509:, published in 1822, consisted of 200 copies only. Those were not sold, however, but at the expense of Halbertsma presented to acquaintances of his all over Friesland. In that way he awoke among his public a desire for more reading-matter of this nature. These stories and poems were in fact something entirely different from what the readers were used to, not only as to what language they were witten in, but also and especially concerning their informal style. The copies of the booklet often were shared around through entire networks of family and friends, and not seldom the stories and poems were transcribed by hand before the booklet was given back or passed on.
883:
28:
399:
118:
590:
103:
320:(1797–1858). Two children who were born later died in early childhood, the little boy in 1803, and the little girl in 1805. The four brothers were very close, possibly as a consequence of the fact that both their parents died at a relatively young age in 1809, when Justus was just twenty years of age and the others were even younger. Justus, Tsjalling and Eeltsje, who, as authors, became known as the
566:("Night") have made a lasting impression. That said, Halbertsma's short stories were much more acute thanks to his limber use of language, his lively style of writing, and the fact that he refused to mince his words, leading to a rough, scoffing, and sometimes darkly grim atmosphere. His subject-matter Halbertsma collected from various sources, including German and French
502:), a booklet consisting of 36 pages, and including six poems and one short story. This publication was attributed to the fictional 'Gabe Skroar', a lame farmer's son who became a tailor and a writer, but died young. This character was in all probability a creation of Eeltsje's. Hiding behind such a fictional author was fairly normal at that time.
355:
poverty which overcame most of them, while
Ruerdtsje Tsjallings' family for the most part maintain prosperity to this day as part of the dignified middle class?" Against the superior power of those who calmly and calculatedly grew rich, he wrote somewhere else, the Halbertsmas could only "avenge themselves through satire."
895:
After his retirement, on 26 October 1856, which
Halbertsma applied for himself because his heart was not in his duties as a minister anymore, he withdrew into his upstairs apartment, where from that point on he became increasingly more lonely as his family members and friends died away, although his
414:
Westerein, near Workum, where he and his family often spent a couple of weeks in summer. Apart from those holidays, he lived out his entire life in
Deventer. Halbertsma and his wife had five sons from a good marriage, which was however not without its share of problems. Of these sons Petrus, Hidde,
942:
played a role of crucial importance in the development of a new literary tradition after
Frisian had been used almost exclusively as a spoken language for three centuries. Justus Hiddes Halbertsma's influence on subsequent Western Frisian literature was enormous and of incalculable value. In 1949,
354:
In 1858, Justus
Halbertsma explained the difference between his parents' families when he wrote: "One cannot deny the Halbertsmas a greater skillfulness, speed of thought, a greater adroitness, quickness, and talent than the family of Ruerdtsje Tsjallings; but wat help was that to them against the
831:
Hence
Halbertsma expected to be appointed professor of Dutch language and literature, and several times such an appointment seemed almost within his grasp, but each time it slipped away. His sharp pen probably played a role in this, but there were other reasons, too. In 1830, he lost out from the
553:
As a writer, Halbertsma strongly sensed what the public needed, but at the same time he was a somewhat distant and cerebral author, which tended to have an averse effect on his poetry, especially compared to the poems of his brother
Eeltsje, who was a much more emotional writer. Nevertheless, at
455:, this meant an orientation towards national Frisian ideals, from which emanated two goals he set himself in life. Firstly, he wanted to preserve the Western Frisian language by using it for writing again after it had been used almost exclusively as a
979:
Halbertsma also gave to the
Province of Friesland, in part when he was still alive, his extensive library of scientific books, which was added to the Provincial Library of Friesland, en is to this day available for scientific research purposes at
335:, he converted after marrying her. From Justus' letters Ruerdtsje emerges as a smart businesswoman, a loving mother, and a deeply religious person. About Hidde Halbertsma, the father, much less is known. It is thought that he might have been a
478:. The state and social status of the Western Frisian language at that time becomes clear if one observes the fact that Halbertsma and his brothers, though they laboured tirelessly for the use of Frisian as a written language for poetry and
920:, their short fiction and poetry was gathered under the supervision of librarian and archivist Gerben Colmjon and bookseller and historian Wopke Eekhoff. In 1871, it was published by the firm of J. de Lange in Deventer, under the title of
672:
And yet, for all that, Halbertsma's literary works did not take centerstage in his life: that place was reserved for his scientific non-fiction books. More than fifty years he laboured to complete his dictionary of
Western Frisian titled
848:
for a long time, and especially in 1839, when he was passed over yet again, he went through a deep crisis. It was only in the 1860s, when he was in his seventies, that he seems to have achieved a state of mental composure.
467:, which would be the first dictionary ever of the Frisian language. And secondly, Halbertsma wanted to put renowned Frisian people from the past in the spotlight, to serve as an example for his contemporaries.
482:, lapsed into Dutch for their correspondence with each other, and apparently did not feel that was in any way strange. As Halbertsma remained the editor of Eeltsje's work for his entire life, their poetry and
516:, consisting of 237 pages, was published in 1829, followed by a third, further expanded edition in 1834, running to almost 500 pages of a larger size. After that, additions were published separately in 1836 (
878:
or the ship carpenter and self-taught freethinker
Cornelis over de Linden. If Verwijs was the culprit, it is not thought to be impossible that Halbertsma tacitly or even openly provided him with advice.
