History of Michigan

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England) to supervise operations. Michigan remained a frontier society up until around the time of the Civil War. Michigan pioneers were overwhelmingly of New England origins, including New England transplants from upstate New York. The amount with which the New England Yankee population predominated made Michigan unique among frontier states in the antebellum period. Due to this heritage Michigan was on the forefront of the antislavery crusade and reforms during the 1840s and 1850s. Another result of this cultural influence was the strength of the Republican Party in Michigan. Long considered a "Yankee" party, Michigan would remain heavily Republican from the Civil War until the 1960s. The state's leadership in public education is also directly attributable to the New England influence. Towns such as Vermontville, Bangor, Hartford, Rochester, Utica, and Palmyra Michigan were all named after towns in New England where the founders of those towns were from. The Congregational Church also was very strong in Michigan from most of Michigan's history, due to the New England origins of the state. New Englanders and New England transplants from Upstate New York also filled the overwhelming majority of leadership roles in Michigan's early legislatures.

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as well. The Detroit Federation of Women's Clubs (DFWC) promoted a very wide range of activities for civic minded middle-class women who conformed to traditional gender roles. The Federation argued that safety and health issues were of greatest concern to mothers and could only be solved by improving municipal conditions outside the home. The Federation pressured Detroit officials to upgrade schools, water supplies and sanitation facilities, and to require safe food handling, and traffic safety. However, the membership was divided on going beyond these issues or collaborating with ethnic or groups or labor unions; it refused to stretch traditional gender boundaries, giving it a conservative reputation. It was during this period that women began to make advancements in economic, political and social equality.

401:. Rumor also has it that a group of Piscataway (an Algonquian tribe from Maryland) called the Conoy migrated into West Virginia & were noted as living around modern-day Detroit by 1819. If true, they most likely merged with the Odawa. During the War of 1812, tribes who sided against the United States were punished by seizure of land. With the Indian Removal Act (best known for causing the Trail of Tears in the south) of the 1830s, many natives were pushed away from Ohio & Michigan, many choosing to return to Canada. Despite this, many native tribesmen were able to remain, if they forwent their tribal allegiances & became American citizens. It was the later laws of 50 years later, outlawing Native American culture to control other tribes of the west, which permanently destroyed this heritage. 780: 707:. Due to the prevalence of New Englanders and New England transplants from upstate New York, Michigan was very culturally contiguous with early New England culture for much of its early history. The Yankee migration to Michigan was a result of several factors, one of which was the overpopulation of New England. The old stock Yankee population had large families, often bearing up to ten children in one household. Most people were expected to have their own piece of land to farm, and due to the massive and nonstop population boom, land in New England became scarce as every son claimed his own farmstead. As a result, there was not enough land for every family to have a self-sustaining farm, and Yankee settlers began leaving New England for the 659: 422:), or Greater Anishinaabe Land. Since Anishinaabe was a collective term for the Ojibwe, Odawa & Potowatomi/ Nishnabe, who formed a governed confederacy known as the Three Council Fires, most of the Algonquian peoples around Lake Superior referred to their lands as 'something Anishinaabaki.' This most likely confused the French, who chose to simply translate the 'Mishi' part as "Superior." Although the Anishinaabeg (plural) did not have a true, organized government (they would usually elect temporary leaders called Ogidamoo in the moment ), the sacred site of their council fire, where they would conduct important political business, was known as 369:, which was probably home to a mixture of Algonquian & Siouan peoples before. Their southern border seems to very clearly be the Maumee River of Ohio & their territory extended around Lake Michigan into Indiana. During the Beaver Wars, the Iroquois of New York pushed other tribes in league with the French hard against Lake Huron, therefore several tribes migrated into Michigan & declared war on the Mascouten & Miami. The most likely identity for these tribes were the Erie, Chonnonton & Anishinaabeg. The Iroquoian tribes quickly continued on into northern & eastern Ohio & the Anishinaabeg groups seem to have formed the 769: 651: 1158: 841:, later nicknamed the GOP. First established in Jackson and other cities in 1854, it gathered together anti-slavery elements from the Whig, Know-Nothing and Democratic parties, and was a majority in Michigan by the end of the decade. The Democrats had always used equalitarianism as a way to attack the rich elitist Whigs. Now the Republicans turned the tables by charging that Michigan's Democrats were in bed with the South's "slave power aristocrats." The Republicans encouraged the moralistic spirit of the pietists by turning it against slavery and the liquor traffic. 485: 540: 1114: 920:; an income tax; primary elections; the referendum, the abolition of child labor, and compulsory arbitration of labor disputes. Opposition from Democrats and business-oriented Republicans blocked most of his proposals. Pingree expressed the Progressive fear of corporate power, saying, "I do not condemn corporations and rich men," he said, "but I would keep them within their proper spheres. It is not safe to entrust the government of the country to the influence of Wall Street." 405: 394:—both deriving from tribal & subtribal names of the Anishinaabeg. The French migrated west, settling the colony of Illinois around 1680, which claimed all the land between the Great Lakes, Ohio River, Mississippi River & Appalachian mountains. Together with their native allies, they chased the Iroquois out of the region by 1701, forcing them to sign a treaty recognizing the Niagara River & the Ohio-Pennsylvania borders as the ends of their lands. 4264: 1291: 88: 27: 711:. This resulted in Michigan's population expanding rapidly in the 1820s. The Erie Canal caused such an upsurge in immigration from New England that by 1837 "it seemed as if all New England were coming" according to one pioneer. New England families considered it a route to the "promised land". As a result of this heritage, the New England element of Michigan's population would remain culturally and politically dominant for a long time. 280: 997:

throughout the city. Ethnic immigrant enclaves rapidly developed where churches, groceries, clubs and businesses supported unique communities. The WPA guide to the city in 1939 noted that there were students speaking more than 35 languages in the public schools. Ethnic festivals were a regular part of the city's culture. At the same time, fear of Catholics was strong, and fueled the nativism of the second

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Michigan, which translates to "Big Cat" in their language. This is most likely supposed to be a reference to the Iroquoian water deity known as 'Blue Panther', or, more accurately, "Cat which Stalks Below." They defeated the Sauk & Fox, who migrated west and took refuge among the Ojibwe & Menominee. This caused other wars between Algonquian & Siouan peoples within the following decades.

1059:, who was mayor of Detroit 1919–22, and a powerful US Senator, 1922–36. The critical change took place in 1918 when the voters 1918 changed the Common Council from a 42-man body elected on a partisan basis from 21 wards, to a nine-man unit, elected on a non-partisan basis from the city at-large. The ethnics (especially the Germans) and the Democrats lost their political base. 984:

Including: Reeves, Jaxon, Jackson, CarterCar, Orlo, Whiting, Butcher and Gage, Buick, Janney, Globe, Steel Swallow, C.V.I., Imperial, Ames-Dean, Cutting, Standard Electric, Duck, Briscoe, Argo, Hollier, Hackett, Marion-Handly, Gem, Earl, Wolverine, and Kaiser-Darrin. Today the auto industry remains one of the largest employers of skilled machine operators in

1137:(UAW). Strikers occupied several General Motors plants for more than forty days, and repelled (in nonviolent fashion) the efforts of the state courts, local police and National Guard to remove them. GM signed a contract that legitimized the UAW, and its membership in the next year grew from 30,000 to 500,000 members. 822:. Nativism flared up briefly when the Democrats proposed to allow recent immigrants to vote before they became citizens, and the Whigs opposed. Fifteen of Michigan's first eighteen governors were of Yankee origins, either being from New England or being born in upstate New York to parents who were from New England. 1255: 677:. After the war, the government built forts in some of the northwest territory, such as at Sault Ste. Marie. In the 1820s, the U.S. government assigned Indian agents to work with the tribes, including arranging land cessions and relocation. They forced most of the Native Americans to relocate from Michigan to 983:

was home to one of the first car industry developments. Even before Detroit began building cars on assembly lines, Jackson was busy making parts for cars and putting them together in 1901. By 1910, the auto industry became Jackson's main industry. Over twenty different cars were once made in Jackson.

