Seals in the Sinosphere

3854: 1287: 3822: 1586: 3878: 1612: 2497: 3709: 1560: 2531: 1534: 3803: 3623: 1087: 2869: 6021: 3353: 3689: 4940: 2523: 884: 2789: 2804: 1230: 2023: 2317: 2921:), with roughly equal width lines used throughout the name. The font must be one of several based on ancient historical lettering styles found in metal, woodcarving, and so on. Ancient forms of ideographs are commonplace. A red perimeter must entirely surround the name, and there should be no other decoration on the underside (working surface) of the seal. The top and sides (handle) of the seal may be decorated in any fashion from completely undecorated to historical animal motifs, dates, names, and inscriptions. 3744: 3608: 1254: 3721: 1266: 2018: 2458: 1313: 2360: 1218: 2816: 54: 2355: 1978: 2636: 2396: 2391: 2239: 2831: 2139: 1948: 693:). The word 印 ("yìn" in Mandarin, "in" in Japanese and Korean, "ấn" and "in" in Vietnamese) specifically refers to the imprint created by the seal, as well as appearing in combination with other morphemes in words related to any printing, as in the word "印刷", "printing", pronounced "yìnshuā" in Mandarin, "insatsu" in Japanese. In the western world, Asian seals were traditionally known by traders as 2079: 1752: 2234: 1757: 2312: 2109: 2273: 1914: 1909: 1877: 1847: 1842: 1801: 1806: 2509:

lifting the seal vertically away from its imprint may rip or damage paper, the seal is usually lifted off one side at a time, as if bent off from the page. After this, the image may be blotted with a piece of paper to make it dry faster, although this may smudge it. Usually there needs to be a pile of soft felt or paper under the paper to be imprinted for a clear seal impression.

2577:, usually imprinted in such works in the order (from top to bottom) of name seal, leisure seal(s), then studio seal. Owners or collectors of paintings or books will often add their own studio seals to pieces they have collected. This practice is an act of appreciation towards the work. Some artworks have had not only seals but inscriptions of the owner on them; for example, the 3034: 2278: 2647: 3853: 3708: 1611: 3094:

adhere to a handful of strongly observed customs. The size is the attribute most strongly governed by social custom. It is usually not more than 20 millimetres (0.79 in) in size. A man's is usually slightly larger than a woman's, and a junior employee's is always smaller than his bosses' and his

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Once seals are used, as much paste as possible is wiped from the printing surface and off the edges with a suitable material. The seals are kept in a constant environment, especially seals made of sandalwood or black ox horn. Tall thin seals are best kept on their sides, to prevent them from wobbling

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Seals are still used for official purposes in a number of contexts. When collecting parcels or registered post, the name seal serves as an identification, akin to a signature. In banks, traditionally the method of identification was also by a seal. Seals remain the customary form of identification on

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Plant-based paste tends to dry more quickly than silk-based pastes because the plant extract does not hold onto the oil as tightly as silk. Depending on the paper used, plant pastes can dry in 10 to 15 minutes. The more absorbent the paper is, the faster it dries as the paper absorbs most of the oil.

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by specialist seal carvers, or by the users themselves. Specialist carvers carve the user's name into the stone in one of the standard scripts and styles described above, usually for a fee. Some people carve their own seals using soapstone and fine knives, which are widely available; this is cheaper

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had as many as 20 different seals for use with inscriptions on paintings he collected. Provided that it is tastefully done (for example, not obscuring the body of the painting, appropriate inscription, fine calligraphy, etc.), this practice does not devalue the painting but could possibly enhance it

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The paste is kept covered after it has been used, in its original container (be it plastic or ceramic). It is kept in an environment away from direct sunlight and away from intense heat to prevent it from drying out. The paste for silk based pastes need to be stirred with a spatula every month or so

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Banks always provide stamp pads or ink paste, and dry cleaning tissues. The banks also provide small plastic scrubbing surfaces similar to small patches of red artificial grass. These are attached to counters and used to scrub the accumulated ink paste from the working surface of customers' seals.

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alongside a bank employee's seal. Rules for the size and design vary somewhat from bank to bank; generally, they contain a Japanese person's full name. A Westerner may be permitted to use a full family name with or without an abbreviated given name, such as "Smith", "Bill Smith", "W Smith" or "Wm

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Government bureaucrats would receive office seals that served as a status token of both their office and authority. These government office seals tended to be small enough in size that they could be carried by the official on their belts. Unlike imperial seals and other seals of high office which

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The authority of the government was often tied to their possession of certain seals. For example, when the Later Jin khanate proclaimed the Qing Empire, they only did so after receiving the jade seal from the Mongols. Likewise, the Northern Yuan before them claimed their legitimacy through their

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are kept in secure places such as bank vaults. or hidden in a home. They are usually stored in thumb-sized rectangular boxes made of cardboard covered with embroidered green fabric outside and red silk or red velvet inside, held closed by a white plastic or deerhorn splinter tied to the lid and

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When the seal is pressed onto the printing surface, the procedure differs according to plant or silk based paste. For silk based paste, the user applies pressure, often with a specially made soft, flat surface beneath the paper. For plant based paste, the user simply applies light pressure. As

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Many types of private seal not categorised above are usually categorised under the umbrella term "leisure seals". The inscription on leisure seals is usually a short text which is either a quote from a famous writing or just some saying that the owner of the seal thought is important. Typical

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to avoid the oil sinking down and drying out the paste as well as to prepare it for use. A good paste would produce a clear impression in one go; if the impression is not clear requiring further impressions then it indicates that the paste is either too dry or the cinnabar has been depleted.

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Determining which side of the seal should face up may be done in a number of ways: if there is a carving on top, the front should face the user; if there is an inscription on the side, it should face to the left of the user; if there is a dot on the side, it should face away from the user.

2421:. Collector seals were chiefly used for the function of authenticating different pieces of art. Thus a collector seal identified to be of a famous art collector or connoisseur would become an integral part of an artwork itself and could substantially raise its monetary value on the Chinese 1701:

by people in their private lives. Artists would also sign their works and letters with their seals. Furthermore, Chinese literati are known to usually use a number of different pen names in their works, so trying to identify a person's name from a specific seal can be a tricky business.

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There are many classes of personal seals. Private seals are naturally unregulated; therefore they show the largest variety in content, shape, size, material, and calligraphy of any type of seal. Seals with names, pen names, pseudonyms, etc on them were used as an early type of

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Used in ancient times as a protective charm on letters to shield the recipient from wild beasts or demons; now used mainly as a well-wishing convention on letters to people who travel abroad as well as a protective charm for the letter to be delivered safely to the recipient.

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to a professional, paying upward of US$ 20 and more often closer to US$ 100, and using it for decades. People desirous of opening a new chapter in their lives—say, following a divorce, death of a spouse, a long streak of bad luck, or a change in career—will often have a new

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still remains an official means of verification for binding legal agreement and identification. The government passed the 'Act on Confirmation, etc. of Personal Signature (본인서명사실 확인 등에 관한 법률)' in 2012, which gives registered handwritten signatures the same legal effect as

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Another type of seal that was used by the Chinese Emperors was a seal to indicate that a certain text or official document was written in the Emperor’s own handwriting as opposed to written by someone ordered to do so by the Emperor. In the case of the Qing dynasty period

2977: 1523:). Government seals in the People's Republic of China today are usually circular in shape, and have a five-pointed star in the centre of the circle. The name of the governmental institution is arranged around the star in a semicircle – a form also adopted by some 1242: 2412:

In Imperial China it was considered to be customary for collectors and connoisseurs of art to affix the print of their seals on the surface of a scroll of painting or calligraphy. Artists themselves often used their own seals on artworks, such as on works of

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In Hong Kong, seals have fallen out of general use, as signatures are often required. In the past, seals were used by businesses on documents related to transactions. Seals have also been used in lieu of a signature for the city's illiterate population.

2566:. Today, personal identification is often by a hand signature accompanied by a seal imprint. Seals can serve as identification with signatures because they are more difficult to forge than a signature, and only the owner has access to his own seal. 3207:

can be any size, design, or shape. Irregular naturally occurring outlines and handles, as though a river stone were cut in two, are commonplace. The material may be anything, though in modern times soft stone is the most common and metal is rare.

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are used by graphic artists to both decorate and sign their work. The practice goes back several hundred years. The signatures are frequently pen names or nicknames; the decorations are usually favorite slogans or other extremely short phrases. A

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to 1 inch (1.3 to 2.5 cm), usually square or (rarely) rectangular but never round, irregular, or oval. It must contain the individual's full family and given name, without abbreviation. The lettering must be red with a white background

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The legal system of registered seals was introduced by the Japanese colonial government in 1914. While it was scheduled to be completely replaced by an electronic certification system in 2013 in order to counter fraud, as of 2021

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is a moderately formal seal typically used for signing for postal deliveries, signing utility bill payments, signing internal company memos, confirming receipt of internal company mail, and other low-security everyday functions.

3601:(낙관, 落款). As seal-carving was also considered a form of art, many artists carved their own seals. Seals of Joseon-period calligraphist and natural historian Kim Jung-hee (aka Wandang or Chusa) are considered to be antiques. 1684:(nine-folded) script was the preferred type of calligraphy. During the Qing dynasty period, most government office seals were bilingual with the Chinese (Seal script) inscription on the right side of the seal and the 3948:

Seals in Vietnam have different names based on their function, namely Bảo (寶), Tỷ (璽), Ấn (印), Chương (章), Kim bảo tỷ (金寶璽), Quan phòng (關防), Đồ ký (圖記), Kiềm ký (鈐記), Tín ký (信記), Ấn Ký (印記), Trưởng ký (長記), and Ký

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period government regulations stipulated that the ink used to affix official seals had their colours determined based in the rank of the official in question, with various colours such as green, purple, yellow, Etc.

