436:
362:
351:
340:
329:
189:
390:
133:
1869:
43:
250:
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284:
273:
118:
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208:
147:
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223:
162:
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318:
307:
296:
178:
1737:. Baer cabled the plan to Washington but did not hear anything back. After three weeks, the plan was revised, calling for an attack by Kurdish forces in northern Iraq while rebel Iraqi troops leveled one of Saddam's houses with tank fire in order to kill the Iraqi leader. Baer again cabled the plan to Washington and received no response. On 28 February, the
1859:
Despite the cease-fire, renewed fighting broke out along the armistice line between the KDP and PUK in
October and November. In this round of fighting, 1,200 combatants were killed on both sides and 10,000 civilians fled their homes. On 24 November 1997, the KDP declared a unilateral cease-fire. The
1855:
On 25 September 1997, Turkish forces re-entered Iraqi
Kurdistan and attacked PUK and PKK positions in an attempt to force the PKK to leave Iraqi Kurdistan. However, according to Turkish sources, it was an attempt to bring a cease-fire between the factions. The operation resulted in heavy PKK and PUK
1749:
The Iraqi Army officers planning to kill Saddam with tank fire were compromised, arrested and executed before they could carry out the operation. The PUK's offensive was still launched as planned, and within days they managed to destroy three Iraqi Army divisions and capture 5,000 prisoners. Despite
1911:
into law, providing for military assistance to Iraqi opposition groups, including the PUK and KDP. The KDP estimated that 58,000 of its supporters had been expelled from PUK-controlled regions from
October 1996 to October 1997. The PUK says 49,000 of its supporters were expelled from KDP-controlled
1847:
Fighting continued throughout the winter between the KDP and PUK. Complicating matters, PKK was present in Iraq. PKK was allied with the PUK which later led KDP attack the PKK. According to some sources, the PKK began to fight against all who supported KDP, including some
Assyrian and Arab groups.
1610:. This led to a further series of bloody clashes between Iraqi government forces and Kurdish troops. Shortly thereafter, an uneasy balance of power was reached, and Iraq withdrew its military and government officials from the region in October 1991. From that point on, Iraqi Kurdistan had achieved
1828:
troops withdrew from the
Kurdish region back to their initial positions. The KDP drove the PUK from its other strongholds, and with additional Iraqi Army help, captured Sulaymaniyah on 9 September. Jalal Talabani and the PUK retreated to the Iranian border, and American forces evacuated 700 Iraqi
1672:
After withdrawing its forces from
Kurdistan in October 1991, the Iraqi government imposed an economic blockade over the region, restricting its oil and food supplies. The United Nations embargo on Iraq also significantly affected the Kurdish economy, preventing trade between the Kurds and other
1769:
basin for the transportation of illegal petroleum exports. Barzani and his associates seized the opportunity to impose taxation on this trade, giving them an income of several million dollars per week. This led to a dispute with the PUK over who should benefit from this money. Although the two
1812:
bombers launched 27 cruise missiles at air defense sites in southern Iraq. The next day, 17 more cruise missiles were launched from
American ships against Iraqi air defense sites. The United States also deployed strike aircraft and an aircraft carrier to the
1764:
Although the
Kurdish parliament ceased to meet in May 1996, the fragile cease-fire between the PUK and KDP held until the summer of 1996. During this period, the Iraqi government was permitted by the KDP to establish a smuggling route through the
1750:
Baer's pleas for
American support of the offensive, none was forthcoming, and the Kurdish troops were forced to withdraw. Baer was immediately recalled from Iraq, briefly investigated for the attempted murder of Saddam Hussein, but exonerated.
1745:
telling him his operation was compromised. This warning was passed on Baer's
Kurdish and Iraqi contacts. Upon learning this, Barzani backed out of the planned offensive, leaving Talabani's PUK forces to carry it out alone.
1777:
on 28 July. In response, Barzani asked for assistance from the Iraqi government who, seeing an opportunity to retake northern Iraq, accepted. On 31 August, 30,000 Iraqi troops, spearheaded by an armored division of the
1602:, a US-led multinational military operation that ensured the security of the Iraqi Kurdish region through the use of air power while simultaneously providing humanitarian aid to refugees fleeing persecution. While the
1770:
parties reached an agreement where the Iraqi–Turkish smuggling routes would be divided evenly between them, the KDP continued its attempts to exert greater control over the movement of goods through Iraqi Kurdistan.
2083:
679:
1433:
1428:
1413:
1408:
1860:
PUK, although not declaring a cease-fire officially, said their group would respect the truce, despite alleging that the KDP had violated the truce by attacking PUK positions on 25 November.
1555:, as well as Iranian, Iraqi and Turkish forces, were drawn into the fighting, with additional involvement from American forces. Between 35,000 and 40,000 fighters and civilians were killed.
1852:
in May, in a violent attempt to force the PKK to leave Iraqi Kurdistan. This operation caused heavy PKK casualties but was unsuccessful. PKK succeeded to keep their camps in Northern Iraq.
1884:
signed the U.S.-mediated Washington Agreement establishing a formal peace treaty. In the agreement, the parties agreed to share revenue, share power, deny the use of northern Iraq to the
1900:
entered the Halabja region in December 2001, bringing renewed conflict that would end in 2003 immediately prior to start of Iraq war, which mainly affected non-Kurdish areas of Iraq.
