30:
457:
110:
291:
When it was time for business, all of the joking stopped, and then activity, policy, hard work and calculations were the order of the day from early in the morning to late in the evening." One of his biographers (J. P. Wiersma) described
Tsjalling Halbertsma as "a talented, conspicuous person, full of drollery, not without vanity, but original in thought and word, distinctive in all his doings, a trendsetter." A different biographer (
564:, when he was almost 61 years old. When he was still alive, he had been the steadfast centre of the Halbertsmas of Grou, where his brothers Binnert and Eeltsje especially were often visiting and always welcome. According to his brother Justus, the family became "a scattered herd" after his death, and Eeltsje wrote to Justus: "I feel like a soldier who has seen his best comrade sink down next to him on the field of battle."
95:
263:(1797–1858). Two children who were born later died in early childhood, the little boy in 1803, and the little girl in 1805. The brothers were very close, possibly as a consequence of the fact that both their parents died at a relatively young age in 1809, when Tsjalling was only seventeen years of age. Justus, Tsjalling and Eeltsje, who, as authors, became known as the
346:, selling their products to merchants who traded it away, not seldom to foreign markets. In time, Halbertsma took over his uncle's company, which he expanded steadily over the course of many years. At first he worked on commission for the Amsterdam trading house of Pijnakker, but later on, he went into business for himself, buying up
290:
Tsjalling
Halbertsma was, according to his brother Justus, an imitator of great skill, a trait he had inherited from their father. Justus also wrote about him, "There was no greater lover of silliness and jokes in all of Friesland than my brother Tsjalling; but, mark this, always in the wasted hours.
399:
In 1813, Halbertsma married Tetsje
Sjollema (1793–1836). She was from Grou, and he had known her for all of his life. A year after she died, he remarried, to Reinskje van der Goot (1807–1862), who was also from Grou. When this second marriage was contracted, he ordered fifty flags to be hung out in
629:
played a role of crucial importance in the development of a new literary tradition after
Western Frisian had been used almost exclusively as a spoken language for three centuries. In 1949, author and literary critic Anne Wadman wrote that the Halbertsmas gave "the Western Frisian people a literary
420:
Tsjalling
Halbertsma began his career as a writer in 1817, on occasion of his brother Binnert's wedding. Afterwards, he wrote fairly regularly until 1835, with a clear peak around 1830, later followed by incidental writings until 1841. The last eleven years of his live he did not produce any new
278:, he converted after marrying her. From the letters of Tsjalling's brother Justus, Ruerdtsje emerges as a smart businesswoman, a loving mother, and a deeply religious person. About Hidde Halbertsma, the father, much less is known. It is thought that he might have been a
378:
In 1837, Halbertsma had himself a large new house built in Grou, something his brothers were rather boastful of in their letters. He also dressed himself according to the latest fashion, leading to
Eeltsje complaining, in 1841, that his brother had become a
216:. During his life he won a certain amount of fame in and around Grou, for the poems and short stories he wrote, and also because of his success as a businessman. After his death some of his literary works were collected with those of his brothers
350:
in
Friesland and selling them with considerable profit in London. Halbertsma became a wealthy man, who, with his brother Binnert (who had sold the bakery and had become a wood merchant) and only ten others, such as Freerk Dirks Fontein of
496:
in 1822, Tsjalling
Halbertsma also wrote small tales and poems for a society in Grou. It is unclear what sort of society this was, but it seems very likely it was a remnant of a so-called 'people's society' from the
576:, their short fiction and poetry was gathered under the supervision of librarian and archivist Gerben Colmjon and bookseller and historian Wopke Eekhoff. In 1871, it was published by the firm of J. de Lange in
327:. In consequence, it fell to Tsjalling to keep their father's bakery running with the help of their father's baker's mates, until the third brother, Binnert, was old enough to take over the business.