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Toward the end of the century, the state government established a state school system on the German model, with public schools, high schools, normal schools or colleges for training teachers of lower grades, and colleges for classical academic studies and professors. It dedicated more funds to public

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Agriculture remained the main economic activity before 1860. During the early 1840s, large deposits of copper and iron ores were discovered on the Upper Peninsula. Michigan became the leading U.S. source of these ores by the end of the century, thanks to the influx of experienced Cornish miners (from

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and lasted three years. Eight British forts were taken; others, including Fort Detroit and Fort Pitt, were held by the British garrisons. Though Pontiac's rebellion was ultimately unsuccessful, his actions would influence future indigenous resistance to European colonization in the Great Lakes Basin.

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on June 10, 1919, becoming one of the first states to do so. It was not long after that they began to serve within the government. Eva McCall Hamilton was elected for the senate in 1920, and Cora Reynolds Anderson, a member of the Chippewa Tribe, was the first elected to the House of Representatives

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Most young women took jobs before marriage, then quit. Before the growth of high schools after 1900, most women left school after the 8th grade at about age 15. Ciani (2005) shows that type of work they did reflected their ethnicity and marital status. African American mothers often chose day labor,

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caused economic recession in the United States and greatly affected the Michigan economy. Afterward, automobile companies in the United States faced greater multinational competition, especially from Japan. As a consequence, domestic auto makers enacted cost-cutting measures to remain competitive at

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A representative politician was George E. Ellis, mayor of Grand Rapids (1906–16). He is remembered as the most dynamic and innovative mayor in the city's history, as well as a powerful political boss who built a coalition of working-class ethnic voters, combined with middle-class reform elements. He

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sending thousands of volunteers. The First Michigan Infantry Regiment was formed from militia from cities including Adrian, Ann Arbor, Burr Oak, Coldwater, Detroit, Jackson, Manchester, Marshall and Ypsilanti. A study of the cities of Grand Rapids and Niles shows an overwhelming surge of nationalism

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During the early 1900s and across the state middle class homemakers shaped numerous new and expanded charitable and professional associations, and promoted mothers' pensions, and expanded forms of social welfare. Many of the Protestant homemakers were active in the temperance and suffrage movements

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In 1844 Michigan passed "An Act to Define and Protect the Rights of Married Women," which allowed women to retain property that brought to a marriage instead of it automatically transferring to their husbands and allowing them to retain anything they received as a gift or inheritance while married.

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stabilized government and household finances in the 1980s. Increasing competition by Japanese and South Korean auto companies continues to challenge the state economy, which depends heavily on the automobile industry. Since the late 1980s, the Michigan government has actively sought to attract new

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reserves in the state lay deep underground. With the discovery of copper finds in other states located in less deep rock layers, local mining fell sharply and most miners left the region or resigned themselves to short hours and long unemployment. After decades of GOP dominance, the Democrats came

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dominated politics before the Civil War. It comprised numerous competing factions, including the federal officeholders who tried to control party affairs, local political organizations with their state legislators and postmasters who managed affairs locally; young anti-slavery activists, typically

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The entry of the United States into World War II in 1941 the same year ended the economic contraction in Michigan. Wartime required the large-scale production of weapons and military vehicles, leading to a massive number of new jobs being filled. After the end of the war, both the automotive and

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have been vital in the history of the population and trade of rough and finished goods in the state of Michigan. While some coastal settlements had previously existed supplied by sailing ships and steamers on the Great Lakes, the population, commercial, and industrial growth of the state further

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The minority Whig party relied on conservative merchants, bankers and prosperous farmers, and especially on pietistic, moralistic Protestants from evangelical churches. Nationally, the Whig party collapsed in the 1850s as compromise proved impossible between the anti-slavery Northerners, and the

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Afterwards, the Iroquois defeated the other Iroquoian tribes of northern Ohio—the Chonnonton, Erie & Petun—and continued into southern Michigan by the 1660s. With the Iroquoians having conquered the southern peninsula for themselves, the other Algonquians began to refer to the nearby lake as

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With the expansion of industry, hundreds of thousands of migrants from the South and immigrants from eastern and southern Europe were attracted to Detroit. In a short time, it became the fourth largest city in the country – housing shortages persisted for years even as new housing was developed

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from the South to industrial jobs in Michigan especially in Detroit. Migration of white southerners from Appalachia to the city increased the volatility of change. Population increases continued with industrial expansion during World War II and afterward. African Americans contributed to a new

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programs for the unemployed, built new schools, parks, and public baths, and set aside plots of vacant city land for workers to plant their own vegetable gardens. As the Republican governor, he promoted higher railroad taxes to pay for his reforms. After Pingree left Detroit in 1897, the local

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in 1825 connected the Great Lakes with the Hudson River and New York City, and brought large numbers of people to Michigan and provided an inexpensive way to ship crops to market. In 1835 the people approved the Constitution of 1835, thereby forming a state government, although Congressional

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traveled through Michigan in 1618 searching for a route to China. Soon the French laid claim to the land and began to trade with the local natives for furs. Men called "voyageurs" would travel the rivers by canoe trading various goods for furs that would bring a high price back in Europe.

961:, Detroit became the world capital of the auto industry. General Motors was formed a few years later as William Durant along with Alfred Sloan purchased Oldsmobile, Cadillac, Oakland and other car companies. They soon moved their headquarters from Flint, Michigan to Detroit, Michigan. 1037:

of Detroit (1889–1896), who brought progressivism to the governor's mansion with his election in 1896. Pingree was elected mayor in 1889 by promising to expose and end corruption in city paving contracts, sewer contracts, and the school board. He fought privately owned utility

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in 1861, whipping up enthusiasm for the war in all segments of society, and all political, religious, ethnic, and occupational groups. However, by 1862 the casualties were mounting and the war was increasingly focused on freeing the slaves in addition to preserving the Union.

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Throughout the 1970s, Michigan possessed the highest unemployment rate of any U.S. state. Large spending cuts to education and public health were repeatedly made in an attempt to reduce growing state budget deficits. A strengthening of the auto industry and an increase in

1029:, of schools, jails, water and sewer systems. She identified and found solutions for air pollution. Crane had a sharp eye for inefficiency, waste, and mismanagement, and was always ready to point out improvements and explain what the best practices were in the nation. 1224:

that burned out the inner city, caused tens of millions of dollars in damages, and resulted in 43 deaths with the U.S. Army being called in to stop it. The violence then spread to several other Michigan cities and was the trigger for a mass migration to the suburbs.

323:, meaning "knowledge written in stone," date to between 300 and 1,500 years before European settlement. These glyphs were created by Anishnaabe people to pass down traditional knowledge, medicine, and history. An Indian trail was built around 600 BCE connecting 813:

who opposed taxes and government spending; Catholics, Episcopalians and liturgical Germans annoyed at the moralistic pietists; and residents in the newer western districts who resented the elitism and power of Detroiters. The outstanding Democratic leader was

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Later, the Anishinaabeg tribes north of Lake Superior (who were already allied with the Huron) migrated down to the Lake Erie region, claiming some land in southern Michigan. In the U.S., they were known as the Odawa, & in Canada they were known as the

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was the largest federal agency. It hired more than 500,000 unemployed people (80% men) in Michigan alone to construct major public works such as roads, public buildings, and sewer systems—it was a larger labor force that the state's entire auto industry.

476:. Up until this time, French activities in the region were limited to hunting, trapping, trading with and the conversion of local Indians, and some limited subsistence farming. By 1760, the Michigan countryside had only a few hundred white inhabitants. 377:

tribes by the time of the oldest surviving maps of the region, 1641. Either this, or the Sauk & Fox were chased into the region after defeats further east. Due to the Beaver Wars, the Mascouten migrated down to settle around the Wabash River.