894:
1438:
508:
1726:
traveled to northern Iraq with a five-man team to set up a CIA station. He made contact with the Kurdish leadership and managed to negotiate a truce between Barzani and Talabani.
1443:
1418:
743:
916:
1710:
Fighting broke out between the two factions in May 1994. The initial clashes left around 300 people dead and over the next year, around 2,000 people were killed on both sides.
640:
2087:
1741:
was placed on full alert. In response, the Iranian and Turkish militaries were also placed on high alert. Baer received a message directly from National Security Advisor
1829:
National Congress personnel and 6,000 PUK members out of northern Iraq. On 13 October, Sulaymaniyah was recaptured by the PUK, allegedly with support of Iranian forces.
2044:
1494:
1896:
brought revenue to northern Iraq, allowing for increased standards of living. Iraqi Kurdistan became a relatively peaceful region, before the small terrorist group
962:
2930:
2671:
1786:, which was defended by 3,000 PUK Peshmerga led by Korsat Rasul Ali, in conjunction with KDP forces. Erbil was captured, and Iraqi troops executed 700 PUK and
887:
2491:
501:
3521:
3421:
736:
674:
3481:
1471:
810:
1888:, and not allow Iraqi troops into the Kurdish regions. The United States pledged to use military force to protect the Kurds from possible aggression by
2788:
2783:
2720:
2715:
1071:
1696:. On May 3 a delegation from the KDP agreed to not allow the PKK to have a base in northern Iraq. On May 4, Turkish Armed Forces left northern Iraq.
880:
633:
1022:
972:
937:
494:
3859:
3662:
1331:
1301:
1266:
1148:
947:
904:
729:
3270:
1595:
1116:
997:
355:
1630:
1192:
626:
2664:
2286:
1950:
1575:
community. A Legislative Assembly was established in the city of Erbil with nominal authority over the Kurdish-populated governorates of
3170:
2768:
1481:
1476:
3864:
2778:
2710:
1351:
1091:
2178:
1136:
3461:
1796:
This attack stoked Kurdish fears that Saddam intended to launch a genocidal campaign against the Kurds similar to the campaigns of
1453:
1448:
815:
3844:
3382:
2857:
2042:
Willing to face Death: A History of Kurdish Military Forces – the Peshmerga – from the Ottoman Empire to Present-Day Iraq (p. 63)
1231:
3539:
3411:
2657:
1945:
600:
2353:
2041:
2061:
3874:
3603:
3394:
3249:
3205:
3047:
1383:
1131:
1773:
Talabani established an alliance with Iran, permitting it to conduct a military incursion into northern Iraq aimed at the
3794:
3713:
3086:
2550:
1919:, routing Iraqi forces with the help of American air power and overrunning much of northern Iraq including the cities of
1393:
1356:
1316:
1182:
694:
564:
553:
3200:
3112:
2560:
2385:
1615:
1927:. After the invasion, Massoud Barzani was later elected president of Iraqi Kurdistan while Jalal Talabani was elected
1066:
3667:
3634:
3428:
3122:
3070:
2985:
2110:
1856:
casualties. Later a cease-fire was negotiated between the PUK and KDP after the US decision to support a cease-fire.
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3570:
3499:
3471:
3193:
3188:
3183:
2940:
2935:
2810:
1774:
1199:
1081:
1804:. The Clinton administration, unwilling to allow the Iraqi government to regain control of Iraqi Kurdistan, began
1224:
3372:
2798:
2730:
1592:
1336:
1261:
849:
593:
546:
1296:
3869:
3516:
3406:
3328:
3223:
3128:
2841:
2742:
2640:
2617:
2425:
1423:
2737:
2200:
1256:
1673:
nations. As such, all economic dealings between Iraqi Kurdistan and the outside world were done through the
932:
3854:
3849:
3688:
3389:
1705:
1619:
1540:
1236:
1165:
800:
664:
197:
182:
1177:
3839:
3657:
3652:
3476:
3333:
2752:
2747:
1940:
1897:
1885:
1733:. The plan was to use a unit of 100 renegade Iraqi troops to kill Saddam as he passed over a bridge near
1693:
1603:
1170:
795:
518:
89:
34:
2380:(The Case for Invading Iraq: An Excerpt from The Threatening Storm ed.). Random House. p. 81.