383:. But in the end Halbertsma miscalculated badly: when the shares in other businesses he had invested in dropped sharply in value in 1848, he panicked, sold out, and put all his money in
425:
of 'Tsjalling
Tsysker' ("Tsjalling Cheese-maker"). Halbertsma's literary works were always overshadowed to a large degree by those of his brothers Justus and Eeltsje; they consist of
404:. One of Halbertsma's sons from his first marriage, Johannes Tsjallings Halbertsma (1827–1884), took over the dairy trade after his father's death, and moved it to the city of
508:, although this was limited, insofar as it can still be determined, to the period from 1829 to 1833. The first of his works he had printed in an almanac must have been
524:") was the first piece by Halbertsma which he had published, but he must have been mistaken, as it can be clearly shown from Justus Hiddes Halbertsma's letters that
303:
When Hidde
Halbertsma died, in January 1809, and was followed in death by his wife Ruerdtsje Binnerts in December of that same year, the Brothers Halbertsma became
387:. When subsequently the rye market also collapsed, he suffered heavy losses amounting to about half of his fortune. This was a severe blow, especially to his
602:, that the composition of the work was thoroughly adjusted. At that time Tsjalling's contribution took a more visible form through the absorption of
912:
282:
before his marriage. He is described as a gentle soul, who was, however, apt to take offence, and could be quite sharp-tongued in such cases.
1794:
1666:
1604:
1532:
1754:
590:("Boss Joute's Barbershop"), Tsjalling Halbertsma works, however, remained outside of that collection. It was not until the fourth
255:
Hidde Joasts Halbertsma (1756–1809) and his wife Ruerdtsje (or Riurtk) Tsjallings Binnerts (1767–1809). He had one elder brother,
243:
Tsjalling Hiddes Halbertsma was born on 21 January 1792 in his parents' house on Kowemerk ("Cow Market") street in the village of
1774:
1779:
1648:
1630:
1578:
1550:
1506:
552:
subjects, but also some of his own tales and poems. Of this publication only a few volumes were published in 1832 and 1833.
1764:
1784:
1769:
230:. It was only from 1918 onwards that more of Tsjalling Halbertsma's works were added to this collection.
1789:
844:
260:
221:
1759:
840:
256:
217:
29:
772:("To Mr. Frisius Stripsma"; short story in the form of a letter and an answering letter, both in
456:
312:
408:. There Halbertsma's grandsons Hylke (1857–1932) and Herrius (1864–1920) established the dairy
352:
683:
492:. Furthermore, it is known that, even before his brothers Justus and Eeltsje published their
485:
189:
79:
270:
This mother, Ruerdtsje Binnerts, was a scion of a prominent family in Grou. Her people were
1749:
1744:
545:
330:
After that, Tsjalling Halbertsma started to work for one of his uncles in Grou, who was a
8:
773:
573:
516:
for the year 1829. Gerard Tjaard Nicolaas Suringar himself would assert years later that
468:
was fairly limited, and consisted for a large part of rhymes written for the occasion of
372:
368:
292:
264:
213:
598:, which was published in 1918 by publisher and bookshop owner Rinse van der Velde from
434:
267:
later in life, were much like their father, while Binnert more resembled their mother.
1662:
1644:
1626:
1600:
1574:
1546:
1528:
1502:
582:
473:
335:
226:
158:
606:("The Fortune-telling of Maaike Jakkeles") and a number of shorter texts and poems.
634:
still occupies the first slot in the ranking of Western Frisian literary classics.
618:
481:
426:
1563:, Bolsward/Leeuwarden (A.J. Osinga Utjouwerij/R. van der Velde), 1958, no ISBN.
489:
469:
316:
193:
83:
1679:, Leeuwarden (Uitgeverij M.Th. van Seyen), no year, no ISBN, pp. 312–323.
1738:
613:
is seen as the national book of Western Frisian literature, and although the
498:
347:
339:
205:
98:
630:
monument, in which it saw its own life as a nation reflected." As of today
544:; "The Bouquet") a magazine which was edited by himself, and which included
422:
388:
324:
560:
Tsjalling Hiddes Halbertsma died on 12 December 1852 in his birthplace of
421:
works. He ofted used the pseudonyms 'Master Jouke' and T.T., which was an
109:
836:
643:
477:
465:
295:) wrote about him: "Here the pen is wielded by a man of high character."
