1407:
1295:
1391:
1359:
1279:
1327:
1311:
689:
950:
475:
865:
596:
1423:
1375:
923:
657:
1248:
1170:
892:
1439:
1343:
1263:
535:
1489:
58:
406:) has disappeared from almost half of its geographic range. Their popularity in the early to mid-20th-century pet trade, where collectors took thousands from the wild populations to sell to pet distributors, without provision for their highly specialized nutritional needs (primarily formic acid from harvester ants), resulted in certain death for almost all the collected lizards. In 1967, the state of Texas passed protective legislation preventing the collection, exportation, and sale of
367:
807:
38:
1143:
258:
566:
1501:
1058:
1221:
277:. When threatened, their first defense is to remain motionless to avoid detection. If approached too closely, they generally run in short bursts and stop abruptly to confuse the predator's visual acuity. If this fails, they puff up their bodies to cause them to appear more horned and larger so that they are more difficult to swallow.
1481:
in Fort Worth, Texas. The "Horned Toad" is also the mascot for
Coalinga High School in Coalinga, California. This school is located in Western Central California and its arid region is home to the San Diego Horned Lizard, which is protected. The City of Coalinga hosts an annual "Horned Toad Derby" on
433:
to have the Texas horned lizard put on the endangered species list due to the massive decline of its population in
Oklahoma, where it was once plentiful. The center said it may later seek protection for the animal on a federal level; it also said that reptiles in general are dying off at up to 10,000
681:
United States (southeast
Colorado, central and southern areas of Kansas, central and western areas of Oklahoma and Texas, southeast New Mexico, and extreme southeast Arizona), Mexico (eastern Sonora, most of Chihuahua, northeast Durango, northern Zacatecas and San Luis PotosĂ, and throughout most of
1406:
382:
publication notes that horned lizard populations continue to disappear throughout their distribution despite protective legislation. Population declines are attributed to a number of factors, including the fragmentation and loss of habitat from real estate development and road construction, the
357:
To avoid being picked up by the head or neck, a horned lizard ducks or elevates its head and orients its cranial horns straight up, or back. If a predator tries to take it by the body, the lizard drives that side of its body down into the ground so the predator cannot easily get its lower jaw
353:
could be a factor; however, the origin and structure of the chemicals responsible are still unknown. The blood-squirting mechanism increases survival after contact with canine predators; the trait may provide an evolutionary advantage. Ocular autohemorrhaging has also been documented in other
396:
species do not eat fire ants. Fire ants kill many species of wildlife, and are fierce competitors against the native ants, which horned lizards require for food (with their specialized nutritional content). Fire ants have given all ants a bad reputation, and human attempts to eradicate ants,
348:
While previous thought held that compounds were added to the blood from glands in the ocular sinus cavity, current research has shown that the chemical compounds that make up the defense are already in the circulating blood. It is possible that their diet of large quantities of venomous
354:
lizards, which suggests blood-squirting could have evolved from a less extreme defense in the ancestral branch of the genus. Recent phylogenic research supports this claim, so the species incapable of squirting blood apparently have lost the adaptation for reasons yet unstudied.
1390:
1294:
1358:
1326:
237:), horned lizards tend to move sluggishly, often remain motionless, and rely on their remarkable camouflage to avoid detection by predators. They are adapted to arid or semiarid areas. The spines on the lizard's back and sides are modified
383:
planting of non-native grasses (both suburban and rural), conversion of native land to pastureland and agricultural uses, and pesticides. Additionally predation by domestic dogs and cats place continued pressure upon horned lizards.
1278:
316:
from the corners of the eyes for a distance up to 5 ft (1.5 m). They do this by restricting the blood flow leaving the head, thereby increasing blood pressure and rupturing tiny vessels around the
1422:
1488:
397:
including invasive species and the native species on which the lizards prey, contribute to the continued displacement of native ant species and the decline of horned lizards.
1906:
1310:
410:, and by the early 1970s, most states enacted similar laws to protect and conserve horned lizards in the USA. As recently as the early 2000s, though, the state of
1438:
2293:
1587:
Middendorf III, G.A.; Sherbrooke, W.C.; Braun, E.J. (2001). "Comparison of Blood
Squirted from the Circumorbital Sinus and Systemic Blood in a Horned Lizard,
1342:
1262:
1374:
245:
is absent. Of the 21 species of horned lizards, 15 are native to the USA. The largest-bodied and most widely distributed of the
American species is the
392:), introduced from South America via the nursery industry's potted plants, pose a significant threat to all wildlife including horned lizards.