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Throughout Chinese history, seals have played an important part and are known to have been used both by government authorities and private individuals for thousands of years. The earliest known examples of seals in

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Throughout Chinese history the calligraphy used for government office seals changed in radical ways. By the Han dynasty period the inscriptions of office seals tended to become thicker and more angular. From the

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with the following exceptions. In size, they are comparatively large, measuring 2 to 4 inches (5.1 to 10.2 cm) across. Their handles are often ornately carved with friezes of mythical beasts or hand-carved

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was a square bronze seal with side length of 9 centimetres. Its inscription reads "Seal of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China". Notably, the seal uses the relatively modern

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Of Chinese origin, the process soon spread beyond China and across East and Southeast Asia. Various countries in these regions currently use a mixture of seals and hand signatures, and, increasingly,

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is also accepted, many Koreans think it is more formal to use seals in public documents. In 2008, the Constitutional Court of South Korea upheld a Supreme court judgement that a signed handwritten

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Many people in China possess a personal name seal. Artists, scholars, collectors and intellectuals may possess a full set of name seals, leisure seals, and studio seals. A well-made seal made from

921:(1644–1912), there were several dozen official imperial seals that were used by its Emperors. The inscriptions on these official imperial seals usually refer to either the Emperor receiving the 645:) can be applied on objects to establish personal identification. They are commonly applied on items such as personal documents, office paperwork, contracts, and art. They are used similarly to 6005: 3449:(어새, 御璽), are used in foreign communications with countries other than China, and for domestic uses. Seals were also used by government officials in documents. These types of seals were called 1592: 1493: 3122:

in popular Japanese names can be obtained from stationery stores for less than US$ 1, though ones made from inexpensive stone are also very popular. Inexpensive prefabricated seals are called

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and other public documents to show authenticity and authority. Even today, Japanese citizens' companies regularly use name seals for the signing of a contract and other important paperwork.

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in Taiwan has continued to use traditional square seals of up to about 13 centimetres, known by a variety of names depending on the user's hierarchy. Part of the inaugural ceremony for the

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Seal of Ilkhan Ghazan, reading "王府定國理民之寶" in archaic "nine-fold" Chinese script, meaning "Seal certifying the authority of his Royal Highness to establish a country and govern its people".

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Seals are still commonly used in South Korea. Most Koreans have personal seals, and every government agency and commercial corporation has its own seals to use in public documents. While

1062:(制誥之寶, "Seal of Edict"), which was written in a type of seal script used by the Ming dynasty. The Qing dynasty would continue to perpetuate this myth to legitimise their rule over China. 909:

would gradually begin to become a designation exclusively reserved for the seals of the Emperors. During the Han dynasty, the Emperor of China only had 6 imperial seals, later during the

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inscriptions on leisure seals include "Respect fate", "Attain wisdom", "Respect", "Use loyalty and humanity in your affairs", among many others. Chinese leisure seals are comparable to

4551: 4194: 1074:, had produced a large amount of texts which were affixed with the seal to indicate that they were his own writing. When the calligraphy of the Qianlong Emperor was carved into stone 2964:

passed through a fabric loop attached to the lower half of the box. Because of the superficial resemblance to coffins, they are often called "coffins" in Japanese by enthusiasts and

2425:. Thus in the course of several centuries, some Chinese paintings have become covered by a number of different seals of their different owners during the course of their existence. 3107:

are often round or oval, but square ones are not uncommon, and rectangular ones are not unheard-of; irregular shapes are not used. They can produce red lettering on a blank field (

3021:, plastic or metal, and carried in a variety of thumb-shape and -size cases resembling cloth purses or plastic pencil cases. They are usually hidden carefully in the owner's home. 1559: 3219:

are engraved on the end of a finger-length stick of stone, wood, bone, or ivory, with a diameter between 25 and 75 millimetres (0.98 and 2.95 in). Their carving is a form of

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character carved in it. They are as often round or oval as they are square. They vary in size from 0.5-to-1.5-centimetre wide (0.20 to 0.59 in); women's tend to be small.

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Same as the personal name seal, but characters are read in an anti-clockwise direction, rather than from the top-down, right-to-left. Sometimes used in writing (e.g. to sign a

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The seal is used to a lesser extent in Vietnam by authorised organisations and businesses, and also traditional Vietnamese artists. It was more common in Vietnam prior to

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chisel, two or three grades of sandpaper, slim marker pen (to draw the design on the stone), and one to three mottled, inexpensive, soft square green finger-size stones.

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During 2020, the Japanese government has been attempting to discourage the use of seals, because the practice requires generation of paper documents that interfere with

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offer no security, most people either have them custom-made by professionals or make their own by hand. They were traditionally made of wood or stone; more recently of

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displayed in a savings passbook. Note the boundary limiting its size to 1.0 cm × 1.5 cm (0.39 in × 0.59 in) and extreme freedom in design.

2488:. Because the base is a plant one that has been pulverised, the texture is very loose due to the fact that it does not bind. The appearance is sponge like and not oily. 2322:

Used on books or paintings that are kept by the user. This includes appreciation seals used on paintings and books that the owner admires. Serves a similar function to

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The material is usually a high quality hard stone or, far less frequently, deerhorn, soapstone, or jade. It is sometimes carved by machine. When carved by hand, an

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Signatures are not used for most transactions, but in some cases, such as signing a cell phone contract, they may be used, sometimes in addition to a stamp from a

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and silk strands. The silk strands bind the mixture together to form a very thick substance. It has a very oily appearance and tends to be a bright red in colour.

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These seals typically bore the titles of the offices, rather than the names of the owners. Different seals could be used for different purposes: for example, the

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Throughout history different regulations existed for these office seals that would prescribe what materials should be used (copper-alloys or gold) and how their

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Kai-lung Ho (Lecturer, Tung Wah Group of Hospitals Community College - School of Humanities and General Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong) (2012).

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Most Japanese also have a less formal seal used to sign personal letters or initial changes in documents; this is referred to by the broadly generic term

4245:"No royal seal left in Hue today. VietNamNet Bridge – It is a great regret that none of more than 100 seals of the Nguyen emperors are in Hue City today" 2449:

with a quote at the end of an e-mail or internet messages where the author append some sort of proverb or saying that they consider valuable at the end.

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emerged, this new seal wasn't the original one produced during the Qin dynasty, but a later made seal created during the reign of Northern Yuan khagan

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While Chinese-style seals are typically used in China, Japan, and Korea, they are occasionally used outside East Asia. For example, the rulers of the

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was conferred to its recipient. So when Tang, the first ruler of the Shang dynasty, overthrows the last tyrannical ruler of the (possibly mythical)

5346: 4226: 1352:(although hard wood or precious metal could also be used), and were originally square in shape. They were changed to a rectangular form during the 5490: 2590:

than paying a professional for expertise, craft and material. Results vary, but individuals can carve perfectly legitimate seals for themselves.

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stated in 2016 that often Hong Kongers are asked to use the word "stamp" instead of chop in formal writing so non-Hong Kongers may understand.

813:(1046–256 BC) that there is an increase in the quantity of Chinese seals paired together with textual references to them. Until the end of the 5409: 4118: 3771: 2948:

is a flat-bladed pencil-sized chisel, usually round or octagonal in cross-section and sometimes wrapped in string to give a better grip. The

999:, "Seal in front of the Emperor") written in folded seal script and was found on the edicts of the Yuan emperors that have been preserved in 4543: 4341: 3996:

Hobson-Jobson (1903): A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words, Article «Chop»; The dictionary of trade products (1890). Article «Chhap».

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and falling down. More important seals, such as authority and society seals, are encased or wrapped in a golden silk cloth for protection.

4581: 3238:. These include instructions, hiragana fonts written forward and in mirror-writing (as required on the working surface of a seal), a slim 4855: 4204: 3268: 2642:

seals made in Japan: a square seal for corporations (left), a seal for bank accounts (bottom right), and a general use seal (top right).

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into the hollow, thus signing a document with both their name and the business's (or bureau's) name. These seals are usually stored in

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by giving it further provenance, especially if it is a seal of a famous or celebrated individual who possessed the work at some point.

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and lesser seals are usually stored in inexpensive plastic cases, sometimes with small supplies of red paste or a stamp pad included.

118: 1383:. This partly explains the Qing emperors' obsession with creating numerous imperial seals - for the emperors' official use alone the 3260:

may be obtained in a local municipal office (e.g., city hall). There, a person receives a "certificate of seal impression" known as

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There are two types of seal paste (to make the impression) depending on what base material they are made of. The standard colour is

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The most popular style of script for government seals in the imperial eras of China (from the Song dynasty to Qing dynasty) was the

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Almost every stationery store, discount store, large book store, and department store carries small do-it-yourself kits for making

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is an officially registered seal. A registered seal is needed to conduct business and other important or legally binding events. A

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Can contain the person's personal philosophy or literary inclination. These can be any shape, ranging from ovals to dragon-shaped.

