1002:
421:
212:(low correlation with âtraditionalâ listed assets such as equity and fixed income investments), thus reducing overall portfolio volatility. Furthermore, in order to facilitate the investment of institutional investors in developing countries' infrastructure markets, it is necessary to design risk-allocation mechanisms more carefully, given the higher risks of developing countries' markets.
506:
at a high level for transportation, water/waste water, electrical, urban zones, parks and other public and private systems. These plans typically analyze policy decisions and impacts of trade offs for alternatives. In addition, planners may lead or assist with environmental review that are commonly
195:
Pension and sovereign wealth funds are major direct investors in infrastructure. Most pension funds have long-dated liabilities, with matching long-term investments. These large institutional investors need to protect the long-term value of their investments from inflationary debasement of currency
71:
spending was the "third rationale for the state, behind the provision of defense and justice." Societies enjoy the use of "...highway, waterway, air, and rail systems that have allowed the unparalleled mobility of people and goods. Water-borne diseases are virtually nonexistent because of water and
1434:
Amekudzi, A. A., and S. McNeil. "Infrastructure reporting and asset management: Best practices and opportunities (Transportation & Development
Institute (American Society of Civil Engineers). Infrastructure Systems Committee., Trans.)." Reston, Va.: American Society of Civil Engineers (2008).
116:
companies. Generally, most roads, major ports and airports, water distribution systems and sewage networks are publicly owned, whereas most energy and telecommunications networks are privately owned. Publicly owned infrastructure may be paid for from taxes, tolls, or metered user fees, whereas
186:
On
November 29, 2011, the British government unveiled an unprecedented plan to encourage large-scale pension investments in new roads, hospitals, airports, etc. across the UK. The plan is aimed at enticing 20 billion pounds ($ 30.97 billion) of investment in domestic infrastructure projects.
1164:. The article emphasized the distinction between capital assets or capital stocks and capital flows. The latter is the annual or quarterly change in the capital stock, otherwise known as fixed investment, which is part of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This article focused on capital stocks.
252:
Some experts have warned against the risk of "infrastructure nationalism", insisting that steady investment flows from foreign pension and sovereign funds were key for the long-term success of the asset class- notably in large
European jurisdictions such as France and the UK
1591:
M. Nicolas J. Firzli & Vincent Bazi, âInfrastructure
Investments in an Age of Austerity : The Pension and Sovereign Funds Perspectiveâ, published jointly in Revue Analyse Financière, Q4 2011 issue, pp. 34â 37 and USAK/JTW July 30, 2011 (online
141:
182:
suggests that most UK and
European pensions wishing to gain a degree of exposure to infrastructure debt have done so indirectly, through investments made in infrastructure funds managed by specialised Canadian, US and Australian funds.
313:(time, cost, and quality), whereas South Korea successfully delivered its HSR project in terms of product success (meeting owners' and users' needs, particularly in ridership). Additionally, South Korea successfully created a
1106:
Esmaeili, Behzad, et al. "Inclusion of an
Introduction to Infrastructure Course in a Civil and Environmental Engineering Curriculum." Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice (2016): 04016020
838:
Nevertheless, infrastructure yields indirect benefits through the supply chain, land values, small business growth, consumer sales, and social benefits of community development and access to opportunity. The
1463:
970:
may cause noise and wide swathes of rights-of-way through countrysides and urban communities but have helped China, Spain, France, Germany, Japan, and other nations deal with concurrent issues of economic
1400:
Kao, T., Yung-Cheng, L, and Shih, M. (2010). Privatization Versus Public Works for High Speed Rail
Projects. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. Issue: 2159. Pp.
62:
It has been characterized as the mechanism that delivers the "..fundamental needs of society: food, water, energy, shelter, governance ... without infrastructure, societies disintegrate and people die."