2214:
1971:
1954:
1247:
430:
1934:
2042:
1524:
2175:
2201:
1998:
1124:
2206:
1875:
1116:
2028:
1500:
241:, which prevent water loss through the skin, whereas the horns on the head are true horns (i.e., they have a bony core). A
757:
1120:
706:
1494:
The TCU mascot is commonly known as Super Frog to TCU fans and students. He is usually present at TCU sporting events.
265:) near Xalapa de EnrĂquez, Veracruz, Mexico, showing blood squirted from the eye as defensive behavior (20 April 2011)
2288:
1632:
907:
601:
2219:
426:
146:
1766:
1655:
1824:
1087:
955:
514:
505:
688:
611:
2283:
2128:
2123:
870:
632:
442:
The following 21 species (listed alphabetically by scientific name) are recognized as being valid by the
949:
1478:
1213:
in parentheses indicates that the species or subspecies was originally described in a genus other than
1031:
979:
571:
57:
1907:"Center for Biological Diversity wants Texas horned lizard declared an endangered species in Oklahoma"
474:
864:
812:
595:
528:
United States ( southern
Wyoming and Nebraska south through eastern Colorado to northern New Mexico)
1128:
922:
656:
1108:
928:
897:
822:
540:
2043:
Horned Toads - A field study of Short-horned
Lizards by students of Waterville Elementary School
1975:
1951:
2245:
2053:
741:
943:
United States( Texas, New Mexico eastern
Arizona, southeastern Colorado), northcentral Mexico
19:
This article is about the North
American horned lizard. For the Australian horned lizard, see
2255:
2240:
1829:) based on nuclear and mitochondrial data: evidence for a misleading mitochondrial gene tree"
1206:
1175:
838:
163:
2232:
2149:
2100:
2091:
1691:
1169:
1063:
991:
371:
345:) are certainly known to either be unable to squirt blood or only do it extremely rarely.
8:
2278:
1911:
1148:
891:
700:
694:
662:
489:
480:
402:
379:
246:
45:
2037:
1778:
1770:
1727:
1719:
1667:
1659:
1608:
1569:
785:
641:
388:
219:
refer directly to their horns or to their flattened, rounded bodies, and blunt snouts.
52:
1466:
in 1993. Wyoming’s state reptile is the “Horn Toad”, the greater short-horned lizard (
580:
2227:
2136:
1851:
1797:
1561:
313:
1782:
1731:
1671:
559:
United States (southern and central
California), Mexico (northern Baja California).
422:, horned lizards are still offered in Mexican "pet" markets throughout the country.
2105:
1843:
1762:
1711:
1651:
1600:
1553:
1474:
550:
534:
443:
209:
2141:
2015:
1184:
2032:
1958:
1883:
1537:
729:
212:
129:
2025:
1847:
1586:
672:
1482:
Memorial day weekend which features horned toad races, a carnival and parade.
2272:
2076:
1565:
1463:
966:
350:
238:
806:
366:
1855:
1142:
155:
119:
37:
20:
257:
242:
2188:
2115:
2085:
565:
216:
1715:
1024:
Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango, Morelos, Nuevo LeĂłn, Puebla, and Veracruz.)
2180:
1774:
1723:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1663:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1612:
1573:
1057:
447:
434:
times their historic extinction rate, greatly due to human influences.
274:
205:
1999:
Wyoming’s surprising state reptile has spikes, shoots blood from eyes—
2193:
2162:
1696:) to Antipredator Blood-Squirting and Blood of Texas Horned Lizards (
1416:), Municipality of Miquihuana, Tamaulipas, Mexico (24 September 2009)
270:
234:
230:
69:
2047:
1689:
1678:
1630:
1619:
1604:
1557:
2167:
2070:
1939:
1210:
169:
109:
89:
1220:
326:
321:. The blood not only confuses predators but also tastes foul to
99:
2020:
855:
419:
411:
318:
201:
79:
2154:
223:
197:
1400:), Municipality of Tula, Tamaulipas, Mexico (15 August 2004)
831:
northwestern United States and adjacent southwestern Canada
2038:
Argentine ants linked to declines in coastal horned lizards
2002:. Barnyards & Backyards. 6-7 pp. University of Wyoming.