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The Complete Oriental Painting Course: A structured, practical guide to painting skills and techniques of China and the Far East

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requirements for 785 types of procedure, 96% of the total, including tax documents. Most business people favoured discontinuing

2782:-style boxes under high security except at official ceremonies, at which they are displayed on ornate stands or in their boxes. 2428:

The Emperors of China also had their own imperial seals to appraise and appreciate art. As such, many famous paintings from the

5424: 5361: 97: 4421: 4275: 3340:, but half considered that it would be difficult to do so. Politicians also opposed discontinuing their regional hand-carved 2952:

is held vertically in one hand, with the point projecting from the carver's fist on the side opposite the thumb. New, modern

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Inscribed with a poem or proverb, used on paintings and suchlike. May be large or small, depending on length of inscription.

856:(a mythical bird) as he was sitting in a boat. In both of these origin legends, the gifting of the seal is a symbol that the 3586:

are used for everyday purposes, such as less-significant official transactions. Thus most Koreans have more than two seals.

3321:: officials found it took up to three days between a case of COVID-19 being discovered and it being reported to the public. 1253: 827:), regardless if they were used by government officials or in private use and regardless of any material used to make them. 1443: 1023:

during the early 17th century. The Mongols at the time knew that the Yuan dynasty emperors had a Chinese seal known at the

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as a key priority. He aimed to establish a new digital agency to put the idea into practice. Ministries were urged to end

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red (or lighter or darker shades of red) but other colours can be used such as black, navy, etc. for specific purposes.

1160:; "white characters") seals imprint the background in red, leaving white characters, sometimes referred to as 5525: 4309: 3461:(국새, 國璽) and it is used in promulgation of constitution, designation of cabinet members and ambassadors, conference of 2803: 1474: 1265: 2530: 1027:

which they used to promote their legitimacy but weren't in possession of the real seal, so Ligdan Khan created a new "

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would use seals (generally leisure seals and studio seals) to identify their work. These types of seals were called

86: 5602: 5462: 5271: 5121: 5096: 917:(1368–1644) this number would further grow to there now being over a dozen imperial seals, and by the reign of the 4664: 4010: 3793: 3720: 3010:

Smith" in place of "William Smith". The lettering can be red or white, in any font, and with artistic decoration.

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design are very stringent and each design is unique, so the vast majority of people entrust the creation of their

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tend to have the imperial seals for art appraisal and appreciation of generations of subsequent emperors on them.

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of the supposed first seal in Chinese history was recorded, this myth states that the first seal was given to the

6203: 6146: 5482: 4848: 4818: 4672: 3812: 3783: 3767: 752:, have historically been used to identify individuals involved in government and trading from ancient times. The 3607: 3306: 2844:

For personal use, there are at least four kinds of seals. In order from most to least formal/official, they are

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and tourist destinations in China. They often carve on-the-spot or translations of foreign names on inexpensive

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was resumed to the throne of the Tang dynasty in the year 705, he changed the name for imperial seals back to

5520: 5457: 5304: 5236: 5211: 5108: 4872: 4500: 3441:). This was used only in communications with China and for the coronation of kings. Others, generally called 2767:

is an example; weighing over 3.55 kg and measuring 9.09 cm it is used for official purposes by the

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A chop is necessary for approving decisions relating to the operations and management of a company in China.

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Computer Science 2004. Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Australasian Computer Science Conference (ACSC2004)

4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 3743: 3532:, is a seal which has been registered by a local office, attested by a "certificate of seal registration", ( 2736: 6248: 6105: 5543: 5266: 5056: 3727: 3314: 2774:

Some seals have been carved with square tunnels from handle to underside, so that a person can slide their

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are commonly stored in low-security, high-utility places such as office desk drawers and in the anteroom (

6233: 6213: 5434: 5231: 5181: 4634: 4173: 3183: 2868: 1124:; "red characters") seals imprint the Chinese characters in red ink, sometimes referred to as 1058:, but the imperial seal used by the Jurchens to stamp all their imperial documents bore the inscription 6238: 6000: 5607: 5597: 5505: 5500: 4841: 4779: 4483:

Liu, Vicky; Caelli, William; Foo, Ernest; Russell, Selwyn (August 7, 2004). Estivill-Castro, V. (ed.).

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for more value. State Seals were generally made of gold or high-quality jade. There are rare cases of

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A person's stylised signature. Often small, sometimes with images, the design can be varied in style.

1422:'Seal(s) for the Qiánlóng emperor's inspection') used on select paintings in his collection. 6218: 6208: 6198: 5951: 5376: 5261: 5151: 1622: 1348:; 'treasure'), which corresponds to the great seals of Western countries. These were usually made of 1043: 965: 805:. However, how these ancient seals were used remains to be uncovered as it is only starting from the 509: 111: 3368:

in approximately 2nd century BC. The remaining oldest record of its usage in Korea is that kings of

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in Beijing has a collection of 25 seals - in order to reduce the significance of the Heirloom Seal.

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Emperor, who was known for his literary ambitions, including his ability to write in well-renowned

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Masterpieces of Japanese Prints: Ukiyo-e from the Victoria and Albert Museum by Rupert Faulkner,

4331: 3453:(관인, 官印) and it was supervised by specialist officials. With the declaration of establishment of 3413: 3322: 2739:. Samurai were permitted exclusive use of red ink. Chinese style seals were also utilized by the 2187: 64: 5201: 3654:, used seals containing Chinese characters in their diplomatic letters, such as the letter from 3130: 2815: 2171:

Used to seal letters or packages, often after the sealing tag/strip has been stuck on the flap.

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Also, plant pastes tend to smudge more easily than silk pastes due to the loose binding agent.

671:, sometimes of metals, wood, bamboo, plastic, or ivory, and are typically used with red ink or 42: 4458:"Visually sealed and digitally signed electronic documents : building on Asian tradition" 4196: 3828: 3282:

fraud is beginning to cause some concern that the present system will not be able to survive.

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period the calligraphy had become more rounded and thinner than before, and later during the

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which had a chart on its back. According to another origin myth, the first seal was given to

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inscriptions that might be quotes from literature, names and dates, or original poetry. The

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should be shaped (some with a handle in the shape of a turtle, some of a camel). Until the

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to Korean kings, with the intent of keeping relations between two countries as brothers (

3005:

means "bank". A person's savings account passbook contains an original impression of the

2837: 2822: 2764: 2740: 2570: 2539: 2414: 1660: 1071: 376: 3976:"Nanjing Civic Bureau Signs Licensing Agreement With CIC China for Electronic Signature" 2830: 2484:

Plant: The red paste is made from finely pulverized cinnabar, mixed with castor oil and

2022: 5841: 5811: 5806: 5689: 5515: 5309: 5241: 5206: 5171: 4803: 3667: 3473: 3462: 3099:

always has the person's family name and usually does not have the person's given name (

1451: 883: 3983: 3864: 3174: 3057: 2884: 2681: 2664: 2522: 2017: 1031:" modelled on the seals used by the Ming dynasty as a symbol of political legitimacy. 1011:

and used it as a sign of their legitimacy and it would continue to be used during the

745: 730: 345: 5899: 5856: 5791: 5766: 5746: 5741: 5694: 5668: 5371: 5166: 4948: 4792: 4490: 4401: 4220: 3909: 3562:) a document required for most significant business transactions and civil services. 3454: 3318: 2944:("seal-engraving blade"), a mirror, and a small specialized wooden vice are used. An 1470: 1372: 1055: 922: 894: 857: 2359: 2283:

States aliases of the user, including artistic names, painting names and pen names.

5990: 5974: 5911: 5889: 5881: 5876: 5866: 5861: 5826: 5781: 5761: 5756: 5720: 5699: 5555: 5452: 5356: 5351: 5256: 5186: 5032: 5022: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4417: 3789: 3763: 3699: 3432: 3329: 3182:

spelling out "Mitsuko" (光子), a popular woman's name. Note the uniform line widths,

2768: 2578: 2574: 2418: 1977: 1882:

Used in letters, instead of writing well wishes by hand, the seal takes its place.

1463: 1399: 1395: 1325: 1135: 1099: 934: 753: 676: 523: 232: 5943: 2534:

An East Asian seal which used to belong to a Chinese merchant in the 1930s and 40s

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used in a significant business transaction. Registration and certification of an

2446: 2354: 5549: 4828: 2244:

States the name of the studio or body. This includes society and company seals.

2190:

had, although probably in lesser forms. These are usually rectangular in shape.

5904: 5836: 5816: 5801: 5771: 5566: 5286: 5191: 5061: 4907: 4895: 3840: 3325: 2559: 2429: 1384: 1039: 902: 843: 839: 709: 702: 668: 2895:

is used when purchasing a vehicle, marrying, or purchasing land, for example.

2754:

specific to their bureau or company and follow the general rules outlined for

2138: 2078: 398: 6192: 5419: 5144: 5081: 5012: 4983: 3868: 3860: 3369: 3361: 1947: 1685: 1498: 1368: 984: 787: 783: 716: 650: 642: 31: 4808: 4523:

Japan wants to shred its paper habit. Could it finally leave the fax behind?

4197:"The Myth of the Seal Transmitting the State in the Yuan and Qing Dynasties" 3679: 1004: 6167: 6162: 5725: 5134: 5066: 5046: 4301: 3924: 3919: 3671: 3138: 2586: 2543: 2311: 1763: 1677: 1673: 1630: 1524: 1462:

contained a total of 93 jade and gold seals of which 2 seals were from the

1380: 1357: 1353: 1247:

Zhubaiwen Xiangjianyin, quarterly: 1 and 4 with Zhuwen; 2 and 3 with Baiwen

988: 918: 914: 910: 810: 335: 239: 37:"Inkan" redirects here. For the South American Inca/Inka civilisation, see 4154: 2238: 875:), he seizes the royal seal from him to symbolically establish his power. 6172: 5129: 5017: 4961: 4956: 4924: 4919: 4608: 4577: 4336: 3929: 3675: 3647: 2485: 2457: 2277: 1983:

Seal of a department of the Government, or the leader of the department.