1341:
1106:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3758:
3444:
3367:
3323:
2958:
2894:
1544:
1326:
1281:
1251:
1219:
753:
572:
122:
30:
1571:
following the agreement of an Autonomy Accord between the government of Iraq and leaders of the Iraqi
1086:
3318:
3096:
3091:
3065:
2805:
2684:
2499:
1599:
1241:
532:
1101:
3708:
3585:
3580:
3509:
2149:
1646:
1584:
1321:
1271:
605:
579:
539:
1286:
3683:
2583:
1849:
1838:
1805:
1787:
1032:
987:
982:
977:
854:
771:
701:
201:
193:
1458:
1155:
3698:
3377:
3351:
3244:
2465:
2417:
1893:
1801:
1779:
1588:
1346:
1306:
1209:
1187:
1047:
952:
684:
2297:
1587:. As various battles between separatist Kurds and Iraqi government forces continued until the
1121:
3554:
3549:
3265:
3011:
2831:
2442:
2375:
1916:
1842:
1373:
1141:
1111:
1037:
967:
861:
844:
708:
2527:
2409:
2328:
2836:
1681:
1634:
1378:
1291:
1204:
1052:
1017:
825:
776:
586:
1096:
957:
8:
2904:
2867:
2815:
1908:
1818:
1809:
1388:
1366:
1361:
1214:
1076:
781:
2357:
942:
3117:
3006:
2862:
2002:
1848:
Turkey which saw the Kurdish Civil war as an opportunity, allied with KDP and launched
1766:
1650:
1276:
1246:
1160:
669:
311:
1614:
independence under the leadership of the region's two principal Kurdish parties – the
333:
3773:
3693:
3042:
2899:
2636:
2629:
2613:
2556:
2421:
2410:
2381:
2194:
1967:
1928:
1797:
1729:
Within days, Baer made contact with an Iraqi general who was plotting to assassinate
1658:
1638:
1580:
1576:
137:
400:
3737:
3629:
3544:
3416:
3291:
3286:
3239:
3143:
3027:
2773:
2705:
2377:
The Threatening Storm: What Every American Needs to Know Before an Invasion in Iraq
1790:
1511:
1126:
927:
322:
93:
68:
2649:
3575:
3504:
3175:
3037:
2925:
2048:
1877:
1868:
1689:
1685:
1666:
1564:
1536:
1311:
1042:
1007:
1002:
277:
42:
2021:
3608:
3456:
3399:
3032:
3001:
1987:
1889:
1881:
1817:
region, and the extent of the southern no-fly zone was moved northwards to the
1759:
1730:
1662:
1654:
1642:
1532:
1012:
820:
805:
689:
344:
300:
2181:. Atimes.com. 20 February 2010. Archived from the original on 22 February 2010
486:
3788:
3753:
3703:
3135:
2610:
See No Evil: The True Story of a Ground Soldier in the CIA's War on Terrorism
1027:
992:
255:
1904:
1814:
1674:
872:
97:
618:
3768:
3763:
2489:
2131:
1723:
1661:). As a result of the election, the Kurdish parliament was split between
721:
366:
288:
2179:"Asia Times Online :: Middle East News, Iraq, Iran current affairs"
2793:
2725:
2006:
1825:
1738:
2229:
L. Fawcett, "Down but not out? The Kurds in International Politics",
2150:"Turkey and Iran Face off in Kurdistan :: Middle East Quarterly"
1742:
1528:
1401:
3466:
2681:
1955:
2586:. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. 29 September 1998
1915:
The PUK and KDP later co-operated with American forces during the
2552:
The State of the Middle East: An Atlas of Conflict and Resolution
1633:
in 1992. The KDP gained an absolute majority of the votes in the
1623:
2251:
1920:
1734:
1607:
1552:
152:
1924:
1783:
1572:
468:
243:
212:
2276:, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 4–5, June 2005, p. 636
1626:. The region then adopted its own flag and national anthem.
2132:"Unsafe Haven: Iranian Kurdish Refugees in Iraqi Kurdistan"
1548:
453:
389:
228:
167:
132:
72:
1713:
2412:
The Future of Iraq: Dictatorship, Democracy, or Division?
1719:
1547:. Over the course of the conflict, Kurdish factions from
1591:, the safety of Kurdish refugees led to the adoption of
47:
Military situation in Iraqi Kurdistan after the conflict
1606:
covered Dahuk and Erbil, it left out Sulaymaniyah and
2322:
2320:
2318:
2274:
Iraqi Kurdistan: contours of a post-civil war society
1522:
2348:
2346:
1645:, whereas the PUK garnered the broad support of the
2679:
2628:
2407:
2315:
2631:The Threatening Storm: The Case for Invading Iraq
2343:
2062:"Persian Gulf War and Aftermath – History – Iraq"
3786:
3429:Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency (2004–present)
3012:East Indonesia Mujahideen insurgency (2015–2022)
2084:"Events Leading Up to the 2003 Invasion of Iraq"
2020:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for.
3604:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present)
3395:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present)
2811:Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present)
2584:"Kurdish Agreement Signals New U.S. Commitment"
2490:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
2354:"Robert Baer speech at World Media Association"
1892:. At the same time, implementation of the U.N.
1649:governorate as well as the Kurdish portions of
1598:which was used as a justification to implement
516:
2022:"Refworld | Chronology for Kurds in Iraq"
1824:After installing the KDP in control of Erbil,
2665:
2521:
2519:
2517:
888:
737:
634:
502:
2789:India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018)
2784:India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015)
2738:Insurgency in Northeast India (1964–present)
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
902:
2799:Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present)
2731:Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present)
1951:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
1912:regions from August 1996 to December 1997.
1472:1991–2004 Kurdish–Turkish peace initiatives
648:
3271:Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015)
2721:2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
2716:2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
2672:
2658:
2514:
2212:
2210:
1567:was originally established in 1970 as the
895:
881:
751:
744:
730:
641:
627:
509:
495:
41:
3071:Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011)
2986:Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011)
2743:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present)
2492:"Refworld – Chronology for Kurds in Iraq"
2443:"Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran (KDPI)"
2236:
1872:Division of Kurdistan after the civil war
1753:
1688:, a cross-border military incursion into
1539:during the mid-1990s, mostly between the
3390:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)
3123:Philippine civil conflict (1969–present)
3066:South Thailand insurgency (2004–present)
2806:Insurgency in Balochistan (2004–present)
2485:
2483:
2416:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p.
