History of silk - Knowledge

740: 55: 752: 1423: 2144: 776: 764: 931: 367: 788: 1188: 614: 923: 350: 204: 2156: 2128: 1753: 2179: 1461:. The city was famous for its fine fabrication of silks, velvets, damasks, and brocades. While the cultivation of mulberry was moving first steps in Northern Italy, silk made in Calabria reached a peak of 50% of the whole Italian/European production. As the cultivation of mulberry was difficult in Northern and Continental Europe, merchants and operators used to purchase raw materials in Calabria in order to finish the products, before reselling them for a higher price. 478: 1628:(1000–1250 AD) saw continued use of established techniques for silk manufacture without change in either materials or tools used. Small changes began to appear between the 10th and 12th centuries, followed by larger and more radical innovations in the 13th century, resulting in the invention of new fabrics; other, more mundane fabrics made of hemp and cotton also developed. Silk remained a rare and expensive material, but improved technology saw Byzantine 1161: 487: 24: 4733: 1613: 804: 4472: 1920: 1989:, in that they gave a (limited) form of programmability. Punched cards themselves were carried over to computers and were ubiquitous until their obsolescence in the 1970s. From 1801, embroidery-style designs became highly mechanized, due to the effectiveness of the Jacquard loom in imitating embroidered fabrics. The mechanism behind the Jacquard looms even allowed complex designs to be 1215:, sericulture reached Japan for the first time around 300 AD, following a number of international students, having been sent from Japan to China, recruiting four young Chinese girls to teach the art of plain and figured weaving in Japan. Techniques of sericulture were subsequently introduced to Japan on a larger scale by frequent diplomatic exchanges between the 8th and 9th centuries. 1813: 409:; one day, in about 3000 BC, a silk worm's cocoon fell into her teacup . Wishing to extract it from her drink, the 14-year-old girl began to unroll the thread of the cocoon. Seeing the long fibers that constituted the cocoon, the Empress gathered other cocoons and wove it into cloth. Having observed the life of the silkworm on the recommendation of her husband, the 1315: 632:, silk became progressively more valuable in its own right, and was used in a greater capacity than as simply a material; lengths of silk cloth were used to pay government officials and to compensate citizens who were particularly worthy. In the same manner that one would sometimes estimate the price of products according to a certain weight of 812: 2074:

and characterized by brown dots. Pasteur published his findings and recommendations for silk farmers. Soon, he received feedback from farmers who had followed his recommendations. Most had reared healthy crops, other farmers had not. With more investigation, he discovered the worms were infected with

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In the late Middle Ages, transcontinental trade over the land routes of the Silk Road declined as sea trade increased. Centuries went by, civilizations, and dynasties were formed, prospered, or perished, but the route that linked the continents of Europe and Asia survived and expanded, becoming known

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market policy, became the world's foremost exporter of raw silk, a position it held until the 1970s. The continued rise in the importance of synthetic fibers and loosening of the protectionist economy contributed to the decline of Japan's silk industry, and by 1975 it was no longer a net exporter of

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For approximately a millennium, the right to wear silk was reserved for the emperor and the highest dignitaries. Silk was, at the time, a sign of great wealth, due to its shimmering appearance, created by the silk fiber's prismatic structure, which refracted light from every angle. After some time,

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Though highly regarded for its quality, Italian silk cloth was very expensive, both due to the costs of the raw materials and the production process. The craftsmen in Italy proved unable to keep up with the needs of French fashions, which continuously demanded lighter and less expensive materials.

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by allowing the city to establish a consulate of the silk craft, charged with regulating and check in the various stages of a production that flourished throughout the 16th century. At the moment of the creation of its guild, the city declared that it had over 500 looms. By 1660, when the town had

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on silk production to the city of Lyon. Starting in the 16th century, Lyon became the capital of the European silk trade, notably producing many reputable fashions. Gaining confidence, the silks produced in the city began to abandon their original Oriental styles in favor of their own distinctive

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decided to develop a national silk industry in Lyon, and employed a large number of Italian workers, mainly from Calabria. The fame of the master weavers of Catanzaro spread throughout France, and they were invited to Lyon in order to teach the techniques of weaving. The drawloom that appeared in

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China traded silk, teas, and porcelain, while India traded spices, ivory, textiles, precious stones, and pepper, and the Roman Empire exported gold, silver, fine glassware, wine, carpets, and jewels. Although the term "the Silk Road" implies a continuous journey, very few who traveled the route

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I can see clothes of silk, if materials that do not hide the body, nor even one's decency, can be called clothes. ... Wretched flocks of maids labor so that the adulteress may be visible through her thin dress, so that her husband has no more acquaintance than any outsider or foreigner with his

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The earliest evidence of silk dates back to more than 8,500 years ago and has been found at the early Neolithic Age tombs of Jiahu, China. Biomolecular evidence, reported from a study, showed the existence of prehistoric silk fibroin in the tombs. Rough weaving tools and bone needles were also

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The decline in the European silk industry has roots in epidemics among silkworm populations. In 1849, France's silk crop failed due to a unknown disease affecting the silkworms. The disease remained pervasive, and soon spread to Italy, Spain, Syria, Turkey, and China. In 1807, bacteriologist

175:, cotton became much cheaper to manufacture, leading to cotton production becoming the main focus for many manufacturers, and causing the more costly production of silk to shrink. New weaving technologies, however, increased the efficiency of producing silk cloth; among these was the 2199:. Italy managed to rebound from the crisis, but France was unable. Urbanization in Europe saw many French and Italian agricultural workers leave silk growing for more lucrative factory work. Raw silk was imported from Japan to fill the void. Asian countries, formerly exporters of 2075:

something other than pébrine. The other condition, flacherie, was caused by a viral infection. Pasteur recommended the removal of infected worms from the population. These recommendations allowed silkworm producers to restore their strocks and revive silk production.

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In China, silkworm farming was originally restricted to women, and many women were employed in the silk-making industry. Even though some saw the development of a luxury product as useless, silk provoked such a craze among the high society that the rules in the

1433:, in the region of Calabria, was the first center to introduce silk production to Italy between the 9th and the 11th century. During the following centuries, the silk of Catanzaro supplied almost all of Europe and was sold in a large market fair in the port of 1383:. The silk produced by the Byzantines was well known for its high quality, owing to the meticulous attention paid to the execution of its weaving and decoration, with weaving techniques taken from Egypt used to produce the fabric. The first diagrams of semple 2227:

out of a world production of 81,000, followed by India at 13,000 tonnes. Japanese production is now marginal, at only 2,500 tonnes. Between 1995 and 1997, Chinese silk production went down 40% in an effort to raise prices, reminiscent of earlier shortages.

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traversed it from end to end; for the most part, goods were transported by a series of agents on varying routes, and were traded in the bustling markets of the oasis towns. The main traders during Antiquity were the Indian and Bactrian traders, followed by

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were used in products such as parachutes and stockings, replacing silk. Even after the war, silk was not able to regain many of the markets lost, though it remained an expensive luxury product. Postwar Japan, through improvements in technology and a

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The military payrolls tell us that soldiers were paid in bundles of plain silk textiles, which circulated as currency in Han times. Soldiers may well have traded their silk with the nomads who came to the gates of the Great Wall to sell horses and

2043:. His findings were the first to demonstrate the transmission of disease between animals, and led to a better understanding of how the disease was transmitted between silkworms. This enabled silk producers to better prevent the transmission of 1682:

From the start of the 14th century, many documents allude to the use of complex weaving machinery. Depictions of fabric production techniques from this time period can be found in several places; the earliest surviving depiction of a European

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of late-18th century England, advances in silk production also possibly accompanied more general advances in the technology of modern society as a whole. At the beginning of the 13th century, a primitive form of milling silk yarns was in use;

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Though silk was exported to foreign countries in great amounts, sericulture remained a secret that the Chinese carefully guarded; consequently, other cultures developed their own accounts and legends as to the source of the fabric. In

880:(compiled around 1210) is rich with pictures and descriptions, many pertaining to silk. It repeatedly claims the Chinese looms to be far superior to all others, and speaks of two types of loom that leave the worker's arms free: the 855:. Chinese sources claim the existence in 1090 of a machine to unwind silkworm cocoons; the cocoons were placed in a large basin of hot water, the silk would leave the cauldron by tiny guiding rings, and would be wound onto a large 1060:

tried in vain to prohibit the wearing of silk, for economic reasons as well as moral ones. The import of Chinese silk resulted in vast amounts of gold leaving Rome, to such an extent that silk clothing was perceived as a sign of

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show that it was known in Western Asia in biblical times. Scholars believe that starting in the 2nd century BC, the Chinese established a commercial network aimed at exporting silk to the West. Silk was used, for example, by the

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excavated, indicating the possibility that the Jiahu residents may also have possessed basic weaving and sewing skills required for making textiles. Other evidence of silk include items found at sites of the Yangshao culture in

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have become increasingly popular, being associated with skin and hair benefits. These claims are not supported with much scientific research and are anecdotal, mostly because not many studies have been conducted on this topic.