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perhaps as early as 11,000 B.C.E. One early technology they developed was the use of native copper, which they would fashion into tools and other implements with "hammer stones". The first Europeans to arrive in Michigan were the French. Explorer

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in 1783, and Michigan passed into the control of the newly formed United States of America. The states of New York, Virginia, Massachusetts then Connecticut ceded their territorial rights over the land. In 1787, the region became part of the

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birch bark scrolls, the ancestors of today's Ojibwe, Odawa, Bodewadami, Mascouten, and Miami peoples undertook a Great Migration from the mouth of the St. Lawrence River to the Upper Great Lakes some time before European arrival. These

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took control of the UAW, and soon led major strikes in 1946. He ousted the Communists from the positions of power, especially at the Ford local 600. He was one of the most articulate and energetic leaders of the CIO, and of the merged

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caused severe economic hardship in Michigan. Thousands of auto industry workers were dismissed along with other workers from several sectors of the state economy. The financial suffering was aggravated by the fact that remaining

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was also founded nearby in Detroit. In 1904 William Durant of the Flint, Michigan Durant Coach Works, a maker of horse carriages, set his sights on Buick Motor Cars which he soon acquired. With the mass production of the

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Paleo-Indians have lived in Michigan for about 12,000 years. Clovis artifacts have been found across Michigan. At the end of the Paleo-Indian period and the beginning of the archaic period caribou hunting occurred on the

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early on, giving them a strategic advantage and encouraging native revolt against the United States. American troops retook Detroit in 1813 and Fort Mackinac was returned to the Americans at the end of the war in 1815.

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education than did any other state in the nation. Within a few years, it established four-year curricula at its normal colleges for teachers, and was the first state to establish a full college program for them.

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Given the fact that they are culturally related & the Mascouten disappear from maps of the region around the same time that the new name appears, they may have later become known as the Wea, or Wabash tribe.

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which led to the end of hostilities and treaties recognizing federal government sovereignty. The British, however, continued to occupy Detroit and other fortifications. Under terms negotiated in the 1794

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expanded the United States' boundaries to include nearly all land east of the Mississippi River and south of Canada. Michigan was then part of the "Old Northwest". From 1787 to 1800, it was part of the

616:, Britain withdrew from Detroit and Michilimackinac in 1796. Questions remained over the boundary for many years, and the United States did not have uncontested control of the Upper Peninsula and 1005:, a German-American Protestant minister trained at Yale Divinity School became nationally famous as a Detroit minister who attacked the KKK, which was strong among white Protestants in the city. 253:

connecting the Upper and Lower Peninsulas was completed and opened in 1957. By the 1960s, racial tensions produced unrest through the nation, and Detroit experienced a dramatic instance with the

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Democratic ward leaders rebuilt their machine, using an ethnic base. This changed after 1910 as the old-stock Yankee Protestant business leaders, especially from the automobile industry, led a

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During his four-year term, he promoted the regulation of railroad rates, equal taxation, and municipal ownership of public utilities. He also supported the direct election of U.S. senators; an

568:, the local European population, who were primarily American colonists that supported independence, rebelled against Britain. The British, with the help of local tribes, used their garrison at 787:, published in 1842, showing such county names as "Negwegon County," "Okkuddo County," and "Unwattin County," prior to an 1843 legislative action renaming sixteen counties in northern Michigan 257:

in 1967. By the 1980s, the state saw a decline in automobile sales and unemployment climbed. Michigan continues to diversify its economy away from its dependence on the automobile industry.

818:(1782–1866), who held numerous high offices and was the Democratic party's losing candidate for president in 1848. Cass was best known for his moderation and support for democracy through 300:

in the Western Upper Peninsula starting around 5000 BCE where copper knives and projectile points have been found. Other archaic sights include possible fishing grounds in the vicinity of

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called the war a failure, and it became more and more a partisan Republican effort. Michigan voters remained evenly split between the parties in the presidential election of 1864.

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and restructuring cost many jobs. The economy suffered and the city postponed needed changes. Neglect of social problems and urban decline fed racial conflicts. In 1967 there was

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In the meantime, other tribes which had settled in Ohio were continuously pushed west by new settlers. Some settled in southern Michigan, however these were mostly the Iroquoian

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Over the 1810s, the indigenous Ojibwa, Ottawa, and Potawatomi tribes increasingly decided to oppose white settlement and sided with the British against the U.S. government.

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was created, and most of the current state Michigan lay within it, with only the easternmost parts of the state remaining in the Northwest Territory. In 1802, when Ohio was

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broadened the base of political participation, and was on the left or liberal side of the political spectrum. Somewhat more conservative, and much better known, was Mayor

5571: 1173: 1025:. She was nonpolitical, but scientific in her methods, and energetic in her approach. She made 60 surveys and studies in 14 states that dealt with housing conditions in 3361: 430:. The Mascouten are supposedly so named for calling their original homeland of southern Michigan "Maskoutenich," or "The Treeless Land," for the Erie Plains region. 249:

of the 1930s affected Michigan more severely than many other places because of its industrial base. However, the state recovered in the post World War II years. The

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around 7000 BCE when lake levels were much lower. V shaped boulder hunting blinds and driving lanes have been found. The archaic period in Michigan includes the

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Michigan as a Province, Territory and State: Michigan as a Territory, from Its Incorporation as Part of the Northwest Territory to Its Organization as a State

4369: 3291: 2104: 1595: 4749: 1085:. Washington spent heavily on relief, recovery, and reform, relieved cities of the burden of relief, and buttressed a political realignment that gave the 760:

which also gave compensation to Michigan in the form of control of the Upper Peninsula. On January 26, 1837, Michigan became the 26th state of the Union.

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pro-slavery Southerners. For a few years in the mid-1850s, nativist fears of foreign immigrants, especially Catholic Irishmen and Germans, motivated the

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camps in rural areas. They were paid five dollars a month, plus room, board, clothing and medical care, while their families received $ 25 a month. The

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movement. It had little success beyond a brief control of city government in Marshall, Pontiac, Battle Creek, Mt. Clemens, Kalamazoo, and Grand Rapids.

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usually as domestic servants, because of the flexibility it afforded. Most mothers receiving pensions were white and sought work only when necessary.

1149:. Using brilliant negotiating tactics he leveraged high profits for the Big Three automakers into higher wages and superior benefits for UAW members. 886: 688:

began moving to what is now Michigan in large numbers (though there was a trickle of New England settlers who arrived before this date). These were "

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The history of Detroit and Michigan; or, The metropolis illustrated; a full record of territorial days in Michigan, and the annals of Wayne County

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However, since 1761, the Indigenous peoples in the area were increasingly displeased with the way the British treated them. In 1763, war began at

3356: 838: 805: 527:. During this period Detroit grew slowly; the rest of Michigan continued to be sparsely populated because the French were more interested in the 1077:

back to power, as the business-oriented Republican economic policies had failed, the Democrats were energized, prohibition was discredited, and

1042:, and set up competing companies owned by the city. He fought the street railway interest, demanding fares be lowered to three cents. When the 699:

who settled New England during the colonial era. While most of them came to Michigan directly from New England, there were many who came from

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turned the factories from Republican bastions to Democratic strongholds, and the ethnic and black population had shifter to the Democrats.

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parity with the Republican Party in Michigan. By 1936 the realignment was secure, as powerful new industrial labor unions, especially the

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The French built several trading posts, forts, and villages in Michigan during the late 17th century. Among them, the most important was

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heritage and put the city on the map. Less flamboyantly, thousands of machine shops opened in medium and small cities across the state.