1125:
Hart, Steven D., et al. "Infrastructure and the
Operational Art:A Handbook for Understanding, Visualizing, and Describing Infrastructure Systems" US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, (2014)
814:
has always been in debate. Generally, infrastructure plays a critical role in expanding national production capacity, which leads to increase in a country's wealth. In developing nations, expansions in
1487:
Griggs, F. E. (2003). Perspectives in Civil
Engineering. 1852-2002: 150 Years in Civil Engineering in the United States. American Society of Civil Engineers. Edited by Jeffrey S. Russell. Pp. 111-122.
1557:
Puentes, R. (2008). A Bridge to
Somewhere: Rethinking American Transportation for the 21st Century. Brookings Institution Metropolitan Policy Report: Blueprint for American Prosperity series report.
1134:
Tatom, J. A. (1991). Should government spending on capital goods be raised?. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, 73(3), 3-15. Tatom was citing Smith (1937), Book V. part 3, especially p. 682.
851:
that revolutionised shipment in connected the two oceans in the Western hemisphere; the Interstate Highway System that spawned the mobility of the masses; and still others that include the
479:, and if an industrial or processing plant is required, the structures and foundation work will still be done by civil engineers, but the process equipment and piping may be designed by
878:
have also argued that the existence of modern rail infrastructure is a significant indicator of a countryâs economic advancement: this perspective is illustrated notably through the
317:
of high-speed rail technology from French engineers, essentially creating an industry of HSR manufacturing capable of exporting knowledge, equipment, and parts worldwide.
1152:
Hart, Steven D., J. Ledlie Klosky, and Scott Katalenich. "Conceptual models for infrastructure leadership." Journal of Management in Engineering 30.3 (2013): 04014003.
1460:
208:
that provides tangible advantages such as long duration (facilitating cash flow matching with long-term liabilities), protection against inflation and statistical
1891:
1294:
1359:
1143:
ASCE Critical Infrastructure Guidance Task Committee. "Guiding principles for the nation's critical infrastructure." American Society of Civil Engineers,2009.
900:
1175:"Business models for transport infrastructure assets? Some experiences in Europe. In The decision-making process for infrastructural investment choices"
1190:"Beyond project governance. Enhancing funding and enabling financing for infrastructure in transport. Findings from the importance analysis approach"
1624:
117:
private infrastructure is generally paid for by metered user fees. Major investment projects are generally financed by the issuance of long-term
459:
In the case of urban infrastructure, the general layout of roads, sidewalks and public places may sometimes be developed at a conceptual level by
72:
wastewater treatment, distribution, and collection systems. In addition, telecommunications and power systems have enabled our economic growth."
1189:
1162:
1585:
Larry W. Beeferman, "Pension Fund Investment in Infrastructure: A Resource Paper", Capital Matter (Occasional Paper Series), No.3 December 2008
909:
879:
467:, although the detailed design will still be performed by civil engineers. Depending upon the height of the building, it may be designed by an
241:
1116:
Goldsmith, H. (2015). Actors and innovations in the evolution of infrastructure services. The Economics of Infrastructure Provisioning, 23-94.
1360:â2014 LTI Rome Conference: Infrastructure-Driven Development to Conjure Away the EU Malaise?â, Revue Analyse Financière, Q1 2015 â Issue N°54
75:
This development happened over a period of several centuries. It represents a number of successes and failures in the past that were termed
1372:
345:
1532:
1478:
Koh, Jae Myong (2018) Green Infrastructure Financing: Institutional Investors, PPPs and Bankable Projects, Palgrave Macmillan, pp.12-51.
1448:
1884:
930:, justifying the need to assess environmental impacts, it may contribute in mitigating the "perfect storm" of environmental and energy
1461:
Luis Flores Ballesteros. "How Lack and Poor Infrastructure Shapes Inequality and Poverty" 54 Pesos Sep. 2010:54 Pesos 9 September 2010
2440:
1026:
403:
1717:
905:
530:
Determine existing and future traffic loads, determine existing capacity, and estimate the existing and future standards of service
159:
who can gauge jurisdiction-specific risk parameters, assess a projectâs long-term viability, understand transaction risks, conduct
827:
show marked growth in economic development. However, the relationship does not remain in advanced nations who witness ever lower
1595:
Georg Inderst, "Pension Fund Investment in Infrastructure", OECD Working Papers on Insurance and Private Pensions, No. 32 (2009)
1523:
Keynes, John Maynard (2007) . The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
1451:- Growth and Development-The Civil Engineer's role is to plan, design and implement the built environment in service to society.