1974:. Wyoming Secretary of State's Office. 2011. Archived from
1767:
10.1894/0038-4909(2004)049<0267:DBSIPD>2.0.CO;2
1656:
10.1643/0045-8511(2001)001[1114:BSVIHL]2.0.CO;2
330:
1822:
1580:
1304:), San Luis Obispo County, California, USA (June 14, 2008)
329:
predators. It appears to have no effect against predatory
322:
1816:
1432:), San Bernardino County, California, USA (9 July 2019)
1506:
Horned lizard on a necktie at El Paso, Texas, in 1940
1235:
1749:
and a high rate of human-induced blood squirting in
1745:Hodges, W.L. (2004). "Defensive blood squirting in
885:southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico
1525:Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery
1336:), Sweetwater County, Wyoming, USA (15 June 2016).
1795:
1538:"Habits and Behavior of the Texas Horned Lizard,
2270:
1633:"Blood-Squirting Variability in Horned Lizards (
1448:), Apache Junction, Arizona, USA (25 March 2007)
229:means "toad-bodied". In common with true toads (
1990:
1789:
1690:Sherbrooke, W.C.; Middendorf III, G.A. (2004).
1631:Sherbrooke, W.C.; Middendorf III, G.A. (2001).
1288:), Armstrong County, Texas, USA (28 April 2013)
1101:southern Idaho in the north to northern Mexico
418:species. Despite limited federal protection in
269:Horned lizards use a variety of means to avoid
2016:Horned lizard skulls and info at Digimorph.org
1825:"Phylogenetic relationships of hores lizards (
1802:(Yarrow's spiny lizard) Ocular Sinus Bleeding"
2294:Taxa named by Arend Friedrich August Wiegmann
1961:. State Symbols USA. Retrieved on 2016-10-25.
1964:
1744:
1368:, Culberson County, Texas, USA (19 May 2018)
431:Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation
1458:Texas designated the Texas horned lizard (
36:
800:Mexico (Sonora), United States (Arizona)
446:, three species of which have recognized
437:
1873:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1219:
365:
256:
1904:
682:Coahuila, Nuevo LeĂłn, and Tamaulipas.)
273:. Their coloration generally serves as
2271:
1535:
333:. Only three closely related species (
2052:
2051:
1882:. University of Texas. Archived from
1862:
1836:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1823:Leache, A. D.; J. A. McGuire (2006).
1738:
361:
1002:(A.H.A. Duméril & Bocourt, 1870)
854:United States (Arizona) and Mexico (
1042:(disputed; may be conspecific with
768:(disputed; may be conspecific with
758:San Luis Valley short-horned lizard
616:(disputed; may be conspecific with
519:(disputed; may be conspecific with
13:
2021:Horned Lizard Conservation Society
736:Central peninsular horned lizard,
14:
2305:
2009:
1905:Godfrey, Ed (December 20, 2014).
958:or Chihuahua Desert horned lizard
414:still allowed commercial sale of
184:, whose members are known as the
1499:
1487:
1437:
1421:
1405:
1389:
1373:
1357:
1341:
1325:
1309:
1293:
1277:
1261:
1246:
1168:
1141:
1056:
948:
921:
890:
863:
805:
687:
655:
602:Great Plains short-horned lizard
594:
564:
533:
473:
56:
1945:
1926:
1898:
1352:, Washington, USA (5 June 2014)
1272:, Oaxaca, Mexico (20 May 2013).
1078:Southern desert horned lizard,
427:Center for Biological Diversity
314:squirt an aimed stream of blood
261:Mexican Plateau horned lizard (
1529:
1518:
1364:Mountain short-horned lizard (
841:, Goode's desert horned lizard
750:Mexico (Baja California Sur )
1:
1874:Pianka, Eric; Hodges, Wendy.
1511:
1332:Greater short-horned lizard (
1193:Mexico (Guerrero and Puebla)
1088:Northern desert horned lizard
1051:Canada and the United States
956:Mexican Plateau horned lizard
625:Canada and the United States
543:or Blainville's horned lizard
2026:Horned Lizards at UTexas.edu
1536:Winton, W. M. (1916-10-24).
1268:Short-tailed horned lizard (
1253:Blainville's horned lizard (
7:
1848:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.12.016
1755:The Southwestern Naturalist
1593:The Southwestern Naturalist
1380:Flat-tailed horned lizard (
1348:Pygmy short-horned lizard (
871:Greater short-horned lizard
633:Cedros Island horned lizard
589:Mexico (Puebla and Oaxaca)
252:
10:
2310:
1796:Sherbrooke, W. C. (2000).