1767: 1751: 1669: 1502: 1054:

and with this acquisition the Jurchens claimed to have also acquired the

1020: 861: 847: 835: 831: 261: 2272: 2233: 2108: 1913: 1908: 1876: 1756: 5579: 5176: 5139: 4973: 4006: 2478: 2422: 1846: 1841: 1812: 1800: 1771: 1450:, Director of the Huế Monuments Conservation Centre, at the end of the 1312: 1035: 960:). Her reasoning behind this change was that she thought that the word 634: 4272:"Bảo vật Quốc gia: Ấn ngọc Đại Nam thụ thiên vĩnh mệnh truyền quốc tỷ" 4152: 3476:

without a registered seal was invalid. Korean seals are made of wood,

1805: 6177: 5495: 5076: 4939: 4885: 4864: 3898: 3731: 3639: 3469: 2598: 2594: 2466: 2323: 1698: 1656: 1371:, and was seen as a legitimising device embodying or symbolising the 939: 852: 646: 284: 4457: 2724: 168:徐永裕印 Xú Yǒngyù yìn, rotating characters meaning "Seal of Xú Yǒngyù") 53: 6097: 4914: 4484: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4136: 3698:

using the classical Mongolian script, as found in a letter sent to

3424: 3163: 3155: 2639: 2474: 1067: 672: 313: 4823: 4699:"Vietnam's Stamp of Approval - Corporate/Commercial Law - Vietnam" 2635: 1953:

States the personal name and the place name where he/she is from.

1629:(1955–1963). Notice that its inscription is completely written in 1439:), a highly stylised script which is unreadable to the untrained. 6138: 5560: 5071: 5027: 4990: 3095:

senior co-workers', in keeping with office social hierarchy. The

2732: 2593:

As a novelty souvenir, seal carvers also ply tourist business at

2433: 1920: 1593:

Seal of the People's Government of the People's Republic of China

1494:

Seal of the People's Government of the People's Republic of China

1459: 1051: 761: 342: 4133: 3328:

had set the digitalization of the bureaucracy and ultimately of

1078:, the print of the seal was also copied onto the stone surface. 163: 6120: 6082: 4929: 4829:

HANKO (Daniel Semo, 20 July 2021) - 99% Invisible, Episode #451

3663: 3655: 3651: 3643: 3485: 3224: 2716: 2704: 2563: 2555: 1407: 1187: 1145: 1109: 802: 757: 684: 425: 4276:

BẢO TÀNG LỊCH SỬ QUỐC GIA (VIETNAM NATIONAL MUSEUM OF HISTORY)

3766:

banknotes since its first series, bearing the chairman of the

2898:

The size, shape, material, decoration, and lettering style of

2526:

Scheme of Chinese seal, seal paste, and technique to use them.

964:

sounded too much like death (si, 死) or rest (xi, 息). But when

6074: 6029: 5982: 4902: 4890: 4880: 4544:"Japanese fax fans rally to defence of much-maligned machine" 4105: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4047: 3543: 3481: 3437: 3387: 3365: 3159: 3018: 1075: 1000: 889: 765: 571: 447: 350: 4833: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4027: 3231:

for standard Japanese names may be purchased prefabricated.

2703:

dating from AD 57, made of solid gold given to the ruler of

3477: 2976: 2902:

are closely regulated by law. For example, in Hiroshima, a

1349: 3033: 2696:

tends to refer to seals used on less important documents.

2084:

Has images with no words to express the user's character.

1852:

Used in imperial times by imperial consorts or officials.

1602:

Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Zhōngyāng Rénmín Zhèngfǔ zhī yìn

4024: 3589:

In traditional arts, as in China and Japan, an artist of

1328:, their families and officials used large seals known as 654: 318: 296: 271: 3278:

The increasing ease with which modern technology allows

2646: 1202:'red-white characters combined seal') seals use 4749:. Quarto Publishing plc. and Aurum Press: London, 1997. 4735:篆刻入門. Shanghai Book Publishings 上海書店印行: Shanghai, 1936. 1648:(璽); lower seals of rank and appointment were known as 1446:

created more than 100 imperial seals. According to Dr.

553: 946:, which was up until then used for imperial seals, to 607: 6006:

People's Government of the People's Republic of China

4334:[Seeking the historic craft of Seal Street]. 4269: 3297:

alone is insufficient, and thus signatures are used.