1220:
894:
of the 1930s, many governments undertook public works projects in order to create jobs and stimulate the economy. The economist
224:
and public co-investment in infrastructure projects jointly with private institutional asset owners has gained traction amongst
2445:
55:) is a platform for governance, commerce, and economic growth and is "a lifeline for modern societies". It is the hallmark of
2558:
1877:
1664:
1579:
1378:
1271:
201:
179:
1161:
Kliesen, K. L., & Smith, D. C. (2009). Digging into the infrastructure debate. The Regional Economies, 4-9. Accessed at
2500:
868:
2136:
1444:
840:
383:
1641:
1608:
309:, in two phases. While different implementation strategies, Taiwan successfully delivered the HSR project in terms of
2430:
1528:
1233:
715:
Regularly schedule meetings and obtain contact information for the general contractor (GC) and all interested parties
1320:
3031:
2321:
1016:
943:
712:
have been received from the general contractor, the construction supervisor issues an "Order to begin construction"
440:. Generally road and rail transport networks, as well as water and waste management infrastructure are designed by
140:. In the United States, public spending on infrastructure has varied between 2.3% and 3.6% of GDP since 1950. Many
2455:
2081:
1076:
1036:
921:
550:
344:
that describes how an asset will perform in objective and measurable terms. The SoS includes the definition of a
331:
2171:
2086:
1066:
1061:
571:, environmental impacts, and conflicts with existing structures or terrain, propose various preliminary designs
3066:
1588:
A. Eberhard, "Infrastructure Regulation in Developing Countries", PPIAF Working Paper No. 4 (2007) World Bank
719:
642:
2639:
2520:
2470:
2331:
1710:
490:
In terms of engineering tasks, the design and construction management process usually follows these steps:
2485:
1056:
237:
2568:
3056:
425:
133:
2754:
2551:
2525:
2450:
844:
843:
cite the many transformative projects that have shaped the growth of the United States including the
709:
209:
200:
to pay for retiree benefits in the short-medium term: from that perspective, think-tanks such as the
236:
policy makers in recent years notably in the last months of 2014/early 2015: Annual Meetings of the
2988:
2480:
1274:, Roundtable led by Arbejdsmarkedets TillĂŚgsPension (ATP), Denmarkâs National Supplementary Pension
624:
774:
Make a final inspection, issue a certificate of final completion, and authorise the final payment.
3071:
3026:
2739:
2580:
2161:
1940:
1703:
1174:
972:
951:
908:, some again proposed investing in infrastructure as a means of stimulating the economy (see the
799:
348:, which is established by considering the consequences of a failure of the infrastructure asset.
2415:
2898:
2722:
2654:
2510:
2384:
2379:
1950:
871:). All these efforts are testimony to the infrastructure and economic development correlation.