988:
written by and to Halbertsma, including hundreds to his brothers Eeltsje en Tsjalling, long remained in the custody of the Halbertsma family, until they were given, in the course of the 20th century, on
439:
Halbertsma had been greatly influenced in his student years by his acquaintance with the well-to-do and influential Amsterdam merchant Jeronimo de Vries, who championed a national art, inspired by the
840:, and after 1840 a different type of scientist was called for, with a more specialised knowledge than Halbertsma commanded. That in 1837 he was awarded an honorary doctorate in literature by the
459:
for three centuries. From that it followed that he had to get the Frisians to read in their own language (otherwise, writing it would not be of much use), and that he should record the Frisian
723:("The Lineage of the Van Harens"), in which he primarily described the lives and literary works of the brothers and 18th century Dutch-language writers from Friesland Onno Zwier van Haren and
943:
author and literary critic Anne Wadman wrote that the Halbertsmas gave "the Western Frisian people a literary monument, in which it saw its own life as a nation reflected." As of today
792:, friends from his student years who by then were occupying important posts within the civil service, introduced him to the social circles around the Frisian-minded provincial governor
896:
foreign contacts through correspondence remained intact. Justus Hiddes Halbertsma died in Deventer on 27 February 1869, when he was 79 years of age. By that time he had been a
1386:
Levensberigten der in Dit Jaar Afgestorvene Medeleden: Bericht wegens Rinse Posthumus, in Leven Kerkleeraar bij de Hervormde Gemeenten van Waaxens en Brantgum in Friesland
339:
before his marriage. He is described as a gentle soul, who was, however, apt to take offence, and could be quite sharp-tongued in such cases. In 1784, he published a long
486:
were strongly connected and published together from the very beginning. For that reason the linguist Foeke Buitenrust Hettema would describe Halbertsma later as the '
546:), the comprehensive publication in which all the Halbertsma Brothers' literary works were collected. He even wrote some new pieces for it, such as the short story
363:
Halbertsma's mother Ruerdtsje was the main force behind the thorough education her sons received. Justus she sent to the French school in the provincial capital of
2652:
Knooppunt Halbertsma: Joast Hiddes Halbertsma (1789–1869) en andere Europese geleerden over het Fries en andere talen, over wetenschap en over de samenleving
1250:("The Lineage of the Van Harens"; primarily about the life and works of the 18th century Frisian (Dutch-language) poets and writers Onno Zwier van Haren and
715:
in 1823, which is seen by some as the starting point of the Frisian Movement. Afterwards he published an extensive literary history work under the title
574:, whose sharp judgments of the works of others made him far from universally loved. Before everything else, Halbertsma as a writer was an essayist and a
1149:("To Petrus, When He Took His Doctor's Degree"; poems by Eeltsje Hiddes Halbertsma and Ferdinand Hanthal, with commentary by Justus Hiddes Halbertsma)
253:, publishing the first edition in 1822. Afterwards, this work was continually expanded, and also came to include contributions by a third brother,
1104:("The Gelding from Norg to Gabe Tailor"; short story with a poem by Eeltsje Hiddes Halbertsma, including commentary by Justus Hiddes Halbertsma)
371:
in Leeuwarden from 1801 to 1806. At the advice of his mother and the Mennonite minister Jan Brouwer, from Leeuwarden, Justus Halbertsma chose a
2763:
2718:
1113:("The Conversation Room of St. Anthony's Hospital"; short story by Eeltsje Hiddes Halbertsma, including commentary by Justus Hiddes Halbertsma)
283:
played a role of crucial importance in the development of a new literary tradition after Western Frisian had been used almost exclusively as a
696:, which was published in its unfinished form after Halbertsma's death, in 1872. In the 20th century, the material Halbertsma gathered for his
470:
To attain his first goal, Halbertsma had to use his writings to penetrate the daily life of the Frisian people. This he achieved by authoring
1095:("Boss Joute's Barbershop"; frame-story with several poems and short stories, with Eeltsje Hiddes Halbertsma en Tsjalling Hiddes Halbertsma)
972:) to the Province of Friesland. In 1853, the Cabinet of Antiquities of Friesland was formed out of his collection, which in 1881 became the
586:
of people who knew or met him, he emerges as a sharp-witted and extremely diligent man of capacious erudition who was a droll story-teller.
692:, a part of the work for which he especially had a predilection. In the end, he never got past the letter F, and the dictionary remained a
1389:("Biographical Notices of the Members Who Died This Year: Notice for Rinse Posthumus, in Life Minister of the Reformed Congregations of
874:
was the librarian Eelco Verwijs, who lead the Provincial Library of Friesland and who had befriended Halbertsma, or possibly the writer
2677:
2659:
2641:
2540:
2462:
2390:
312:
Hidde Joasts Halbertsma (1756–1809) and his wife Ruerdtsje (or Riurtk) Tsjallings Binnerts (1767–1809). He had three younger brothers:
730:
Halbertsma was also the author of an 1836 biography of the Frisian poet Jan Cornelis Pieters Salverda (1783–1836), which almost has a
2788:
2713:
773:
for that matter). This translation evoked a great deal of criticism from Halbertsma's contemporaries, who thought it was much too
2748:
2723:
608:, was Halbertsma's first short story of a more extended length. As is often the case with Halbertsma's stories, it consists of a
