482:
any specific government measures. We only say: don't violate your own laws. While we don't engage in politics, we have no intention of becoming reconciled to the punitive measures directed against dissenters. Resistance to illegality, to the abuse of power, these are the tasks of the
Initiative Group. The Initiative Group does not believe that it is attacking the state when it criticizes specific actions of the authorities.
477:, it set out three tenets that guided the group's activity: It aimed not only defend human rights, but by being a group itself assert the formally guaranteed freedom of association; the diverse group was unified by the conviction that "the foundation of a normal life of society is recognition of the unconditional value of the human individual"; and the group's activity in defense of human rights was not a form of politics:
308:
628:
appeal from 17 November 1981 was smuggled out of the women's zone of the
Mordovan labor camps. Calling attention to the treatment of infirm and elderly inmates, it was signed by dissident Tatyana Osipova and by Tatyana Velikanova, who described herself as "Member of the Initiative Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR".
381:
On 20 May 1969, without consulting the other members of the group, Pyotr Yakir and Victor Krasin passed the text to foreign correspondents and a representative of the United
Nations in Moscow. Expecting to first discuss the petition and further actions, all fifteen individuals had effectively become
334:
We appeal to the United
Nations because our protests and complaints, addressed for a number of years to the higher state and judicial offices in the Soviet Union, have received no response of any kind. The hope that our voice might be heard, that the authorities would cease the lawless acts which we
481:
The
Initiative Group has no set program, no bylaws, and no defined structure. Each of us has the right to abstain from signing a document of the Group, and each of us has complete freedom when acting in his or her own name. The Initiative Group does not get involved in politics. We don't lobby for
602:
reported the origins of the event in the Gulag and the spectrum of political prisoners in the USSR. In the name of the
Initiative Group, a statement was distributed explaining the origins of the action and contradicting the Soviet regime's claim that it did not have political prisoners. While the
631:
The
Initiative Group survived long enough to pass on the baton to other emerging human rights groups in the Soviet Union during the later 1970s. The last statements by its remaining members — Grigory Podyapolsky (died 9 March 1976), Tatyana Velikanova, and Tatyana Khodorovich — were supported by
627:
and
Tatyana Khodorovich remained at liberty. In November 1977, Khodorovich emigrated to the West. Velikanova continued to sign documents in the name of the Group for another two years, before her arrest in November 1979 marked the formal end of the Initiative Group as a public structure. A final
539:
endured four years of punitive psychiatry until he was released in 1976 and immigrated to the West. Pyotr Yakir and Victor Krasin began to collaborate with their interrogators. In a televised testimony, they recanted their "anti-Soviet activity" and renounced the
Initiative Group as a fraudulent
287:
met with fellow dissidents at his apartment and proposed creating a formal "Committee in
Defense of Ivan Yakhimovich". The proposal elicited mixed reactions: Some dissidents advocated for a broader human rights group, while others doubted the effectiveness of a group over informal expressions of
241:
Most of the members of the group were harassed and persecuted: they and family members lost their jobs, they were arrested and imprisoned, or encouraged to leave the Soviet Union altogether. By 1979, all the founding members of the Group were imprisoned, in internal exile or living abroad. The
543:
Between July 1972 and December 1973, the Initiative Group issued only two documents, rejecting the accusations and reporting the conditions and procedure of interrogations. In 1974, it resumed its activity with a steady stream of protests focusing on the plight of inmates of the
610:
Kovalev was arrested two months later, and his role in the press conference featured prominently in his interrogations. Nevertheless, the Day of the Political Prisoner became an annual event in the Gulag. In 1991 the annual event was supplanted by Russia's official
430:, and called on U Thant to use his authority and place the violation of human rights in the USSR on the agenda. As the appeal reached the Western media, UN information centers around the world were instructed by its secretariat not to forward petitions to New York.
519:
had begun circulation, reporting violations of civil rights and judicial procedure by the Soviet government and responses to those violations by citizens across the USSR. A succession of the Chronicle's editors came from the ranks of the Initiative Group.