139:
113:
46:
902:("The Weigh-house Masters of Grou to the Visitors of the Fair"; speech)
706:
614:
599:
521:
364:
320:
271:
343:
308:
275:
248:
586:("Rhymes and Tales"). Apart from a few of his poems and his part in
577:
537:
450:
356:
331:
252:
209:
488:, but to a considerable degree, especially in the early years, in
925:
915:", name of the historical municipality which included Grou; poem)
776:
591:
549:
532:
of 1830. Completely apart from the rest of Halbertsma's works is
505:
401:
259:(1789–1869), and two younger brothers, Binnert (1795–1847), and
1689:, Bolsward (A.J. Osinga N.V.), 1968, no ISBN, pp. 296–299.
1641:
Spiegel van de Friese Poëzie: Van de Zeventiende Eeuw tot Heden
1625:, Amsterdam/Leeuwarden (Uitgeverij Boom/Fryske Akademy), 1998,
430:
304:
279:
94:
669:
442:
405:
380:
360:
192:
form: Tsjalling Hiddes Halbertsma, pron. (the r is silent);
1661:, Gorredijk/Leeuwarden (Utjouwerij Bornmeer/Tresoar), 2016,
1527:, Gorredijk/Leeuwarden (Utjouwerij Bornmeer/Tresoar), 2016,
501:, such as were established all over Friesland from 1795 on.
437:, which, however, was very popular with the common man. His
371:. Furthermore, from 1850 to his death, he had a seat in the
561:
244:
201:
42:
681:("A Taste from Reintsje the Fox"; translated passage from
334:
trading in butter and cheese. At that time farmer's wives
204:, 21 January 1792 – there, 12 December 1852), was a Dutch
384:
857:("The Fortune-telling of Maaike Jakkeles"; short story)
815:("In the Year When the Cow Was Called Barthold"; tale)
754:("A Talk in the Evening with Oark and Sint; dialogue)
659:("Wedding Poem" or "Silliness at the Wedding"; poem)
642:(of Tsjalling Halbertsma's Western Frisian-language
617:
value of this collection was later disputed by some
1721:, Bolsward (A.J. Osinga N.V.), 1958, pp. 5–14.
736:("My Journey to Town with Pear Juice"; short story)
307:at a young age. Justus, the eldest brother, was in
1615:Cultuur in Friesland en Friese Cultuur, 1795–1917
1736:
727:("Song for the Frisian Citizen Soldiery"; poem)
445:") was almost a match for the more famous poem
400:the village, and he gave away a fat cow to the
247:, in the central part of the Dutch province of
504:Halbertsma published a number of his works in
1731:, Bolsward (A.J. Osinga N.V.), 1926, no ISBN.
274:, and although her husband had been raised a
251:. He was the son of the baker and small-time
1677:Tweeduizend Jaar Geschiedenis van Friesland
1599:, Leeuwarden (Frisian Council/Afûk), 2008,
1573:, Drachten (A.J. Osinga Utjouwerij), 1993,
1501:, Drachten (A.J. Osinga Utjouwerij), 1993,
899:De Grouster Weachmasters oan de Merkegasten
839:with several short stories and poems; with
1643:, Amsterdam (J.M. Meulenhoff B.V.), 1994,
763:("The Path to the Money Pit"; short story)
480:notes, accompanying texts for prints, and
1443:
1441:
1439:
1429:
1427:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
1408:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1353:
1351:
1216:
1214:
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1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1134:
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1130:
1077:
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1071:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1016:
1014:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
718:("The Brown and the Blaze"; short story)
455:
212:, and the least well-known of the three
1269:
1267:
1111:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
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1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
391:, which he never truly recovered from.
238:
1737:
1436:
1424:
1360:
1326:
1285:
1248:
1232:
1165:
1141:
866:("In the Weigh-house of Grou"; speech)
788:("Voluptuary and Leo Simpleton"; tale)
224:to be published in 1871 as the famous
1699:, Leiden (L. Stafleu), 1949, no ISBN.