2173:
2171:
1867:
1808:on 3 September, when American ships and
16:Kurdish internecine conflict (1994–1997)
2626:
2373:
2369:
2367:
2220:(Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012)
2207:
1988:"The KDP-PUK Conflict in Northern Iraq"
1832:
1714:Planned assassination of Saddam Hussein
1699:
1477:1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire
3860:Wars involving Kurdistan Region (Iraq)
3787:
3171:Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes
2769:Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes
2249:
2147:
1985:
1946:List of wars involving Iraqi Kurdistan
3319:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024)
2858:Maldives political crisis (2011–2013)
2779:2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
2711:2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
2653:
2548:
2525:
2480:
2463:
2440:
2408:Stansfield, G.; Anderson, L. (2004).
2326:
2168:
2108:
2064:. Countriesquest.com. 15 January 1991
2037:
2035:
2001:(2). Middle East Institute: 224–241.
1968:The KDP-PUK Conflict in Northern Iraq
1903:Around a month later, U.S. President
876:
725:
622:
490:
3462:Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003)
3250:2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes
2607:
2528:"Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK)"
2364:
2250:Politi, Daniel (28 September 1996).
2019:
1665:'s Patriotic Union of Kurdistan and
3550:Conflict in Northern Lebanon (2007)
3383:Western Iran clashes (2016–present)
1515:
385:KDP: 25,000 active, 30,000 reserves
13:
3571:Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present)
3540:South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)
3500:Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present)
3450:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997
3445:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (1918–2003)
2816:Insurgency in Sindh (2010–present)
2329:"Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP)"
2032:
1961:
426:PUK: 13,500 active, 6,000 reserves
14:
3886:
3266:Tajikistani Civil War (1992–1997)
3087:Indonesian occupation (1975–1999)
2900:Xinjiang conflict (1960s–present)
2148:Gunter, Michael M. (March 1998).
3865:Wars involving the United States
3586:Fatah–Hamas conflict (2006–2008)
2936:1994 North Korean nuclear crisis
2837:Sri Lankan Civil War (1983–2009)
2753:Insurgency in Punjab (1981–1995)
2231:Reviews of International Studies
1782:, attacked the PUK-held city of
1775:Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran
1352:Claw-Lightning & Thunderbolt
462:
446:
434:
420:
388:
379:
360:
349:
338:
327:
316:
305:
294:
282:
271:
248:
236:
221:
206:
187:
176:
160:
145:
131:
116:
3738:Sinai insurgency (2011–present)
3630:Syrian Civil War (2011–present)
3613:Persian Gulf crisis (2019–2021)
3028:Myanmar conflict (1948–present)
2774:Kashmir conflict (1947–present)
2706:Kashmir conflict (1947–present)
2601:
2576:
2542:
2457:
2434:
2401:
2279:
2266:
2223:
2218:Iraqi Kurds and Nation-building
1593:United Nations Security Council
1466:Peace process and peace efforts
3845:Civil wars of the 20th century
3482:ISIL insurgency (2017–present)
3378:Iran–PJAK conflict (2004–2011)
3118:Laotian insurgency (1975–2022)
3113:Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)
3007:Insurgency in Aceh (1976–2005)
2863:Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006)
2141:
2124:
2102:
2076:
2054:
2013:
1979:
1531:that took place between rival
1302:Airstrikes in Syria & Iraq
1:
3002:Papua conflict (1969–present)
1973:
1793:in a field outside the city.
1669:'s Kurdish Democratic Party.
1558:
601:Kurdistan Islamist insurgency
59:1 May 1994 – 24 November 1997
3704:Yemeni crisis (2011–present)
3472:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)
3144:FULRO insurgency (1964–1992)
2842:JVP insurrection (1987–1989)
1863:
1620:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
1541:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
816:1983–1986 Kurdish rebellions
7:
3875:Iraqi no-fly zones conflict
3709:Houthi takeover (2014–2015)
3576:Second Intifada (2000–2005)
3522:Syrian arena (2012–present)
3505:Second Intifada (2000–2005)
3422:Syrian arena (2012–present)
3373:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)
2959:Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996)
2895:Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996)
2748:Religious violence in India
1986:Gunter, Michael M. (1996).
1941:List of wars involving Iraq
1934:
1622:– free from the control of
1527:, 'fratricidal war') was a
1523:
1337:Claw-Eagle & Claw-Tiger
850:2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
520:Iraqi no-fly zones conflict
35:Iraqi no-fly zones conflict
10:
3891:
3759:Operation Inherent Resolve
3581:Gaza–Israel (2006–present)
3517:Iran–Israel (1985–present)
3510:Gaza–Israel (2006–present)
3407:Iran–Israel (1985–present)
3368:Kurdish separatism in Iran
1836:
1757:
1703:
1545:Kurdistan Democratic Party
1482:2013–2015 Solution process
3746:
3728:
3676:
3645:
3622:
3596:
3563:
3532:
3492:
3437:
3412:South Lebanon (1985–2000)
3360:
3344:
3311:
3304:
3279:
3258:
3232:
3216:
3163:
3156:
3105:
3079:
3058:
3020:
2994:
2978:
2971:
2951:
2931:Maritime border incidents
2913:
2887:
2880:
2850:
2824:
2761:
2698:
2691:
2627:Pollack, Kenneth (2002).
2466:"Operation Desert Strike"
2374:Pollack, Kenneth (2003).