640:). The only time Halbertsma wrote a literary work entirely without the participation of Eeltsje, was in 1837, when he published
2753:
2506:
2488:
2436:
2408:
2364:
2338:
900:
for 22 years. He was survived by his sons Watse and Tsjalling. In 1947, the Dr. Joast Halbertsma Award, the highest provincial
780:
Halbertsma had a reputation of being an erudite man, which he won at a young age. He was especially known as a scholar of the
2758:
1178:("Rhymes and Tales"; collection of poetry and short stories, with Eeltsje Hiddes Halbertsma en Tsjalling Hiddes Halbertsma)
962:
there were. This provided him with the idea to transfer his own collection of antiquities (originating for a major part in
711:
Furthermore, Halbertsma was the driving force behind the commemoration of the life of the famous 17th century Frisian poet
1158:("Grief and Pleasure and Down Upon the Lee Shore"; collection of poetry and short stories, with Eeltsje Hiddes Halbertsma)
681:
as the descriptive language, but it remained unfinished. He organised it along the lines of the German dictionary by the
410:, who came from a well-to-do middle-class family, on 10 May 1816. Through his wife Halbertsma attained possession of the
2738:
2728:
926:("Rhymes and Tales"). This work is now thought of as the national book of Western Frisian literature, and although the
2219:
2798:
2768:
2733:
796:
Idsert Aebinga van Humalda. Later in life Halbertsma was acquainted with prominent Dutch literary figures, such as
308:, in the house of his parents on Kowemerk ("Cow Market") street. He was the eldest son of the baker and small-time
2512:
2793:
1436:("Knowest Thou Halbertsma from Deventer? A Number of Unpublished Manuscripts"; collection of unpublished works)
844:, was scant consolation to him. In part because of these disappointments, Halbertsma balanced on the edge of a
2778:
2773:
1131:("Aeolus, Lord of Storm and Thunder"; collection of poetry and short stories, with Eeltsje Hiddes Halbertsma)
660:
could perhaps be seen as a clue that Halbertsma harboured greater literary aspirations than would fit in the
571:
1260:
Friesche Spelling en Proeve van Vergelijking tusschen de Boven Ontworpene Spelling en Die van Gysbert Japicx
784:, and to the present day he is widely acknowledged to have been a larger-than-life figure in the field of
1263:("Frisian Spelling and Comparison of the Newly Developed Spelling and That of Gysbert Japicx"; about the
313:
254:
800:, and what's more, he maintained a lively correspondence with European greats, like the Danish linguist
1291:("The Increasingly Bad Taste of the Dutch in Their Theatre"; about the quality of Dutch theatre drama)
993:
to the Frisian Literary Museum and Documentation Centre (FLMD), which became part of Tresoar in 2002.
777:; today, it still has an almost modern feel to it, showing that Halbertsma was far ahead of his time.
2783:
1020:
852:
In part because of his linguistic erudition, Halbertsma has been named as the author of the infamous
475:
317:
250:
2743:
1424:
1140:("Twigs from an Old Trunk"; collection of poetry and short stories, with Eeltsje Hiddes Halbertsma)
1007:
904:
in the field of historical (and later more general scientific) research concerning the province of
490:' of his brothers Eeltsje and Tsjalling. In 1822, their early works were collected under the title
423:. As a father, Halbertsma experienced a large amount of grief, as his son Petrus died in 1851 in a
380:
1077:(collection of poetry and short stories, with Eeltsje Hiddes Halbertsma; further expanded version)
444:
882:
731:
72:
387:, where he remained until 1821. Afterwards, he served the Mennonite congregation in the city of
755:
351:"). From this intriguing work it is clear that his sons' literary talents were a family trait.
243:
199:
87:
2670:
Joost Halbertsma 1789-1869: Triomfen en Tragedies van een Uitmiddelpuntig Man: Een biografie
406:
Halbertsma married Johanna Iskjen Hoekema (1794–1847), a Mennonite minister's daughter from
2708:
2703:
845:
841:
685:, but became enmeshed in the addition of insertions and in reworkings, and in writing long
612:
in which several other more or less stand-alone components are absorbed, such as the essay
424:
1032:(collection of poetry and short stories, with Eeltsje Hiddes Halbertsma; expanded version)
8:
1228:("Hail to Gysbert Japiks"; part 1; about life and works of the 17th century Frisian poet
917:
321:
258:
227:
1364:
1359:
954:, and Ireland, in 1852 and 1853, Halbertsma was impressed by the number of museums and
837:
781:
751:
747:
324:
later in life, were much like their father, while Binnert more resembled their mother.
398:
2673:
2655:
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2536:
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2484:
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2334:
1377:
1357:("Notes on the Part Four of the Spiegel Historiael by Jacob van Maerlant"; about the
1173:
922:
797:
766:
653:
538:
267:
239:
166:
1354:
Aanteekeningen op het Vierde Deel van den Spiegel Historiael van Jacob van Maerlant
1251:
985:
947:
still occupies the first slot in the ranking of Western Frisian literary classics.
744:
Aanteekeningen op het Vierde Deel van den Spiegel Historiael van Jacob van Maerlant
724:
719:("Hail to Gysbert Japiks") in two parts in 1824 and 1827. In 1829 Halbertsma wrote
443:. These ideas flew in the face of more modern notions advocated by writers such as
440:
27:
812:. Moreover, he was invited to join learned historical and linguistic societies in
1401:, "Yearbook of the Dutch Literary Society"; obituary of the poet Rinse Posthumus)
931:
854:
567:
471:
456:
284:
276:
2421:, Bolsward/Leeuwarden (A.J. Osinga Utjouwerij/R. van der Velde), 1958, no ISBN.