1543:Lyts Hânboek fan de Fryske Literatuer
1403:
1391:
1348:
1209:
1189:
1127:
1032:
939:
812:Yn 't Jier Doe't de Ko Bartele Hjitte
1623:Geschiedenis van Friesland 1750–1995
1264:
1106:
1084:
1048:
991:
854:De Wiersizzerije fan Maaike Jakkeles
604:De Wiersizzerij fan Maaike Jakkeles
315:, while Eeltsje, the youngest, was
311:at that time, studying to become a
13:
1539:Dykstra, Klaes, and Bouke Oldenhof
367:, was a member of the new Frisian
14:
1806:
1795:19th-century Dutch businesspeople
705:("The Best Friday on the Fair in
668:("Sets and Tsjerk at the Fair yn
520:("The Best Friday of the Fair in
441:("Sets and Tsjerk at the Fair yn
1637:Oppewal, Teake, and Pier Boorsma
921:Master Doede fan Terbant Is Komd
702:De Bêste Freed yn Ljou'ter Merke
518:De Bêste Freed yn Ljou'ter Merke
453:Fair"), by his brother Eeltsje.
373:provincial assembly of Friesland
108:
93:
28:
1755:19th-century Dutch male writers
1659:Nieuwe Encyclopedie van Fryslân
1525:Nieuwe Encyclopedie van Fryslân
1491:Oer Skriuwers, Boek en Utjeften
1468:
1459:
1450:
1415:
1382:
1317:
1308:
1299:
1276:
1223:
751:In Jûnpraatsje fan Oark en Sint
733:Myn Reis mei Parsop nei de Stêd
637:
1775:19th-century Dutch politicians
1619:Frieswijk, Johan, et al., red.
1118:
1023:
678:In Priuwke út Reintsje de Foks
665:Sets en Tsjerk yn Snitser Merk
510:Sets en Tsjerk yn Snitser Merk
439:Sets en Tsjerk yn Snitser Merk
1:
1780:West Frisian-language writers
1589:Fryslân: Fêstens en Feroaring
933:
745:("The Citizen Soldier"; poem)
724:Liet foar de Fryske Sjitterij
572:After the death of all three
415:
319:in the provincial capital of
1517:Halbertsma, Tsjalling Hiddes
1447:Dykstra and Oldenhof, p. 37.
830:De Skearwinkel fan Joutebaas
588:De Skearwinkel fan Joutebaas
460:Tsjalling Hiddes Halbertsma.
7:
1729:Bodders yn de Fryske Striid
1545:, Leeuwarden (Afûk), 1997,
1379:Dykstra en Oldenhof, p. 42.
1206:Oppewal and Boorsma, p. 16.
1124:Dykstra en Oldenhof, p. 37.
769:An Menhear Frisius Stripsma
627:De Lapekoer fan Gabe Skroar
494:De Lapekoer fan Gabe Skroar
186:Tsjalling Hiddes Halbertsma
22:Tsjalling Hiddes Halbertsma
10:
1811:
1480:
1465:Breuker 1993, pp. 594–596.
1115:Breuker 1993, pp. 603–606.
1029:Breuker 1993, pp. 591–592.
656:Mallichheid by de Brulloft
355:, Michiel Hylkes Tromp of
198:Tjalling Hiddes Halbertsma
1765:Dutch short story writers
884:("Fair in Grou"'; speech)
845:Eeltsje Hiddes Halbertsma
833:("Boss Joute's Barbershop
797:("The Wedding"; dialogue)
567:
394:
285:
175:
165:
153:
145:
135:
127:
119:
104:
89:
75:
67:
53:
36:
27:
20:
1785:People from Boarnsterhim
1770:19th-century Dutch poets
893:("Fair in Grou"; speech)
875:("Fair in Grou"; speech)
841:Justus Hiddes Halbertsma
760:It Paad nei de Jilddobbe
696:("Sjirk and Tryn"; poem)
621:, it is undeniable that
555:
363:and Dirk Piers Zeper of
323:, where he attended the
298:
171:2. Reinskje van der Goot
863:Yn de Grouster Weagerij
824:("Of an Evening"; tale)
464:Tsjalling Halbertsma's
359:, Hans Klazes Wouda of
233:
1711:De Bruorren Halbertsma
1655:Schroor, Meindert, ed.