244: 3557: 3516:) in Korea can be classified by their legal status. 3511: 2723:, as they were a symbol of the Emperor's authority. 1375:. The Heirloom Seal was passed down through several 483: 5973: 4482: 4263: 2968:boutiques. The paste is usually stored separately. 2747:came into general use throughout Japanese society. 2473:Silk: The red paste is made from finely pulverized 1367:, which was created by the first Emperor of China, 1316:The Seal of the Emperor of the Great Ming (大明皇帝之寶; 942:issued a decree that changed the usage of the word 925:or to the Emperor being "the successor of Heaven". 776: 78:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5653: 4157:. China Online Museum (WelCOMe to the real COM!). 3457:in 1948, its government created a new State Seal, 3252:A certificate of authenticity is required for any 2715:. At first, only the Emperor and his most trusted 4824:Seal culture still remains in electronic commerce 4635:"Act on Confirmation, etc. of Personal Signature" 4489:. Australian Computer Society. pp. 287–294. 4242: 3674:, a Mongol-ruled dynasty of China, especially by 2750:Government offices and corporations usually have 913:(618–907) this number had grown to 8, during the 801:) and were discovered at archaeological sites at 6190: 5347:Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia 3859:Hồ Chí Minh ấn (胡志明印), the personal seal of the 3115:). Borderlines around their edges are optional. 2956:range in price from less than US$ 1 to US$ 100. 403: 381: 5491:Association of East Asian Research Universities 4153:Yu Yibo (Curator, China Online Museum) (2021). 3670:. These seals were sent by the emperors of the 2650:Ready-made inkan with the name "Kawamura" (河村). 2182:Carry the name of the person's private studio ( 1003:. During the reign of the second Yuan emperor, 528: 514: 3412:). The use of seals became popular during the 3356:Bronze Korean seal, dated between 935 and 1392 3266: 3195: 3128: 3055: 2994: 2882: 2679: 2662: 2654:In Japan, seals in general are referred to as 2512: 817:(476 BC–221 BC), all seals were only known as 743: 728: 576: 5959: 5639: 5443:China–Japan–Korea Friendship Athletic Meeting 4849: 4809:Art-Virtue.com History of Chinese seal making 3772:Board of Commissioners of Currency, Singapore 3628:The Seal of the Republic of Korea (1949–1962) 1518: 1398:had a number of informal appreciation seals ( 1343: 1333: 1139: 1103: 951: 822: 206: 184: 4238: 4236: 4225:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3980:Communication Intelligence Corporation (CIC) 3547: 3537: 3501: 3407: 3401: 3391: 3381: 2699:The first evidence of writing in Japan is a 1379:, but had been lost by the beginning of the 991:the main imperial seal bore the inscription 452: 430: 4602: 4398:Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary 1417: 1197: 1090:The seal works of Wu Qiuyan in Yuan dynasty 1007:, the Mongols claimed to have acquired the 653:are common, Sinosphere seals are used with 5966: 5952: 5646: 5632: 4856: 4842: 4745:Wang Jia-nan; Cai Xiaoli and Young, Dawn; 3809:Đại Nam thụ thiên vĩnh mệnh truyền quốc tỷ 3245:In modern Japan, most people have several 1363:The most important of these seals was the 980:were alternated, depending on the period. 30:For a more general view of the topic, see 5342:China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit 4270:TS. Nguyễn Đình Chiến (24 January 2018). 4233: 3082:s form is governed by fewer customs than 2735:began using them at some time during the 2601:, sometimes featuring Roman characters. 1276: 1271:Baiwen on right side, Zhuwen on left side 1259:Zhuwen on right side, Baiwen on left side 972:. In subsequent centuries both the terms 138:Learn how and when to remove this message 3351: 3173: 3141:are unacceptable for business purposes. 3032: 2975: 2867: 2645: 2634: 2529: 2521: 2495: 2456: 2407: 1311: 1285: 1085: 882: 4541: 4393: 4391: 4365:"Where does the word 'chop' come from?" 2500:Yinnihe (seal paste box), Ming dynasty. 1638: 1442:During its 143 years of existence, the 649:in the West. Unlike in the West, where 14: 6191: 5362:East Asian Bureau of Economic Research 4799:The Art of Chinese Chop (Seal Carving) 4679:from the original on 23 September 2022 4503:from the original on December 12, 2020 4329: 4243:VietNamNet Bridge (10 February 2016). 3313:. The delay has been most pressing in 2872:Man carving an ivory seal. Japan, 1915 1281: 764:had their personal seals pressed onto 5947: 5627: 4837: 4615:from the original on 14 December 2020 4424:from the original on 26 February 2017 4344:from the original on 31 December 2019 4121:from the original on 1 September 2021 3582:is used on important business, other 2743:. After modernization began in 1870, 4819:Introduction to Chinese Seal Carving 4444:Okinawa: History of an Island People 4388: 4207:from the original on 12 January 2020 4161:from the original on 18 October 2021 3757: 3465:and important diplomatic documents. 3431:(국인, 國印) which was conferred by the 3427:Korea, there were two types in use: 1356:, but reverted to square during the 667:Chinese seals are typically made of 76:adding citations to reliable sources 47: 4754:Chinese Chops: A Signature in Stone 4574:"One's Testament Needs Seal: Court" 4464:from the original on March 29, 2022 4455: 4362: 3813:National Seal of the Nguyễn Dynasty 3777: 3154:. They often display only a single 1015:period. During the a new so-called 24: 4645:from the original on 8 August 2020 4554:from the original on 6 August 2021 3633: 3001:is used specifically for banking; 2924:Throughout Japan, rules governing 2028:Seal of the realm or the monarch. 1475:President of the Republic of China 1081: 27:Stamp used in place of a signature 25: 6260: 4786: 4639:Statutes of the Republic of Korea 4605:"'Ingam' to Disappear in 5 Years" 4584:from the original on 15 June 2013 4542:McCurry, Justin (6 August 2021). 4532:Washington Post (17 October 2020) 4282:from the original on 16 July 2022 4251:from the original on 16 July 2022 3885:Hội đồng Nguyễn Phúc tộc Việt Nam 3762:The seal has been present in all 3491: 3300: 3223:. Foreign names may be carved in 2809:Royal Seal of the Ryūkyū Kingdom. 2630: 878: 6019: 5526:Ludwigshafen East Asia Institute 4938: 4804:History of Chinese Seal Carvings 4742:. Cico Books Ltd.: London, 2002. 4456:Liu, Yin-Miao (August 7, 2004). 4330:Cheung, Mao (26 November 2017). 4302:"图文：毛主席亲手定印文--新中国的"开国之玺"_新闻_腾讯网" 4199:. New History Journal (新史學雜誌) - 3903:The Eight Masters of Xiling and 3876: 3852: 3820: 3801: 3742: 3719: 3707: 3687: 3621: 3606: 3396:) which bore the inscription of 3227:, katakana, hiragana, or kanji. 2829: 2814: 2802: 2787: 2692:is the most comprehensive term; 2517: 2461:Chinese seal and red seal paste. 2439: 2394: 2389: 2358: 2353: 2315: 2310: 2276: 2271: 2237: 2232: 2137: 2119:Exceeding seal of the Yellow God 2114:Has lucky sayings and proverbs. 2107: 2077: 2021: 2016: 1976: 1946: 1912: 1907: 1875: 1845: 1840: 1804: 1799: 1755: 1750: 1610: 1584: 1558: 1532: 1444:government of the Nguyễn dynasty 1264: 1252: 1240: 1228: 1216: 777:Origin legends and early history 722:In Japan, seals, referred to as 162: 52: 5975:East Asian and Vietnamese seals 4709:from the original on 2021-08-07 4691: 4673:Monetary Authority of Singapore 4657: 4627: 4596: 4566: 4535: 4515: 4511:– via eprints.qut.edu.au. 4476: 4472:– via eprints.qut.edu.au. 4449: 4436: 4410: 4377:from the original on 2022-06-06 4356: 4323: 4312:from the original on 2018-11-19 4294: 4013:from the original on 2020-12-11 3794:abolition of the Nguyễn dynasty 3768:Monetary Authority of Singapore 3347: 2727:began using their own personal 1477:includes bestowing on them the 351: 319: 297: 272: 63:needs additional citations for 5655:Heraldic traditions by country 5473:EAFF E-1 Football Championship 5448:East Asian Football Federation 3999: 3990: 3968: 3942: 3905:Xiling Society of the Seal Art 3548: 3538: 3502: 3408: 3402: 3392: 3382: 3186:, and right-to-left direction. 2542:can cost between 400 and 4000 2379: 2340: 2297: 2258: 2219: 2177: 2158: 2127: 2097: 2067: 2004: 1994: 1966: 1936: 1895: 1865: 1828: 1787: 1738: 1601: 1596: 1575: 1570: 1549: 1544: 1519: 1435: 1412: 1344: 1334: 1304: 1299: 1295: 1192: 1183: 1175: 952: 823: 689: 608: 554: 484: 404: 245: 207: 185: 13: 1: 5521:Journal of East Asian Studies 5458:East Asian Judo Championships 5305:East Asia Climate Partnership 4863: 4665:"Circulation Currency: Notes" 3982:. 14 May 2001. Archived from 3956: 3615:Seal of the Republic of Korea 2569:Seals are also often used on 2452: 1567:Seal of the Republic of China 1501:rather than the more ancient 1479:Seal of the Republic of China 1046:claimed to have acquired the 865: 791: 6106:Imperial Seal of the Mongols 5544:Horses in East Asian warfare 5087:other ethnic groups in China 4603:Na Jeong-ju (29 July 2009). 3961: 3315:infectious disease reporting 3289:. For these transactions, a 3028: 2612: 2034: 1705: 887:Personal seal and monogram ( 7: 6147:Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty 3892: 3784:Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty 3558: 3512: 2971: 2513:Usage across the Sinosphere 1710:Denotes the person's name. 1691: 1505:, and the seal is called a 1048:Seal Transmitting the State 1029:Seal Transmitting the State 1025:Seal Transmitting the State 1017:Seal Transmitting the State 1009:Seal Transmitting the State 10: 6265: 6001:Heirloom Seal of the Realm 5598:Needham Research Institute 5506:East Asia Image Collection 5501:East Asian Economic Review 4936: 4780:Victoria and Albert Museum 4724: 4340:(in Chinese (Hong Kong)). 3915:Heirloom Seal of the Realm 3781: 3700:the Roman Pope Innocent IV 3169: 2906:is expected to be roughly 2863: 2186:), which most literati in 1541:National Taiwan University 1365:Heirloom Seal of the Realm 1292:Heirloom Seal of the Realm 771: 701:, a term adapted from the 36: 29: 6155: 6137: 6119: 6096: 6073: 6028: 6017: 5981: 5920: 5734: 5713: 5682: 5661: 5588: 5534: 5481: 5433: 5395: 5377:Human rights in East Asia 5328: 5295: 5262:Sino-Xenic pronunciations 5107: 4947: 4871: 4247:. VietNam Breaking News. 4009:. Les Ateliers de Japon. 