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During the early 20th century, manufacturing industries became the main source of revenue for Michigan – in large part, because of the

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Economic and Social Beginnings of Michigan: A Study of the Settlement of the Lower Peninsula during the Territorial Period, 1805–1837

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After their defeat in the War of 1812, the tribes were forced to sell all of their land claims to the U.S. federal government by the

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which recruited widely in the state. The Klan peaked in 1925, but membership fell quickly after its internal scandals were exposed.

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was founded in Flint in 1908. Automobile assembly and associated manufacturing soon dominated Detroit, and the economy of Michigan.

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Jayne Morris-Crowther, "Municipal Housekeeping: The Political Activities of the Detroit Federation of Women's Clubs in the 1920s,"

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Robert E. Mitchell, "Civil War Recruiting and Recruits from Ever-Changing Labor Pools: Midland County, Michigan, as a Case Study,"

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Loew, Patty; "Indian Nations of Wisconsin: Histories of Endurance and Renewal"; Madison, Wisconsin Historical Society Press; 2001.

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Rites of Conquest: The History and Culture of Michigan's Native Americans, Charles E. Cleland, University of Michigan Press, 1992.

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The postwar years were initially a prosperous time for industrial workers, who achieved middle-class livelihoods, fostered the

1169: 749:, delayed the final accession of statehood. The disputed zone became part of Ohio by the order of a revised bill passed by the 75: 2745: 912:, a Yankee Republican, was elected governor. He was a social reformer who battled corporations and was an early leader of the 4940: 4442: 4379: 3721: 3386: 3371: 1068: 973:, which have made Michigan a national leader in manufacturing since the 1910s. This industrial base produced greatly during 928:

Urban Michigan grew rapidly in the early 20th century, pulled along by the automobile industry in Detroit and vicinity. The

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The Expansion of New England: The Spread of New England Settlement and Institutions to the Mississippi River, 1620–1865 by

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The Expansion of New England: The Spread of New England Settlement and Institutions to the Mississippi River, 1620–1865 by

1510:"Recorded in Stone – Voices on the Marquette Iron Range, Central Upper Peninsula and Northern Michigan University Archives" 361:

they most likely predate the other Algonquians in the region. The entire southern peninsula was home to a tribe called the

1212:, and sought better, more spacious housing in safer neighborhoods. These were the years of the creation and popularity of 4987: 4354: 4300: 3696: 1177: 929: 737:. In 1835, the federal government enacted a law that would have created a State of Michigan. A territorial dispute with 4610: 3806: 3761: 3656: 3566: 3346: 3326: 3248: 2882:

The promise of American life: social mobility in a nineteenth-century immigrant community, Holland, Michigan, 1847–1894

1197: 881:, railroads, dairy farming and diversified industry grew rapidly in the state. This led to the rise of several wealthy 855: 722:. The state's oldest cultural institution, the Historical Society of Michigan, was established by territorial governor 524: 59: 3771: 2919: 2635: 580: 109: 5459: 3341: 3110: 1329: 896: 809:

energized by pietistic ministers in the Baptist and Methodist churches—they fueled the Free Soil Party in 1848–52;

703:. These were people whose parents had moved from New England to upstate New York in the immediate aftermath of the 2116: 159: 5235: 4339: 3974: 3661: 3596: 2234:

Martin J. Hershock, "Copperheads and Radicals: Michigan Partisan Politics during the Civil War Era, 1860–1865,"

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Indian Culture and European Trade Goods: The Archeology of the Historic Period in the Western Great Lakes Region

969:. Both corporations constructed large industrial complexes in the Detroit metropolitan area, exemplified by the 5116: 5080: 4738: 3646: 3381: 3199:

Michigan History Directory of Historical Societies, Museums, Archives, Historic Sites, Agencies and Commissions

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The collapse of the old political system led to the realignment of voters and parties in the formation of the

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Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University, Bibliographies for Michigan by region, counties, etc.

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The Paradox of Progress: Economic Change, Individual Enterprise, and Political Culture in Michigan, 1837–1878

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When iron and copper were discovered in the Upper Peninsula, impetus was created for the construction of the

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Map of the original 13 colonies and their territories. Note that Michigan was the object of multiple claims.

5566: 5175: 4715: 4535: 4321: 4209: 4134: 3831: 3801: 3391: 3376: 3366: 2502:"Cora Anderson: Recognizing Michigan's first Indigenous State Representative, elected nearly a century ago" 1304: 933: 837:, which formed in the mid-1850s and lasted until the mid-1890s. Michigan was dominated for 80 years by the 155: 102: 3216: 2586:

History of Detroit and Wayne County and early Michigan: a chronological cyclopedia of the past and present

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Peter Bratt, "A Great Revolution in Feeling: The American Civil War in Niles and Grand Rapids, Michigan,"

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Cora Reynolds Anderson became the first woman elected to the House of Representatives in Michigan in 1925.

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Rodesch, Gerrold C. (1984). "Jean Nicolet". University of Wisconsin–Green Bay. Retrieved July 31, 2016.

804:(1830–1854), Michigan saw highly developed political parties mobilize the great mass of adult men. The 557: 544: 458: 191:, the whole of Michigan was attached to the Territory of Indiana, and so remained until 1805, when the 171: 48: 5535: 5520: 5510: 5467: 5385: 5350: 4992: 4950: 4833: 4631: 4139: 4129: 4089: 4079: 4059: 4044: 4034: 4019: 3989: 3934: 3919: 3741: 3691: 3422: 3301: 1834: 1645: 1324: 1134: 768: 5540: 5515: 5425: 5330: 5290: 5092: 4914: 4894: 4646: 4249: 4229: 4204: 4199: 4169: 4149: 4144: 4114: 4104: 4064: 4024: 3979: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3929: 3899: 3889: 3849: 3716: 3452: 3432: 2477: 985: 708: 650: 608: 575:

In 1781, Spanish raiders led by a French Captain Eugene Poure travelled by river and overland from

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grew rapidly after 1935, and for the first time became a major presence in large factories. The

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After the war, the local economy became more varied and began to prosper. During the 1870s, the

515:

under the leadership of Pontiac, and quickly spread throughout the region. The war was known as

150:

The first French explorer of Michigan, Étienne Brûlé, began in about 1620. The area was part of

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Anthony R. Travis, "Mayor George Ellis: Grand Rapids Political Boss And Progressive Reformer,"

1903: 1165: 866: 750: 715: 587: 553: 501: 270: 175: 1424: 1157: 965:

is based in Detroit, Chrysler is located in Auburn Hills, and Ford is headquartered in nearby

195:

was established. Michigan was made the twenty-sixth state of the United States on January 26.

5340: 5335: 5210: 5062: 4919: 4793: 4666: 4600: 4510: 4074: 4049: 4039: 4014: 3904: 3447: 3442: 3306: 2823: 2262:

Midwestern Progressive Politics: A Historical Study of Its Origins and Development, 1870–1950

1542: 1442: 1393: 1378: 1130: 1118: 1078: 493: 409: 218:, completed in 1855. Along with mining, agriculture and logging became important industries. 163: 434: 143: 5430: 5395: 5300: 5275: 5068: 4845: 4570: 4565: 4485: 4349: 3879: 3776: 3467: 3462: 3417: 3412: 2214: 1728: 1679: 810: 784: 572:

as a staging ground for attacks on American settlements, forts, and traders in the region.

