved
2096:
2081:. Retrieved
2077:San Salvador
2070:
2055:. Retrieved
2048:
2032:. Retrieved
2026:
2010:. Retrieved
2003:
1988:. Retrieved
1980:San Salvador
1973:
1955:. Retrieved
1944:
1928:. Retrieved
1924:the original
1919:
1903:. Retrieved
1895:San Salvador
1841:
1837:
1804:
1783:. Retrieved
1756:
1740:. Retrieved
1705:
1692:. Retrieved
1663:
1626:
1586:
1573:Bibliography
1559:
1547:
1535:
1523:
1496:
1491:, p. 1.
1489:Lemoyne 1984
1484:
1479:, p. 3.
1472:
1460:
1448:
1436:
1424:
1412:
1400:
1388:
1342:
1330:
1318:
1313:, p. 2.
1291:
1279:
1267:
1262:, p. 6.
1255:
1243:
1216:
1209:El País 1980
1189:
1177:
1165:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1117:
1093:, p. 7.
1086:
1064:Diario1 2013
1041:Vividor 2012
967:
932:
925:
923:
915:
893:
889:state terror
882:
866:
841:
830:
819:
810:
771:
759:
740:
723:
712:
703:
683:
674:
638:
630:San Salvador
609:
589:
584:Football War
558:
546:
530:
514:Football War
503:
486:
485:
455:Football War
448:Battles/wars
305:(2012-08-09)
290:5 April 1936
254:Succeeded by
231:
211:
167:Succeeded by
130:
103:Succeeded by
80:
34:
30:
23:Spanish name
18:
2587:2012 deaths
2582:1936 births
2554:El Salvador
2542:Engineering
2308:1 September
2188:Web sources
2053:. p. 1
1951:Mexico City
1883:Newspapaers
1516:Dueñas 2012
1441:Nohlen 2005
1284:Dickey 1980
869:La Libertad
833:Lempa River
762:Lempa River
626:coup d'état
576: [
396:El Salvador
346: /
310:La Libertad
242:Preceded by
151:Preceded by
91:Preceded by
2576:Categories
2500:1980–1982
2458:1980–1982
1874:5546906998
1829:9973408346
1737:1044677008
1654:1333688296
1417:Bosch 1999
1405:Bosch 1999
1393:Bosch 1999
1366:Bosch 1999
1347:Bosch 1999
1335:Bosch 1999
1323:Bosch 1999
1296:Bosch 1999
1272:Bosch 1999
1260:Bosch 1999
1170:Ching 1997
1158:Bosch 1999
1146:Bosch 1999
1134:Bosch 1999
1091:Bosch 1999
1079:Bosch 1999
1015:References
898:, General
816:Retirement
543:Early life
384:Allegiance
371:Occupation
360:Alma mater
334:89°15′56″W
331:13°40′03″N
286:1936-04-05
2530:Biography
2388:879869504
2177:17 August
2034:17 August
1990:17 August
1930:17 August
1920:La Página
1858:0015-7120
1813:0304-2634
1780:225139924
1689:304330235
1381:Karl 1992
1221:Jung 1982
1020:Citations
998:Las Armas
986:Las Armas
974:Las Armas
952:879869504
857:socialism
848:far-right
737:Civil war
692:Las Armas
569:Santa Ana
423:1954–1982
293:Sonsonate
232:In office
212:In office
140:President
131:In office
81:In office
31:Gutiérrez
2566:Politics
2393:19 March
2345:19 March
2280:18 March
2260:15 April
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