3835:on the right to both the 3307:electronic record-keeping 3293:is too official, while a 3267: 3196: 3129: 3056: 2995: 2883: 2680: 2663: 2374: 2335: 2292: 2253: 2214: 2183: 2153: 2122: 2092: 2062: 1999: 1989: 1961: 1931: 1890: 1860: 1823: 1782: 1733: 1688:inscription on its left. 1623:First Republic of Vietnam 1510: 1430: 1403: 1140: 1104: 744: 729: 680: 627: 601: 596: 592: 577: 570: 565: 547: 542: 538: 529: 522: 515: 508: 503: 477: 472: 468: 453: 446: 431: 424: 419: 397: 375: 370: 341: 334: 312: 290: 283: 267: 260: 238: 231: 226: 222: 200: 178: 173: 161: 157: 152: 87:"Seals in the Sinosphere" 6129:National seals of Taiwan 4370:South China Morning Post 4363:Lim, Lisa (2016-07-28). 3935: 3364:was first introduced to 2624:South China Morning Post 1958:Government/official seal 1391:national seals as well. 983:During the reign of the 807:Spring and Autumn period 356:tô͘-chiong / tô͘-chiang 180:Traditional Chinese 6043:National seals of Japan 6011:Xiling Seal Art Society 5463:East Asian martial arts 5410:Archaeological cultures 4420:. Fukuoka City Museum. 3646:khanate established by 3414:Three Kingdoms of Korea 3323:Japanese prime minister 3262:inkan tōroku shōmei-sho 2731:after 750 AD, and 1887:Rotating character seal 1193:zhūbáiwén xiāngjiàn yìn 903:China's Imperial Period 202:Simplified Chinese 6204:Authentication methods 6111:State seal of Mongolia 5762:Bosnia and Herzegovina 5590:Science and technology 5574:The Book of Five Rings 5468:East Asian Youth Games 4795:at China Online Museum 4772:Basil William Robinson 3751:state seal of Mongolia 3398:Seal of the King of Ye 3357: 3344:—a "symbol of Japan". 3330:Japan's entire society 3311:digital communications 3187: 3046: 2985: 2873: 2709:Emperor Guangwu of Han 2651: 2643: 2535: 2527: 2501: 2462: 1820:Subject concubine seal 1576:Zhōnghuá mīnguó zhī xǐ 1550:Guólì Táiwān Dàxué yìn 1469:The government of the 1413:Qiánlóng yùlǎn zhī bǎo 1321: 1318:Dàmíng huángdì zhī bǎo 1309: 1277:Government authorities 1168:Zhubaiwen Xiangjianyin 1154:Japanese pronunciation 1118:Japanese pronunciation 1091: 898: 382: 43:Incan (disambiguation) 6229:East Asian traditions 4873:Countries and regions 4752:Wren, Christopher S. 3782:Further information: 3355: 3177: 3036: 2979: 2871: 2649: 2638: 2548:United States dollars 2533: 2525: 2499: 2460: 2408:Art collectors' seals 1928:General/combined seal 1539:The official seal of 1456:Purple Forbidden City 1427:nine-fold seal script 1315: 1294:from Imperial China ( 1289: 1089: 1013:Northern Yuan dynasty 886: 815:Warring States period 662:electronic signatures 360:ìn-chiong / ìn-chiang 39:Inca (disambiguation) 6038:King of Na gold seal 5613:Traditional medicine 5511:East Asia Law Review 5367:East Asian Community 5057:Indigenous Taiwanese 4418:"Gold Seal (Kin-in)" 3662:and the letter from 3559:ingam-jungmyeong-seo 3013:Since mass-produced 2796:King of Na gold seal 2713:King of Na gold seal 2540:semi-precious stones 1857:Simplified word seal 1639:Government officials 1633:without diacritics. 1034:During the reign of 930:The New Book of Tang 809:(771–476 BC) of the 479:Revised Romanization 72:improve this article 6249:Vietnamese heraldry 6088:Seal of South Korea 5038:Khalkha in Mongolia 4740:Chinese Calligraphy 3837:Traditional Chinese 3591:Chinese calligraphy 3372:used a royal seal ( 3111:) or the opposite ( 2838:Privy Seal of Japan 2823:State Seal of Japan 2765:Privy Seal of Japan 2571:Chinese calligraphy 2415:Chinese calligraphy 1661:Eastern Han dynasty 1282:National government 1180:traditional Chinese 715:, meaning stamp or 377:Vietnamese alphabet 6234:Identity documents 6214:Chinese inventions 5516:East Asian studies 5212:Hip-and-gable roof 5207:Chinese characters 4759:2017-11-28 at the 4528:2020-12-10 at the 3678:and his successor 3668:Pope Boniface VIII 3528:(실인, 實印), meaning 3358: 3188: 3184:archaic text style 3075:) of a residence. 3047: 2986: 2874: 2652: 2644: 2585:Seals are usually 2536: 2528: 2502: 2463: 2128:Huangshen Yuezhang 2089:Lucky sayings seal 1730:Personal name seal 1322: 1310: 1172:simplified Chinese 1092: 997:yü ch’ien chih pao 899: 510:Mongolian Cyrillic 6239:Japanese heraldry 6186: 6185: 5941: 5940: 5621: 5620: 5372:Four Asian Tigers 4767:10 February 1985. 4731:Kong Yunbai 孔雲白, 4580:. 31 March 2008. 4274:(in Vietnamese). 4007:"Name Seal(2018)" 3986:on 11 April 2005. 3867:appearing on his 3811:(大南受天永命傳國璽), the 3758:Singaporean usage 3680:Emperor Chengzong 3455:Republic of Korea 3319:COVID-19 pandemic 2575:Chinese paintings 2546:(about 60 to 600 2419:Chinese paintings 2405: 2404: 2210:Studio/study seal 2175: 2174: 2032: 2031: 1998:), Emperor seal ( 1471:Republic of China 1420: 1373:Mandate of Heaven 1338:), later renamed 1200: 1056:mandate of heaven 1044:Later Jin dynasty 966:Emperor Zhongzong 923:Mandate of Heaven 895:Chongzhen Emperor 858:Mandate of Heaven 834:(202–220 AD), an 754:Japanese emperors 631: 630: 623: 622: 561: 560: 499: 498: 366: 365: 292:Yale Romanization 233:Standard Mandarin 148: 147: 140: 122: 16:(Redirected from 6256: 6219:Chinese seal art 6209:Chinese heraldry 6199:Seals (insignia) 6023: 5991:Babao seal paste 5968: 5961: 5954: 5945: 5944: 5895:Northern Ireland 5648: 5641: 5634: 5625: 5624: 5556:Miyamoto Musashi 5453:East Asian Games 5425:Former countries 5357:East Asia Summit 5187:Chinese knotting 4942: 4858: 4851: 4844: 4835: 4834: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4714: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4661: 4655: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4600: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4539: 4533: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4480: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4453: 4447: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4414: 4408: 4395: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4382: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4317: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4240: 4231: 4230: 4224: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4192: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4150: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4117:. January 2008. 4115:ChinaCulture.org 4107: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4018: 4003: 3997: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3972: 3950: 3946: 3883:The seal of the 3880: 3861:North Vietnamese 3856: 3833:transliterations 3827:The seal of the 3824: 3805: 3778:Vietnamese usage 3764:Singapore dollar 3746: 3723: 3711: 3691: 3625: 3610: 3561: 3551: 3550: 3541: 3540: 3515: 3505: 3504: 3496:Personal seals ( 3488:or steel seals. 3433:Emperor of China 3411: 3410: 3405: 3404: 3395: 3394: 3385: 3384: 3274: 3272: 3271: 3221:calligraphic art 3201: 3199: 3198: 3136: 3134: 3133: 3063: 3061: 3060: 3000: 2998: 2997: 2915: 2914: 2910: 2890: 2888: 2887: 2833: 2818: 2806: 2791: 2687: 2685: 2684: 2670: 2668: 2667: 2621:Lisa Lim of the 2579:Qianlong Emperor 2447:Signature blocks 2398: 2393: 2381: 2376: 2362: 2357: 2342: 2337: 2319: 2314: 2299: 2294: 2280: 2275: 2260: 2255: 2241: 2236: 2221: 2216: 2193: 2192: 2185: 2160: 2155: 2141: 2129: 2124: 2111: 2099: 2094: 2081: 2074:(Image of deer) 2069: 2064: 2042: 2041: 2025: 2020: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1980: 1968: 1963: 1950: 1938: 1933: 1916: 1911: 1897: 1892: 1879: 1867: 1862: 1849: 1844: 1830: 1825: 1808: 1803: 1789: 1784: 1759: 1754: 1740: 1735: 1713: 1712: 1617:The seal of the 1614: 1603: 1598: 1588: 1577: 1572: 1562: 1551: 1546: 1536: 1522: 1521: 1512: 1437: 1432: 1421: 1418: 1414: 1405: 1396:Qianlong Emperor 1347: 1346: 1337: 1336: 1326:Chinese emperors 1306: 1301: 1297: 1268: 1256: 1244: 1232: 1220: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1185: 1177: 1143: 1142: 1107: 1106: 955: 954: 874: 870: 867: 826: 825: 800: 796: 793: 751: 749: 748: 736: 734: 733: 691: 682: 619: 618: 616: 612: 594: 593: 588: 587: 585: 581: 557: 556: 540: 539: 534: 533: 532: 524:Mongolian script 518: 517: 495: 494: 492: 488: 470: 469: 464: 463: 461: 457: 442: 441: 439: 435: 415: 414: 412: 408: 393: 390: 386: 362: 361: 359: 355: 330: 329: 327: 323: 308: 307: 305: 301: 279: 278: 276: 256: 255: 253: 249: 224: 223: 218: 217: 215: 211: 196: 195: 193: 189: 166: 150: 149: 143: 136: 132: 129: 123: 121: 80: 56: 48: 21: 6264: 6263: 6259: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6254: 6253: 6244:Korean heraldry 6189: 6188: 6187: 6182: 6151: 6133: 6115: 6092: 6069: 6048:Government Seal 6024: 6015: 5977: 5972: 5942: 5937: 5916: 5886:United Kingdom 5730: 5709: 5678: 5657: 5652: 5622: 5617: 5584: 5530: 5477: 5429: 5391: 5387:Stock exchanges 5324: 5291: 5103: 4943: 4934: 4867: 4862: 4789: 4784: 4765:New York Times. 4761:Wayback Machine 4727: 4722: 4721: 4712: 4710: 4697: 4696: 4692: 4682: 4680: 4663: 4662: 4658: 4648: 4646: 4633: 4632: 4628: 4618: 4616: 4601: 4597: 4587: 4585: 4572: 4571: 4567: 4557: 4555: 4540: 4536: 4530:Wayback Machine 4521:Denyer, Simon. 4520: 4516: 4506: 4504: 4497: 4481: 4477: 4467: 4465: 4454: 4450: 4441: 4437: 4427: 4425: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4396: 4389: 4380: 4378: 4361: 4357: 4347: 4345: 4328: 4324: 4315: 4313: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4285: 4283: 4268: 4264: 4254: 4252: 4241: 4234: 4218: 4217: 4210: 4208: 4201:Academia Sinica 4193: 4174: 4164: 4162: 4155:"Chinese Seals" 4151: 4134: 4124: 4122: 4111:"Chinese Seals" 4109: 4108: 4025: 4016: 4014: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3991: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3953: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3895: 3888: 3881: 3872: 3857: 3848: 3825: 3816: 3806: 3786: 3780: 3760: 3753: 3747: 3738: 3724: 3715: 3712: 3703: 3692: 3658:to French King 3636: 3634:Mongolian usage 3629: 3626: 3617: 3611: 3530:registered seal 3494: 3480:, or sometimes 3463:national orders 3419:In the case of 3350: 3303: 3264: 3211:Traditionally, 3193: 3172: 3126: 3053: 3031: 2992: 2974: 2912: 2908: 2907: 2880: 2866: 2840: 2834: 2825: 2819: 2810: 2807: 2798: 2792: 2677: 2660: 2633: 2615: 2520: 2515: 2455: 2442: 2410: 2372: 2371: 2349: 2348: 2333: 2332: 2306: 2305: 2290: 2289: 2267: 2266: 2251: 2250: 2228: 2227: 2212: 2211: 2180: 2151: 2120: 2090: 2060: 2037: 2012: 1959: 1929: 1903: 1888: 1858: 1836: 1821: 1795: 1780: 1779:Style name seal 1774:) of a person. 