1055:

crusade for efficiency. They elected their own officials to office, typified by automaker

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Rising settlement prompted the elevation of Michigan Territory to that of the present-day

500:, which took place from 1754 to 1763 and resulted in the defeat of France. As part of the 8: 5415: 5365: 5320: 5310: 5285: 5270: 5250: 5225: 5215: 5205: 5144: 5044: 4904: 4861: 4626: 4605: 4490: 4329: 3751: 3746: 3666: 3576: 3437: 3296: 3278: 2870: 1364: 1339: 1217: 1090: 819: 801: 719: 704: 596: 592: 565: 497: 450: 442: 301: 207:. Congress awarded the "Toledo Strip" to Ohio. Michigan received the western part of the 180: 151: 539: 484: 203:

recognition was delayed pending resolution of a boundary dispute with Ohio known as the

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The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815

2955: 2902: 2885: 2865: 2858: 2832: 2813: 2765: 2653: 2611: 2601: 2558:(2008), 1354 pages re: geography, archaeology, state and local history, governors, etc. 1839:

The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815

1700:

Froman, Francis & Keye, Alfred J. "English-Cayuga/ Cayuga-English Dictionary". 2014

1416: 1314: 1086: 1043: 966: 953: 861: 834: 678: 628: 473: 328: 297: 192: 134: 2177:

Michigan: A History of the Wolverine State By Willis F. Dunbar, George S. May pg. 311

2129:

Michigan: A History of the Wolverine State By Willis F. Dunbar, George S. May pg. 170

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Michigan: A History of the Wolverine State By Willis F. Dunbar, George S. May pg. 160

1969:"Blue Jacket, Anthony Wayne, and the Psychological and Symbolic War for Ohio, 1790–95" 1930:"Blue Jacket, Anthony Wayne, and the Psychological and Symbolic War for Ohio, 1790–95" 1096:

Young men from relief families signed up for six-month tours in one of the state's 50

595:. The majority of Indians did not recognize the new government and instead formed the 5370: 5325: 5265: 5240: 5195: 5056: 5038: 4981: 4656: 4595: 4560: 4555: 3816: 3756: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3701: 3686: 3676: 3537: 3427: 3268: 3234: 3021: 2780: 2566: 1988: 1949: 1420: 980: 970: 727: 674: 670: 624: 576: 505: 462: 343: 339: 284: 266: 235: 227: 184: 932:

industry was based in Battle Creek where two Kelloggs and a Post built on the local

5445: 5400: 5280: 5245: 5050: 4839: 4500: 4455: 3796: 3786: 3591: 3522: 2750: 2112: 2046: 1980: 1941: 1221: 1201: 1056: 1002: 700: 516: 308: 254: 246: 5472: 5405: 5360: 5260: 5104: 4975: 4866: 4781: 4775: 4707: 4671: 4392: 4344: 4268: 3636: 3336: 2584: 1296: 1229: 1052: 1014: 913: 617: 427: 423: 315:

tribe. Hopewell burial mounds and earthworks, built by the ancestors of today's

307:

The area was inhabited from about 1000 B.C.E to 1000 C.E. by the Native American

250: 208: 92: 158:, along with fifty-one additional French-Canadians, founded a settlement called 5074: 3791: 3711: 3494: 3071: 2948: 2909:

A Most Unique Machine: The Michigan Origins of the American Automobile Industry

2007:"Fort Drummond, the Forgotten Fort – Military History of the Upper Great Lakes" 1770: 1691:

Nichols, John & Nyholm, Earl "Concise Dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe". 1994

1213: 1141: 1113: 962: 917: 757: 693: 583:, and handed authority over the settlement to the Americans the following day. 408:

Map of the British and French settlements in North America in 1750, before the

398: 239: 219: 211:

as a concession and formally entered the Union as a state on January 26, 1837.

2728: 2573: 1121:

of 1937 which spurred the organization of militant CIO unions in auto industry

1046:

caused large-scale unemployment, Pingree expanded welfare programs, initiated

718:

was founded in Detroit in 1817 and was later moved to its present location in

346:

migrated to the region from central Canada and took their original homelands.

5560: 5098: 5086: 4828: 4334: 3552: 3527: 3499: 1992: 1968: 1953: 1929: 1568: 1509: 1185: 1034: 909: 640: 604: 552:(1783), an unfinished painting of the American diplomatic negotiators of the 549: 457:. The first permanent European settlement in Michigan was founded in 1668 at 324: 138: 2432:

Kyle E. Ciani, "Hidden Laborers: Female Day Workers In Detroit, 1870–1920,"

560:

and gave possession of Michigan and other territory to the new United States

5110: 4822: 4412: 1782:"The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents Volume 55". puffin.creighton.edu 1682:, ed. American Heritage Book of Indians. American Heritage Pub. Co. p. 187. 1234: 1047: 998: 958: 827: 746: 512: 492:

Territorial disputes between French and British colonists helped start the

469: 391: 334: 316: 1984: 1945: 5008: 4692: 4465: 4432: 2997:

Rates of Conquest: The History and Culture of Michigan's Native Americans

2943: 2784: 2458: 1254: 1242: 1161: 1146: 974: 685: 636: 600: 438: 404: 370: 366: 357:. Given that one of the oldest recorded names for the tribe was also the 3217:

Official State of Michigan History, Arts & Libraries homepage (MHAL)

2933:

Coleman Young and Detroit Politics: From Social Activist to Power Broker

5014: 4909: 4816: 4687: 4651: 4590: 4550: 4515: 4470: 4427: 2368: 2347:

Philip A. Grant, Jr., "The Presidential Election of 1932 in Michigan,"

2284:

Everyday Klansfolk: White Protestant Life and the KKK in 1920s Michigan

1761:

Johnson, Basil "The Manitous: The Spiritual World of the Ojibway" 2001.

1669:

Johnson, Basil "The Manitous: The Spiritual World of the Ojibway". 1995

1039: 1022: 949: 945: 878: 815: 742: 734: 723: 613: 454: 231: 223: 204: 199: 4278: 2918:(3 vol 1954–1963), joint biography of Henry Ford and the Ford company 1205:

vibrant urban culture, with expansion of new music, food and culture.

4899: 4799: 4460: 4450: 4402: 4397: 3547: 3093:

Settling the Great Lakes Frontier: Immigration to Michigan, 1837–1924

1620: 1458:"The 'other' mounds: Lost history is a part of West Michigan's story" 1209: 882: 528: 508:

to Britain. Thus the future Michigan was handed over to the British.

362: 354: 215: 3226: 2952:

Cities of the heartland: The rise and fall of the industrial Midwest

2862:

The winning of the Midwest: social and political conflict, 1888–1896

2625:

Michigan: A History of Explorers, Entrepreneurs, and Everyday People

2542:

Michigan Politics & Government: Facing Change in a Complex State

504:, the French ceded all of their North American colonies east of the 4480: 4407: 4313: 3532: 3258: 1082: 1026: 1013:

The cities of Michigan were centers of municipal reform during the

696: 374: 353:

nation, although the border region of Wisconsin was claimed by the

130: 26: 2105:"Michigan: Consolidated Chronology of State and County Boundaries" 4871: 3621: 1117:

Union members occupying a General Motors body factory during the

772: 569: 2740:

Boles, Frank. "Michigan Newspapers: A Two-Hundred-Year Review,"

1246:

industries, thus reducing economic reliance on a single sector.

433:

The first European explorer to visit Michigan was the Frenchman

279: 4417: 2045:

The Yankee Exodus: An Account of Migration from New England by

1073: 689: 350: 162:, now the city of Detroit. When New France was defeated in the 2875:

Deep Woods Frontier: A History of Logging in Northern Michigan

2478:"Michigan and the 19th Amendment (U.S. National Park Service)" 1486:"Stateside Podcast: Finding meaning in Michigan's petroglyphs" 349:

Originally, the northern peninsula was largely claimed by the

4422: 3211: 2793:

Expanding The Frontiers of Civil Rights": Michigan, 1948–1968

2735:

Win Some, Lose Some: G. Mennen Williams and the New Democrats

2608:

Michigan, the Great Lakes state : an illustrated history

312: 137:, began with settlement of the western Great Lakes region by 2463:. District of Columbia: Institute of Women's Policy Rsearch. 1392:

Dunbar, Willis F. & May, George F. (3rd rev. ed. 1995).