246:. Similar remains of silk fabric were discovered at another Yangshao site located in Wanggou, Henan, in the year 2019. The fabric was used to wrap the body of a child placed inside a burial urn. Scraps of silk were found in a 1414:

of Calabria had cultivated 24,000 mulberry trees for their foliage, with growth still ongoing. The interactions among Byzantine and Muslim silk-weaving centers of all levels of quality, with imitations made in Andalusia and

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Fabio Bertini, "Il Settecento capitalista. Setaioli commercianti banchieri e nobili fra la Firenze delle accomandite e l'Europa", Cagliari-Milano-Roma, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto dell'Europa mediterranea,

888:, which is attributed to East Asian origins. There are many diagrams of these that originate in the 12th and 13th centuries. When examined closely, many similarities between Eurasian machines can be drawn. Following the 195:, has reduced the prevalence of silk throughout the world, being cheaper and easier to care for. Silk is now once again thought of as a luxury good, with a greatly reduced importance compared to its historical heyday. 1761:

These materials, used for clothing, began to be produced locally instead; however, Italian silk remained for a long time amongst the most prized, mostly for furnishings and the brilliant nature of the dyestuffs used.

1410:, which was under the Byzantine dominion. According to André Guillou, mulberry trees for the production of raw silk were introduced to southern Italy by the Byzantines at the end of the 9th century. Around 1050, the 728:

Golden lotus having a quilted backgammon pattern, double-folded, adorned with savage geese pecking at a landscape of flowers and roses; the dress' right figure had a floral border with buttons in the form of bees or

2155: 716:, and others for religious use. The women of high Chinese society also followed these codified practices, and used silk in their garments alongside the addition of countless decorative motifs. A 17th-century work, 704:, wallets, belts, or even as an embroidered piece of fabric displaying dozens of animals, real or mythical. These fashion accessories remained associated with a particular position: there was specific headgear for 2194:

in Japan made it the world's foremost silk producer. By the early 20th century, rapidly industrializing Japan was producing as much as 60 percent of the world's raw silk, most exports shipping through the port of

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Numerous archaeological discoveries show that silk had become a luxury material appreciated in foreign countries well before the opening of the Silk Road by the Chinese. For example, silk has been found in the

739: 863:, in all likelihood moved by hand, was known to exist by the beginning of the Christian era. The first accepted image of a spinning wheel appears in 1210, with an image of a silk spinning machine powered by a 186:

In the 20th century, Japan and China regained their earlier dominant role in silk production, and China is now once again the world's largest producer of silk. The rise of new imitation silk fabrics, such as

2093:(1873–1896), Lyonnais silk production had become totally industrialized, and handlooms were rapidly disappearing. The 19th century saw the textile industry's progress caused by advances in chemistry. The 668:

For more than a millennium, silk remained the principal diplomatic gift of the emperor of China to neighbouring countries or vassal states. The use of silk became so important that the character for silk

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in 1204 brought decline to the city and its silk industry, and many artisans left the city in the early 13th century. Italy developed a large domestic silk industry after 2,000 skilled weavers came from

304:, with the possible exception of Japan, its production remained exclusively Chinese for three millennia. The earliest examples of silk production outside China are from silk threads discovered from the 4062: 2012:

in 1831 foreshadowed many of the larger worker uprisings of the Industrial Revolution. The canuts occupied the city of Lyon, refusing to relinquish it until a bloody repression by the army, led by

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from the Western Han period (206 BC–9 AD), and a surviving calendar for silk production in an Eastern Han (25–220 AD) document. The two other known works on silk from the Han period are lost.

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The silk industry, however, did not gain any benefit from innovations in spinning, as silk did not require spinning in order to be woven. Furthermore, the production of silver, and gold silk

1718:). It is possible that the toothed warping machine was created by the silk industry, as it allowed the for a longer length of warp to hold more uniformity throughout the length of the cloth. 2278: 775: 533:

silk gradually extended to other classes of Chinese society, though this was mainly the uppermost noble classes. Silk began to be used for decorative means and also in less luxurious ways;

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Muscardine was not the only disease to affect the European silk industry at this time. In France, disease among silkworms continued to devastate silk production in the country. In 1865,

1950:. In its early years, there were often disparities in technological innovation between different stages of fabric manufacture, which encouraged complementary innovations. For example, 1809:, devoted themselves to the flourishing industry. In the middle of the 17th century, over 14,000 looms were used in Lyon, and the silk industry fed a third of the city's population. 559:. Beginning in the 3rd century BC, paper was made in all sizes with various materials. Silk was no exception, and silk workers had been making paper since the 2nd century BC. Silk, 3982:

Toshiharu Furusawa, "The history of Sericulture in Japan – The old and innovative technique for Industry-", Center for Bioresource Field Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology (

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Mazzarello, Paolo; Garbarino, Carla; and Cani, Valentina (September 2013) Bassi, Agostino. In: eLS. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Chichester. DOI: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0025074

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The earliest extant example of a woven silk fabric is from 3630 BC, used as wrapping for the body of a child. The fabric comes from a Yangshao site in Qingtaicun at Rongyang,

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alone, and silk was used for a number of applications, such as writing. Within clothing, the color of silk worn also held social importance, and formed an important guide of

1985:, which allowed a string of punched cards to be processed mechanically in the correct sequence. The punched cards of the Jacquard loom were a direct precursor to the modern 1744:. He introduced a new kind of machine, which had the ability to work the yarns faster and more precisely. Further improvements to the loom were made throughout the century. 4515: 1965:. In the 17th and 18th centuries, progress began to be made in the simplification and standardization of silk manufacture, with many advances following one after another. 1736:

In the second half of the 15th century, drawloom technology was first brought to France by an Italian weaver from Calabria, known as Jean le Calabrais, who was invited to

1907:; however the silk industry in the colonies never became very large. Likewise, silk was introduced to numerous other countries, including Mexico, where it was brought by 2057:

to study what was causing the epidemic. Pasteur investigated the cause between 1865 and 1870, leading to his discovery of two separate diseases infecting the silkworms:

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increase the momentum of their silk production, and were soon exporting silk to all of Europe, with 84 workshops and at least 7,000 craftsmen in Florence in 1472 alone.

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on silk production for several centuries, defended by an imperial decree and condemning to death anyone attempting to export silkworms or their eggs. According to the

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were all used, and paper made with silk became the first type of luxury paper. Researchers have found an early example of writing done on silk paper in the tomb of a

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in around 1535 that a royal charter was granted to two merchants, Étienne Turquet and Barthélemy Naris, to develop a silk trade in Lyon. In 1540, the king granted a

424:, likely around the early 1st century AD. The princess, refusing to go without the fabric that she loved, decided to break the imperial ban on silkworm exportation. 1422: 648:

people regularly pillaged the provinces of the Han Chinese for around 250 years. Silk was a common offering by the emperor to these tribes in exchange for peace.