449:
407:
282:
156:
1655:
On the grid: a plot of land, an average neighborhood, and the systems that make our world work
3061:
2878:
2858:
2624:
2181:
2126:
1980:
1900:
1843:
1536:
1263:
1071:
1031:
947:
875:
533:
Conduct a preliminary survey and obtain information from existing air photos, maps, and plans
375:
80:
2828:
2544:
2281:
2101:
2055:
2050:
1231:
980:
789:
56:
8:
2903:
2675:
2216:
2121:
2076:
1853:
1086:
1051:
939:
927:
895:
620:
568:
554:
480:
476:
341:
314:
298:
233:
221:
215:
152:
3011:
2948:
2934:
2888:
2818:
2326:
2296:
2236:
2096:
1955:
1782:
1767:
1618:
1295:"SWFI Trend Report: Sovereign Wealth Fund Direct Infrastructure Investments, 2003-2014"
1007:
759:
705:
661:
607:
561:
511:. These activities are usually performed in preparation for preliminary engineering or
411:
310:
3016:
2761:
2374:
2276:
2226:
2040:
1828:
1660:
1653:
1637:
1604:
1575:
1524:
1021:
984:
630:
512:
453:
445:
441:
415:
399:
1347:
Green Infrastructure Financing: Institutional Investors, PPPs and Bankable Projects,
2973:
2943:
2938:
2609:
2515:
2495:
2389:
2241:
2231:
2141:
2091:
2005:
1572:
Green Infrastructure Financing: Institutional Investors, PPPs and Bankable Projects
1201:
1081:
891:
484:
1206:
507:
required to construct infrastructure. Colloquially this process is referred to as
3021:
2893:
2848:
2788:
2690:
2614:
2604:
2425:
2341:
2301:
2266:
2251:
2221:
2116:
1960:
1467:
1232:
M. Nicolas Firzli quoted by Myles Neligan and Sinead Cruise (November 28, 2011).
1041:
967:
963:
864:
856:
828:
811:
755:
When substantially completed, inspect the work and prepare a list of deficiencies
739:
516:
503:
433:
367:
270:
190:
657:
Obtain authorisation from any owners or operators of assets affected by the work
2883:
2868:
2793:
2766:
2695:
2475:
2435:
2399:
2346:
2271:
2156:
2151:
2020:
2010:
1995:
1726:
1685:
1046:
987:
976:
935:
931:
793:
778:
746:
499:
460:
129:
118:
113:
109:
99:
90:(income-earning assets), whether owned by private companies or the government.
87:
19:
3050:
2983:
2978:
2968:
2929:
2873:
2781:
2776:
2744:
2727:
2594:
2576:
2465:
2394:
2166:
816:
803:
732:
678:
472:
262:
160:
137:
50:
42:
452:, and telecommunications, computing and monitoring networks are designed by
2913:
2863:
2843:
2803:
2705:
2685:
2670:
2649:
2644:
2634:
2490:
2369:
2336:
2311:
2246:
2186:
2146:
2035:
2015:
2000:
1833:
1818:
1690:
1680:
848:
606:
Perform soil sampling and testing to estimate nature, degree and extent of
600:
464:
395:
301:, a public entity, to construct its high-speed rail line, 412 km from
266:
76:
1318:
683:
Answer contractor questions and issue addenda during the tendering process
358:
Establishment of measurable specifications of how the asset should perform
83:. In the 21st century, this type of development is termed infrastructure.
2838:
2798:
2710:
2286:
2261:
2131:
2106:
2045:
1908:
1797:
860:
832:
526:
Preliminary studies may also be performed and may include steps such as:
294:
205:
68:
1869:
1001:
596:
Dig exploratory pits where required to survey underground infrastructure
2995:
2961:
2956:
2908:
2833:
2808:
2749:
2715:
2599:
2505:
2460:
2316:
2306:
2176:
2111:
2060:
1975:
1858:
1838:
1762:
852:
536:
Identify possible conflicts with other assets or topographical features
520:
437:
229:
128:
owned and operated infrastructure may be developed and operated in the
125:
105:
64:
2536:
1411:
386:
gave the United States a "D+" on its 2017 infrastructure report card.