1133:

of 1936–1937 was the decisive event in the formation of the

319:

people, were located across the state. Petroglyphs known as

3221: 3171: 2295:

Alan S. Brown, "Caroline Bartlett Crane and Urban Reform,"

1021:(1858–1935) became a nationally famous expert on municipal 738: 531:

and peace with the natives than in settlement of the area.

523:

In 1774, the area was made part of the British province of

5174: 2820:

The Birth of Mass Political Parties in Michigan, 1827–1861

2410:"Woman's Suffrage in Michigan: A Timeline of the Movement" 2153:

The Birth of Mass Political Parties in Michigan, 1827–1861

2363:, "The General Motors Sit-Down Strike: A Re-examination," 3028:

The Yankee West: Community Life on the Michigan Frontier

1855:"A Brief History of Detroit | Clarke Historical Library" 692:" settlers, that is to say they were descended from the 4956:

Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

3131:

The Making of Michigan, 1820–1860: A Pioneer Anthology

2853:

Reform in Detroit: Hazen S. Pingree and Urban Politics

2691:

The Making of Michigan, 1820–1860: A Pioneer Anthology

2323:

Reform in Detroit: Hazen S. Pingree and Urban Politics

2565:, 3rd ed. (1995) the standard comprehensive textbook 663:

Map of the Surveyed Part of the Territory of Michigan

4750:

Slavery in the colonial history of the United States

1480: 1478: 1286: 488:

Michigan as part of the Province of Quebec 1774–1776

4760:

Slavery among Native Americans in the United States

2703:Warner, Robert M., and C. Warren Vander Hill, eds. 5572:History of the United States by state or territory 4737: 3145:The Great Water: A Documentary History of Michigan 2961: 2672:Editors. "50 Essential Books on Michigan History" 2643:The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia 2336:Independent Man: The Life of Senator James Couzens 1797:U.S. Department of State – Office of the Historian 639:, British forces from Canada captured Detroit and 416:The Ojibwe called their land Mishi-Anishinaabaki ( 2967:Alvarado, Rudolph V., and Sonya Yvette Alvarado. 1793:"Milestones: 1750–1775 – Office of the Historian" 1729:"Indian Removal Act of 1830 – Legends of America" 1475: 342:people from the East Coast were driven west when 5558: 2810:Sit-down: The General Motors Strike of 1936–1937 2660:Stewards of the State: The Governors of Michigan 2384:Sit-Down: The General Motors Strike of 1936–1937 1200:fueled the movement of hundreds of thousands of 900:bloomed with the establishment of the railroad. 889:. The population doubled between 1870 and 1890. 623:The land which is now Michigan was made part of 170:in 1763. After the British were defeated in the 3181:(annual), elaborate detail on state government. 3150:Warner, Robert, and C. Lauren VanderHill, eds. 3095:(Lansing: Michigan Historical Commission, 1970) 2725:Walter Reuther and the Rise of the Auto Workers 977:, filling a huge demand for military vehicles. 154:from 1668 to 1763. In 1701, the French officer 3102:(2008) 115pp, short essays on 24 ethnic groups 2899:The Methodist Church in Michigan: 20th century 2773:All Aboard! A History of Railroads in Michigan 2630:Rubenstein, Bruce A. and Lawrence E. Ziewacz. 2459:Institute for Women's Policy Research (2004). 2434:Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era, 5160: 4723: 4294: 3362:National Register of Historic Places listings 3242: 2582: 2164:Bruce A. Rubenstein and Lawrence E. Ziewacz, 1773:"Books & Islands in Ojibwe Country" 2014. 110: 3164:Bureau of Business Research, Wayne State U. 2755:The Old Northwest: Pioneer Period; 1815–1840 2632:Michigan: A History of the Great Lakes State 2188:Michigan: A History of the Great Lakes State 2166:Michigan: A History of the Great Lakes State 2102: 1849: 1847: 775:, c. 1837, after a sketch by Frederick Grain 417: 3138:A Michigan Reader: 11,000 B.C. to A.D. 1865 3136:May, George S. and Herbert J. Brinks, eds. 2698:A Michigan Reader: 11,000 B.C. to A.D. 1865 2598:A Michigan reader: 11,000 B.C. to A.D. 1865 2212: 5167: 5153: 4730: 4716: 4301: 4287: 3249: 3235: 3100:Discovering the Peoples of Michigan Reader 2969:Mexicans and Mexican Americans in Michigan 2563:Michigan: A History of the Wolverine State 2472: 2470: 2064:by Willis F. Dunbar, George S. May, pg. 91 2062:Michigan: A History of the Wolverine State 1395:Michigan: A History of the Wolverine State 745:, a stretch of land including the city of 117: 103: 2892:Lewis Cass and the Politics of Moderation 2718:History of Detroit § Further reading 2140:Lewis Cass and the Politics of Moderation 2057: 2055: 1844: 556:which brought official conclusion to the 453:, one of the large colonial provinces of 3187:Central Michigan University (quarterly). 2940:Political parties in Michigan, 1837–1860 2540:Browne, William P. and Kenneth VerBurg. 2527: 1966: 1927: 1567: 1441:Daly, Matthew L., et al. (eds.) (2008). 1335:List of historical societies in Michigan 1253: 1156: 1112: 778: 767: 657: 649: 538: 483: 403: 278: 25: 4308: 2662:(Historical Society of Michigan, 1987). 2467: 2312:March 1974, Vol. 58 Issue 2, pp 101–130 1880:"The Spanish Attack On Fort St. Joseph" 1877: 1398:, p. 19. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. 1383:, p. 15. University of Wisconsin Press. 684:In the 1820s and 1830s immigrants from 437:in 1620, who began his expedition from 287:map, approximate state area highlighted 30:The Great Seal of the State of Michigan 5559: 3152:A Michigan Reader, 1865 to the Present 2770: 2762:State of War: Michigan in World War II 2705:A Michigan Reader: 1865 to the Present 2696:May, George, and Herbert Brinks, eds. 2650:A Michigan reader: 1865 to the present 2571: 2551:(1976) popular, focus on 19th century. 2397:State of War: Michigan in World War II 2299:July 1972, Vol. 56 Issue 4, pp 287–301 2213:Legislature, Michigan (October 2015). 2052: 1447:, pp. 56–62. Somerset Publishers, Inc. 1437: 1435: 1237:rates rose dramatically in the state. 952:opened a factory in Lansing. In 1903, 860:Michigan actively participated in the 586:The war ended with the signing of the 449:. Eventually, the area became part of 234:built his first automobile factory in 5148: 4941:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves 4711: 4282: 3256: 3230: 3192:Michigan in Brief. An Issues Handbook 2935:(Wayne State University Press, 1988). 2645:(2006), 1890pp, articles by scholars. 2561:Dunbar, Willis F. and George S. May. 2461:The Status of Women in Michigan, 2004 2449:March 2004, Vol. 30 Issue 1, pp 31–57 2109:Atlas of Historical County Boundaries 3197:Larry J. Wagenaar and Izzi Bendall. 2928:(1994), famous Civil War combat unit 2926:The Iron Brigade: A Military History 2839:The Territory of Michigan, 1805–1837 2711: 2215:"Michigan in the American Civil War" 1543:"Mascouten Tribe – Access Genealogy" 1193:copper mining industries recovered. 763: 534: 479: 4988:Kentucky raid in Cass County (1847) 2544:University of Nebraska Press. 1995. 1432: 1365:"Indians in the Great Lakes region" 620:until 1818 and 1847, respectively. 607:with his Kentucky marksmen won the 13: 3158: 3123: 3030:(U. of North Carolina Press 1996) 2954:(Indiana University Press, 1993). 2914:Nevins, Allan, and Frank E. Hill. 2522: 2436:Jan 2005, Vol. 4 Issue 1, pp 23–51 2084:, Houghton Mifflin, 1909 pg. 226 2036:, Houghton Mifflin, 1909 pg. 223 1172:thirteen times and also served as 856:Michigan in the American Civil War 714:Michigan's oldest university, the 419:Mey-shih-Ah-ney-shih-nah-baaah-key 311:who are possible ancestors of the 14: 5583: 3205: 2666: 1196:Starting during World War I, the 129:The history of human activity in 64: 4262: 2549:Michigan: A Bicentennial History 2273:Sloan Museum exhibits, Flint, MI 1967:Catalano, Joshua Casmir (2019). 1928:Catalano, Joshua Casmir (2019). 1646:"EARLY INDIAN MIGRATION IN OHIO" 1330:History of railroads in Michigan 1289: 1216:. By late mid-century, however, 1008: 333:According to oral histories and 260: 86: 2962:Race, ethnicity and immigration 2556:Michigan Encyclopedia 2008–2009 2494: 2452: 2439: 2426: 2402: 2389: 2373: 2354: 2341: 2328: 2315: 2302: 2289: 2276: 2267: 2254: 2241: 2228: 2206: 2193: 2180: 2171: 2158: 2145: 2132: 2123: 2096: 2087: 2075:Lois Kimball Mathews Rosenberry 2067: 2039: 2027:Lois Kimball Mathews Rosenberry 2019: 1999: 1960: 1921: 1896: 1871: 1828: 1803: 1785: 1776: 1764: 1755: 1746: 1721: 1712: 1703: 1694: 1685: 1672: 1663: 1638: 1613: 1601:from the original on 2017-12-12 1561: 1535: 1526: 1017:. Using Kalamazoo as her base, 923: 844: 472:in 1701; it became the city of 4739:History of slavery in Michigan 3212:Historical Society of Michigan 1592:Ontario Archaeological Society 1502: 1450: 1410: 1401: 1386: 1377:Quimby, George Irving (1970). 1371: 1357: 1310:Historical outline of Michigan 1182:President of the United States 939: 631:in 1805, including all of the 627:in 1800. Most was declared as 275:History of slavery in Michigan 1: 5134:Michigan Anti-Slavery Society 3166:Michigan Statistical Abstract 2829:A history of Michigan banking 2757:(2 vol. 1951); Pulitzer Prize 2684:Michigan: Visions of Our Past 1320:History of Ford Motor Company 1152: 1102:Works Progress Administration 1062: 991: 872: 470:Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit 160:Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit 5176:History of the United States 4920:Personal Liberty Act of 1855 2764:(U of Michigan Press, 1979) 2686:(1989), articles by scholars 1305:Timeline of Michigan history 1125:Thanks to new federal laws, 849: 156:Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac 7: 5021:Elizabeth Margaret Chandler 3357:National Historic Landmarks 3190:Public Sector Consultants. 2689:Kestenbaum, Justin L., ed. 2591:, Google version; full text 2447:Michigan Historical Review, 2201:Michigan Historical Review, 1345:List of museums in Michigan 1282: 1098:Civilian Conservation Corps 795: 445:and traveled as far as the 20:Michigan History (magazine) 10: 5588: 4946:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 4936:Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 3185:Michigan Historical Review 3045:Arab Americans in Michigan 2775:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: 2771:Dunbar, Willis F. (1969). 2742:Michigan Historical Review 2715: 2682:Hathaway, Richard J., ed. 2535:Michigan in Four Centuries 2365:American Historical Review 2349:Michigan Historical Review 2249:Michigan Historical Review 2236:Michigan Historical Review 2103:John H. Long, ed. (2007). 1815:American Battlefield Trust 1407:Dunbar (1995), pp. 106–07. 