1128:. Though silk was certainly the major trade item from China, many other goods were traded, and various technologies, religions and philosophies, as well as the 4578: 2121:, intended as an artificial silk, and in 1891 opened a factory dedicated to the production of viscose, which cost much less and in part replaced natural silk. 1725:, trends began to shift towards less expensive production techniques. Many techniques that earlier in the century would have been completely forbidden by the 1547:, Jewish, and Greek settlement, alongside many other immigrants from neighboring cities in southern Italy. With the loss of many Italian trading posts in the 982:, their name for the far-off kingdom of China. According to certain historians, the first Roman contact with silk was that of the legions of the governor of 312:, which are dated to 2450–2000 BC. The analysis of the silk fibres shows presence of reeling and sericulture, and predates another example of silk found in 1350: 152:

states, which saw an economic boom exporting silk to the rest of Europe. Developments in the manufacturing technique also started to take place during the

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joined Italy in developing a successful silk trade, although the efforts of most other nations to develop a silk industry of their own were unsuccessful.

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eggs and were able to begin silkworm cultivation while the Arabs also started to manufacture silk at around the same time. As a result of the spread of

3473:"The Silk Worm Epidemic, Pebrine, after Pasteur, with Some Reflections Regarding the Analogy of This Disorder to Certain Diseases of the Human Subject" 3411: 835:

were produced in many countries, the Chinese are considered to have been the first to produce silk fabric on a large scale, having the most efficient

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Ma, Debin. "The Modern Silk Road: The Global Raw-Silk Market, 1850-1930." The Journal of Economic History, vol. 56, no. 2, 1996, pp. 330–55. JSTOR,

1888:, many of whom were skilled weavers and experts in sericulture, began immigrating to England to escape religious persecution. Some areas, including 1457:

merchants. Catanzaro became the lace capital of Europe, with a large silkworm breeding facility that produced all the laces and linens used in the

1021:. The caravans that travelled this route to exchange silk with other merchants were generally sizeable, constituting 100 to 500 people, as well as 4520: 3775: 2643: 2584: 4178: 1946:

was marked by a massive boom in the textile industry in general, with remarkable technological innovations made, led by the cotton industry of

1511:, two important centers of Byzantine silk production. They took the crops and silk production infrastructure, and deported all the workers to 54: 1892:, saw many high-quality silk workshops spring up, their products distinct from continental silk largely by the colors used. Nonetheless, the 787: 413:, she began to instruct her entourage in the art of raising silkworms - sericulture. From this point, the girl became the goddess of silk in 644:. Many neighbouring countries began to grow envious of the wealth that sericulture provided China, and beginning in the 2nd century BC, the 93:(4th millennium BC). Though it would later reach other places in the world, the art of silk production remained confined to China until the 4525: 885: 2223:

With its recent economic reforms, the People's Republic of China has become the world's largest silk producer. In 1996 it produced 58,000

432:, most Romans, great admirers of the cloth, were convinced that the Chinese took the fabric from tree leaves. This belief was affirmed by 2350: 3622:

Rahul, Kamidi; Manjunatha, Gyarehalli Rangappa; Sivaprasad, Vankadara (2021-01-01), Gurtler, Volker; Subrahmanyam, Gangavarapu (eds.),

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Rahul, Kamidi; Manjunatha, Gyarehalli Rangappa; Sivaprasad, Vankadara (2021-01-01), Gurtler, Volker; Subrahmanyam, Gangavarapu (eds.),

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that profited the most from its now-extinct mulberry plantations. However, silk centers still operate today. Working at home under the

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While the Chinese lost their monopoly on silk production, they were able to re-establish themselves as major silk suppliers during the

859:, using a backward and forward motion. However, little information exists about the spinning techniques previously used in China. The 3010:

Jacoby, David (2004). "Silk Economics and Cross-Cultural Artistic Interaction: Byzantium, the Muslim World, and the Christian West".

225:, where a silk cocoon was found cut in half by a sharp knife, dating back to between 4000 and 3000 BC. The species was identified as 183:

of several silkworm diseases at this time caused production to fall, especially in France, where the industry never fully recovered.

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and those of the Arabs in Sicily and Spain (8th to 10th centuries) able to supply the luxury material in much greater abundance.

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Nevertheless, the increase in the price of silkworm cocoons and the reduction in the importance of silk in the garments of the

2037:("The Disease of the Sign, Calcinaccio or Muscardine") in which he demonstrated the disease was caused by the parasitic fungus 2000:, but it soon became vital to the industry. The loom was declared as public property in 1806, and Jacquard was rewarded with a 3970:

Southern Italy in the Late Middle Ages: Demographic, Institutional and Economic Change in the Kingdom of Naples, c.1440-c.1530

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Anne Kraatz, Marie Risselin-Steenebrugen, Michèle Pirazzoli-t'Serstevens and Madeleine Paul-David (2006), "Tissus d'art", in

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about 16,000 inhabitants, its silk industry kept 1,000 looms, and at least 5,000 people, in employment. The silk textiles of

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As a material for clothing and accessories, the use of silk was regulated by a very precise code in China. For example, the

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silk, but closer examination of the fibres revealed the material not to be Chinese in origin, and was instead woven from a

3929: 1357:. While under the monks' care, the eggs hatched, though they did not cocoon before arrival. The church manufacture in the 1048:

in 30 BC, regular commerce began between the Romans and Asia, marked by the Roman appetite for silk cloth coming from the

1654: 2210:, silk supplies from Japan were cut off, so western countries were forced to find substitutes. Synthetic fibers such as 1394:, spread sericulture across the shores of the Mediterranean, leading to the development of sericulture in North Africa, 4776: 2149:

An illustration of spinning, winding, doubling, and throwing machines used in silk textile production in England, 1858.

696:, according to their function in society, with certain colours of silk restricted to the upper classes only. Under the 3135: 2086:

in 1869 and the silk shortage in France reduced the price of importing Asian silk, particularly from China and Japan.

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had a legal monopoly on the fabric, but the empire continued to import silk from other major urban centers on the

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Southern Italy in the Late Middle Ages: Demographic, Institutional Change in the Kingdom of Naples, c.1440-c.1530

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Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE

2875: 1097: 1551:, the import of Chinese styles drastically declined. In order to satisfy the demands of the rich and powerful 1419:, among other cities, have made the identification and date of rare surviving examples difficult to pinpoint. 1033:

and the coasts of the Mediterranean, about one year's travel from Xi'an. In the south, a second route went by

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Knowledge of silk production eventually left China via the heir of a princess who was promised to a prince of

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Hill (2009), "Appendix A: Introduction of Silk Cultivation to Khotan in the 1st Century AD.", pp. 466-467.

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that, "They weave webs, like spiders, that become a luxurious clothing material for women, called silk."

3854: 2949: 2705: 2127: 1136:"), also traveled along the silk routes. Some of the other goods traded included luxuries such as silk, 4683: 4311: 3806: 2013: 1868:, silk spinning and silk treatment employed many people and increased the income of the working class. 1648:

The 13th century saw an improvement in the already-changing technology of silk production; as with the

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Towards the end of the 14th century, no doubt on account of the devastation caused mid-century by the

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as the Silk Road. The Silk Road was a significant factor in the development of the civilizations of

4761: 4714: 4709: 4082: 2298: 930: 106: 2323:"China Focus: World's earliest silk fabrics discovered in central China's ruins-China Silk Museum" 1788:, but the industry in Tours stayed relatively marginal. His main objective was to reduce France's 4651: 3407:

Waters, Sarah. "The Silk Industry in Lyon, France." Museum of the City. Accessed 6 October 2017.