382:
After completing asset management, official conclusions are made. The
216:
Supranational and public co-investment with institutional asset owners
2734:
2700:
2680:
2629:
2619:
2291:
1930:
807:
701:
654:
Obtain authorisation from environmental and other regulatory agencies
587:
468:
290:
274:
197:
23:
847:
that connected major cities from the Atlantic to Pacific coast; the
240:
and the World Bank Group (October 2014) and adoption of the âŹ315 bn
2771:
2589:
2420:
2351:
2256:
1965:
1777:
1757:
1747:
1634:
Infrastructure: the book of everything for the industrial landscape
1498:
824:
820:
765:
697:
686:
Receive and analyse tenders, and make a recommendation to the owner
574:
Estimate the costs of the various designs, and make recommendations
420:
164:
155:
is a complex investment category reserved for highly sophisticated
27:
1221:"Money for Public Projects", The New York Times, November 19, 2008
926:
While infrastructure development may initially be damaging to the
708:, all authorisations have been obtained, and all pre-construction
2196:
1920:
1848:
1695:
955:
725:
Obtain detailed traffic diversion and emergency plans from the GC
285:, a private organisation, to construct the 345 km line from
256:
168:
31:
1686:
Next Generation Infrastructures international research programme
749:
from the GC, and issue construction directives and change orders
2853:
2030:
1925:
1802:
1792:
1737:
959:
286:
278:
172:
764:
Verify that all operating and maintenance manuals, as well as
508:
191:
Infrastructure as a new asset class for pension funds and SWFs
1970:
1935:
1823:
1772:
1742:
543:
306:
302:
779:
Economic, social and environmental impacts of infrastructure
674:
Prepare administrative clauses and other tendering documents
320:
93:
2025:
1990:
1985:
1787:
1319:
M. Nicolas J. Firzli quoted by Mark Cobley (Feb 20, 2012).
1264:"Infrastructure As A New Asset Class for Pensions and SWFs"
950:
may cause issues to local ecosystems but are incubators to
636:
351:
The key components of infrastructure asset management are:
1499:"Transportation Infrastructure and Country Attractiveness"
603:
survey to determine the bearing capacity of soils and rock
293:
in a 35-year concession contract. Conversely, in 2004 the
2191:
1945:
1752:
1194:
European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research
444:, electrical power and lighting networks are designed by
225:
1261:
898:
provided a theoretical justification for this policy in
247:
1234:"British Infrastructure Finance Plan No Silver Bullet"
664:, and prepare contingency plans in case of emergencies
1373:"Investors Warn against 'Infrastructure Nationalism'"
1187:
593:
Obtain "as built" drawings of existing infrastructure
997:
934:, particularly in the role transportation plays in
901:
The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money
752:
Follow work progress and authorise partial payments
1652:
728:Obtain proof of certification, insurance and bonds
325:
1599:Ascher, Kate; researched by Wendy Marech (2007).
1137:
802:required for economic development and may affect
783:
3048:
196:and market fluctuations, and provide recurrent
142:financial institutions invest in infrastructure
1681:Body of Knowledge on Infrastructure Regulation
1603:(Reprint. ed.). New York: Penguin Press.
1312:
910:American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
880:Basic Rail Transportation Infrastructure Index
542:Evaluate the impact on the human environment (
257:Comparison of private versus public investment
242:European Commission Investment Plan for Europe
2552:
1885:
1711:
1321:"Infrastructure Funds Fail to Bridge the Gap"
1188:Cardenas, I.; Voordijk, H; Geert, D. (2018).
958:production may overuse available farmland in
299:Korean High Speed Rail Construction Authority
1623:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1262:WPC Conference Committee (9 February 2012).
798:Investment in infrastructure is part of the
546:, odors, electromagnetic interference, etc.)
494:Planning and Preliminary Engineering Studies
204:have argued that infrastructure is an ideal
86:Infrastructure can be described as tangible
1370:
1100:
885:
104:Infrastructure may be owned and managed by
2559:
2545:
1892:
1878:
1718:
1704:
361:Establishment of a minimum condition grade
175:, and analyze loan performance over time.
1899:
1205:
1027:Engineering economics (civil engineering)
498:In general, infrastructure is planned by
404:Engineering economics (civil engineering)
321:Planning and management of infrastructure
94:Ownership and financing of infrastructure
1119:
1110:
915:
419:
2566:
1691:Report Card on America's Infrastructure
1636:(1st ed.). New York City: Norton.
1257:
1255:
1225:
167:â agreements, make timely decisions on
3049:
1598:
1496:
722:and list of subcontractors from the GC
539:Perform environmental impact studies:
147:
108:or by private companies, such as sole
2540:
1873:
1699:
1650:
1631:
1497:Firzli, M. Nicolas J. (1 July 2013).