1479:Texas Christian University
1396:Round-tail horned lizard (
1032:Desert short-horned lizard
784:Ditmars' horned lizard or
724:California horned lizard,
572:Short-tailed horned lizard
506:Baur's short-horned lizard
18:
2060:
1942:www.reptile-database.org.
1692:"Responses of Kit Foxes (
1453:
916:United States and Mexico
813:Pygmy short-horned lizard
777:United States (Colorado)
429:in Tucson petitioned the
400:The Texas horned lizard (
161:
154:
53:Scientific classification
51:
44:
35:
30:
2289:Lizards of North America
1876:"Horned Lizards, Part 2"
1412:Mountain horned lizard (
1334:P. douglassi brevirostre
280:At least eight species (
1414:P. orbiculare orientale
1205:: In the above list, a
1109:Guerreran horned lizard
1037:Phrynosoma ornatissimum
929:Roundtail horned lizard
898:Flat-tail horned lizard
650:Mexico (Cedros Island)
607:Phrynosoma brevirostris
541:San Diego horned lizard
1428:Desert horned lizard (
1232:
1114:Phrynosoma sherbrookei
1069:Phrynosoma platyrhinos
990:(A.H.A. Duméril &
577:Phrynosoma braconnieri
547:Phrynosoma blainvillii
438:Species and subspecies
375:
266:
2241:Paleobiology Database
1806:Herpetological Review
1468:Phrynosoma hernandesi
1444:Regal horned lizard (
1316:Coast horned lizard (
1300:Coast horned lizard (
1284:Texas horned lizard (
1223:
1176:Mexican horned lizard
962:Phrynosoma orbiculare
876:Phrynosoma hernandesi
839:Sonoran horned lizard
369:
263:Phrynosoma orbiculare
260:
1978:on September 6, 2011
1940:The Reptile Database
1552:(36). JSTOR: 81–84.
1064:Desert horned lizard
818:Phrynosoma douglasii
763:Phrynosoma diminutum
715:Cape horned lizard,
701:Phrynosoma coronatum
638:Phrynosoma cerroense
372:Phrynosoma douglasii
1952:Texas Horned Lizard
1912:The Daily Oklahoman
1800:Sceloporus jarrovii
1747:Phrynosoma ditmarsi
1716:10.1643/CH-03-157R1
1698:Phrynosoma cornutum
1589:Phrynosoma cornutum
1540:Phrynosoma cornutum
1477:" is the mascot of
1460:Phrynosoma cornutum
1211:trinomial authority
1163:Arizona and Mexico
1149:Regal horned lizard
1117:Nieto-Montes de Oca
934:Phrynosoma modestum
791:Phrynosoma ditmarsi
695:Coast horned lizard
668:Phrynosoma cornutum
663:Texas horned lizard
481:Giant horned lizard
403:Phrynosoma cornutum
380:University of Texas
312:) are also able to
247:Texas horned lizard
46:Regal horned lizard
2284:Symbols of Wyoming
2031:2011-04-29 at the
1957:2015-04-01 at the
1462:) as the official
1233:
1207:binomial authority
903:Phrynosoma mcallii
786:rock horned lizard
720:(Blainville, 1835)
389:Solenopsis invicta
376:
362:Population decline
267:
200:of North American
164:Lacerta orbiculare
2266:
2265:
2228:Open Tree of Life
2054:Taxon identifiers
1996:Mason Lee. 2022.
1886:on April 26, 2015
1880:uts.cc.utexas.edu
1384:(9 November 2010)
1320:) (25 April 2009)
1197:
1196:
1181:Phrynosoma taurus
1154:Phrynosoma solare
1092:P. p. platyrhinos
845:Phrynosoma goodei
177:
176:
150:
16:Genus of reptiles
2301:
2259:
2258:
2249:
2248:
2236:
2235:
2223:
2222:
2210:
2209:
2197:
2196:
2184:
2183:
2171:
2170:
2158:
2157:
2145:
2144:
2132:
2131:
2119:
2118:
2109:
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2096:
2095:
2094:
2081:
2080:
2079:
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2048:
2003:
1994:
1988:
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1985:
1983:
1968:
1962:
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1943:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1902:
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1895:
1893:
1891:
1871:
1860:
1859:
1833:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1687:
1676:
1675:
1650:(4): 1114–1122.