2199:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1600:Operation Provide Comfort
1569:Kurdish Autonomous Region
914:
763:
660:
528:
480:
475:
372:
264:
109:
51:
40:
28:
23:
3714:Civil War (2014–present)
3663:Kurdish–Turkish conflict
3352:Bahraini uprising (2011)
3048:Civil war (2021–present)
1706:May 1994 PUK–KDP clashes
1616:Kurdish Democratic Party
906:Kurdish–Turkish conflict
801:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
401:"Iraqi Insurgent Groups"
3815:1997 in Iraqi Kurdistan
3810:1996 in Iraqi Kurdistan
3805:1995 in Iraqi Kurdistan
3800:1994 in Iraqi Kurdistan
3699:South Yemen (2009–2015)
3555:Lebanon conflict (2008)
3477:War in Iraq (2013–2017)
3292:Andijan massacre (2005)
3287:Fergana massacre (1989)
2832:JVP insurrection (1971)
2047:29 October 2013 at the
1839:Operation Hammer (1997)
1806:Operation Desert Strike
1788:Iraqi National Congress
1631:parliamentary elections
1508:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War
796:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
772:Mahmud Barzanji revolts
652:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War
202:Iraqi National Congress
24:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War
3795:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
3245:2010 Kyrgyz Revolution
2612:. Three Rivers Press.
2233:, Vol. 27, 2001 p. 117
1894:Oil-for-Food Programme
1873:
1780:Iraqi Republican Guard
1754:Battle of Erbil (1996)
1589:1991 uprisings in Iraq
755:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
265:Commanders and leaders
31:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
3870:Wars involving Turkey
3206:Republican insurgency
2905:Tibetan unrest (2008)
2608:Baer, Robert (2003).
2154:Middle East Quarterly
1917:2003 invasion of Iraq
1871:
1843:Operation Dawn (1997)
1629:Iraqi Kurdistan held
862:2023 Makhmour clashes
845:2003 invasion of Iraq
811:Arabization campaigns
476:Casualties and losses
85:Washington Agreement
3689:al-Qaeda (1998–2015)
3668:Turkey–ISIL conflict
3467:Iraq War (2003–2011)
2530:. Globalsecurity.org
2468:. Globalsecurity.org
2445:. Globalsecurity.org
2331:. Globalsecurity.org
2111:"Kurdistan – Turkey"
1833:Turkish intervention
1700:1994 PUK–KDP clashes
1682:Turkish Armed Forces
1232:2015 airport bombing
777:Ahmed Barzani revolt
71:(nominally northern
3855:Wars involving Iraq
3850:Wars involving Iran
2868:Operation All Clear
2549:Smith, Dan (2014).
2090:on 16 November 2018
1995:Middle East Journal
1909:Iraq Liberation Act
1876:In September 1998,
1810:B-52 Stratofortress
1262:Istanbul (Dec 2016)
1257:Istanbul (Oct 2016)
1252:Istanbul (Jun 2016)
782:1943 Barzani revolt
3840:Civil wars in Iraq
3774:Colour revolutions
3694:Houthi (2004–2015)
3635:Regional spillover
3545:Lebanon War (2006)
3417:Lebanon War (2006)
2502:on 17 October 2012
2360:on 16 August 2007.
2051:, Michael G. Lortz
1874:
1659:Khanaqin Districts
1653:(specifically the
555:Strikes (June '93)
481:5,000–8,000 killed
440:PKK: 5,000–12,000
312:Nawshirwan Mustafa
3835:Conflicts in 1997
3830:Conflicts in 1996
3825:Conflicts in 1995
3820:Conflicts in 1994
3782:
3781:
3729:Inter-continental
3724:
3723:
3658:DHKP/C insurgency
3653:Maoist insurgency
3300:
3299:
3152:
3151:
3043:Rohingya conflict
2967:
2966:
2876:
2875:
2794:Kargil War (1999)
2726:Kargil War (1999)
2685:conflicts in Asia
2287:"Kurds in Turkey"
1929:President of Iraq
1718:In January 1995,
1521:
1503:
1502:
1384:Syria (2023 June)
1242:Ankara (Mar 2016)
1237:Ankara (Feb 2016)
1061:Second insurgency
870:
869:
840:1994–97 Civil War
719:
718:
680:1996 Iranian raid
616:
615:
595:Strikes (Feb '01)
561:Kurdish Civil War
548:Strikes (Jan '93)
485:
484:
459:
443:
431:
397:
260:
233:
172:
157:
142:
105:
104:
3882:
3684:Civil war (1994)
3309:
3308:
3240:1990 Osh clashes
3224:Ethnic conflicts
3161:
3160:
3138:
3131:
2976:
2975:
2941:2017–2018 crisis
2919:
2885:
2884:
2696:
2695:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2635:. Random House.