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and other institutions created a very thin piece of modified silk that vibrates when electrical

136:, Chinese silk exports became less important, although they still maintained dominance over the 4259: 2918: 1881: 1516: 1391: 268:

During the later epoch, the knowledge of silk production was spread outside of China, with the

4666: 3108: 2823: 2760: 2754: 2511: 2504: 1919: 231:, the domesticated silkworm. Fragments of a primitive loom can also be seen from the sites of 207:

The cocoon of the domesticated silk moth; unlike wild silk moths, its cocoon is entirely white

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In the face of protests by the people of Lyon, Louis XI conceded to move silk production to

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Joseph Needham, Francesca Bray, Hsing-Tsung Huang, Christian Daniels, Nicholas K. Menzies,

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in the 19th century caused the decline of the silk industry in Europe. The opening of the

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toward the west was opened by the Chinese in the 2nd century AD. The main road left from

952: 429: 320: 294: 179:, developed for the production of highly detailed silks with embroidery-like designs. An 3472: 3206:

Silk and Religion: An Exploration of Material Life and the Thought of People AD 600-1200

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on each machine. In 1834, there were a total of 2,885 Jacquard looms in Lyon alone. The

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silk artisans also used fine Calabrian and Sicilian silk for the production of velvets.

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was thus able to make fabrics for the emperor, with the intention of developing a large

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

4630: 4608: 4598: 3489: 3027: 2203:(cocoons and raw silk), progressively began to export more and more finished garments. 2094: 2039: 1908: 1904: 1855: 1741: 1500: 1243: 1203:

Although silk was well known in Europe and most of Asia, China was able to keep a near-

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In December 2006 the General Assembly of the United Nations proclaimed 2009 to be the

1658: 390:(704–223 BC), depicting men wearing traditional silk dress and riding in a two horsed 254:, dating back to 2700 BC. Other fragments have been recovered from royal tombs in the 4688: 4623: 4618: 4573: 4036: 3973: 3958: 3950: 3918: 3820: 3710: 3690: 3604: 3440: 3359: 3290: 3179: 3143: 3089: 2869: 2829: 2764: 2685: 2515: 2484: 2480: 2302: 1962: 1764:

Following the example of the wealthy Italian city-states of the era, such as Venice,

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Guillou, André; Delogu, Paolo (1983). "Il Mezzogiorno dai Bizantini a Federico II".

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all utilized silk. Peasants, however, did not have the right to wear silk until the

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was a very delicate and precise process, with each color needing its own dedicated

1880:(1367–1413) also looked to develop a silk industry, but no opportunity arose until 1625: 1358: 1339: 841: 654: 613: 524: 438: 433: 397:

Many myths and legends exist about origin of silk production. The writings of both

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Silk, cotton and gilt-metal-strip-wrapped cotton panel, machine-woven in Scotland

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The Jacquard loom was immediately denounced by workers, who accused it of causing

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in 1522. Only rarely did these new silk industries grow to any significant size.

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for low-quality production were now commonplace (such as using low-quality wool,

1508: 1434: 1191:

Chinese Embassy, carrying silk and a string of silkworm cocoons, 7th century CE,

1053: 1018: 451: 324: 273: 3835: 3630:, Methods in Silkworm Microbiology, vol. 49, Academic Press, pp. 79–96 3512:, Methods in Silkworm Microbiology, vol. 49, Academic Press, pp. 79–96 1819: 1029:

carrying around 140 kilograms (310 lb) of merchandise. The route linked to

811: 4603: 4546: 4503: 4173: 3584: 2026: 1981:

improved on the designs of Falcon and Vaucanson, introducing the revolutionary

1966: 1792:

with the Italian states, which caused France to lose 400,000 to 500,000 golden

1700: 1684: 1533: 1525: 1520: 1492: 1403: 1362: 1303: 1129: 998:, the legions were said to be so surprised by the brilliance of the banners of 860: 410: 349: 286: 232: 157: 145: 4396: 3530:"Agostino Bassi | Microbiology, Disease Control & Entomology | Britannica" 2373: 171:

changed much of Europe's silk industry. Due to innovations in the spinning of

4756: 4750: 4593: 4551: 4406: 4218: 4198: 4137: 3843: 3608: 3084:

Malanima, Paolo (2004). "Le sete della Calabria". In Fusco, Ida Maria (ed.).

2488: 2236: 2216: 2134: 2066: 2054: 1982: 1947: 1829: 1789: 1688: 1380: 1113: 542: 281: 255: 176: 105:

for another thousand years. The use of silk within China was not confined to

67: 3711:"The Cocoon Strikes Back: Innovative Products Could Revive a Dying Industry" 3687:

Disaster and Human History: Case Studies in Nature, Society, and Catastrophe

2850: 1246:

appreciated the high quality of the Chinese goods and made efforts to plant

4327: 4183: 4063:"Sericulture in Asia: Yesterday, today, tomorrow", Asia and Pacific Network 4010:

Alternative Agriculture: A History from the Black Death to the Present Day.

2581:"Les relations entre le monde romain et la Chine: la tentation du Far East" 2200: 2009: 1997: 1970: 1889: 1703:

machines appearing both together in the stained glass at Chartres and in a

1473: 1469: 1458: 1346: 1239: 1172: 1125: 1057: 971: 846: 719: 701: 697: 689: 685: 622: 546: 387: 354: 137: 114: 110: 3989:"Métiers agricoles - Magnaniers", Institut supérieur de l'agroalimentaire 2178: 1280:), the name of the people from whom silk was first obtained, according to 4233: 4213: 4158: 4122: 4005: 3123:

Muthesius, Anna, "Silk in the Medieval World". In Jenkins (2003), p. 331.

2914: 2258: 2251: 2191: 2079: 1896:

prevented England's domestic silk trade from becoming globally dominant.

1841: 1832:, showing the different steps in sericulture and the manufacture of silk. 1722: 1629: 1552: 1454: 1294: 1133: 864: 851: 828: 629: 595: 512: 371: 277: 227: 153: 133: 102: 4341: 3409:

http://www.museumofthecity.org/project/the-silk-industry-in-lyon-france/

1602: 1515:

and Calabria, thereby causing the Norman silk industry to flourish. The

477: 4431: 4401: 4361: 4168: 4163: 4142: 3031: 2083: 1484:, techniques of silk production began to spread across Western Europe. 1160: 1066: 1014: 590:, Hunan. The material was more expensive, but also more practical than 338:

stockings. Her yellow blouse was originally thought to be made of wild

305: 290: 218: 203: 4391: 2784: 2058: 672: 486: 97:

opened at 114 BC. Even after trade opened, China maintained a virtual

4661: 4411: 4238: 4228: 4132: 4127: 4117: 3942: 3284: 3201: 2546: 2062: 2005: 1885: 1584: 1579: 1477: 1430: 1395: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1319: 1269: 1259: 1223: 1062: 1006: 995: 935: 913: 832: 798: 603: 583: 500: 398: 343: 192: 94: 83: 3023: 2947:

Catherine Jolivet-Lévy and Jean-Pierre Sodini (2006), "Byzance", in

2442: 2029:

began a 25-year investigation into what caused the silkworm disease

1733:, etc.). In the silk industry, the use of water-powered mills grew. 1472:, and to industrialize their production on a large scale during the 454:

notably accurately determined where silk came from; speaking of the

4421: 4381: 4346: 4223: 4203: 4193: 4188: 2196: 2102: 1986: 1837: 1801: 1777: 1765: 1671:) both illustrate many types of machinery which can only have been 1637: 1617: 1568: 1481: 1480:

along the Silk Road; however, following the beginning of the first

1450: 1407: 1370: 1255: 1247: 1204: 1164: 1093: 1049: 1010: 897: 881: 607: 599: 587: 579: 504: 447: 180: 141: 129: 98: 3776:"Are increasingly popular silk pillowcases really worth the hype?" 3600: 1476:. China continued to export high-quality fabric to Europe and the 1155: 529:

were used to limit its use to the members of the imperial family.