1521:Schroor, Meindert, ed.
1020:Breuker 2016, p. 1128.
785:Punthûn en Liuwe Lijer
461:
71:Merchant, poet, writer
1513:Breuker, Philippus H.
1487:Breuker, Philippus H.
1421:Breuker 1993, p. 604.
1245:Breuker 1993, p. 588.
1186:Breuker 1993, p. 592.
1138:Breuker 1993, p. 609.
1081:Breuker 1993, p. 587.
988:Breuker 1993, p. 591.
684:Van den vos Reynaerde
580:, under the title of
459:
131:poetry, short stories
1725:Wumkes, Geart Aeilco
1715:Halbertsma, Brothers
1687:Fan Fryslâns Forline
1567:Halbertsma, Brothers
1557:Halbertsma, Brothers
1495:Halbertsma, Brothers
625:and its predecessor
512:, which appeared in
239:Youth and background
1697:Frieslands Dichters
1633:, pp. 172–212.
1509:, pp. 587–613.
806:("The Devil"; tale)
715:De Brune en de Bles
574:Brothers Halbertsma
369:Chamber of Commerce
265:Brothers Halbertsma
214:Brothers Halbertsma
1667:978-9 05 61 53 755
1605:978-9 06 27 37 734
1593:Hiemstra, Sytze T.
1533:978-9 05 61 53 755
924:("Master Doede of
530:Suringar's Almanak
514:Suringar's Almanak
462:
447:De Boalserter Merk
169:1. Tetsje Sollema
63:Grou (Netherlands)
1719:Rimen en Teltsjes
1571:Rimen en Teltsjes
1561:Rimen en Teltsjes
1553:, pp. 37–42.
1499:Rimen en Teltsjes
1456:Terpstra, p. 313.
1400:Terpstra, p. 321.
1388:Terpstra, o. 320.
1357:Schroor, p. 1125.
1345:Terpstra, p. 320.
1273:Wiersma, pp. 8–9.
1261:Terpstra, p. 316.
1229:Wiersma, pp. 7–8.
1220:Terpstra, p. 317.
929:
916:
903:
894:
885:
876:
867:
858:
849:
825:
816:
807:
798:
789:
780:
764:
755:
746:
737:
728:
719:
710:
697:
688:
673:
660:
632:Rimen en Teltsjes
623:Rimen en Teltsjes
611:Rimen en Teltsjes
596:Rimen en Teltsjes
583:Rimen en Teltsjes
484:notes, partly in
227:Rimen en Teltsjes
208:writer, poet and
183:
182:
159:Rimen en Teltsjes
146:Years active
136:Literary movement
1802:
1790:Dutch male poets
1726:
1716:
1704:
1694:
1684:
1674:
1673:Terpstra, Pieter
1656:
1638:
1620:
1612:
1594:
1586:
1568:
1558:
1540:
1522:
1514:
1496:
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1398:
1389:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1358:
1355:
1346:
1343:
1324:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1283:
1282:Hemminga, p. 56.
1280:
1274:
1271:
1262:
1259:
1246:
1243:
1230:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1207:
1204:
1187:
1184:
1163:
1160:
1139:
1136:
1125:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1104:
1101:
1082:
1079:
1046:
1043:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1018:
989:
986:
923:
910:
901:
892:
883:
874:
865:
856:
832:
823:
814:
805:
796:
787:
771:
762:
753:
744:
735:
726:
717:
704:
695:
680:
667:
658:
112:
97:
60:
57:12 December 1852
32:
18:
17:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1760:Dutch merchants
1735:
1734:
1724:
1714:
1702:
1692:
1683:Twerda, Hendrik
1682:
1672:
1654:
1636:
1618:
1610:
1592:
1584:
1566:
1556:
1538:
1535:, p. 1128.
1520:
1512:
1494:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1437:
1432:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:Wiersma, p. 12.
1411:
1404:
1399:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1361:
1356:
1349:
1344:
1327:
1323:Twerda, p. 296.
1322:
1318:
1314:Wumkes, p. 485.