2634:
2623:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2523:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2498:. Archived from
2487:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2415:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2371:
2362:
2361:
2356:. Archived from
2350:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2324:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2302:
2296:. Archived from
2291:
2283:
2277:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2247:
2234:
2227:
2221:
2216:Mohammed Ahmed,
2214:
2205:
2204:
2198:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2175:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2086:. Archived from
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2058:
2052:
2039:
2030:
2029:
2017:
2011:
2010:
1992:
1983:
1850:Operation Hammer
1791:prisoners of war
1526:
1520:romanized:
1519:
1517:
1394:Syria (2023 Oct)
1282:Euphrates Shield
1149:Third insurgency
1117:2011 border raid
922:First insurgency
909:
907:
897:
890:
883:
874:
873:
758:
756:
746:
739:
732:
723:
722:
665:May 1994 clashes
655:
653:
643:
636:
629:
620:
619:
574:Vigilant Warrior
523:
521:
511:
504:
497:
488:
487:
467:
466:
465:
457:
452:
450:
449:
441:
439:
438:
437:
429:
425:
424:
423:
415:
413:
411:
395:
393:
392:
384:
383:
382:
365:
364:
363:
354:
353:
352:
343:
342:
341:
332:
331:
330:
323:Kosrat Rasul Ali
321:
320:
319:
310:
309:
308:
299:
298:
297:
287:
286:
285:
276:
275:
274:
258:
254:
252:
251:
242:
240:
239:
231:
227:
225:
224:
211:
210:
209:
192:
191:
190:
181:
180:
179:
170:
166:
164:
163:
155:
151:
149:
148:
140:
136:
135:
121:
120:
119:
94:Qandil mountains
53:
52:
45:
21:
20:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3742:
3730:
3720:
3672:
3641:
3618:
3592:
3559:
3528:
3488:
3433:
3356:
3340:
3296:
3275:
3254:
3228:
3212:
3176:Afghan conflict
3148:
3134:
3127:
3101:
3075:
3054:
3038:Kachin conflict
3016:
2990:
2963:
2947:
2926:Korean conflict
2917:
2915:
2909:
2872:
2846:
2820:
2757:
2687:
2678:
2643:
2620:
2604:
2599:
2589:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2547:
2543:
2533:
2531:
2524:
2515:
2505:
2503:
2488:
2481:
2471:
2469:
2462:
2458:
2448:
2446:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2406:
2402:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2372:
2365:
2352:
2351:
2344:
2334:
2332:
2325:
2316:
2306:
2304:
2303:on 16 July 2011
2300:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2272:M. Leezenberg,
2271:
2267:
2257:
2255:
2248:
2237:
2228:
2224:
2215:
2208:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2113:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2049:Wayback Machine
2040:
2033:
2018:
2014:
1990:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1964:
1962:Further reading
1937:
1866:
1845:
1837:Main articles:
1835:
1762:
1756:
1716:
1708:
1702:
1686:Operation Steel
1667:Massoud Barzani
1565:Iraqi Kurdistan
1561:
1537:Iraqi Kurdistan
1504:
1499:
1486:
1463:
1398:
1374:Istanbul (2022)
1178:Arslan Kulaksız
998:Winter campaign
919:
910:
905:
903:
901:
871:
866:
835:
830:
791:
786:
768:
766:Early conflicts
759:
754:
752:
750:
720:
715:
656:
651:
649:
647:
617:
612:
534:Provide Comfort
524:
519:
517:
515:
463:
461:
460:
447:
445:
444:
435:
433:
432:
427:
421:
419:
409:
407:
399:
387:
386:
380:
378:
361:
359:
358:
350:
348:
347:
339:
337:
336:
334:Abdullah Öcalan
328:
326:
325:
317:
315:
314:
306:
304:
303:
295:
293:
283:
281:
280:
278:Massoud Barzani
272:
270:
249:
247:
246:
237:
235:
234:
222:
220:
219:
215:
207:
205:
204:
200:
196:
188:
186:
185:
177:
175:
161:
159:
158:
146:
144:
143:
130:
129:
125:
117:
115:
76:
69:Iraqi Kurdistan
46:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3888:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3750:
3748:
3747:Related topics
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3734:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3609:Qatif conflict
3600:
3598:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3457:Iraqi conflict
3454:
3453:
3452:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3400:Qatif conflict
3392:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3315:
3313:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3132:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3033:Karen conflict
3024:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2973:
2972:Southeast Asia
2969:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2922:
2920:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2702:
2700:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2677:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2641:
2624:
2618:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2575:
2562:978-1134039227
2561:
2555:. p. 92.
2541:
2513:
2479:
2456:
2433:
2426:
2400:
2387:978-1588363411
2386:
2363:
2342:
2314:
2278:
2265:
2235:
2222:
2206:
2167:
2140:
2123:
2101:
2075:
2053:
2031:
2012:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1936:
1933:
1898:Ansar al-Islam
1890:Saddam Hussein
1865:
1862:
1834:
1831:
1760:Erbil massacre
1755:
1752:
1731:Saddam Hussein
1715:
1712:
1704:Main article:
1701:
1698:
1680:In March 1994
1663:Jalal Talabani
1596:Resolution 688
1560:
1557:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1495:Assassinations
1491:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1163:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1132:Hakkâri (2012)
1129:
1124:
1122:Hakkâri (2011)
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1067:Hakkâri (2007)
1063:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
924:
923:
915:
912:
911:
900:
899:
892:
885:
877:
868:
867:
865:
864:
859:
858:
857:
847:
842:
829:
828:
826:1991 uprisings
823:
821:Anfal campaign
818:
813:
808:
806:PUK insurgency
803:
798:
785:
784:
779:
774:
764:
761:
760:
749:
748:
741:
734:
726:
717:
716:
714:
713:
706:
699:
692:
690:Erbil massacre
687:
682:
677:
675:1995 offensive
672:
667:
661:
658:
657:
646:
645:
638:
631:
623:
614:
613:
611:
610:
607:Southern Focus
603:
598:
591:
584:
581:Northern Watch
577:
570:
558:
551:
544:
541:Southern Watch
537:
529:
526:
525:
514:
513:
506:
499:
491:
483:
482:
478:
477:
473:
472:
417:
375:
374:
370:
369:
345:Ibrahim Parlak
301:Jalal Talabani
291:
267:
266:
262:
261:
173:
112:
111:
107:
106:
103:
102:
101:
100:
82:
78:
77:
67:
65:
61:
60:
57:
49:
48:
38:
37:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3887:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3754:War on terror
3752:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3727:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3443:
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3329:2016 conflict
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3201:2001–2021 War
3199:
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2172:
2156:. Meforum.org
2155:
2151:
2144:
2133:
2127:
2112:
2105:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2063:
2057:
2050:
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2027:
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2016:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1978:
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1966:
1965:
1957:
1954:
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1944:
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1939:
1938:
1932:
1930:
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1820:
1819:33rd parallel
1816:
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1725:
1722:case officer
1721:
1711:
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1691:
1690:northern Iraq
1687:
1683:
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1525:
1524:Şerî birakujî
1513:
1509:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1483:
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1475:
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1406:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1389:Ankara (2023)
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1357:Sinjar (2021)
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
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1317:Sinjar (2018)
1315:
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1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
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1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1267:N Iraq (2016)
1265:
1263:
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1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
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1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1166:Martyr Yalçın
1164:
1162:
1161:Siirt bombing
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1143:
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1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
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1120:
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1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1072:N Iraq (2007)
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1044:
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1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
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996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
978:N Iraq (1992)
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
948:N Iraq (1987)
946:
944:
941:
939:
938:N Iraq (1986)
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
925:
921:
920:
918:
913:
908:
898:
893:
891:
886:
884:
879:
878:
875:
863:
860:
856:
853:
852:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
837:
836:
834:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
793:
792:
790:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
769:
767:
762:
757:
747:
742:
740:
735:
733:
728:
727:
724:
712:
711:
707:
705:
704:
700:
698:
697:
696:Desert Strike
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
662:
659:
654:
644:
639:
637:
632:
630:
625:
624:
621:
609:
608:
604:
602:
599:
597:
596:
592:
590:
589:
585:
583:
582:
578:
576:
575:
571:
568:
567:
566:Desert Strike
562:
559:
557:
556:
552:
550:
549:
545:
543:
542:
538:
536:
535:
531:
530:
527:
522:
512:
507:
505:
500:
498:
493:
492:
489:
479:
474:
470:
455:
418:
406:
402:
394:Iraq: 30,000
391:
377:
376:
371:
368:
357:
346:
335:
324:
313:
302:
292:
290:
279:
269:
268:
263:
257:
256:United States
245:
230:
218:
217:Supported by:
214:
203:
199:
195:
184:
174:
171:(before 1995)
169:
154:
139:
134:
128:
127:Supported by:
124:
114:
113:
108:
99:
95:
91:
88:
87:
86:
83:
80:
79:
74:
70:
66:
63:
62:
58:
55:
54:
50:
44:
39:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3597:Saudi Arabia
3449:
3305:Western Asia
3157:Central Asia
2630:
2609:
2602:Bibliography
2588:. Retrieved
2578:
2566:. Retrieved
2551:
2544:
2532:. Retrieved
2504:. Retrieved
2500:the original
2495:
2470:. Retrieved
2459:
2447:. Retrieved
2436:
2411:
2403:
2391:. Retrieved
2376:
2358:the original
2333:. Retrieved
2305:. Retrieved
2298:the original
2293:
2281:
2273:
2268:
2256:. Retrieved
2230:
2225:
2217:
2183:. Retrieved
2158:. Retrieved
2153:
2143:
2137:. p. 1.
2126:
2114:. Retrieved
2104:
2092:. Retrieved
2088:the original
2078:
2066:. Retrieved
2056:
2025:
2015:
1998:
1994:
1981:
1914:
1905:Bill Clinton
1902:
1875:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1823:
1815:Persian Gulf
1795:
1772:
1767:Khabur River
1763:
1748:
1728:
1717:
1709:
1692:against the
1679:
1675:black market
1671:
1647:Sulaymaniyah
1635:governorates
1628:
1611:
1585:Sulaymaniyah
1568:
1563:Autonomy in
1562:
1535:factions in
1516:شەڕی براکوژی
1507:
1505:
1347:Claw-Eagle 2
1332:Peace Spring
1307:Olive Branch
1193:Cizre (2016)
1188:Cizre (2015)
1171:Police raids
839:
832:
831:
788:
787:
765:
709:
702:
695:
650:
606:
594:
587:
580:
573:
565:
560:
554:
547:
540:
533:
416:</ref>
408:. Retrieved
404:
216:
126:
110:Belligerents
98:Bekaa Valley
84:
29:Part of the
18:
3769:Arab Winter
3764:Arab Spring
3164:Afghanistan
3097:2006 crisis
3092:1999 crisis
2568:27 February
2526:John Pike.
2464:John Pike.
2441:John Pike.
2327:John Pike.
2254:. Slate.com
2252:"The Kurds"
2109:John Pike.