4732: 4456: 4366: 4351: 4026: 3904: 3839: 2247: 2118: 2110: 2098: 2001: 1958: 1861: 1825: 1730: 1708: 1676: 1596: 1529: 1512: 1504: 1496: 1210: 1149: 1148:, other perfumes, spices, medicines, jewels, glassware, and even 1096:

traders from the 5th to the 8th century AD, and then followed by

1030: 999: 987: 939: 901: 836: 816: 705: 645: 538: 391: 301: 269: 31:

Parts of this article (those related to modern usage) need to be

1776:

obtained a similar function in the French market. In 1466, King

1306: 1297: 35:. The reason given is: the most recent information is from 2006. 4566: 4436: 4416: 4356: 4296: 3352:

Histoire de la France: Dynasties et révolutions, de 1348 à 1852

2904: 2897:

Strabo 11.11.1, 15.1.34. The earliest example of the adjective

2720:

Charles Meyer, "Les routes de la soie: 22 siècles d'aventure",

2224: 2114: 1812: 1704: 1696: 1592: 1564: 1548: 1544: 1442: 1354: 1281: 1196: 1121: 1117: 1017:

desert, one of the most arid in the world, before crossing the

979: 967: 943: 893: 856: 713: 560: 443: 421: 339: 313: 251: 222: 172: 161: 3088:(in Italian). Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane. pp. 55–68. 1793: 1772:(which had become the center of the luxury-textile industry), 1612: 803: 4471: 4376: 3278:

La seta a Catanzaro e Lione. Echi lontani e attività presente

2898: 2211: 2183: 2016:. A second revolt, similar to the first, took place in 1834. 1806: 1805:

style, which emphasized landscapes. Thousand of workers, the

1785: 1769: 1726: 1633: 1560: 1556: 1540: 1539:

The sudden boom of the silk industry in the Italian state of

1462: 1446: 1438: 1426:

Silk production in Northern Italy from 13th to 17th centuries

1416: 1285: 1275: 1263: 1235: 1231: 1137: 1105: 1045: 1038: 1034: 1022: 983: 960: 956: 709: 575: 568: 564: 552: 508: 406: 331: 243: 236: 188: 149: 121: 86: 4516:

Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution

2828:. British Library. Serindia Publications, Inc. p. 110. 1781:

those years in France was called loom by Jean Le Calabrais.

1314: 1258:

Persia controlled the trade of silk destined for Europe and

907: 156:(5th to 15th centuries) in Europe, with devices such as the 4461: 4426: 4386: 4371: 4280: 4098: 3851:

Catherine Jolivet-Lévy et Jean-Pierre Sodini, "Byzance",

3689:. Jefferson N.C.: McFarland & Company Inc. p. 95. 1773: 1737: 1543:, starting in the 11th and 12th centuries, was due to much 1384: 1342: 1227: 1176: 1168: 1145: 1141: 820: 633: 572: 496: 467: 335: 328: 280:

and silk fabric production. Allusions to the fabric in the

79: 3621: 3503: 2759:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 2254:

and insulate noise effectively, even as a thin material.

2106: 1026: 3382:

Gérard Chauvy, "La dure condition des forçats du luxe",

3335:

Ancient Engineers' Inventions: Precursors of the Present

3231: 3229: 2462:"New Evidence for Early Silk in the Indus Civilization*" 2065:. Pébrine, known as "pepper disease," was caused by the 2019: 1914: 1840:

experienced a boom in sericulture that would last until

1218:

Starting in the 4th century BC, silk began to reach the

896:

was well recorded, and beginning in the 2nd century BC,

617:

Chinese painting on silk, with playing children wearing

4067: 4056:

China National Silk Museum, Hangzhou, China (中国丝绸博物馆)

3917:. John E. Hill. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina. 3624:"Chapter 4 - Pebrine monitoring methods in sericulture" 3506:"Chapter 4 - Pebrine monitoring methods in sericulture" 2545:. The Silk Association of Great Britain. Archived from 2443:"New Evidence for Early Silk in the Indus Civilization" 2053:, France's Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, asked 978:, "people of silk", a term used for the inhabitants of 781:

The cocoons are soaked and the silk is wound on spools.

160:

first appearing at this time. During the 16th century,

4031:

When silk was gold: Central Asian and Chinese textiles

2756:

The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia

1933:

Mme Tatischeva is shown wearing a paduasoy silk dress.

1643: 1208: 745:

The silkworms and mulberry leaves are placed on trays.

610:, and even maps written on silk have been discovered. 3750:"This sound-suppressing silk can create quiet spaces" 3226: 2190:

Following the crisis in Europe, the modernization of

1871: 1603:

Use of silk in the Medieval period (5th–15th century)

871: 870:

More information is known about the looms used. The '

717: 692:

used colour symbolism to denote the various ranks of

652: 522: 353:

Detail of silk ritual garment from a 4th-century BC,

327:, was found clad in a long crimson-and-white striped 2279:"Biomolecular Evidence of Silk from 8,500 Years Ago" 807:

Polychrome embroidery in silk, 17th century, Antwerp

700:, silk began to be used in a series of accessories: 2460:Good, I. L.; Kenoyer, J. M.; Meadow, R. H. (2009). 2117:dye. In 1884, Count Hilaire de Chardonnet invented 1636:(6th to 8th centuries), silk production centres in 900:and other innovations allowed the creation of silk 276:and, later, the Indian people gaining knowledge of 3889:Handbook of Textile Fibres Vol. 1: Natural Fibres. 2503: 2348:"Zhongguo Sichoushi" ("History of Silks in China") 2257:In the late 2010s and up to the early 2020s, silk 2168:. The tulip motif is inspired by Turkish textiles. 2033:(white muscardine disease). In 1835, he published 1578:formally recognized the growth of the industry of 1338:obtained the first silkworm eggs. He had sent two 974:- the latter later than the former - spoke of the 799:Silk moths and production techniques used in China 2459: 1041:, and India before rejoining the northern route. 4748: 3673:Japanese Industrialization and the Asian Economy 1899:Many envisioned starting a silk industry in the 1884:the 1680s, when hundreds of thousands of French 4521:Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods 3323:Autour du Fil, l'encyclopédie des arts textiles 2235:, so as to raise the profile of silk and other 1844:, with much of the silk shipped north to Lyon. 1238:or precious stones. Up to the frontiers of the 1156:Global spread of sericulture (4th–16th century) 3997:The Shorter Science and Civilization in China. 2250:is applied. This means it is able to suppress 1747: 1607: 4312: 4083: 3310:A Brief History of Figured Textile Production 3287:and Lyon. Distant echoes and present activity 2994: 2903:was recorded in the 2nd century AD, found in 2622: 2620: 2288: 2286: 1052:, which was then resold to the Romans by the 926:The main silk roads between 500 BC and 500 AD 670: 381: 375: 4526:Timeline of clothing and textiles technology 4035:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 4027:Watt, James C.Y.; Wardwell, Anne E. (1997). 2575: 1973:loom appeared in 1775, later improved on by 1937: 1853: 1817: 1756:French production of fresh silkworm cocoons. 1662: 1013:, going either to the north or south of the 621:, by Su Hanchen (active 1130s–1160s), 3864:"La Soie, 4000 ans de luxe et de volupté", 3173: 2975: 2973: 2908: 2825:The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith 2035:Del mal del segno, calcinaccio o moscardino 1954:progressed much more rapidly than weaving. 1903:, starting in 1619 under the reign of King 1374: 1288: 1167:inspired two-sided silk cloth, with winged 878:Fundamentals of Agriculture and Sericulture 757:Twig frames for the silkworms are prepared. 211: 4319: 4305: 4090: 4076: 3932:et Madeleine Paul-David, "Tissus d'art", 3928:Anne Kraatz, Marie Risselin-Steenebrugen, 3332: 3111:Justinian and the International Silk Trade 3060:"Catanzaro | Italy | Britannica" 2617: 2283: 1675:. This machinery was further perfected in 346:of a different origin, potentially India. 3488: 3435:Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer 3375: 3373: 3371: 3289:] (in Italian). Calabria Letteraria. 2818: 2684:, Cambridge University Press, 1984 p. 72 2421: 2419: 2417: 2242:In 2024, a group of researchers from the 908:The Silk Road and trade (2nd–8th century) 724:, gives a description of one such motif: 511:province, China, 2nd century BC, Western 374:painting from the Jingmen Tomb (Chinese: 3649:"The scourge of silk and Pasteur's cure" 3477:The Chicago Medical Journal and Examiner 3470: 3083: 2970: 2177: 1918: 1811: 1751: 1611: 1421: 1313: 1186: 1159: 929: 921: 810: 802: 677:) soon constituted one of the principal 612: 594:. Treatises on many subjects, including 468:Silk usage in Ancient and Medieval China 365: 348: 202: 53: 3999:Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1994. 2748: 2746: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2292: 2173: 1591:'s markets, they were also exported to 1353:silkworm eggs to him hidden in rods of 884:, which is of Eurasian origin, and the 316:in peninsular India, dated to 1500 BC. 300:Even though silk spread rapidly across 60:Court Ladies Preparing Newly Woven Silk 4749: 3684: 3439:, Houghton Mifflin Books, 2001 p. 403 3398:Guide Gallimard - Parc naturel LUBERON 3368: 3274: 3197: 3195: 3009: 2932:"Internet History Sourcebooks Project" 2510:. New York: Checkmark Books. pp. 2440: 2414: 2409:Des mûriers dans le jardin du mandarin 2277:Yuxuan Gong, Li Li, and Juzhong Zhang 839:of silk moth for silk production, the 827:Silk was made using various breeds of 651:Silk is described in a chapter of the 4300: 4071: 3671:A. J. H. Latham and Heita Kawakatsu, 3582: 3578: 3576: 3333:Rossi, Cesare; Russo, Flavio (2016). 2495: 2244:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2182:A woman weaving with silk threads in 2020:Decline in the European silk industry 1915:Silk in the modern day (1760–present) 1882:the revocation of the Edict of Nantes 557:greatest discoveries of ancient China 3773: 3747: 2752: 2743: 2583:(in French). clio.fr. Archived from 2528: 2501: 2387: 2233:International Year of Natural Fibres 1491:was focusing all his efforts on the 1369:, using techniques learned from the 361: 17: 3208:, Oxford University Press US, 1998. 3192: 3046:"The Ancient and Noble Art of Silk" 2785:http://www.jstor.org/stable/2123969 2703:"Histoire de la Route de la soie", 1644:Improved silk production technology 1330:, it was not until 552 AD that the 1175:, from the early Islamic period in 13: 4579:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 4470: 4020: 3573: 3117: 2999:(in Italian). Vol. III. UTET. 2848: 2812: 2374:"Textile Exhibition: Introduction" 1872:Silk industries in other countries 1555:for luxury fabrics, the cities of 1322:give the silkworms to the emperor. 1284:. The Greek word gave rise to the 1262:. The Greek word for "silken" was 946:in silk dress, 1st century AD 636:, a length of silk cloth became a 382: 14: 4788: 4050: 3713:. Japan Information Network. 2000 3563:"Jean Baptiste Dumas (1800-1884)" 3437:The Encyclopedia of World History 3142:, Payot, 1956, reedited in 1977, 2796: 2682:Science and Civilisation in China 2641: 2411:, Historia, n°648, December 2000. 1487:In 1147, while Byzantine emperor 1302:, which later developed into the 1250:trees and breed silkworms in the 4731: 4326: 4012:Oxford: Oxford University, 1997. 3879:Entomological Society of America 3646: 2481:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2008.00454.x 2441:Meadow, Richard (January 2009). 2295:Chinese Silk: A Cultural History 2154: 2142: 2126: 1836:In the 18th and 19th centuries, 831:, both wild and domestic. While 786: 774: 762: 750: 738: 485: 476: 198: 22: 4767:History of the textile industry 4255:Silk in the Indian subcontinent 3767: 3741: 3725: 3703: 3678: 3665: 3640: 3615: 3555: 3546: 3522: 3497: 3464: 3449: 3429: 3420: 3401: 3389: 3341: 3326: 3314: 3303: 3268: 3253: 3244: 3211: 3167: 3152: 3126: 3102: 3077: 3052: 3038: 3003: 2988: 2955: 2938: 2924: 2891: 2882: 2842: 2790: 2777: 2727: 2711: 2694: 2674: 2665: 2635: 2599: 2569: 2560: 1528:. Many also chose to settle in 1390:The Arabs, with their widening 1044:Not long after the conquest of 793:The silk is woven using a loom. 4772:History of international trade 3947:The Silk Road in World History 3930:Michèle Pirazzoli-t'Serstevens 3585:"Pasteur and insect pathogens" 2453: 2434: 2366: 2346:Tang, Chi and Miao, Liangyun, 2340: 2315: 2271: 1928:by David Lüders (1759)Moscow, 458:or silk moth, he wrote in his 1: 3797: 2162: 1923: 1712: 1387:appeared in the 5th century. 259: 124:by 300 AD, and by 552 AD the 120:Silk cultivation had reached 4657:Conservation and restoration 3883:CED1: History of Sericulture 3733:Business and Industry Review 3583:Smith, Tracy (August 1999). 1270: 7: 4720:Textile manufacturing terms 3949:. Oxford University Press. 3934:in Encyclopædia Universalis 3876:Ron Cherry, "Sericulture", 3731:Anthony H. Gaddum, "Silk", 3174:Sakellariou, Eleni (2012). 3140:Histoire de l'état byzantin 1901:British colonies in America 1748:The silk industry in France 1608:Importance as a luxury good 1209: 872: 734:Chinese silk making process 718: 653: 523: 499:textile from Tomb No. 1 at 405:tell a story about Empress 144:brought silk production to 10: 4793: 4684:Mathematics and fiber arts 4058:China National Silk Museum 3891:Cambridge: Woodhead, 1999. 3737:In Encyclopædia Britannica 2899: 2874:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 2506:The Atlas of World Geology 2428:"Soie'" (§2. Historique), 1616:A mature mulberry tree in 1587:were not only sold at the 1276: 1264: 1226:who would exchange it for 911: 638:monetary standard in China 582:, who died around 168, in 239:, dated to about 4000 BC. 4777:History of Asian clothing 4728: 4702: 4644: 4534: 4481: 4468: 4334: 4273: 4265:Silk industry of Cheshire 4247: 4151: 4105: 3748:Zewe, Adam (7 May 2024). 