1229:
1216:
955:
875:
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774:
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682:
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487:
379:
from 1807 to 1813. In that period he also immersed himself in the study of the
340:
207:
91:
536:). By the end of his life, Halbertsma assisted in the editing of a portion of
327:
Ruerdtsje Binnerts was a scion of a prominent family in Grou. Her people were
2697:
825:
483:
231:
223:
106:
1059:(short story about the historical 18th century Frisian writer Foeke Sjoerds)
832:
surplus of applicants washing over the Netherlands from the universities of
1282:(biography of the 18th century Friesian poet Jan Cornelis Pieters Salverda)
973:
742:("The Mennonites and Their Origins"), and in 1851 he followed this up with
452:
368:
1019:("Gabe Tailor's Rag Basket"; collection of poetry and short stories, with
589:
117:
963:
959:
870:. However, it is considered much more likely that the true author of the
866:, and for a while it was considered authentic, until it was exposed as a
859:
809:
801:
785:
609:
416:
147:
121:
44:
265:
and poetry was posthumously collected in 1871 to become the famous work
1323:
927:
817:
735:
693:
464:
460:
392:
364:
348:
328:
300:
Justus Hiddes Halbertsma was born on 23 October 1789 in the village of
272:
990:
905:
858:, a falsified work which emerged in 1867 and was written in imitated
789:
708:("Dictionary of the Western Frisian Language"; published 1984–2011).
704:
to develop several Western Frisian dictionaries, notably the 25 part
689:
686:
637:
411:
376:
332:
305:
1411:
1394:
1310:
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951:
793:
629:
604:
Utility" – the name of a gentlemen's club), which was published in
601:
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559:
495:
448:
447:
and Johannes Klinker. For Halbertsma, who was first and foremost a
388:
384:
375:
career, for which he studied theology at the Mennonite Seminary in
309:
235:
219:
76:
61:
402:
Justus Hiddes Halbertsma, drawn by an unknown artist, around 1835.
1390:
1345:
981:
897:
833:
649:
632:, which includes the intriguing and completely stand-alone story
579:
570:, which he matchlessly revised and placed in Friesland. He was a
428:
2331:
Twataligens: Ynlieding yn Underskate Aspekten fan de Twataligens
1433:
Kent Gij Halbertsma van Deventer? In Tal Net Utjowne Hânskriften
636:("Hole of Witchcraft" – an old nickname for the village of
2499:
Spiegel van de Friese Poëzie: Van de Zeventiende Eeuw tot Heden
2483:, Amsterdam/Leeuwarden (Uitgeverij Boom/Fryske Akademy), 1998,
1410:("Biography of Deventer"; sarcastic description of the city of
821:
813:
770:
645:
582:
political and social questions in his literary works. From the
575:
420:
407:
372:
336:
102:
966:, while the remainder came mostly from excavations of Frisian
1273:
Friesic: Ancient and Modern Friesic Compared with Anglo-Sacon
901:
763:
734:
feel to it. In 1843 he published a historical work about the
624:("The Second Evening") are also extensive frame-stories, and
593:
Justus Hiddes Halbertsma in a photograph dated 3 August 1861.
479:
262:
2553:, Leeuwarden (Uitgeverij M.Th. van Seyen), no year, no ISBN.
2535:, Gorredijk/Leeuwarden (Utjouwerij Bornmeer/Tresoar), 2016,
2385:, Gorredijk/Leeuwarden (Utjouwerij Bornmeer/Tresoar), 2016,
968:
867:
862:. It pretended to be an early history of Friesland and the
301:
215:
40:
1288:
De Toenemende Wansmaak van de Nederlanders voor het Toneel
648:"), a story inspired by a great storm in 1830, in which a
788:. Shortly after returning to Friesland from his study in
358:
1399:
Jaarboek van de Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde
2690:, Drachten (Drukkerij J. Laverman N.V.), 1969, no ISBN.
886:
Bust in bronze of Justus Hiddes Halbertsma in Deventer.
2610:
J.H. Halbertsma, Gysbert Japicx en de Fryske Dialekten
345:
Schrikkelijke IJsgang en Overstroominge in Gelderland
189:
5 sons (Petrus, Hidde, Tsjalling, Watse, and Binnert)
2620:
De Collectie van J.H. Halbertsma in het Fries Museum
930:
value of this collection was later disputed by some
367:
for a year, and after that, she enrolled him in the
275:
value of this collection was later disputed by some
2595:, Bolsward (A.J. Osinga N.V.), 1958, pp. 5–14.
838:seceded from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands
808:, and the German linguist and fairytale-collector
758:, whom he had met in London, Halbertsma published
754:). Furthermore, in 1858, at the request of Prince
2473:Cultuur in Friesland en Friese Cultuur, 1795–1917
762:, which was the first Frisian translation of the
2695:
1322:("The Mennonites and Their Origins"; about the
1068:("Epitaph of a Wine-guzzler for Himself"; poem)
554:least some of Halbertsma's poems, for instance
494:("Gabe Tailor's Rag Basket"; original, archaic
427:, while Binnert passed away in 1861, and Hidde
304:, in the central part of the Dutch province of
2612:, Leeuwarden (Fryske Akademy), 1973, no ISBN.
2563:, Bolsward (A.J. Osinga N.V.), 1968, no ISBN.
1376:("The Gospel of Matthew"; translation of the
331:, and although her husband had been raised a
2551:Tweeduizend Jaar Geschiedenis van Friesland
2457:, Leeuwarden (Frisian Council/Afûk), 2008,
2431:, Drachten (A.J. Osinga Utjouwerij), 1993,
2359:, Drachten (A.J. Osinga Utjouwerij), 1993,
419:or medicine, while Watse en Binnert became
2688:Joast Hiddes Halbertsma, Brekker en Bouwer
2501:, Amsterdam (J.M. Meulenhoff B.V.), 1994,
2654:, Hilversum (Uitgeverij Verloren), 2009,
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1041:("New Song about the Fair in Grou"; poem)
383:. In 1814, Halbertsma became minister in
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534:Teltsjes fan de Wize Mannen fan Esonstêd
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1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1653:
1651:
1641:
1639:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1065:Grêfskrift fan in Wynsûper op Him Selme
434:
395:, from 1822 to his retirement in 1856.
