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creatures which is reflected in their morphology (often displaying matching color patterns to their environment as camouflage). This is also reflected in their limited home range. The regal horned lizard will often bask in the sun with only its head poking out of the sand in order to heat blood located within a chamber inside the head. When the blood is warm enough, the lizard opens a valve in its neck and circulates the blood around the body. It derives shelter and builds nests through digging holes in the ground. They seem to be very protective of these nests as one study observed a female placing herself between the hole and the researcher. Typically they remain still above ground until temperatures reach above 52.2°C. Regal horned lizards generally stay in an open habitat with access to burrows to avoid predators and high temperatures. Though they have spikes all around their body, their main defense when coming in contact with predators is the ability to squirt blood from their eyes. When they are threatened or captured, they may exhibit this blood squirting behavior. This blood may have a taste used to deter predators. They typically only resort to this if camouflage and intimidation do not work. When it squirts out blood, it aims for the predator's mouth and eyes. This stream can range up to 4 feet and may be repeated several times. The stream comes out through its lower eyelids' pores. Some other defensive behaviors include gulping air and poking with the horns.
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to have exhibited these enlargements from June to August. Females lay eggs in the generally time range of June to August. A range of 7–30 eggs are laid per clutch and females typically lay only one clutch annually. The eggs are laid in nests which are semicircular tunnels dug at an angle, allowing the nest to be shaded for longer periods of the day. Typically they nest in moist fine silt or sand. The egg shells are white and flexible and average about one-half inch in diameter. The hatchlings receive no parental care upon hatching and immediately bury themselves in the sand. They are now responsible for finding and hunting for their own food. Several diverting tactics are used to attract a mate, such as head bopping, push-ups, and nodding of the head.
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Regal horned lizards are oviparous and reproduce via sexual reproduction (specifically internal fertilization). Females tend to be ovulating in July and August. Males tend to exhibit enlarged reproductive organs (testes, vasa deferentia, and hemipenes) when in preparation for mating. Males were shown
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The regal horned lizard is a small, flat lizard about the size of the palm of a human's hand. It has spikes all around the lateral surface of its body. It is 3–4 in (117 mm) in length from nose to tail as a full adult, and pale grey to yellow-brown or reddish in color, topped with dark blotches
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cactus. It can be found primarily in a hot and dry climate where the ground may be covered in limestone dust. It is found in the
Sonoran Desert Mountains is where it prefers its climate, but can be found in Texas, southern California, Arizona, and New Mexico. It has been shown to have a relatively
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Adult regal horned lizards are active year round however, they are most active from April to
September during the hours of 6:00 and 9:00 AM. During winter, their activity is usually restricted to unseasonably warm days. They may hibernate late September through October. They tend to be sedentary
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Their diet consists almost exclusively of harvester ants and can eat 2500 ants in one meal. They are slow eaters because they spend most of their time in the intense heat of the desert during meals. They have been observed consuming some other insects and spiders.
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Sullivan, B. K., Sullivan, K. O., Vardukyan, D., & Suminski, T. (2014). Persistence of Horned
Lizards (Phrynosoma spp.) in urban preserves of Central Arizona. Urban Ecosystems, 17(3), 707-717.
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Van
Devender, T. R., & Howard, C. W. (1973). Notes on Natural Nests and Hatching Success in the Regal Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma solare) in Southern Arizona. Herpetologica, 29(3), 238– 239.
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Van
Devender, T. R., & Howard, C. W. (1973). Notes on Natural Nests and Hatching Success in the Regal Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma solare) in Southern Arizona. Herpetologica, 29(3), 238– 239.
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alongside the body and back. Its four legs each have five toes with a claw on each toe. The species is a slow runner that uses camouflage to escape predators.
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Suarez, Andrew; Richmond, Jon; Case, Ted (2000). "Prey selection in horned lizards following the invasion of
Argentine ants in southern California".
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550:
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Lowe, C. H. (1954). Normal Field
Movements and Growth rates of Marked Regal Horned Lizards (Phrynosoma Solare). Ecology, 35(3), 420–421.
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Parker, W. S. (1971). Ecological
Observations on the Regal Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma solare) in Arizona. Herpetologica, 27(3), 333–338.
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Parker, W. S. (1971). Ecological
Observations on the Regal Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma solare) in Arizona. Herpetologica, 27(3), 333–338.
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Parker, W. S. (1971). Ecological
Observations on the Regal Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma solare) in Arizona. Herpetologica, 27(3), 333–338.
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This lizard can be found across southeastern Arizona and along the transition of the southern zone of the central mountains region.
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Parker, William S. (1971). "Ecological observation on the regal horned lizard in Arizona".
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This horned lizard occupies primarily level or gently sloping terrain with openly spaced
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10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[0711:PSIHLF]2.0.CO;2
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Hammerson, G.A., Frost, D.R. & Gadsden, H. (2007).
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small home range of roughly 160 yards (146 meters).
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411:Introduction to Horned Lizards of North America
343:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T64081A12734740.en
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549:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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337:. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
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913:IUCN Red List least concern species
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601:http://www.jstor.org/stable/3890846
589:http://www.jstor.org/stable/3892009
565:http://www.jstor.org/stable/3890846
509:http://www.jstor.org/stable/3890846
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933:Fauna of the Western United States
379:Pianka, Eric R.; Hodges, Wendy L.
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943:Taxa named by John Edward Gray
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928:Reptiles of the United States
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385:Varanus: the Pianka lab page
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938:Reptiles described in 1845
649:Photos at reptilesofaz.org
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428:Phrynosoma (Anota) solare
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456:Ecological Applications
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247:Southwest United States
629:(Regal Horned Lizard)"
270:Habitat and Home Range
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426:"REGAL HORNED LIZARD
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633:Animal Diversity Web
537:Lizards of the World
35:Regal horned lizard
278:vegetation such as
226:regal horned lizard
220:Regal horned lizard
51:Conservation status
18:Regal Horned Lizard
923:Reptiles of Mexico
654:2017-04-09 at the
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724:Phrynosoma_solare
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680:Phrynosoma solare
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704:Wikispecies
253:Description
918:Phrynosoma
907:Categories
440:2011-04-10
395:2010-06-03
322:References
241:native to
169:Phrynosoma
144:Suborder:
545:cite book
176:Species:
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
828:2.105557
789:10362336
689:Wikidata
652:Archived
304:Behavior
280:mesquite
245:and the
154:Family:
138:Squamata
128:Reptilia
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
763:5222466
695:Q338908
495:3890846
288:saguaro
239:species
234:) is a
164:Genus:
148:Iguania
134:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
890:202172
887:uBio:
880:solare
867:652249
854:102237
841:159095
802:173944
750:459423
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286:, and
276:desert
243:Mexico
209:, 1845
815:64081
784:IRMNG
776:36301
737:4GWTJ
491:JSTOR
836:NCBI
810:IUCN
797:ITIS
758:GBIF
551:link
295:Diet
224:The
207:Gray
745:EoL
732:CoL
719:ADW
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