1641:
1628:
1617:
1616:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1533:
1527:
1522:
1503:
1491:
1441:
1425:
1409:
1393:
1377:
1361:
1345:
1329:
1313:
1297:
1281:
1265:
1250:
1188:
1172:
1158:
1145:
1096:
1084:
1080:P. p. calidiarum
1073:
1060:
1041:
1019:
1011:
1010:(Linnaeus, 1758)
1007:P. o. orbiculare
1003:
995:
983:
970:
952:
938:
925:
911:
894:
880:
867:
849:
826:
809:
795:
767:
766:Montanucci, 2015
745:
733:
721:
710:
691:
676:
659:
645:
615:
598:
584:
568:
554:
537:
518:
511:Phrynosoma bauri
498:southern Mexico
493:
477:
453:
452:
444:Reptile Database
145:
61:
60:
40:
28:
27:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2298:
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2262:
2254:
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2226:
2218:
2213:
2205:
2200:
2192:
2187:
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2174:
2166:
2161:
2153:
2148:
2140:
2135:
2127:
2122:
2114:
2112:
2104:
2099:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2056:
2033:Wayback Machine
2012:
2007:
2006:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1972:"State symbols"
1970:
1969:
1965:
1959:Wayback Machine
1950:
1946:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1915:
1903:
1899:
1889:
1887:
1872:
1863:
1831:
1821:
1817:
1794:
1790:
1751:Phrynosoma asio
1743:
1739:
1694:Vulpes macrotis
1688:
1679:
1639:
1629:
1620:
1605:10.2307/3672440
1585:
1581:
1558:10.2307/1436504
1534:
1530:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1507:
1504:
1495:
1492:
1475:TCU Horned Frog
1456:
1449:
1442:
1433:
1426:
1417:
1410:
1401:
1394:
1385:
1378:
1369:
1362:
1353:
1346:
1337:
1330:
1321:
1314:
1305:
1298:
1289:
1282:
1273:
1270:P. braconnieri)
1266:
1257:
1255:P. blainvillii)
1251:
1242:
1236:Horned lizard (
1199:
1183:
1156:
1125:Beltrán-Sánchez
1094:
1082:
1071:
1039:
1017:
1015:P. o. orientale
1009:
1001:
989:
978:
964:
936:
905:
878:
848:Stejneger, 1893
847:
820:
794:Stejneger, 1906
793:
765:
740:
728:
719:
717:P. c. coronatum
704:
670:
640:
609:
579:
549:
513:
488:
486:Phrynosoma asio
462:Scientific Name
440:
364:
255:
243:urinary bladder
213:Phrynosomatidae
173:
167:
144:
130:Phrynosomatidae
55:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2307:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
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2261:
2260:
2250:
2237:
2224:
2211:
2198:
2185:
2172:
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2146:
2133:
2120:
2110:
2097:
2082:
2066:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2023:
2018:
2011:
2010:External links
2008:
2005:
2004:
1989:
1963:
1944:
1925:
1897:
1861:
1842:(3): 628–644.
1815:
1788:
1761:(2): 267–270.
1737:
1710:(3): 652–658.
1677:
1618:
1599:(3): 384–387.