295:
238:. Today, he is primarily known for the
2696:
2287:
2266:
2254:
2187:
2166:
2148:
2104:
2101:Brothers Halbertsma 1958, pp. 589–594.
2066:
2016:
2002:
1956:
1928:
1889:
1877:
1843:
1698:
1682:
1344:("Dialects in the Netherlands"; about
1205:("The Bear on a Journey"; short story)
1110:De Treemter fan it Sint-Anthonygasthûs
667:
359:Education, clerical career, and family
316:(1792–1852), Binnert (1795–1847), and
2764:Translators of the Bible into Frisian
2719:Dutch Protestant ministers and clergy
2573:, Leiden (L. Stafleu), 1949, no ISBN.
2401:Lyts Hânboek fan de Fryske Literatuer
2032:
1968:
1793:
1752:
1720:
1608:
1592:
1487:
1447:
347:("Terrible Ice-drift and Flooding in
2481:Geschiedenis van Friesland 1750–1995
1907:
1660:
1648:
1636:
1519:
1196:("German Bearn's Bird"; short story)
2518:Joost Hiddes Halbertsma (1789–1869)
1309:("Buddhism and Its Founder"; about
1210:
13:
2672:, Grou (Uitgeverij Louise), 2018,
2599:
2397:Dykstra, Klaes, and Bouke Oldenhof
1319:De Doopsgezinden en Hunne Herkomst
1300:("Literary After-Harvest"; part 1)
740:De Doopsgezinden en Hunne Herkomst
249:, which he wrote with his brother
139:poetry, short stories, non-fiction
14:
2810:
2375:Halbertsma, Justus (Joost Hiddes)
1146:Oan Petrus, Doe't er Doktor Waard
1128:Eölus, Grewa fan Stoarm en Onwaar
1001:
727:, whose work he admired greatly.
628:("Boss Joute's Barbershop") is a
620:("Continuously Bad Weather") and
2789:19th-century short story writers
2495:Oppewal, Teake, and Pier Boorsma
2136:Dykstra and Oldenhof, pp. 38–40.
1267:of the Western Frisian language)
1187:("The Birth Spoon"; short story)
1050:("A Scottish Meal"; short story)
116:
101:
26:
2714:19th-century Dutch male writers
2634:J.H. Halbertsma als Lexicograaf
2533:Nieuwe Encyclopedie van Fryslân
2383:Nieuwe Encyclopedie van Fryslân
2349:Oer Skriuwers, Boek en Utjeften
2308:
2299:
2278:
2245:
2236:
2227:
2213:
2178:
2139:
2130:
2095:
2086:
2057:
2048:
1993:
1984:
1919:
1868:
1859:
1834:
1825:
1784:
1167:("The Thick Suit"; short story)
996:
656:together like whirling leaves.
2749:19th-century Dutch translators
2724:Linguists from the Netherlands
1583:
1423:(unfinished dictionary of the
1306:Het Buddhisme en Zijn Stichter
1155:Leed en Wille en de Flotgerzen
1101:De Noarger Rún oan Gabe Skroar
836:, which at that time had just
526:Leed en Wille en de Flotgerzen
518:De Noarger Rún oan Gabe Skroar
512:A second, expanded edition of
1:
2754:West Frisian-language writers
2477:Frieswijk, Johan, et al., ed.
2447:Fryslân: Fêstens en Feroaring
1441:
1279:Jan Cornelis Pieters Salverda
1086:("Sane of Mind"; short story)
1038:In Nij Liet op Grouster Merke
916:After the death of all three
214:, pron. (23 October 1789 in
2222:Andere Taaldiensten en Links
2163:Dykstra and Oldenhof, p. 40.
1695:Dykstra and Oldenhof, p. 38.
1633:Dykstra and Oldenhof, p. 37.
1092:De Skearwinkel fan Joutebaas
746:("Notes on Part Four of the
626:De Skearwinkel fan Joutebaas
500:De Lape Koer fen Gabe Skroor
206:, pron. (the r is silent);
7:
2759:Translators to West Frisian
2636:, Leeuwarden (Afûk), 2011,
2403:, Leeuwarden (Afûk), 1997,
2333:, Leeuwarden (Afûk), 1981,
2184:Dykstra en Oldenhof, s. 38.
1781:Oppewal and Boorsma, p. 16.
1373:It Ewangeelje fen Matthewes
1247:Het Geslacht der Van Harens
1074:De Lapekoer fan Gabe Skroar
1029:De Lapekoer fan Gabe Skroar
1016:De Lapekoer fan Gabe Skroar
950:On his travels to England,
940:De Lapekoer fan Gabe Skroar
760:It Ewangeelje fen Matthewes
721:Het Geslacht der Van Harens
706:Wurdboek fan de Fryske Taal
662:De Lapekoer fan Gabe Skroar
514:De Lapekoer fan Gabe Skroar
507:De Lapekoer fan Gabe Skroar
492:De Lapekoer fan Gabe Skroar
247:De Lapekoer fan Gabe Skroar
10:
2815:
2320:
2242:Breuker 1993, pp. 589–590.
1925:Breuker 1993, pp. 588–589.
1657:Breuker 1993, pp. 594–596.
1645:Breuker 1993, pp. 603–606.
1589:Breuker 1993, pp. 587–591.
1348:spoken in the Netherlands)
1341:De Tongvallen in Nederland
1122:("To Aeolus"; short story)
2739:Dutch non-fiction writers
2729:Dutch short story writers
1021:Eeltsje Hiddes Halbertsma
911:
908:was named in his honour.
185:
177:
161:
153:
143:
135:
127:
112:
97:
83:
68:
51:
34:
25:
18:
2799:Male non-fiction writers
2769:People from Boarnsterhim
2734:19th-century Dutch poets
2684:Kalma, J.J., et al., ed.