1746: 1731: 1708: 1694: 1641: 1634: 1615: 1606: 1597:中华人民共和国中央人民政府之印 1589: 1580: 1563: 1554: 1537: 1284: 1279: 1272: 1269: 1260: 1257: 1248: 1245: 1236: 1233: 1224: 1221: 1084: 1082:Engraving types 1060:Zhi gao zhi bao 993:Yu qian zhi bao 881: 872: 868: 798: 794: 779: 774: 741: 726: 614: 610: 583: 579: 555:Tamag'a / Tamga 530: 490: 486: 459: 455: 437: 433: 410: 406: 388: 384: 371:Vietnamese name 357: 353: 325: 321: 303: 299: 274: 251: 247: 213: 209: 191: 187: 169: 144: 133: 127: 124: 81: 79: 69: 57: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6262: 6252: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6224:East Asian art 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6159: 6157: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6149: 6143: 6141: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6131: 6125: 6123: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6113: 6108: 6102: 6100: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6090: 6085: 6079: 6077: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6067: 6066: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6040: 6034: 6032: 6026: 6025: 6018: 6016: 6014: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5987: 5985: 5979: 5978: 5971: 5970: 5963: 5956: 5948: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5935: 5930: 5924: 5922: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5914: 5909: 5908: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5738: 5736: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5728: 5723: 5717: 5715: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5686: 5684: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5676: 5671: 5665: 5663: 5659: 5658: 5651: 5650: 5643: 5636: 5628: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5594: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5582: 5577: 5570: 5567:The Art of War 5563: 5558: 5553: 5546: 5540: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5487: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5439: 5437: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5401: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5338: 5336: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5301: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5289: 5287:Chinese zodiac 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5192:Chinese dragon 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5152:Blepharoplasty 5149: 5148: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5124: 5119: 5113: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5101: 5100: 5099: 5094: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5043: 5042: 5041: 5040: 5035: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5009: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4988: 4987: 4986: 4976: 4971: 4970: 4969: 4959: 4953: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4911: 4910: 4900: 4899: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4877: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4861: 4860: 4853: 4846: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4788: 4787:External links 4785: 4783: 4782: 4768: 4750: 4743: 4736: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4720: 4719: 4703:www.mondaq.com 4690: 4669:www.mas.gov.sg 4656: 4626: 4595: 4565: 4534: 4514: 4495: 4475: 4448: 4442:Kerr, George. 4435: 4409: 4387: 4355: 4322: 4293: 4262: 4232: 4172: 4132: 4023: 3998: 3989: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3940: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3901: 3894: 3891: 3890: 3889: 3882: 3875: 3873: 3858: 3851: 3849: 3826: 3819: 3817: 3807: 3800: 3779: 3776: 3759: 3756: 3755: 3754: 3748: 3741: 3739: 3725: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3706: 3704: 3693: 3686: 3635: 3632: 3631: 3630: 3627: 3620: 3618: 3612: 3605: 3493: 3492:Personal seals 3490: 3349: 3346: 3326:Yoshihide Suga 3302: 3301:Discouragement 3299: 3171: 3168: 3162:ideograph, or 3101:shita no namae 3037:Off-the-shelf 3030: 3027: 2980:A foreigner's 2973: 2970: 2865: 2862: 2842: 2841: 2835: 2828: 2826: 2820: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2801: 2799: 2793: 2786: 2741:Ryūkyū Kingdom 2632: 2631:Japanese usage 2629: 2614: 2611: 2560:mainland China 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2490: 2489: 2482: 2454: 2451: 2441: 2438: 2430:Forbidden City 2409: 2406: 2403: 2402: 2399: 2387: 2384: 2370:Signature Seal 2367: 2366: 2363: 2351: 2345: 2328: 2327: 2320: 2308: 2302: 2285: 2284: 2281: 2269: 2263: 2246: 2245: 2242: 2230: 2224: 2207: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2147: 2146: 2142: 2135: 2132: 2116: 2115: 2112: 2105: 2102: 2086: 2085: 2082: 2075: 2072: 2056: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2026: 2014: 2009: 1988:Kingdom seal ( 1985: 1984: 1981: 1974: 1971: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1944: 1941: 1925: 1924: 1917: 1905: 1900: 1884: 1883: 1880: 1873: 1870: 1854: 1853: 1850: 1838: 1833: 1817: 1816: 1809: 1797: 1792: 1776: 1775: 1760: 1748: 1743: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1707: 1704: 1693: 1690: 1678:Yuan dynasties 1644:were known as 1640: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1616: 1609: 1607: 1590: 1583: 1581: 1564: 1557: 1555: 1538: 1531: 1452:Nguyễn dynasty 1448:Phan Thanh Hải 1385:Forbidden City 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1273: 1270: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1165: 1129: 1083: 1080: 1052:Chahar Mongols 880: 879:Imperial China 877: 873: 1600 BC 840:Yellow Emperor 799: 1046 BC 778: 775: 773: 770: 629: 628: 625: 624: 621: 620: 605: 599: 598: 597:Transcriptions 590: 589: 574: 568: 567: 563: 562: 559: 558: 551: 545: 544: 543:Transcriptions 536: 535: 526: 520: 519: 512: 506: 505: 504:Mongolian name 501: 500: 497: 496: 481: 475: 474: 473:Transcriptions 466: 465: 450: 444: 443: 428: 422: 421: 417: 416: 401: 395: 394: 379: 373: 372: 368: 367: 364: 363: 348: 339: 338: 332: 331: 316: 310: 309: 294: 288: 287: 285:Yue: Cantonese 281: 280: 269: 265: 264: 258: 257: 242: 236: 235: 229: 228: 227:Transcriptions 220: 219: 204: 198: 197: 182: 176: 175: 171: 170: 167: 159: 158: 155: 154: 146: 145: 60: 58: 51: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6261: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6154: 6148: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6136: 6130: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6118: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6095: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6072: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6053:Imperial Seal 6051: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6027: 6022: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5996:Banknote seal 5994: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5969: 5964: 5962: 5957: 5955: 5950: 5949: 5946: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5919: 5913: 5910: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5822:Liechtenstein 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5733: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5712: 5706: 5705:United States 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5681: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5649: 5644: 5642: 5637: 5635: 5630: 5629: 5626: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5587: 5581: 5578: 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5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5122:Architecture‎ 5120: 5118: 5117:Age reckoning 5115: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5106: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5089: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5030: 5029: 5026: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4993: 4992: 4989: 4985: 4982: 4981: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4949:Ethnic groups 4946: 4941: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4909: 4906: 4905: 4904: 4901: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4883: 4882: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4859: 4854: 4852: 4847: 4845: 4840: 4839: 4836: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4793:Chinese Seals 4791: 4790: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4755: 4751: 4748: 4744: 4741: 4737: 4734: 4733:Zhuanke Rumen 4730: 4729: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4694: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4660: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4630: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4599: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4569: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4538: 4531: 4527: 4524: 4518: 4502: 4498: 4496:9781920682057 4492: 4488: 4487: 4479: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4445: 4439: 4423: 4419: 4413: 4407: 4406:4-7674-2015-6 4403: 4399: 4394: 4392: 4376: 4372: 4371: 4366: 4359: 4343: 4339: 4338: 4333: 4326: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4297: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4266: 4250: 4246: 4239: 4237: 4228: 4222: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4160: 4156: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4012: 4008: 4002: 3993: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3971: 3967: 3945: 3941: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3896: 3886: 3879: 3874: 3870: 3869:business card 3866: 3862: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3823: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3804: 3799: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3791: 3785: 3775: 3773: 3770:(MAS) or the 3769: 3765: 3752: 3745: 3740: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3722: 3717: 3710: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3690: 3685: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3624: 3619: 3616: 3609: 3604: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3574: 3569: 3563: 3560: 3555: 3545: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3526: 3521: 3520: 3514: 3509: 3499: 3489: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3439: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3415: 3399: 3389: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3354: 3345: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3281: 3276: 3270: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3248: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3206: 