486:
In spite of these common goals, the Initiative group was marked by ideological differences. Some, like Sergei Kovalev and Anatoly Yakobson, saw their activity as strictly humanitarian and avoided actions that might be construed as treasonous or
219:
The main work of the group consisted in documenting abuses and preparing appeals. The letters focused on persecution of people for their convictions in the USSR, with particular attention being given to the use of
395:
Over the course of 1969, the Initiative Group sent four further letters to the United Nations. In each instance, it appealed for recognition and assistance with the human rights problems in the Soviet Union.
255:
1348:
382:
members of a new public organization. The members agreed to continue with appeals under that name, on the conditions that no member's name would be used as co-signatory without their express consent.
318:
On 19 May 1969, the day of Ilya Gabai's arrest, a group of dissidents assembled at Pytor Yakir's apartment and agreed to join a proposed human rights group, modelled after the Initiative Groups of
491:; others like such as Pyotr Yakir, Victor Krasin and Anatoly Levitin-Krasnov, believed that they were engaged in a political struggle with the Soviet regime, and were open to cooperation with the
426:. It reported the reaction of the Soviet authorities to the first two documents, which included the arrest of four members: Vladimir Borisov, Genrikh Altunyan, Anatoly Levitin-Krasnov, and
326:
drafted an appeal. It enumerated several political trials of the late 1960s, in which defendants were prosecuted for exercising the right to impart information. It was addressed to the
335:
constantly pointed out—this hope has been exhausted. Therefore we appeal to the United Nations, believing that the defense of human rights is the sacred duty of this organization.
266:
In late 1968, Ivan Yakhimovich, a philologist and chairman of a collective farm in Latvia, wrote a letter to the Communist Party expressing his concern for the fate of arrested
1338:
17:
280:. After the letter by Yakhimovich was widely publicized, he was expelled from the Communist Party, arrested and later committed to a psychiatric hospital without trial.
612:
238:, and published by the Western press, as well as being broadcast back into the USSR by radio stations such as Radio Liberty, the BBC World Service and Deutsche Welle.
1343:
1323:
242:
Initiative Group served as a precursor and model, nevertheless, to a variety of dissident organizations that took over many of its functions, among them
644:. Established in May 1976, the Moscow Helsinki Group quickly assumed the Initiative Group's role as flagship of the human rights movement in the USSR.
438:
408:
221:
1308:
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undertaking whose real purpose was the deception of international public opinion. The crackdown reduced the Initiative Group to five members.
1318:
442:
449:, and simply "public opinion". By May 1970, six of the fifteen original members of the Initiative group had faced arrest or imprisonment.
1303:
1230:
881:
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1328:
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In 1974, the Initiative Group organized a "Day of the Political Prisoner in the USSR". The action had been conceived in the Gulag by
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247:
1229:
Yakobson, Anatoly; Yakir, Pyotr; Khodorovich, Tatyana; Podyapolskiy, Gregory; Maltsev, Yuri; et al. (21 August 1969).
880:
Yakobson, Anatoly; Yakir, Pyotr; Khodorovich, Tatyana; Podyapolskiy, Gregory; Maltsev, Yuri; et al. (21 August 1969).
462:
419:
distribution and was picked up by shortwave radio stations, the members of the group were interrogated and some arrested.
228:. Unusually for the dissident movement at the time, the appeals were directed to international organizations such as the
1282:
752:
552:. As a result, a large volume of testimonies about prisons and camps entered the information networks of the movement.
507:
The members of the Initiative Group were closely linked with other dissident information networks. In April 1968, the
690:
212:. Founded in 1969 by 15 dissidents, the unsanctioned group functioned for over six years as a public platform for
713:. BASEES/Routledge Series on Russian and East European Studies. Vol. 17. London; New York: RoutledgeCurzon.