1574:, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.
1533:"The Keynesian Revolution: Contents"
1377:Financial News report on 3rd annual
1252:
1128:
906:global financial crisis of 2008â2009
355:Definition of a standard of service
248:Foreign ownership of 'public assets'
2137:Maintenance, repair, and operations
1445:American Society of Civil Engineers
904:, published in 1936. Following the
841:American Society of Civil Engineers
738:Receive reports from the materials
557:(disturbance of natural ecosystems)
432:Most infrastructure is designed by
384:American Society of Civil Engineers
13:
1725:
962:but have propelled the country to
560:Evaluate the possible presence of
340:is based upon the definition of a
283:Taiwan High Speed Rail Corporation
261:An interesting comparison between
14:
3083:
2441:Controlled-access highway systems
1674:
2501:San FranciscoâOakland Bay Bridge
2322:Sustainable urban infrastructure
1155:
1017:Infrastructure-based development
1000:
869:San FranciscoâOakland Bay Bridge
2456:Hong Kong International Airport
2082:Infrastructure asset management
1564:
1551:
1517:
1490:
1481:
1472:
1454:
1438:
1428:
1404:
1394:
1364:
1352:
1339:
1299:Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute
1287:
1272:2nd Annual World Pensions Forum
1214:
1077:Infrastructure asset management
1037:Infrastructure asset management
922:Environmental impact assessment
338:infrastructure asset management
332:Infrastructure asset management
326:Infrastructure asset management
1181:
1167:
1146:
784:Impact on economic development
389:
370:approach to managing the asset
1:
1207:10.18757/ejtir.2018.18.4.3261
1093:
954:for the surrounding regions.
567:Given various time horizons,
2471:Kansai International Airport
2332:Transit-oriented development
1601:The works: anatomy of a city
1379:World Pensions Council (WPC)
1358:M. Nicolas J. Firzli :
700:has been signed between the
265:versus government-sponsored
202:World Pensions Council (WPC)
180:World Pensions Council (WPC)
7:
2446:Electric power transmission
1057:American School (economics)
993:
771:Prepare "as built" drawings
238:International Monetary Fund
134:public-private partnerships
10:
3088:
2767:Transfer table (traverser)
2526:Transcontinental railroads
2172:Publicâprivate partnership
1371:Mark Cobley (7 Nov 2013).
1067:Publicâprivate partnership
919:
787:
426:Berlin Brandenburg Airport
393:
329:
178:Research conducted by the
97:
17:
3004:
2922:
2817:
2755:ground-level power supply
2663:
2575:
2431:Bus rapid transit systems
2408:
2360:
2205:
2069:
1907:
1811:
1733:
1659:. Emmaus, Penn.: Rodale.
845:Transcontinental Railroad
806:measures of welfare. The
342:Standard of service (SoS)
1503:Revue Analyse Financière
886:Use as economic stimulus
859:, and many bridges (the
691:Construction Supervision
677:Organise and announce a
625:technical specifications
590:of the construction site
136:, in addition to in the
2740:Railway electrification
1941:Critical infrastructure
1412:"Infrastructure | ASCE"
952:clean energy technology
882:(known as BRTI Index)
831:on such infrastructure
509:Infrastructure Planning
346:minimum condition grade
297:government charged the
281:government awarded the
157:institutional investors
2385:Mechanical engineering
2380:Electrical engineering
2087:Buildâoperateâtransfer
1951:Electricity generation
1466:3 October 2011 at the
1345:Koh, Jae Myong (2018)
1062:Buildâoperateâtransfer
876:development economists
857:Trans-Alaskan pipeline
810:of infrastructure and
758:Supervise testing and
745:When required, review
696:Once the construction
429:
408:Electrical engineering
2879:Platform screen doors
2521:Trans-Alaska pipeline
2127:Life-cycle assessment
2102:Engineering contracts
1981:Municipal solid waste
1901:Public infrastructure
1651:Huler, Scott (2010).