1313:
1309:
1305:Wiersma, p. 13.
1304:
1300:
1295:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1265:
1260:
1249:
1244:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1210:
1205:
1190:
1185:
1166:
1161:
1142:
1137:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1107:
1102:
1085:
1080:
1049:
1045:Jensma, p. 197.
1044:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1019:
992:
987:
940:
936:
928:Is Come"; tale)
640:
570:
558:
482:fortune-telling
429:, often with a
427:folk literature
418:
397:
301:
288:
241:
236:
170:
99:Western Frisian
62:
58:
41:
40:21 January 1792
23:
12:
11:
5:
1808:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1733:
1732:
1722:
1700:
1690:
1680:
1670:
1652:
1649:9 02 90 47 569
1634:
1631:9 05 35 23 685
1608:
1585:Hemminga, Piet
1582:
1579:9 06 06 64 892
1564:
1554:
1551:9 07 00 10 526
1536:
1510:
1507:9 06 06 64 892
1482:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1474:Wadman, p. 14.
1467:
1458:
1449:
1435:
1433:Wiersma, p. 5.
1423:
1414:
1402:
1390:
1381:
1359:
1347:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1298:
1296:Wiersma, p. 8.
1284:
1275:
1263:
1247:
1231:
1222:
1208:
1188:
1164:
1162:Wiersma, p. 7.
1140:
1126:
1117:
1105:
1103:Wiersma, p. 9.
1083:
1047:
1031:
1022:
990:
937:
935:
932:
931:
930:
917:
904:
895:
890:Grouster Merke
886:
881:Grouster Merke
877:
868:
859:
850:
826:
817:
808:
799:
790:
781:
765:
756:
747:
738:
729:
720:
711:
698:
689:
674:
661:
639:
636:
569:
566:
557:
554:
526:De Bêste Freed
470:Shrove Tuesday
417:
414:
396:
393:
348:dairy products
300:
297:
287:
284:
240:
237:
235:
232:
181:
180:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
155:
151:
150:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
129:
125:
124:
121:
117:
116:
106:
102:
101:
91:
87:
86:
77:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
61:(aged 60)
55:
51:
50:
38:
34:
33:
25:
24:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1807:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1730:
1723:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1703:Wiersma, J.P.
1701:
1698:
1691:
1688:
1681:
1678:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1611:Jensma, Goffe
1609:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1597:De Fryslannen
1590:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1562:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1537:
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1518:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1492:
1485:
1484:
1471:
1462:
1453:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1430:
1428:
1418:
1409:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1385:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1354:
1352:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1320:
1311:
1302:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1279:
1270:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1226:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1121:
1112:
1110:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1026:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
938:
927:
922:
918:
914:
913:Idaarderadeel
909:
908:Idaarder'diel
905:
900:
896:
891:
887:
882:
878:
873:
872:Grouster Merk
869:
864:
860:
855:
851:
848:
846:
842:
838:
831:
827:
822:
818:
813:
809:
804:
800:
795:
791:
786:
782:
778:
775:
770:
766:
761:
757:
752:
748:
743:
739:
734:
730:
725:
721:
716:
712:
708:
703:
699:
694:
693:Sjirk en Tryn
690:
686:
685:
679:
675:
671:
666:
662:
657:
653:
652:Brulloftsfers
649:
648:
647:
645:
635:
633:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
584:
579:
575:
565:
563:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