2514:Rademaker-Helfferich, B.
1425:Western Frisian language
1238:Hulde aan Gysbert Japiks
1225:Hulde aan Gysbert Japiks
1137:Twigen út in Alde Stamme
984:. A large collection of
934:, it is undeniable that
890:
717:Hulde aan Gysbert Japiks
522:Twigen út in Alde Stamme
381:North Germanic languages
279:, it is undeniable that
196:Justus Hiddes Halbertsma
20:Justus Hiddes Halbertsma
2626:, 1969, pp. 17–32.
2522:Overijselse Biografieën
1990:Boelens et al., s. 116.
1965:Boelens et al., p. 116.
1193:De Fûgel fan Bearn-poep
652:has blown thoughts and
578:, who liked to include
290:
212:Joost Hiddes Halbertsma
204:Joast Hiddes Halbertsma
2794:19th-century essayists
2585:De Bruorren Halbertsma
2529:Schroor, Meindert, ed.
2379:Schroor, Meindert, ed.
2327:Boelens, Krine, et al.
2275:Breuker 2016, s. 1957.
2127:Breuker 2016, p. 1127.
1516:Breuker 2016, p. 1126.
1407:Biografie van Deventer
1215:(for the most part in
1006:(for the most part in
887:
756:Louis Lucien Bonaparte
594:
451:, and only secondly a
415:and Tsjalling studied
403:
244:short story collection
218:– 27 February 1869 in
181:Johanna Iskjen Hoekema
2393:, pp. 1126–1127.
2371:Breuker, Philippus H.
2345:Breuker, Philippus H.
2284:Breuker 1993, p. 604.
2263:Breuker 1993, s. 589.
2210:Breuker 1993, p. 590.
2175:Breuker 1993, s. 591.
2013:Breuker 1993, p. 597.
1999:Breuker 1993, p. 593.
1953:Breuker 1993, p. 589.
1865:Breuker 1993, p. 592.
1840:Breuker 1993, p. 591.
1749:Breuker 1993, p. 587.
1605:Breuker 1993, p. 594.
1580:Rademaker-Helfferich.
1484:Breuker 1993, p. 588.
1332:Letterkundige Naoogst
1297:Letterkundige Naoogst
885:
876:François Haverschmidt
677:, for which he chose
592:
505:The first edition of
445:Hiëronymus van Alphen
401:
391:, in the province of
343:poem under the title
287:for three centuries.
2779:People from Deventer
2774:People from Bolsward
2589:Halbertsma, Brothers
2561:Fan Fryslâns Forline
2425:Halbertsma, Brothers
2415:Halbertsma, Brothers
2353:Halbertsma, Brothers
2054:Twerda, pp. 297–298.
1414:and its inhabitants)
938:and its predecessor
842:University of Leiden
550:("The Thick Suit").
435:As a literary figure
425:psychiatric hospital
296:Youth and background
2571:Frieslands Dichters
2491:, pp. 172–212.
2367:, pp. 587–613.
2233:Wiersma, pp. 10–11.
1397:in Friesland", in:
1380:to Western Frisian)
918:Brothers Halbertsma
804:, the English poet
668:As a man of science
322:Brothers Halbertsma
259:Halbertsma Brothers
2678:978-9 49 15 36 502
2660:978-9 08 70 41 342
2642:978-9 06 27 38 762
2541:978-9 05 61 53 755
2463:978-9 06 27 37 734
2451:Hiemstra, Sytze T.
2391:978-9 05 61 53 755
2092:Wiersma, p. 5, 11.
2063:Wiersma, s. 5, 11.
1365:Jacob van Maerlant
1360:Spiegel Historiael
888:
782:Germanic languages
752:Jacob van Maerlant
748:Spiegel Historiael
595:
404:
2616:Boschma, Cornelis
2593:Rimen en Teltsjes
2429:Rimen en Teltsjes
2419:Rimen en Teltsjes
2357:Rimen en Teltsjes
2251:Schroor, p. 1957.
2145:Terpstra, p. 318.
2045:Terpstra, p. 313.
1874:Wiersma, pp. 8–9.
1856:Terpstra, p. 316.
1831:Wiersma, pp. 7–8.
1822:Terpstra, p. 317.
1437:
1428:
1415:
1402:
1381:
1378:Gospel of Matthew
1368:
1349:
1336:
1327:
1314:
1301:
1292:
1283:
1268:
1255:
1242:
1233:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1184:De Geboarteleppel
1179:
1174:Rimen en Teltsjes
1168:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1123:
1114:
1105:
1096:
1087:
1078:
1069:
1060:
1051:
1042:
1033:
1024:
945:Rimen en Teltsjes
936:Rimen en Teltsjes
923:Rimen en Teltsjes
798:Willem Bilderdijk
767:Gospel of Matthew
598:It Boalserter Nut
556:Sibbel fan De Ryp
539:Rimen en Teltsjes
474:with his brother
429:took his own life
281:Rimen en Teltsjes
268:Rimen en Teltsjes
193:
192:
167:Rimen en Teltsjes
154:Years active
144:Literary movement
2806:
2784:Dutch male poets
2685:
2667:
2649:
2631:
2617:
2607:
2590:
2578:
2568:
2558:
2548:
2547:Terpstra, Pieter
2530:
2515:
2496:
2478:
2470:
2452:
2444:
2426:
2416:
2398:
2380:
2372:
2354:
2346:
2328:
2315:
2314:Schroor, p. 873.