3685:Reilly, Benjamin (2009). 3589:Nature Structural Biology 2293:Vainker, Shelagh (2004). 1938:The Industrial Revolution 1926:Maria Ivanovna Tatischeva 671: 376: 310:Indus Valley civilisation 4097: 3870:, n°648, décembre 2000. 3855:Encyclopædia Universalis 2984:Encyclopædia Universalis 2950:Encyclopædia Universalis 2787:. Accessed 21 Oct. 2022. 2706:Encyclopædia Universalis 2644:"A History of Silk Maps" 2299:Rutgers University Press 2265: 1349:, and they were able to 1326:According to a story by 1144:and other fine fabrics, 1098:Arab and Persian traders 892:, the existence of silk 769:The cocoons are weighed. 250:site at Qianshanyang in 212:First appearance of silk 148:, in particular to many 3897:Encyclopædia Britannica 3811:Histoire des techniques 3628:Methods in Microbiology 3510:Methods in Microbiology 3471:Bartlett, John (1877). 3459:Histoire des techniques 3275:Rubino, Angela (2006). 3263:Histoire des Techniques 3239:Histoire des Techniques 3221:Histoire des Techniques 3162:Histoire des techniques 2965:Histoire des Techniques 2630:Histoire des techniques 2327:www.chinasilkmuseum.com 2109:, and the synthesis of 1930:State Tretyakov Gallery 1850:La Bastide-des-Jourdans 1679:between 1270 and 1280. 1657:'s 1221 dictionary and 1307: 1298: 1181:National Museum of Iran 72:Emperor Huizong of Song 4475: 4260:Silk industry in China 3386:, n°648, December 2000 2909: 2801:. www.megalithic.co.uk 2753:Wood, Francis (2002). 2724:, n°648 December 2000. 2502:Bahn, Paul G. (2000). 2187: 1934: 1854: 1833: 1818: 1757: 1663: 1621: 1517:sack of Constantinople 1427: 1375: 1323: 1289: 1200: 1184: 1089: 947: 927: 824: 808: 731: 666: 625: 394: 358: 297:conquered the empire. 208: 75: 4559:Australian Aboriginal 4489:Clothing and textiles 4474: 3913:Hill, John E. (2009) 3109:Heleanor B. Feltham: 3012:Dumbarton Oaks Papers 2543:"The History of Silk" 2360:Encyclopedia of China 2181: 1979:Joseph-Marie Jacquard 1944:Industrial Revolution 1922: 1815: 1796:a year. It was under 1755: 1693:Cathedral of Chartres 1650:Industrial Revolution 1615: 1425: 1317: 1293:, and ultimately the 1190: 1163: 1152:, as well as slaves. 1071: 933: 925: 912:Further information: 890:Jin dynasty (266–420) 814: 806: 726: 661: 616: 369: 352: 206: 169:Industrial Revolution 115:Tang dynasty of China 74:, early 12th century. 57: 4694:Units of measurement 3968:Sakellariou, Eleni, 3905:Encyclopédie Encarta 2430:Encyclopédie Encarta 2174:Silk in modern times 1975:Jacques de Vaucanson 1669:Tradesman's Handbook 1595:, France, Spain and 1367:Eastern Roman Empire 918:Sino-Roman relations 867:that dates to 1313. 323:, discovered in the 289:court and its king, 4738:Clothing portal 4535:Regional and ethnic 4509:Indian subcontinent 4286:Tenun Pahang Diraja 3813:, Gallimard, coll. 3782:. The Seattle Times 3426:Thirsk (1997), 120. 3350:Georges Duby (ed), 3136:Georges Ostrogorsky 3086:La seta. E oltre... 2797:Hogan, C. Michael. 2648:TravelLady Magazine 2301:. pp. 20, 17. 2051:Jean-Baptiste Dumas 2045:Beauvaria bassiana. 1816:A picture from the 1252:Mediterranean basin 963:dating to 1070 BC. 959:, in the tomb of a 953:Valley of the Kings 681:of Chinese script. 535:musical instruments 430:classical antiquity 321:Siberian Ice Maiden 295:Alexander the Great 263: 1600–1046 BC 4667:wearable fiber art 4476: 3534:www.britannica.com 3414:2017-10-23 at the 3064:www.britannica.com 2671:Liu (2010), p. 12. 2611:Naturalis Historia 2353:2007-11-23 at the 2188: 2089:Starting from the 2040:Beauveria bassiana 1935: 1905:James I of England 1834: 1758: 1622: 1501:Roger II of Sicily 1428: 1324: 1318:The monks sent by 1244:Hellenistic Greece 1201: 1185: 1080:Seneca the Younger 948: 928: 898:four-shafted looms 825: 809: 626: 403:Chinese traditions 395: 359: 209: 128:managed to obtain 78:The production of 76: 4744: 4743: 4294: 4293: 4042:978-0-87099-825-6 3991:Métiers agricoles 3963:978-0-19-533810-2 3955:978-0-19-516174-8 3923:978-1-4392-2134-1 3828: 3825:978-2-07-010881-7 3780:The Seattle Times 3774:Carefoot, Helen. 3696:978-0-7864-3655-2 3250:Ronan (1994), 68, 2888:Cook (1999), 144. 2855:Stowaway Magazine 2835:978-1-932476-13-2 2770:978-0-520-24340-8 2521:978-0-8160-4051-3 2308:978-0-8135-3446-6 2113:was used to make 2105:(aniline purple) 2101:was used to make 1942:The start of the 1673:doubling machines 1664:Livre des métiers 1589:Kingdom of Naples 1574:In 1519, Emperor 1489:Manuel I Komnenos 1220:Hellenistic world 992:Battle of Carrhae 873:Nung Sang Chi Yao 640:, in addition to 415:Chinese mythology 362:Myths and legends 140:silk market. The 52: 51: 4784: 4736: 4735: 4452:Textile printing 4321: 4314: 4307: 4298: 4297: 4209:Murshidabad silk 4092: 4085: 4078: 4069: 4068: 4046: 4002: 3978:978-900-422-4063 3939: 3910: 3873: 3861: 3848: 3831: 3818: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3745: 3739: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3682: 3676: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3659: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3636: 3635: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3580: 3571: 3570: 3559: 3553: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3541: 3540: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3518: 3517: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3468: 3462: 3457: 3453: 3447: 3433: 3427: 3424: 3418: 3405: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3377: 3366: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3330: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3312: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3272: 3266: 3261: 3257: 3251: 3248: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3209: 3199: 3190: 3189: 3185:978-900-422-4063 3171: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3150: 3134: 3130: 3124: 3121: 3115: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2992: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2953: 2946: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2928: 2922: 2912: 2902: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2873: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2820:Whitfield, Susan 2816: 2810: 2809: 2807: 2806: 2794: 2788: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2750: 2741: 2734:Seneca the Elder 2731: 2725: 2719: 2715: 2709: 2702: 2698: 2692: 2678: 2672: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2660: 2659: 2650:. Archived from 2642:Plous, Estelle. 2639: 2633: 2628: 2624: 2615: 2603: 2597: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2577:Jean-Noël Robert 2573: 2567: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2554: 2539: 2526: 2525: 2509: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2466: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2438: 2432: 2427: 2423: 2412: 2406: 2402: 2385: 2384: 2382: 2381: 2370: 2364: 2344: 2338: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2290: 2281: 2275: 2208:Second World War 2167: 2164: 2158: 2146: 2130: 1859: 1823: 1717: 1714: 1666: 1655:Jean de Garlande 1626:high Middle Ages 1534:popes of Avignon 1378: 1359:Byzantine Empire 1310: 1301: 1292: 1279: 1278: 1273: 1267: 1266: 1214: 1087: 1002:that they fled. 875: 842:Bombyx mandarina 790: 778: 766: 754: 742: 723: 676: 675: 658: 655:Fan Shengzhi shu 528: 489: 480: 434:Seneca the Elder 385: 379: 378: 264: 261: 252:Huzhou, Zhejiang 248:Liangzhu culture 126:Byzantine Empire 91:Yangshao culture 47: 44: 38: 26: 25: 18: 4792: 4791: 4787: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4782: 4781: 4762:Silk production 4747: 4746: 4745: 4740: 4730: 4724: 4698: 4640: 4530: 4477: 4466: 4330: 4325: 4295: 4290: 4269: 4243: 4147: 4113:History of silk 4101: 4096: 4053: 4043: 4023: 4021:Further reading 4000: 3972:, Brill, 2012. 3937: 3908: 3871: 3859: 3846: 3829: 3800: 3795: 3785: 3783: 3772: 3768: 3758: 3756: 3746: 3742: 3730: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3697: 3683: 3679: 3670: 3666: 3657: 3655: 3645: 3641: 3633: 3631: 3620: 3616: 3581: 3574: 3567:Pasteur Brewing 3561: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3547: 3538: 3536: 3528: 3527: 3523: 3515: 3513: 3502: 3498: 3469: 3465: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3416:Wayback Machine 3406: 3402: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3379: 3378: 3369: 3347: 3346: 3342: 3331: 3327: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3308: 3304: 3297: 3273: 3269: 3259: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3245: 3235: 3234: 3227: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3200: 3193: 3186: 3172: 3168: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3107: 3103: 3096: 3082: 3078: 3068: 3066: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3024:10.2307/3591386 3008: 3004: 2997:Storia d'Italia 2993: 2989: 2979: 2978: 2971: 2961: 2960: 2956: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2930: 2929: 2925: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2867: 2866: 2859: 2857: 2851:"The Silk Road" 2849:Helzer, Sarah. 