399:
Document No. 2 (30 June 1969) was a supplement to its original petition. Written by Natalya Gorbanevskaya and
1235:
886:
528:
515:
495:, an émigré anti-communist organization founded in 1930. These disagreements lead Kovalev, Yakobson and
457:
In May 1970 the Initiative Group commemorated its first anniversary with an "Open Letter" addressed to
1228:
879:
1262:
1144:
Defending Human Rights in Russia: Sergei Kovalyov, Dissident and Human Rights Commissioner, 1969-2003
745:
Defending Human Rights in Russia: Sergei Kovalyov, Dissident and Human Rights Commissioner, 1969–2003
434:
433:
When these appeals to the UN went unanswered, the Initiative Group turned to other recipients: The
288:
protest, and warned of the significantly harsher crackdowns organized activity would provoke under
1177:"Breaking the Totalitarian Ice: The Initiative Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR"
801:"Breaking the Totalitarian Ice: The Initiative Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR"
580:
1008:"The Disenchantment of Socialism: Soviet Dissidents, Human Rights, and the New Global Morality"
911:"The Disenchantment of Socialism: Soviet Dissidents, Human Rights, and the New Global Morality"
658:
633:
351:
289:
251:
97:
1248:
711:
The Legacy of Soviet Dissent: Dissidents, Democratisation and Radical Nationalism in Russia
422:
Document No. 3 (26 September 1969) appealed personally to United Nations Secretary General
8:
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1253:"Episode Seven – The Action Committee for the Protection of Human Rights in the USSR"
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948:"Episode Seven – The Action Committee for the Protection of Human Rights in the USSR"
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On 30 October 1974, the Initiative Group held a press conference at the apartment of
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404:
375:
213:
87:
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1188:
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367:
346:. This designation was followed by the names of fifteen dissidents: The Muscovites
284:
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119:
685:. Carol Pearce, John Glad (trans.). Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press.
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599:
587:
536:
496:
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243:
130:
105:
683:
Soviet Dissent: Contemporary Movements for National, Religious, and Human Rights
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314:, a founder of the Initiative Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR
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366:, Anatoly Levitin-Krasnov, Yury Maltsev, Grigory Podyapolsky, Pyotr Yakir and
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323:
311:
297:
77:
62:
571:. Wives of inmates smuggled information about the planned action out of the
183:
1285:[The anatomy of a trial (video of the documentary)] (in Russian).
1192:
816:
300:
lead to the arrest of Grigorenko. This was followed by the arrest of poet
567:
as part of an ongoing campaign for the recognition of inmates' status as
637:
549:
330:
and exhorted it to investigate human rights abuses in the Soviet Union:
301:
1252:
947:
917:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 33–48:39.
618:
437:
and the International Congress of Psychiatrists for cases involving
572:
555:
509:
370:, Vladimir Borisov from Leningrad, Ukrainians Genrikh Altunyan and
268:
234:
1349:
Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
1014:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 33–48.
853:"Appeal to the UN Commission on Human Rights, 20 May 1969 (8.10)"
576:
535:. Three members of the Initiative Group were arrested that year.
458:
446:
423:
216:
concerned with violations of human rights in the Soviet Union.
147:
143:
1286:
906:
Initiative Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR.
904:
After the founding document, the group began to use the name
607:
and in camps in Perm and Mordovia conducted a hunger strike.
545:
1270:Документы Инициативной группы по защите прав человека в СССР
378:. These names were supplemented by a list of 38 supporters.
292:
laws. The disputes came to a close in May, when a report by
31:
Initiative Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR
623:
By March 1976, of the members of the Initiative Group only
232:. The documents of the Initiative Group were circulated in
613:
Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Political Repressions
307:
1125:
The Thaw Generation: Coming of Age in the Post-Stalin Era
1053:
Council of Europe; Commissioner for Human Rights (2010).
983:
The Thaw Generation: Coming of Age in the Post-Stalin Era
524:
293:
499:
to threaten that they would leave the Initiative Group.
198:
Action Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR
1095:"Rights Activists Read Aloud Soviet-Era Victims' Names"
999:
206:Инициати́вная гру́ппа по защи́те прав челове́ка в СССР
632:
other dissidents who would become members of the new
1339:
Human rights organizations based in the Soviet Union
1247:
909:
Eckel, Jan; Moyn, Samuel; Nathans, Benjamin (2014).
531:, a wide-ranging crackdown intended to suppress the
502:
341:
The Initiative Group for the Defense of Civil Rights
676:
674:
1127:. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
985:. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
794:
792:
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788:
786:
784:
782:
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619:End of activities and Moscow Helsinki Group (1976)
590:. Speaking before invited foreign correspondents,
37:Инициативная группа по защите прав человека в СССР
942:
940:
403:, it provided information about the case against
27:Soviet human rights non-governmental organization
1295:
1231:"An Appeal to The UN Committee for Human Rights"
976:
974:
972:
908:
882:"An Appeal to The UN Committee for Human Rights"
704:
702:
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556:Day of the Political Prisoner in the USSR (1974)
1046:
775:
374:, and the Crimean Tatar activist in Uzbekistan
937:
1280:
969:
699:
603:press conference was in progress, inmates in
304:, another luminary of the dissident movement.