1632:Hayes, Brian (2005).
1177:. FrancoAngeli. 2020.
1072:Asset Management Plan
1032:Asset Management Plan
916:Environmental impacts
423:
376:Asset Management Plan
81:internal improvements
79:and even before that
3067:Economic development
2829:Anti-trespass panels
2416:Akashi KaikyĹ Bridge
2282:Mobile data terminal
2056:Water supply network
2051:Wastewater treatment
1449:Policy Statement 131
800:capital accumulation
790:Economic development
641:Establish a general
614:Detailed Engineering
569:standards of service
450:electrical engineers
57:economic development
2676:Classification yard
2486:Offshore wind farms
2297:Renewable resources
2217:Air traffic control
2122:Infrastructure bond
1349:Palgrave Macmillan.
1087:Infrastructure bias
1052:Infrastructure debt
964:energy independence
940:Offshore wind power
928:natural environment
896:John Maynard Keynes
874:European and Asian
735:submitted by the GC
635:Prepare a detailed
629:Prepare a detailed
586:Perform a detailed
555:natural environment
481:industrial engineer
477:structural engineer
366:Establishment of a
315:technology transfer
234:European Commission
163:, negotiate (multi)
153:Infrastructure debt
148:Infrastructure debt
2935:Motive power depot
2889:Signalling control
2327:Traffic congestion
2237:Congestion pricing
2041:Telecommunications
1956:Energy development
1008:Engineering portal
718:Obtain a detailed
706:general contractor
662:emergency services
608:soil contamination
562:contaminated soils
430:
428:under construction
412:Project management
373:Elaboration of an
311:project management
273:(HSR) projects in
3057:Civil engineering
3044:
3043:
2762:Railway turntable
2583:
2534:
2533:
2451:High-speed trains
2375:Civil engineering
2277:Land-use planning
2227:Bus rapid transit
1867:
1866:
1829:Civil engineering
1666:978-1-60529-647-0
1580:978-3-319-71769-2
1022:Rural development
985:built environment
631:bill of materials
619:Prepare detailed
513:conceptual design
454:systems engineers
416:Systems engineers
400:Civil Engineering
244:(December 2014).
3079:
2939:Railway workshop
2655:Transition curve
2625:Fastening system
2579:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2538:
2537:
2516:Three Gorges Dam
2496:Port of Shanghai
2390:Public economics
2242:Containerization
2232:Carbon footprint
2142:Natural monopoly
2011:Public utilities
2006:Public transport
1894:
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1570:Koh, Jae Myong,
1558:
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892:Great Depression
679:call for tenders
485:process engineer
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2605:Breather switch
2571:
2565:
2535:
2530:
2426:Brooklyn Bridge
2404:
2362:
2356:
2342:Waste-to-energy
2302:Reverse osmosis
2272:Hybrid vehicles
2267:High-speed rail
2252:Fuel efficiency
2222:Brownfield land
2209:
2207:
2201:
2117:Government debt
2065:
1961:Hazardous waste
1913:
1911:
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812:economic growth
796:
788:Main articles:
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747:Change requests
740:quality control
581:Detailed Survey
544:noise pollution
517:civil engineers
515:that is led by
504:civil engineers
446:power engineers
442:civil engineers
434:civil engineers
418:
394:Main articles:
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368:whole-life cost
334:
328:
323:
277:. In 1998, the
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3062:Construction
2914:Wayside horn
2864:Interlocking
2844:Catch points
2804:Water trough
2706:Passing loop
2686:Pocket track
2671:Balloon loop
2635:Ladder track
2491:Panama Canal
2370:Architecture
2337:Urban sprawl
2312:Smart growth
2247:Ethanol fuel
2187:Supply chain
2147:Property tax
2092:Designâbuild
2016:Public works
1834:Construction
1819:Architecture
1815:
1654:
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1600:
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1565:Bibliography
1553:
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1537:the original