502:
500:
499:French period
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
458:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
413:
411:
407:
403:
392:
390:
386:
382:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
296:
294:
283:
281:
277:
273:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
231:
229:
228:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
178:
174:
168:
164:
161:
160:
156:
154:Notable works
152:
148:
144:
141:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
115:
111:
107:
103:
100:
96:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
70:
66:
56:
52:
48:
44:
39:
35:
31:
26:
19:
16:
1728:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1693:Wadman, Anne
1686:
1676:
1658:
1640:
1622:
1614:
1596:
1588:
1570:
1560:
1542:
1524:
1516:
1498:
1490:
1470:
1461:
1452:
1417:
1384:
1319:
1310:
1301:
1278:
1225:
1120:
1025:
920:
907:
898:
889:
880:
871:
862:
853:
834:
829:
820:
811:
802:
793:
784:
774:City Frisian
768:
759:
750:
741:
732:
723:
714:
701:
692:
682:
677:
664:
655:
651:
641:
638:Bibliography
631:
626:
622:
610:
608:
603:
595:
587:
581:
571:
559:
541:
533:
529:
528:appeared in
525:
517:
513:
509:
503:
493:
486:West Frisian
463:
446:
438:
423:abbreviation
419:
409:
398:
377:
329:
325:Latin school
302:
293:G. A. Wumkes
289:
269:
242:
225:
197:
190:West Frisian
185:
184:
157:
123:19th century
80:West Frisian
59:(1852-12-12)
15:
1750:1852 deaths
1745:1792 births
837:frame-story
794:De Brulloft
548:concerning
478:weigh-house
433:or playful
340:made cheese
200:, pron. ) (
140:Romanticism
105:Citizenship
90:Nationality
47:Netherlands
1739:Categories
934:References
742:De Skutter
707:Leeuwarden
600:Leeuwarden
522:Leeuwarden
416:Authorship
365:Leeuwarden
321:Leeuwarden
272:Mennonites
68:Occupation
821:Op in Jûn
534:De Roeker
431:satirical
412:in 1888.
410:Normandia
353:Harlingen
344:farmstead
309:Amsterdam
276:Calvinist
249:Friesland
1707:Foarwurd
803:De Divel
615:literary
578:Deventer
546:articles
542:De Rûker
538:spelling
536:(modern
506:almanacs
474:New Year
451:Bolsward
357:Woudsend
332:merchant
317:boarding
313:minister
253:merchant
210:merchant
176:Children
76:Language
1481:Sources
926:Terband
919:18?? –
906:1841 –
897:1841 –
888:1840 –
879:1839 –
870:1838 –
861:1837 –
852:1835 –
828:1835 –
819:1834 –
810:1834 –
801:1834 –
792:1834 –
783:1833 –
777:dialect
767:1833 –
758:1832 –
749:1832 –
740:1830 –
731:1830 –
722:1830 –
713:1830 –
709:; poem)
700:1830 –
691:1829 –
676:1829 –
672:; poem)
663:1829 –
650:1817 –
619:critics
609:Today,
592:reprint
550:topical
342:at the
336:churned
305:orphans
280:mariner
261:Eeltsje
222:Eeltsje
206:Frisian
179:several
149:1817–41
1713:, in:
1665:
1647:
1629:
1617:, in:
1603:
1591:, in:
1577:
1549:
1531:
1519:, in:
1505:
1493:, in:
644:oeuvre
568:Legacy
466:oeuvre
449:("The
395:Family
286:Nature
257:Justus
218:Justus
196:form:
166:Spouse
120:Period
670:Sneek
556:Death
490:Dutch
443:Sneek
435:motif
406:Sneek
381:dandy
361:Sneek
299:Trade
194:Dutch
128:Genre
114:Dutch
84:Dutch
1709:and
1663:ISBN
1645:ISBN
1627:ISBN
1601:ISBN
1575:ISBN
1547:ISBN
1529:ISBN
1503:ISBN
843:and
562:Grou
472:and
402:poor
338:and
245:Grou
234:Life
220:and
202:Grou
54:Died
43:Grou
37:Born
654:of
594:of
476:'s
389:ego
385:rye
1741::
1727:,
1717:,
1705:,
1695:,
1685:,
1675:,
1657:,
1639:,
1621:,
1613:,
1595:,
1587:,
1569:,
1559:,
1541:,
1523:,
1515:,
1497:,
1489:,
1438:^
1426:^
1405:^
1393:^
1362:^
1350:^
1328:^
1287:^
1266:^
1250:^
1234:^
1211:^
1191:^
1167:^
1143:^
1129:^
1108:^
1086:^
1050:^
1034:^
993:^
941:^
911:("
835:;
646:)
540::
375:.
82:,
1669:.
1651:.
1607:.
1581:.
847:)
779:)
687:)
188:(
49:)
45:(
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