2312:
2306:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2285:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2264:
2261:
2252:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2225:
2220:Fryske Akademy,
2217:
2211:
2208:
2185:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2164:
2161:
2146:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2102:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2064:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2030:
2027:
2014:
2011:
2000:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1966:
1963:
1954:
1951:
1926:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1905:
1902:
1887:
1886:Hemminga, p. 56.
1884:
1875:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1841:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1791:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1750:
1747:
1718:
1715:
1696:
1693:
1680:
1677:
1658:
1655:
1646:
1643:
1634:
1631:
1606:
1603:
1590:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1517:
1514:
1485:
1482:
1435:
1422:
1420:Lexicon Frisicum
1409:
1388:
1375:
1356:
1343:
1334:
1321:
1308:
1299:
1290:
1281:
1262:
1252:Willem van Haren
1249:
1240:
1227:
1211:Scientific works
1204:
1195:
1186:
1177:
1166:
1157:
1148:
1139:
1130:
1121:
1112:
1103:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1067:
1058:
1049:
1040:
1031:
1018:
826:Halle-Wittenberg
725:Willem van Haren
698:Lexicon Frisicum
675:Lexicon Frisicum
544:Rhymes and Tales
441:Dutch Golden Age
257:, until all the
172:Lexicon Frisicum
120:
105:
58:
55:27 February 1869
30:
16:
15:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2744:Dutch essayists
2694:
2693:
2683:
2666:Jong, Alpita de
2665:
2648:Jong, Alpita de
2647:
2629:
2615:
2606:Breuker, Pieter
2605:
2602:
2600:Further reading
2588:
2576:
2566:
2557:Twerda, Hendrik
2556:
2546:
2528:
2513:
2494:
2476:
2468:
2450:
2442:
2424:
2414:
2396:
2378:
2370:
2352:
2344:
2326:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2267:
2262:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2167:
2162:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2083:Twerda, p. 298.
2082:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2033:
2029:Twerda, p. 297.
2028:
2017:
2012:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:Wiersma, p. 11.
1980:
1969:
1964:
1957:
1952:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1908:
1903:
1890:
1885:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1753:
1748:
1721:
1716:
1699:
1694:
1683:
1679:Jensma, p. 197.
1678:
1661:
1656:
1649:
1644:
1637:
1632:
1609:
1604:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1520:
1515:
1488:
1483:
1448:
1444:
1213:
1202:De Bear op Reis
1008:Western Frisian
1004:
999:
914:
893:
872:Oera Linda Book
855:Oera Linda Book
702:Frisian Academy
700:was used by de
670:
616:("The Money").
568:oral literature
472:folk literature
457:spoken language
437:
361:
298:
293:
285:spoken language
271:. Although the
170:
107:Western Frisian
60:
56:
39:
38:23 October 1789
21:
12:
11:
5:
2812:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2692:
2691:
2681:
2663:
2645:
2627:
2624:De Vrije Fries
2613:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2574:
2564:
2554:
2544:
2526:
2510:
2507:9 02 90 47 569
2492:
2489:9 05 35 23 685
2466:
2443:Hemminga, Piet
2440:
2437:9 06 06 64 892
2422:
2412:
2409:9 07 00 10 526
2394:
2368:
2365:9 06 06 64 892
2342:
2339:9 06 27 30 086
2322:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2307:
2305:Wadman, p. 14.
2298:
2296:Wiersma, p. 5.
2286:
2277:
2265:
2253:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2212:
2186:
2177:
2165:
2147:
2138:
2129:
2103:
2094:
2085:
2065:
2056:
2047:
2031:
2015:
2001:
1992:
1983:
1967:
1955:
1927:
1918:
1916:Wiersma, p. 9.
1906:
1904:Wiersma, p. 8.
1888:
1876:
1867:
1858:
1842:
1833:
1824:
1792:
1790:Wiersma, s. 7.
1783:
1751:
1719:
1717:Wiersma, p. 7.
1697:
1681:
1659:
1647:
1635:
1607:
1591:
1582:
1518:
1486:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1429:
1416:
1403:
1382:
1369:
1350:
1337:
1328:
1315:
1302:
1293:
1284:
1275:
1269:
1256:
1243:
1234:
1230:Gysbert Japiks
1212:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1198:
1189:
1180:
1169:
1160:
1151:
1142:
1133:
1124:
1115:
1106:
1097:
1088:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1047:In Skotsk Miel
1043:
1034:
1025:
1003:
1002:Literary works
1000:
998:
995:
991:permanent loan
974:Frisian Museum
913:
910:
892:
889:
864:Frisian people
806:Robert Southey
713:Gysbert Japiks
683:Brothers Grimm
669:
666:
572:non-conformist
558:("Sibbel from
488:literary agent
436:
433:
360:
357:
341:Dutch-language
297:
294:
292:
289:
226:writer, poet,
191:
190:
187:
183:
182:
179:
175:
174:
163:
159:
158:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
137:
133:
132:
129:
125:
124:
114:
110:
109:
99:
95:
94:
85:
81:
80:
79:, poet, writer
70:
66:
65:
59:(aged 79)
53:
49:
48:
36:
32:
31:
23:
22:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2811:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
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2770:
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2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2689:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2630:Dykstra, Anne
2628:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2611:
2604:
2603:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2577:Wiersma, J.P.