1519:
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1502:
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1456:
1440:
1430:
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1416:www.asce.org
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1376:
1366:
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1324:
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1270:
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1169:
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849:Panama Canal
837:
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601:geotechnical
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396:Architecture
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267:public works
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77:public works
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67:argued that
61:
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2839:Buffer stop
2799:Water crane
2711:Track gauge
2650:Tie/Sleeper
2511:Solar power
2287:Pork barrel
2262:Groundwater
2162:Public good
2132:Lindahl tax
2107:Externality
2046:Town square
1976:Lighthouses
1798:Storm drain
1768:Interchange
1304:25 February
1244:28 November
890:During the
861:Golden Gate
833:investments
390:Engineering
206:asset class
106:governments
69:fixed asset
3051:Categories
3012:Industrial
2996:Water stop
2957:for trains
2949:Roundhouse
2923:Structures
2909:Train stop
2859:Guard rail
2834:Block post
2822:and safety
2819:Signalling
2750:third rail
2723:Rail track
2716:dual gauge
2600:Baulk road
2506:Suez Canal
2461:Hoover Dam
2317:Stormwater
2307:Smart grid
2177:Renovation
2112:Fixed cost
2061:Wind power
1914:facilities
1859:Urban park
1839:Playground
1763:Footbridge
1543:2015-03-21
1421:2017-11-28
1094:References
981:energy use
853:Hoover Dam
766:warranties
710:submittals
599:Perform a
521:architects
465:architects
438:architects
230:World Bank
198:cash flows
126:government
65:Adam Smith
2962:for goods
2904:Tell-tale
2735:Rail yard
2701:Guide bar
2681:Headshunt
2664:Trackwork
2630:Fishplate
2620:Date nail
2581:(history)
2292:Recycling
2182:Spillover
1966:Hospitals
1931:Broadband
1816:See also:
1619:cite book
1279:17 August
808:causality
669:Tendering
469:architect
291:Kaohsiung
275:East Asia
269:involves
165:creditors
24:Economics
3017:Military
2974:building
2944:Platform
2854:Derailer
2772:Roll way
2691:Junction
2590:Axe ties
2421:Autobahn
2409:Examples
2363:of study
2352:Wireless
2257:Fuel tax
2192:Taxation
2070:Concepts
1921:Airports
1783:Pipeline
1778:Overpass
1758:Drainage
1748:Causeway
1592:edition)
1509:26 April
1464:Archived
1447:(ASCE),
1331:14 March
994:See also
865:Brooklyn
825:railways
821:roadways
731:Examine
704:and the
698:contract
169:consents
28:Business
3027:station
3022:Private
2969:Station
2645:Profile
2595:Ballast
2197:Upgrade
2097:Earmark
1926:Bridges
1854:Theatre
1849:Stadium
1505:. Paris
1386:Dec 12,
1238:Reuters
956:Ethanol
948:Denmark
944:England
660:Inform
553:on the
471:or for
173:waivers
124:Hence,
114:railway
32:Finance
2789:Switch
2777:Siding
2577:Tracks
2361:Fields
2206:Issues
2031:Sewage
1971:Levees
1936:Canals
1909:Assets
1844:Public
1803:Tunnel
1793:Skyway
1738:Bridge
1663:
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1578:
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1435:page 2
1401:18-26.
983:, and
960:Brazil
867:, and
823:, and
588:survey
551:impact
414:, and
287:Taipei
279:Taiwan
132:or in
30:, and
3005:Types
2984:ghost
2979:clock
2953:Shed
2567:Rail
2210:ideas
2026:Roads
1991:Ports
1986:Parks
1824:Arena
1773:Levee
1743:Canal
1381:forum
1267:(PDF)
1200:(4).
702:owner
621:plans
483:or a
307:Busan
303:Seoul
119:bonds
47:, or
3032:list
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2610:Cant
1946:Dams
1788:Road
1661:ISBN
1638:ISBN
1625:link
1605:ISBN
1576:ISBN
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1511:2014
1388:2013
1333:2012
1306:2015
1281:2017
1246:2011
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