2847: 2843: 2836: 2817: 2813: 2804: 2802: 2795: 2791: 2782: 2778: 2771: 2751: 2744: 2732: 2728: 2717: 2716: 2712: 2700: 2699: 2695: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2657: 2655: 2640: 2636: 2626: 2625: 2618: 2606:Pliny the Elder 2604: 2600: 2590: 2588: 2587:on May 22, 2007 2574: 2570: 2565: 2561: 2552: 2550: 2541: 2540: 2529: 2522: 2500: 2496: 2464: 2458: 2454: 2439: 2435: 2425: 2424: 2415: 2407:Charles Meyer, 2404: 2403: 2388: 2379: 2377: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2355:Wayback Machine 2345: 2341: 2331: 2329: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2309: 2291: 2284: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2176: 2169: 2165: 2159: 2150: 2147: 2138: 2131: 2091:Long Depression 2071:Nosema bombycis 2022: 1940: 1932: 1917: 1894:British climate 1874: 1866:domestic system 1852:are two of the 1750: 1715: 1659:Étienne Boileau 1646: 1610: 1605: 1532:to furnish the 1435:Reggio Calabria 1158: 1088: 1078: 1019:Pamir Mountains 920: 910: 801: 794: 791: 782: 779: 770: 767: 758: 755: 746: 743: 729:chrysanthemums. 555:was one of the 518: 517: 516: 515: 492: 491: 490: 482: 481: 470: 461:Natural History 452:Pliny the Elder 364: 325:Pazyryk burials 262: 237:Yuyao, Zhejiang 214: 201: 103:silk production 48: 42: 39: 36: 27: 23: 12: 11: 5: 4790: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4742: 4741: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4706: 4704: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4670: 4669: 4659: 4654: 4648: 4646: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4627: 4626: 4621: 4613: 4612: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4576: 4571: 4570: 4569: 4561: 4556: 4555: 4554: 4549: 4538: 4536: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4496: 4491: 4485: 4483: 4482:History of ... 4479: 4478: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4338: 4336: 4332: 4331: 4324: 4323: 4316: 4309: 4301: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4288: 4283: 4277: 4275: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4174:Byzantine silk 4171: 4166: 4161: 4155: 4153: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4109: 4107: 4103: 4102: 4095: 4094: 4087: 4080: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4060: 4052: 4051:External links 4049: 4048: 4047: 4041: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4017: 4013: 4003: 3995:Ronan, Colin. 3993: 3987: 3980: 3966: 3940: 3926: 3911: 3900: 3892: 3887:Cook, Robert. 3885: 3874: 3862: 3849: 3832: 3807:Bertrand Gille 3802:Main sources: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3793: 3766: 3740: 3724: 3702: 3695: 3677: 3664: 3639: 3614: 3595:(8): 720–720. 3572: 3554: 3545: 3521: 3496: 3483:(2): 108–121. 3463: 3448: 3428: 3419: 3400: 3388: 3367: 3340: 3325: 3313: 3302: 3295: 3267: 3252: 3243: 3225: 3210: 3191: 3184: 3166: 3151: 3125: 3116: 3101: 3094: 3076: 3051: 3048:. 14 May 2015. 3037: 3002: 2987: 2969: 2954: 2937: 2923: 2890: 2881: 2841: 2834: 2811: 2789: 2776: 2769: 2742: 2726: 2710: 2693: 2673: 2664: 2634: 2616: 2598: 2568: 2559: 2527: 2520: 2494: 2475:(3): 457–466. 2452: 2433: 2413: 2386: 2365: 2339: 2314: 2307: 2282: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2237:natural fibres 2175: 2172: 2171: 2170: 2160: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2141: 2139: 2132: 2125: 2027:Agostino Bassi 2021: 2018: 1939: 1936: 1916: 1913: 1876:England under 1873: 1870: 1749: 1746: 1687:is a panel of 1685:spinning wheel 1645: 1642: 1632:in Greece and 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1526:Constantinople 1521:Fourth Crusade 1493:Second Crusade 1404:Southern Italy 1304:Middle English 1157: 1154: 1130:bubonic plague 1076: 909: 906: 861:spinning wheel 800: 797: 796: 795: 792: 785: 783: 780: 773: 771: 768: 761: 759: 756: 749: 747: 744: 737: 735: 494: 493: 484: 483: 475: 474: 473: 472: 471: 469: 466: 411:Yellow Emperor 383:Jīngmén chǔ mù 363: 360: 233:Hemudu culture 213: 210: 200: 197: 158:spinning wheel 146:Western Europe 82:originated in 50: 49: 30: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4789: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4739: 4734: 4727: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4701: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4679:Manufacturing 4677: 4675: 4672: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4643: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4480: 4473: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4407:Passementerie 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 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2952: 2951: 2941: 2933: 2927: 2920: 2917:(43.24), and 2916: 2911: 2910:De saltatione 2906: 2894: 2885: 2877: 2871: 2856: 2852: 2845: 2837: 2831: 2827: 2826: 2821: 2815: 2800: 2793: 2786: 2780: 2772: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2757: 2749: 2747: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2723: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2697: 2691: 2690:0-521-25076-5 2687: 2683: 2677: 2668: 2654:on 2007-09-28 2653: 2649: 2645: 2638: 2631: 2623: 2621: 2613: 2612: 2607: 2602: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2572: 2563: 2549:on 2007-09-29 2548: 2544: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2523: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2507: 2498: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2463: 2456: 2448: 2444: 2437: 2431: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2410: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2375: 2369: 2362: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2349: 2343: 2328: 2324: 2318: 2310: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2289: 2287: 2280: 2274: 2270: 2263: 2260: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2226: 2221: 2218: 2217:protectionist 2213: 2209: 2204: 2202: 2201:raw materials 2198: 2193: 2185: 2180: 2157: 2152: 2145: 2140: 2136: 2135:Jacquard loom 2129: 2124: 2123: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2068: 2067:microsporidia 2064: 2060: 2056: 2055:Louis Pasteur 2052: 2047: 2046: 2042: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2017: 2015: 2014:Marshal Soult 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1992: 1991:mass-produced 1988: 1984: 1983:Jacquard loom 1980: 1976: 1972: 1969:and Falcon's 1968: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1948:Great Britain 1945: 1931: 1927: 1921: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1857: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1821: 1814: 1810: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1790:trade deficit 1787: 1782: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1754: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1695:, alongside 1694: 1690: 1689:stained glass 1686: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1619: 1614: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 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848: 844: 843: 838: 834: 830: 829:lepidopterans 822: 818: 813: 805: 789: 784: 777: 772: 765: 760: 753: 748: 741: 736: 733: 732: 730: 725: 722: 721: 715: 711: 707: 703: 702:handkerchiefs 699: 695: 691: 687: 682: 680: 674: 665: 660: 657: 656: 649: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 624: 620: 615: 611: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 549:(1644–1911). 548: 544: 540: 536: 530: 527: 526: 514: 510: 506: 502: 501:Mawangdui Han 498: 488: 479: 465: 463: 462: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 440: 435: 431: 425: 423: 418: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 393: 389: 384: 373: 368: 356: 351: 347: 345: 341: 337: 334:, with white 333: 330: 326: 322: 317: 315: 311: 307: 303: 298: 296: 292: 288: 283: 282:Old Testament 279: 275: 271: 266: 257: 256:Shang dynasty 253: 249: 245: 240: 238: 234: 230: 229: 224: 220: 205: 199:Early history 196: 194: 190: 184: 182: 178: 177:Jacquard loom 174: 170: 165: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 118: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 85: 81: 73: 69: 68:silk painting 66: 62: 61: 56: 46: 34: 29: 20: 19: 16: 4715:Sewing terms 4710:Dyeing terms 4498: 4335:Fundamentals 4328:Textile arts 4184:Chinese silk 4179:Burmese silk 4112: 4032: 4029: 4009: 4006:Thirsk, Joan 3996: 3969: 3946: 3933: 3914: 3903: 3895: 3888: 3877: 3865: 3852: 3836:Encyclopédie 3810: 3801: 3784:. 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