2575:
2572:
2565:
2562:
2555:
2552:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2474:
2469:Jensma, Goffe
2467:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2455:De Fryslannen
2448:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2420:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2392:
2388:
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2369:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2350:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2324:
2311:
2302:
2293:
2291:
2281:
2272:
2270:
2260:
2258:
2248:
2239:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2181:
2172:
2170:
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2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2142:
2133:
2124:
2122:
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2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2098:
2089:
2080:
2078:
2076:
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622:De Twadde Jûn
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548:It Grouwe Pak
545:
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531:
530:De Jonkerboer
528:), and 1858 (
527:
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162:Notable works
160:
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108:
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64:(Netherlands)
63:
54:
50:
46:
42:
37:
33:
29:
24:
17:
2687:
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2567:Wadman, Anne
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2180:
2141:
2132:
2097:
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1995:
1986:
1921:
1870:
1861:
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997:Bibliography
978:
967:
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935:
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779:
759:
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732:naturalistic
729:
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491:
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438:
405:
369:Latin school
362:
353:
344:
326:
299:
280:
266:
246:
211:
203:
200:West Frisian
195:
194:
171:
165:
131:19th century
88:West Frisian
57:(1869-02-27)
2709:1869 deaths
2704:1789 births
1083:Sûn Ferstân
964:Hindeloopen
960:antiquities
860:Old Frisian
810:Jacob Grimm
802:Rasmus Rask
786:linguistics
769:(or of any
690:etymologies
610:frame-story
606:De Lapekoer
417:linguistics
148:Romanticism
113:Citizenship
98:Nationality
45:Netherlands
2698:Categories
1442:References
1324:mennonites
902:decoration
820:, Berlin,
818:Copenhagen
736:Mennonites
694:manuscript
634:Heksershol
465:dictionary
461:vocabulary
393:Overijssel
365:Leeuwarden
349:Gelderland
329:Mennonites
69:Occupation
1119:Oan Eölus
906:Friesland
790:Amsterdam
775:realistic
738:, called
658:Oan Eölus
642:Oan Eölus
638:Molkwerum
584:anecdotes
524:), 1854 (
520:), 1840 (
431:in 1865.
412:farmstead
377:Amsterdam
333:Calvinist
314:Tsjalling
306:Friesland
255:Tsjalling
222:), was a
157:1822–1869
2581:Foarwurd
1412:Deventer
1395:Brantgum
1346:dialects
1335:(part 2)
1311:buddhism
1265:spelling
1241:(part 2)
956:cabinets
952:Scotland
928:literary
846:burn-out
764:Biblical
687:semantic
630:dialogue
602:Bolsward
576:satirist
496:spelling
453:Dutchman
421:mariners
389:Deventer
385:Bolsward
373:clerical
310:merchant
273:literary
236:linguist
228:minister
220:Deventer
186:Children
84:Language
77:linguist
73:minister
62:Deventer
2321:Sources
1431:1969 –
1418:1872 –
1405:1869 –
1391:Waaxens
1384:1861 –
1371:1858 –
1352:1851 –
1339:1846 –
1330:1845 –
1317:1843 –
1304:1843 –
1295:1840 –
1286:1836 –
1277:1836 –
1271:1836 –
1258:1834 –
1245:1829 –
1236:1827 –
1223:1824 –
1200:18?? –
1191:18?? –
1182:18?? –
1171:1871 –
1162:1871 –
1153:1854 –
1144:1841 –
1135:1840 –
1126:1837 –
1117:1837 –
1108:1836 –
1099:1836 –
1090:1835 –
1081:1834 –
1072:1834 –
1063:1834 –
1054:1834 –
1045:1831 –
1036:1830 –
1027:1829 –
1014:1822 –
986:letters
982:Tresoar
932:critics
898:widower
834:Belgium
650:tornado
618:Miswier
614:It Jild
580:topical
562:") and
476:Eeltsje
449:Frisian
337:mariner
318:Eeltsje
277:critics
251:Eeltsje
224:Frisian
2676:
2658:
2640:
2622:, in:
2587:, in:
2539:
2520:, in:
2505:
2487:
2475:, in:
2461:
2449:, in:
2435:
2407:
2389:
2377:, in:
2363:
2351:, in:
2337:
912:Legacy
822:Athens
814:Leiden
794:jonker
771:gospel
654:motifs
646:Aeolus
600:("The
560:De Ryp
408:Workum
240:poetry
210:form:
202:form:
178:Spouse
128:Period
1363:, by
1217:Dutch
969:terps
891:Death
679:Latin
644:("To
564:Nacht
480:prose
463:in a
263:prose
208:Dutch
136:Genre
122:Dutch
92:Dutch
2674:ISBN
2656:ISBN
2638:ISBN
2583:and
2537:ISBN
2503:ISBN
2485:ISBN
2459:ISBN
2433:ISBN
2405:ISBN
2387:ISBN
2361:ISBN
2335:ISBN
1393:and
868:hoax
532:and
302:Grou
291:Life
242:and
234:and
216:Grou
52:Died
41:Grou
35:Born
958:of
824:en
750:by
2700::
2686:,
2668:,
2650:,
2632:,
2618:,
2608:,
2591:,
2579:,
2569:,
2559:,
2549:,
2531:,
2516:,
2497:,
2479:,
2471:,
2453:,
2445:,
2427:,
2417:,
2399:,
2381:,
2373:,
2355:,
2347:,
2329:,
2289:^
2268:^
2256:^
2189:^
2168:^
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2106:^
2068:^
2034:^
2018:^
2004:^
1970:^
1958:^
1930:^
1909:^
1891:^
1879:^
1845:^
1795:^
1754:^
1722:^
1700:^
1684:^
1662:^
1650:^
1638:^
1610:^
1594:^
1521:^
1489:^
1449:^
1219:)
1010:)
976:.
828:.
816:,
664:.
498::
261:'
230:,
198:,
90:,
75:,
2680:.
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2543:.
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2509:.
2465:.
2439:.
2411:.
2341:.
1427:)
1367:)
1326:)
1313:)
1254:)
1232:)
1023:)
542:(
47:)
43:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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