1579:
1528:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1486:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1434:
1430:P. platyrhinos
1427:
1420:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1370:
1366:P. hernandesi)
1363:
1356:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1258:
1252:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1230:P. platyrhinos
1224:Comparison of
1195:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1178:
1173:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1151:
1146:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1111:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1085:
1074:
1066:
1061:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1040:(Girard, 1858)
1034:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1018:Horowitz, 1955
1012:
1004:
996:
987:P. o. cortezii
984:
971:
959:
953:
945:
944:
941:
939:
931:
926:
918:
917:
914:
912:
900:
895:
887:
886:
883:
881:
873:
868:
860:
859:
852:
850:
842:
836:
833:
832:
829:
827:
815:
810:
802:
801:
798:
796:
788:
782:
779:
778:
775:
773:
760:
755:
752:
751:
748:
747:
746:
734:
726:P. c. frontale
722:
711:
697:
692:
684:
683:
679:
677:
665:
660:
652:
651:
648:
646:
635:
630:
627:
626:
623:
621:
604:
599:
591:
590:
587:
585:
581:A.H.A. Duméril
574:
569:
561:
560:
557:
555:
544:
538:
530:
529:
526:
524:
508:
503:
500:
499:
496:
494:
483:
478:
470:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
439:
436:
363:
360:
351:harvester ants
343:P. platyrhinos
254:
251:
239:reptile scales
233:of the family
186:horned lizards
175:
174:
168:
159:
158:
152:
151:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
49:
48:
42:
41:
33:
32:
31:Horned lizard
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2306:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2257:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2001:
2000:
1993:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1929:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1901:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1828:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1801:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1636:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1541:
1532:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1502:
1497:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1464:state reptile
1461:
1447:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1350:P. douglasii)
1344:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1259:
1256:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1121:Arenas-Moreno
1118:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:P. hernandesi
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1013:
1008:
1005:
1000:
999:P. o. dugesii
997:
993:
988:
985:
981:
977:
974:
973:
972:
968:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
947:
946:
942:
940:
935:
932:
930:
927:
924:
920:
919:
915:
913:
909:
904:
901:
899:
896:
893:
889:
888:
884:
882:
877:
874:
872:
869:
866:
862:
861:
857:
853:
851:
846:
843:
840:
837:
835:
834:
830:
828:
824:
819:
816:
814:
811:
808:
804:
803:
799:
797:
792:
789:
787:
783:
781:
780:
776:
774:
771:
770:P. hernandesi
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
753:
749:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
718:
714:
713:
712:
708:
703:
702:
698:
696:
693:
690:
686:
685:
680:
678:
674:
669:
666:
664:
661:
658:
654:
653:
649:
647:
643:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
628:
624:
622:
619:
618:P. hernandesi
613:
608:
605:
603:
600:
597:
593:
592:
588:
586:
582:
578:
575:
573:
570:
567:
563:
562:
558:
556:
552:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
532:
531:
527:
525:
522:
521:P. hernandesi
516:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
501:
497:
495:
491:
487:
484:
482:
479:
476:
472:
471:
468:Distribution
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
454:
451:
449:
445:
435:
432:
428:
425:In 2014, the
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
404:
398:
395:
391:
390:
384:
381:
374:
373:
368:
359:
355:
352:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:P. orbiculare
299:
298:P. hernandesi
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
276:
272:
264:
259:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
225:
220:
218:
214:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
182:
171:
166:
165:
160:
157:
153:
148:
143:
142:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
94:
91:
88:
85:
84:
81:
78:
75:
74:
71:
68:
65:
64:
59:
54:
50:
47:
43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
2061:
1997:
1992:
1980:. Retrieved
1976:the original
1966:
1947:
1933:
1928:
1916:. Retrieved
1910:
1900:
1888:. Retrieved
1884:the original
1879:
1839:
1835:
1826:
1818:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1791:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1693:
1647:
1643:
1634:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1549:
1545:
1542:, Harlan. I"
1539:
1531:
1520:
1472:
1467:
1459:
1457:
1445:
1429:
1413:
1397:
1381:
1365:
1349:
1333:
1318:P. coronatum
1317:
1302:P. coronatum
1301:
1285:
1269:
1254:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1214:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1180:
1153:
1113:
1095:Girard, 1852
1091:
1083:(Cope, 1896)
1079:
1072:Girard, 1852
1068:
1043:
1036:
1014:
1006:
998:
986:
976:P. o. bradti
975:
961:
937:Girard, 1852
933:
902:
879:Girard, 1858
875:
844:
817:
790:
769:
762:
738:P. c. jamesi
737:
730:Van Denburgh
725:
716:
699:
667:
637:
617:
606:
576:
546:
520:
510:
485:
441:
424:
415:
407:
401:
399:
393:
387:
385:
377:
370:
358:underneath.