390:
18:Initiative Group on Human Rights in the USSR
1012:The Breakthrough: Human Rights in The 1970s
915:The Breakthrough: Human Rights in The 1970s
452:
283:In April 1969 former general and dissident
1344:Human rights organizations based in Russia
1324:1979 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
1166:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
767:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
738:
736:
734:
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208:) was the first civic organization of the
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1005:
980:
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415:. As the letter reached the West through
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1078:"Political Prisoner's Day in the USSR",
742:
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1309:1969 establishments in the Soviet Union
1174:
798:
727:
708:
14:
1296:
1057:. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Pub.
654:Committee on Human Rights in the USSR
256:Commission on the Abuse of Psychiatry
248:Committee on Human Rights in the USSR
1319:Organizations disestablished in 1979
875:
873:
583:to the Moscow dissident community.
24:
1281:Лошак, Андрей (3 September 2013).
25:
1360:
1304:Organizations established in 1969
1222:
1006:Eckel, Jan; Moyn, Samuel (2014).
870:
503:Case 24 and aftermath (1972-1973)
1329:1979 disestablishments in Russia
1055:Andrei Sakharov and Human Rights
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1087:
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1041:Initiative Group Document No. 6
1034:
441:, the Papacy for the arrest of
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13:
1:
1334:Organizations based in Moscow
1314:1969 establishments in Russia
1080:A Chronicle of Current Events
857:A Chronicle of Current Events
664:
411:against Ivan Yakhimovich and
230:UN Commission on Human Rights
36:
1236:The New York Review of Books
1123:Alexeyeva, Lyudmila (1993).
1099:RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty
981:Alexeyeva, Lyudmila (1993).
887:The New York Review of Books
681:Alexeyeva, Lyudmila (1987).
210:Soviet human rights movement
7:
647:
516:Chronicle of Current Events
261:
159:; 45 years ago
10:
1365:
598:, Tatyana Khodorovich and
513:(self-published) bulletin
465:. Penned by mathematician
385:
1263:Parallels, Events, People
435:World Health Organization
391:First appeals (1969-1970)
205:
179:
171:
153:
139:
57:
42:
35:
1175:Horvath, Robert (2014).
1082:, 33.1, 10 December 1974
799:Horvath, Robert (2014).
709:Horvath, Robert (2005).
453:Mission statement (1970)
445:, news agencies such as
339:The document was signed
1142:Gilligan, Emma (2004).
743:Gilligan, Emma (2004).
579:labor camps and out of
354:, Tatyana Khodorovich,
110:Anatoly Levitin-Krasnov
1181:Human Rights Quarterly
805:Human Rights Quarterly
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337:
315:
1193:10.1353/hrq.2014.0013
817:10.1353/hrq.2014.0013
659:Moscow Helsinki Group
634:Moscow Helsinki Group
550:psychiatric hospitals
479:
407:and about the use of
352:Natalya Gorbanevskaya
332:
322:. As a first action,
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290:Anti-Soviet Agitation
252:Moscow Helsinki Group
98:Natalya Gorbanevskaya
1249:Natella Boltyanskaya
443:religious dissenters
1283:"Анатомия процесса"
640:, Malva Landa, and
569:political prisoners
463:Soviet press agency
439:punitive psychiatry
409:punitive psychiatry
226:political prisoners
222:punitive psychiatry
116:Grigory Podyapolsky
102:Tatyana Khodorovich
32:
642:Lyudmila Alekseeva
625:Tatyana Velikanova
596:Tatyana Velikanova
467:Tatyana Velikanova
401:Lyudmila Alexeyeva
348:Tatyana Velikanova
316:
278:Alexander Ginzburg
93:Tatyana Velikanova
30:
1251:(16 March 2016).
1153:978-0-415-54611-9
1134:978-0-8229-5911-3
1064:978-92-871-6947-1
1021:978-0-8122-0871-9
992:978-0-8229-5911-3
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720:978-0-203-41285-5
428:Mustafa Dzhemilev
405:Anatoly Marchenko
376:Mustafa Dzhemilev
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