1907:signed the
1724:Robert Baer
1604:no-fly zone
1156:Ceylanpınar
1137:Beytüşşebap
1053:Blue Market
833:Later phase
428:INC: 1,000
367:Cemil Bayik
356:Kani Yilmaz
289:Roj Shaweis
232:(from 1995)
156:(from 1997)
141:(from 1995)
3789:Categories
3334:Second War
3312:Azerbaijan
3280:Uzbekistan
3259:Tajikistan
3233:Kyrgyzstan
3217:Kazakhstan
3180:Civil War
3080:East Timor
2918:and South)
2692:South Asia
2642:0375509283
2619:140004684X
2590:28 January
2534:28 January
2472:28 January
2449:28 January
2427:1403963541
2335:28 January
2307:19 January
2294:Asylum Law
2258:28 January
2185:28 January
2160:28 January
2068:28 January
1974:References
1826:Iraqi Army
1758:See also:
1739:Iraqi Army
1559:Background
1379:Claw-Sword
1342:İskenderun
1312:Siirt raid
1102:İskenderun
1087:Diyarbakır
789:Main phase
588:Desert Fox
3564:Palestine
3324:First War
3194:1996–2001
3189:1992–1996
3184:1989–1992
2995:Indonesia
2881:East Asia
2825:Sri Lanka
1864:Aftermath
1743:Tony Lake
1529:civil war
1454:2011–2012
1402:Serhildan
1362:Claw-Lock
988:Başbağlar
933:Karageçit
92:moved to
3731:conflict
3059:Thailand
2979:Cambodia
2762:Pakistan
2682:Cold War
2496:Refworld
2195:cite web
2045:Archived
2026:Refworld
1956:Iraq war
1935:See also
1882:Talabani
1618:and the
1612:de facto
1543:and the
1287:Şemdinli
1142:Şemdinli
1112:Istanbul
1097:Reşadiye
1048:Istanbul
963:Taşdelen
958:Yeşilova
953:Pınarcık
917:Timeline
456:: 2,000
405:Fox News
373:Strength
64:Location
33:and the
3533:Lebanon
3345:Bahrain
3021:Myanmar
2393:25 June
2007:4328927
1878:Barzani
1624:Baghdad
1573:Kurdish
1533:Kurdish
1512:Kurdish
1292:Kayseri
1225:Dürümlü
1205:Hakkari
1127:Roboski
1107:Hakkâri
1082:Aktütün
1018:Tunceli
943:Ortabağ
471:: 5,000
398:<br
3646:Turkey
3493:Israel
3106:Others
2952:Taiwan
2916:(North
2914:Korea
2851:Others
2639:
2616:
2559:
2424:
2384:
2005:
1921:Kirkuk
1735:Tikrit
1684:began
1651:Diyala
1608:Kirkuk
1553:Turkey
1489:Others
1322:Gercüş
1272:Elazığ
1210:Silvan
1200:Kandil
1183:Şırnak
1077:Ankara
1033:Hammer
983:Bingöl
968:Şırnak
855:Kirkuk
703:Hammer
458:(1996)
451:
442:(1994)
430:(1995)
396:(1996)
259:(1996)
253:
241:
226:
165:
153:Turkey
150:
81:Result
3677:Yemen
3623:Syria
2888:China
2699:India
2680:Post–
2506:1 May
2301:(PDF)
2290:(PDF)
2135:(PDF)
2116:1 May
2094:1 May
2003:JSTOR
1991:(PDF)
1925:Mosul
1784:Erbil
1655:Kifri
1643:Arbil
1639:Dohuk
1581:Duhok
1577:Erbil
1367:Zakho
1297:İzmir
1277:Cizre
1247:Bursa
1043:Murat
1028:Sazak
1023:Varto
1008:Tokat
1003:Steel
685:Erbil
670:Zakho
469:SCIRI
410:1 May
244:Syria
213:SCIRI
96:from
3438:Iraq
3361:Iran
3136:Moro
2637:ISBN
2614:ISBN
2592:2013
2570:2016
2557:ISBN
2536:2013
2508:2016
2474:2013
2451:2013
2422:ISBN
2395:2014
2382:ISBN
2337:2013
2309:2019
2260:2013
2201:link
2187:2013
2162:2013
2118:2016
2096:2016
2070:2013
1923:and
1880:and
1841:and
1802:1991
1800:and
1798:1988
1657:and
1641:and
1583:and
1551:and
1549:Iran
1506:The
1459:2014
1449:2009
1444:2008
1439:2006
1434:2005
1429:2001
1424:1999
1419:1992
1414:1991
1409:1990
1327:Claw
1220:Lice
1038:Dawn
1013:Hawk
993:Lice
973:Kulp
928:1984
710:Dawn
454:Iran
412:2016
229:Iran
168:Iran
138:Iraq
73:Iraq
56:Date
3129:NPA
2418:174
1886:PKK
1720:CIA
1694:PKK
1637:of
1215:Sur
1092:Sun
198:KCP
194:PKK
183:PUK
123:KDP
90:PKK
3791::
2516:^
2494:.
2482:^
2420:.
2366:^
2345:^
2317:^
2292:.
2238:^
2209:^
2197:}}
2193:{{
2170:^
2152:.
2034:^
2024:.
1999:50
1997:.
1993:.
1931:.
1821:.
1677:.
1579:,
1518:,
1514::
403:.
2673:e
2666:t
2659:v
2645:.
2622:.
2594:.
2572:.
2538:.
2510:.
2476:.
2453:.
2430:.
2397:.
2339:.
2311:.
2262:.
2203:)
2189:.
2164:.
2120:.
2098:.
2072:.
2028:.
2009:.
1510:(
896:e
889:t
882:v
745:e
738:t
731:v
642:e
635:t
628:v
569:)
563:(
510:e
503:t
496:v
414:.
75:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