356:
347:
342:
338:
334:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
290:P. coronatum
289:
285:
281:
279:
268:
262:
226:
224:generic name
221:
217:common names
193:
189:
185:
180:
179:
178:
162:
156:Type species
140:
139:
25:
21:thorny devil
2189:iNaturalist
2086:Wikispecies
1982:January 22,
1918:November 5,
1398:P. modestum
1382:P. mcallii)
1286:P. cornutum
1226:P. modestum
459:Common Name
386:Fire ants (
339:P. modestum
294:P. ditmarsi
286:P. cornutum
190:horny toads
2279:Phrynosoma
2273:Categories
2106:Phrynosoma
2092:Phrynosoma
2062:Phrynosoma
1935:Phrynosoma
1827:Phrynosoma
1635:Phrynosoma
1512:References
1238:Phrynosoma
1215:Phrynosoma
1157:Gray, 1845
707:Blainville
515:Montanucci
465:Subspecies
448:subspecies
416:Phrynosoma
408:Phrynosoma
394:Phrynosoma
335:P. mcallii
275:camouflage
231:amphibians
227:Phrynosoma
206:type genus
181:Phrynosoma
141:Phrynosoma
116:Suborder:
1566:0045-8511
1446:P. solare
1240:) gallery
908:Hallowell
642:Stejneger
310:P. taurus
306:P. solare
271:predation
235:Bufonidae
194:horntoads
76:Kingdom:
70:Eukaryota
2113:BioLib:
2071:Wikidata
2029:Archived
1955:Archived
1890:March 1,
1856:16488160
1783:85923959
1732:55365586
1672:86061329
1136:Mexico.
980:Horowitz
967:Linnaeus
253:Defenses
215:. Their
204:and the
170:Linnaeus
147:Wiegmann
126:Family:
110:Squamata
100:Reptilia
90:Chordata
86:Phylum:
80:Animalia
66:Domain:
2256:8330095
2181:2451046
2077:Q288720
1775:3672697
1724:1448486
1664:1448403
1613:3672440
1574:1436504
994:, 1870)
992:Bocourt
969:, 1758)
910:, 1852)
825:, 1828)
742:Schmidt
709:, 1835)
675:, 1825)
614:, 1858)
319:eyelids
282:P. asio
208:of the
202:lizards
196:, is a
136:Genus:
120:Iguania
106:Order:
96:Class:
2253:uBio:
2233:160860
2207:173937
2168:1PRYNG
2129:142752
1932:Genus
1854:
1812:: 243.
1781:
1773:
1730:
1722:
1704:Copeia
1670:
1662:
1644:Copeia
1611:
1572:
1564:
1546:Copeia
1454:Symbol
1187:, 1873
1131:, 2014
1129:Leaché
1127:&
982:, 1955
856:Sonora
744:, 1922
732:, 1894
673:Harlan
644:, 1893
612:Girard
583:, 1870
553:, 1839
517:, 2015
492:, 1864
420:Mexico
412:Nevada
341:, and
327:feline
323:canine
308:, and
210:family
172:, 1758
149:, 1828
2246:37874
2220:43608
2194:36299
2155:17991
2116:59062
1832:(PDF)
1779:S2CID
1771:JSTOR
1728:S2CID
1720:JSTOR
1668:S2CID
1660:JSTOR
1640:(PDF)
1609:JSTOR
1570:JSTOR
1473:The "
1185:Dugès
456:Image
331:birds
198:genus
192:, or
2215:NCBI
2202:ITIS
2176:GBIF
2163:EPPO
2142:6PCY
2124:BOLD
1984:2011
1920:2018
1892:2015
1852:PMID
1708:2004
1648:2001
1562:ISSN
1228:and
1203:Note
823:Bell
551:Gray
490:Cope
325:and
222:The
2150:EoL
2137:CoL
2101:ADW
1938:at
1844:doi
1763:doi
1753:".
1712:doi
1652:doi
1601:doi
1591:".
1554:doi
1470:).
1209:or
2275::
2243::
2230::
2217::
2204::
2191::
2178::
2165::
2152::
2139::
2126::
2103::
2088::
2073::
1909:.
1878:.
1864:^
1850:.
1840:39
1838:.
1834:.
1810:31
1808:.
1804:.
1777:.
1769:.
1759:49
1757:.
1726:.
1718:.
1706:.
1702:.
1700:)"
1680:^
1666:.
1658:.
1646:.
1642:.
1637:)"
1621:^
1607:.
1597:46
1595:.
1568:.
1560:.
1550:36
1548:.
1544:.
1217:.
1123:,
1119:,
1090:,
858:)
450::
378:A
337:,
304:,
300:,
296:,
292:,
288:,
284:,
249:.
188:,
1986:.
1922:.
1894:.
1858:.
1846::
1798:"
1785:.
1765::
1734:.
1714::
1674:.
1654::
1615:.
1603::
1576:.
1556::
1046:)
965:(
906:(
821:(
772:)
705:(
671:(
620:)
610:(
523:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