3192: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3140: 3139:Rubber stamps 3132: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3059: 3052: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3026: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3008: 3004: 2991: 2983: 2978: 2969: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2936: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2920: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2894: 2886: 2879: 2870: 2861: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2839: 2832: 2827: 2824: 2817: 2812: 2805: 2800: 2797: 2790: 2785: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2737:Feudal Period 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2683: 2676: 2675: 2666: 2659: 2658: 2648: 2641: 2637: 2628: 2626: 2625: 2619: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2588: 2583: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2532: 2524: 2518:Chinese usage 2510: 2506: 2498: 2494: 2487: 2483: 2480: 2477:, mixed with 2476: 2472: 2471: 2470: 2468: 2459: 2450: 2448: 2440:Leisure seals 2437: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2400: 2397: 2392: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2369: 2368: 2364: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2346: 2343: 2330: 2329: 2326:in the west. 2325: 2321: 2318: 2313: 2309: 2303: 2300: 2287: 2286: 2282: 2279: 2274: 2270: 2264: 2261: 2248: 2247: 2243: 2240: 2235: 2231: 2225: 2222: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2202:Example seal 2201: 2199:Example text 2198: 2195: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2188:ancient China 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2150:Sealing stamp 2149: 2148: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2118: 2117: 2113: 2110: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2088: 2087: 2083: 2080: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2059:Portrait seal 2058: 2057: 2053: 2051:Example seal 2050: 2048:Example text 2047: 2044: 2043: 2040: 2027: 2024: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2007: 1997: 1987: 1986: 1982: 1979: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1949: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1927: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1898: 1886: 1885: 1881: 1878: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1856: 1855: 1851: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1837:妾美櫻 (female) 1834: 1831: 1819: 1818: 1815:of a person. 1814: 1810: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1790: 1778: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1764:personal name 1761: 1758: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1741: 1729: 1728: 1724: 1722:Example seal 1721: 1719:Example text 1718: 1715: 1714: 1711: 1703: 1700: 1689: 1687: 1686:Manchu script 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1632: 1628: 1627:Ngô Đình Diệm 1624: 1620: 1613: 1608: 1604: 1594: 1587: 1582: 1578: 1568: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1542: 1535: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1526: 1525:company chops 1516: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1499:Song typeface 1495: 1491: 1486: 1484: 1483:Seal of Honor 1480: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1438: 1428: 1423: 1415: 1409: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1369:Qin Shi Huang 1366: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1341: 1331: 1327: 1319: 1314: 1307: 1293: 1288: 1267: 1262: 1255: 1250: 1243: 1238: 1231: 1226: 1219: 1214: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1195: 1189: 1181: 1173: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1137: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1101: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 981: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 949: 945: 941: 937: 936: 931: 928:According to 926: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 896: 892: 891: 885: 876: 863: 859: 855: 854: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 828: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 789: 788:Shang dynasty 785: 784:ancient China 769: 767: 763: 759: 755: 747: 740: 732: 725: 720: 718: 717:rubber stamps 714: 711: 707: 704: 700: 696: 692: 686: 678: 674: 670: 665: 663: 658: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 626: 606: 604: 600: 595: 591: 575: 573: 569: 566:Japanese name 564: 552: 550: 546: 541: 537: 527: 525: 521: 513: 511: 507: 502: 482: 480: 476: 471: 467: 451: 449: 445: 429: 427: 423: 418: 402: 400: 396: 392: 380: 378: 374: 369: 349: 347: 344: 340: 337: 333: 317: 315: 311: 295: 293: 289: 286: 282: 270: 266: 263: 259: 243: 241: 237: 234: 230: 225: 221: 205: 203: 199: 183: 181: 177: 172: 165: 160: 156: 151: 142: 139: 131: 120: 117: 113: 110: 106: 103: 99: 96: 92: 89: – 88: 84: 83:Find sources: 77: 73: 67: 66: 61:This article 59: 55: 50: 49: 44: 40: 33: 32:Seal (emblem) 19: 6168:Side carving 6163:Seal carving 5912:Vatican City 5674:South Africa 5572: 5565: 5550:Bansenshūkai 5548: 5315:Rainy season 5092:unrecognized 4776:Richard Lane 4764: 4746: 4739: 4732: 4711:. 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However, 2331:Poetry seal 2178:Studio (齋印) 1973:宜州管下羈縻都黎縣印 1866:Shujian Yin 1835:臣小明 (male), 1829:Chenqie Yin 1768:family name 1670:Sui dynasty 1543:in Taiwan ( 1454:period the 1235:Zhuwen seal 1223:Baiwen seal 1072:calligraphy 1021:Ligdan Khan 938:), Empress 905:, the term 897:(1611-1644) 869: 2070 862:Xia dynasty 848:Emperor Yao 836:origin myth 832:Han dynasty 830:During the 795: 1600 420:Korean name 328:jan3 zoeng1 320:jan3 gaam3 302:tòuh jēung 128:August 2009 6193:Categories 6063:State Seal 6058:Privy Seal 5580:Yi Sun-sin 5415:Bronze Age 5352:Capitalism 5277:Typography 5272:Television 5242:Philosophy 5227:Mādhyamaka 5222:Literature 5177:Sinosphere 5097:historical 4713:2021-08-07 4381:2022-06-06 4316:2007-03-01 4017:2018-04-02 3957:References 3863:president 3696:Güyük Khan 3105:Mitome-ins 3080:mitome-in' 2595:Chinatowns 2573:works and 2550:in 2021). 2479:castor oil 2453:Seal paste 2423:art market 2324:bookplates 2307:儀徵張錫組珍藏書画 2259:Biehao Yin 2249:Alias seal 2134:黃神越章天帝神之印 1943:大英伯明皇龍正之章 1896:Huiwen Yin 1813:style name 1811:State the 1788:Biaozi Yin 1772:given name 1762:State the 1657:seal knobs 1305:Chuánguóxǐ 1036:Hong Taiji 1005:Temür Khan 871: – c. 864:(presumed 797: – c. 697:or simply 695:chop marks 647:signatures 635:Sinosphere 387:ấn chương 98:newspapers 6178:Seal knob 5928:Australia 5496:CrossAsia 5483:Education 5237:Mythology 5217:Languages 5197:Festivals 5145:Taiwanese 5052:Ryukyuans 4967:subgroups 4886:Hong Kong 4865:East Asia 4619:6 October 4588:6 October 4507:August 7, 4468:August 7, 3962:Citations 3910:Cash seal 3899:Wu Qiuyan 3732:Bogd Khan 3660:Philip IV 3640:Ilkhanate 3595:paintings 3425:monarchic 3423:Seals in 3309:and slow 3295:mitome-in 3287:mitome-in 3178:A modern 3145:Mitome-in 3124:sanmonban 3120:mitome-in 3097:mitome-in 3092:mitome-in 3069:Mitome-in 3051:mitome-in 3043:sanmonban 3029:Mitome-in 2854:mitome-in 2711:, called 2613:Hong Kong 2599:soapstone 2486:moxa punk 2467:vermilion 2380:Huaya Yin 2035:Free (閑印) 1706:Name (名印) 1699:signature 1619:president 1513:), not a 1436:jiǔdiéwén 1377:dynasties 1050:from the 940:Wu Zetian 893:) of the 853:fenghuang 651:wax seals 383:ấn triện 306:yan jēung 298:yan gaam 6098:Mongolia 5900:Scotland 5872:Slovakia 5852:Portugal 5683:Americas 5603:Printing 5536:Military 5420:Iron Age 5334:Politics 5282:Yogācāra 5267:Surnames 5247:Religion 5157:Buddhism 5135:Japanese 5062:Tibetans 5033:in China 5023:Mongolic 5001:in Japan 4996:in China 4979:Japanese 4915:Mongolia 4896:Mainland 4757:Archived 4707:Archived 4677:Archived 4643:Archived 4613:Archived 4582:Archived 4558:6 August 4552:Archived 4526:Archived 4501:Archived 4462:Archived 4422:Archived 4375:Archived 4342:Archived 4310:Archived 4280:Archived 4249:Archived 4221:cite web 4211:12 April 4205:Archived 4159:Archived 4119:Archived 4011:Archived 3893:See also 3847:scripts. 3792:and the 3774:(BCCS). 3736:Mongolia 3702:in 1246. 3694:Seal of 3416:period. 3164:katakana 3156:hiragana 3118:Plastic 3088:ginkō-in 3015:ginkō-in 3007:ginkō-in 2990:ginkō-in 2982:ginkō-in 2972:Ginkō-in 2850:ginkō-in 2640:Titanium 2475:cinnabar 2347:買魚沽酒答春晴, 2341:Ciju Yin 2304:松雨彗齋圖書印, 2098:Jiyu Yin 1967:Guan Yin 1937:Zong Yin 1692:Personal 1481:and the 1466:period. 1210:together 1068:Qianlong 958:treasure 708:and the 673:cinnabar 549:SASM/GNC 314:Jyutping 254:yìnzhāng 250:túzhāng 246:yìnjiàn 6156:General 6139:Vietnam 5921:Oceania 5890:England 5857:Romania 5817:Ireland 5812:Iceland 5807:Hungary 5797:Germany 5792:Georgia 5782:Finland 5777:Denmark 5772:Czechia 5767:Croatia 5757:Belgium 5752:Belarus 5747:Austria 5742:Albania 5669:Nigeria 5561:Sun Tzu 5397:History 5330:Economy 5310:Monsoon 5252:Scripts 5202:Gardens 5172:Cuisine 5130:Chinese 5109:Culture 5072:Uyghurs 5028:Mongols 4991:Koreans 4725:Sources 4286:8 March 4255:8 March 3887:(2021). 3841:regular 3730:of the 3599:Nakkwan 3584:dojangs 3470:signing 3291:jitsuin 3269:印鑑登録証明書 3205:gago in 3191:Gagō-in 3180:gagō-in 3170:Gagō-in 3113:hakubun 3084:jitsuin 2961:jitsuin 2935:jitsuin 2930:jitsuin 2926:jitsuin 2911:⁄ 2904:jitsuin 2900:jitsuin 2893:jitsuin 2878:jitsuin 2864:Jitsuin 2858:gagō-in 2846:jitsuin 2780:jitsuin 2769:Emperor 2761:hakubun 2756:jitsuin 2733:samurai 2717:vassals 2556:cheques 2434:Beijing 2159:Feng Ni 2011:大清帝國之璽, 1921:preface 1621:of the 1545:國立臺灣大學印 1400:Chinese 1158:hakubun 1136:Chinese 1100:Chinese 1040:Jurchen 995:(御前之寶, 935:Tangshu 901:During 772:History 762:samurai 758:shōguns 677:Chinese 675:paste ( 633:In the 531:ᠲᠠᠮᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ 489:dojang 399:Chữ Hán 352:ìn-kàm 343:Hokkien 112:scholar 6121:Taiwan 6083:Guksae 5882:Sweden 5867:Serbia 5862:Russia 5847:Poland 5842:Norway 5832:Monaco 5802:Greece 5787:France 5735:Europe 5700:Mexico 5695:Canada 5690:Brazil 5662:Africa 5608:Swords 5435:Sports 5167:Cinema 5140:Korean 5082:Zhuang 5013:Manchu 4984:Yamato 4930:Taiwan 4908:Ryukyu 4493: 4404: 4306:qq.com 3843:) and 3664:Ghazan 3656:Arghun 3652:Persia 3644:Mongol 3578:While 3552:; 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