950:Olds Motor Vehicle Company 903: 853: 304:from about 6000-4000 BCE. 264: 172:American Revolutionary War 17: 5496: 5458: 5444: 5183: 5126: 5001: 4993:Detroit race riot of 1863 4968: 4951:Emancipation Proclamation 4928: 4887: 4880: 4854: 4809: 4768: 4745: 4680: 4619: 4543: 4534: 4441: 4378: 4320: 4258: 3830: 3565: 3513: 3485: 3476: 3405: 3277: 3265: 3052:Asian Indians in Michigan 2897:MacNaughton, A. Douglas. 2737:(1995), governor in 1950s 2674:Michigan History Magazine 2648:Warner, Robert Mark, ed. 1878:Collins, William (1984). 1678:Brandon, William (1961). 1325:History of General Motors 1184:after the resignation of 1135:United Auto Workers Union 1108: 579:, liberated British-held 166:, it ceded the region to 5478:Northern Mariana Islands 5093:Catharine A. F. Stebbins 4915:Constitution of Michigan 4895:Raudot Ordinance of 1709 3292:Congressional delegation 3222:Clark Historical Library 3129:Kestenbaum, Justin, ed. 3091:Vander Hill, C. Warren. 2618:Michigan Political Atlas 2203:35 (Spring 2009), 29–60. 2186:Rubenstein and Ziewacz, 1904:"Treaty of Paris (1783)" 1733:www.legendsofamerica.com 1577:: A Linguistic Analysis" 1350: 1249: 1170:House of Representatives 709:Midwestern United States 609:Battle of Fallen Timbers 426:. Today, it is known as 5033:Elizabeth Rous Comstock 4637:Clinton-Kalamazoo Canal 3143:Thick, Matthew R., ed. 3111:excerpt and text search 3087:excerpt and text search 3074:and Eileen K. Metress. 2890:Klunder, Willard Carl. 2634:(Harlan Davidson 2002) 2616:Press, Charles et al., 2367:(1965) 70#3 pp. 691–71 1222:a major riot in Detroit 1168:who was elected to the 1019:Caroline Bartlett Crane 908:In 1896, Detroit Mayor 753:and signed into law by 465:, a French missionary. 4662:Detroit–Windsor Tunnel 4586:1833 Treaty of Chicago 4581:1821 Treaty of Chicago 4388:Council of Three Fires 3004:Norwegians in Michigan 2988:Cantor, Judith Levin. 2744:(2010) 36#12 pp 30–69 2623:Rosentreter, Roger L. 2583:Farmer, Silas (1890). 2572:Farmer, Silas (1889). 2554:Daly, Matthew L., ed. 2138:Willard Carl Klunder, 1274:Michigan ratified the 1259: 1189: 1122: 788: 776: 716:University of Michigan 666: 665:by Orange Risdon, 1825 655: 561: 496:as part of the larger 489: 418: 413: 288: 271:Prehistory of Michigan 176:Treaty of Paris (1783) 133:, a U.S. state in the 31: 18:For the magazine, see 5063:Daniel McBride Graham 4667:Flint Sit-Down Strike 4601:Treaty of Fond du Lac 3662:Independence Township 3597:Chesterfield Township 3064:Magnaghi, Russell M. 2974:Badaczewski, Dennis. 2818:Formisano, Ronald P. 2641:Sisson, Richard, Ed. 2638:. university textbook 2528:Surveys and reference 2251:(2005) 31#2 pp 43–66. 2151:Ronald P. Formisano, 1985:10.1353/ohh.2019.0001 1946:10.1353/ohh.2019.0001 1811:"Pontiac's Rebellion" 1718:Kavanagh et al. 2009. 1444:Michigan Encyclopedia 1257: 1174:House Minority Leader 1160: 1131:Flint Sit-Down Strike 1119:Flint Sit-Down Strike 1116: 1079:Franklin D. Roosevelt 934:Seventh-day Adventist 914:Progressive Movement. 885:families such as the 783:A map of Michigan by 782: 771: 661: 653: 542: 494:French and Indian War 487: 410:French and Indian War 407: 294:Alpena-Amberley ridge 282: 265:Further information: 230:in 1897, and in 1899 193:Territory of Michigan 189:admitted to the Union 164:French and Indian War 29: 5069:Laura Smith Haviland 4846:Augustus B. Woodward 4576:Treaty of St. Mary's 4571:Treaty of Fort Meigs 4566:Treaty of Brownstown 4486:Fort Michilimackinac 3647:Grand Blanc Township 3372:State Historic Sites 3177:Michigan, State of. 3066:Italians in Michigan 3043:Hassoun, Rosina J. 3036:Harmese, Larry Ten. 3002:Davidson, Clifford. 2995:Cleland, Charles E. 2880:Kirk, Gordon W. Jr. 2871:Karamanski, Theodore 2844:Hershock, Martin J. 2802:(3 vols. 1975–1984) 2733:Berthelot, Helen W. 2596:May, George S. ed. 2351:(1986) 12#1 pp 83–94 2238:(1992) 18#1 pp 28–69 1164:, a politician from 1140:During World War II 1087:Democratic Coalition 867:Copperhead Democrats 839:new Republican Party 811:Jacksonian Democrats 785:Henry Schenck Tanner 5567:History of Michigan 5488:U.S. Virgin Islands 5045:Robert S. Duncanson 4905:Northwest Ordinance 4862:Straits of Mackinac 4755:History of Michigan 4627:Northwest Territory 4606:Treaty of La Pointe 4501:Pontiac's Rebellion 4269:Michigan portal 3722:Pittsfield Township 3642:Georgetown Township 3587:Bloomfield Township 3397:Tourist attractions 3117:Yankees in Michigan 3098:Walker, Lewis, ed. 3059:Germans in Michigan 3009:Forrester, Alan T. 2983:Latinos in Michigan 2777:William B. Eerdmans 2567:1980 edition online 2325:(Oxford U.P., 1969) 1650:genealogytrails.com 1584:Ontario Archaeology 1547:accessgenealogy.com 1340:Northwest Ordinance 1218:deindustrialization 1091:United Auto Workers 820:popular sovereignty 802:Second Party System 705:American Revolution 679:Indian reservations 597:Western Confederacy 593:Northwest Territory 566:American Revolution 443:Samuel de Champlain 302:Negwegon State Park 285:Guillaume de L'Isle 198:The opening of the 181:Northwest Territory 93:Michigan portal 39:History of Michigan 5027:Zachariah Chandler 4788:Thornton Blackburn 4506:Royal Proclamation 3822:Ypsilanti Township 3802:Waterford Township 3543:Southeast Michigan 3505:Keweenaw Peninsula 3083:Swedes in Michigan 3072:Metress, Seamus P. 3050:Helweg, Arthur W. 3016:Fuller, George N. 2981:Badillo, David A. 2859:Jensen, Richard J. 2827:Gatton, T. Harry. 1625:www.dickshovel.com 1421:Cutcheon, Byron M. 1315:History of Detroit 1260: 1190: 1180:, became the 38th 1123: 1044:depression of 1893 954:Ford Motor Company 918:eight-hour workday 862:American Civil War 835:Third Party System 789: 777: 667: 656: 629:Michigan Territory 562: 490: 414: 321:ezhibiigaadek asin 298:Old Copper Complex 289: 283:Michigan in 1718, 32: 5554: 5553: 5142: 5141: 5057:Charles T. Gorham 5039:George DeBaptiste 4982:Crosswhite Affair 4964: 4963: 4855:Primary locations 4705: 4704: 4701: 4700: 4657:Ambassador Bridge 4647:River Rouge Plant 4596:Battle of Windsor 4561:Treaty of Saginaw 4556:Treaty of Detroit 4521:Revolutionary War 4456:Coureurs des Bois 4418:Ojibwe (Chippewa) 4276: 4275: 3697:Meridian Township 3607:Commerce Township 3561: 3560: 3538:Northern Michigan 3387:Tallest buildings 3115:Wilson, Brian C. 3076:Irish in Michigan 3057:Kilar, Jeremy W. 3038:Dutch in Michigan 3011:Scots in Michigan 2976:Poles in Michigan 2938:Streeter, Floyd. 2851:Holli, Melvin G. 2751:Buley, R. Carlyle 2712:Specialty studies 2533:Bald, F. Clever, 2321:Melvin G. Holli, 2310:Michigan History, 2297:Michigan History, 2222:State of Michigan 1908:National Archives 1680:Josephy, Alvin M. 1233:home and abroad. 1202:African-Americans 971:River Rouge Plant 764:From 1837 to 1860 728:Henry Schoolcraft 675:Treaty of Chicago 671:Treaty of Saginaw 625:Indiana Territory 558:Revolutionary War 535:From 1776 to 1837 506:Mississippi River 480:From 1763 to 1776 463:Jacques Marquette 441:on the orders of 344:Iroquoian peoples 340:Algonquian people 185:Indiana Territory 127: 126: 5579: 5498:Outlying islands 5452:Washington, D.C. 5446:Federal district 5169: 5162: 5155: 5146: 5145: 5127:Related articles 5051:Charles C. Foote 4885: 4884: 4840:John R. Williams 4732: 4725: 4718: 4709: 4708: 4541: 4540: 4491:Seven Years' War 4303: 4296: 4289: 4280: 4279: 4267: 4266: 4265: 3782:Sterling Heights 3767:St. Clair Shores 3762:Saginaw Township 3657:Holland Township 3632:Farmington Hills 3617:Dearborn Heights 3602:Clinton Township 3523:Central Michigan 3483: 3482: 3251: 3244: 3237: 3228: 3227: 3105:White, Richard. 3081:Mead, Rebecca J. 2990:Jews in Michigan 2855:(1969), on 1890s 2837:Gilpin, Alec R. 2788: 2590: 2579: 2516: 2515: 2513: 2512: 2498: 2492: 2491: 2489: 2488: 2474: 2465: 2464: 2456: 2450: 2443: 2437: 2430: 2424: 2423: 2421: 2420: 2414:www.michigan.gov 2406: 2400: 2393: 2387: 2377: 2371: 2358: 2352: 2345: 2339: 2332: 2326: 2319: 2313: 2306: 2300: 2293: 2287: 2280: 2274: 2271: 2265: 2258: 2252: 2245: 2239: 2232: 2226: 2225: 2219: 2210: 2204: 2197: 2191: 2190:(2002) p 100-103 2184: 2178: 2175: 2169: 2162: 2156: 2149: 2143: 2136: 2130: 2127: 2121: 2120: 2115:. Archived from 2113:Newberry Library 2100: 2094: 2091: 2085: 2083: 2071: 2065: 2059: 2050: 2047:Stewart Holbrook 2043: 2037: 2035: 2023: 2017: 2016: 2014: 2013: 2003: 1997: 1996: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1916: 1915: 1900: 1894: 1893: 1891: 1890: 1875: 1869: 1868: 1866: 1865: 1851: 1842: 1832: 1826: 1825: 1823: 1822: 1807: 1801: 1800: 1789: 1783: 1780: 1774: 1768: 1762: 1759: 1753: 1750: 1744: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1725: 1719: 1716: 1710: 1707: 1701: 1698: 1692: 1689: 1683: 1676: 1670: 1667: 1661: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1642: 1636: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1617: 1611: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1600: 1581: 1565: 1559: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1539: 1533: 1530: 1524: 1523: 1521: 1520: 1506: 1500: 1499: 1497: 1496: 1482: 1473: 1472: 1470: 1469: 1454: 1448: 1439: 1430: 1414: 1408: 1405: 1399: 1390: 1384: 1375: 1369: 1368: 1361: 1299: 1294: 1293: 1292: 1069:Great Depression 1057:James J. Couzens 1003:Reinhold Niebuhr 930:breakfast cereal 806:Democratic Party 701:upstate New York 498:Seven Years' War 459:Sault Ste. Marie 421: 309:Hopewell culture 255:12th Street Riot 247:Great Depression 119: 112: 105: 91: 90: 89: 35: 34: 5587: 5586: 5582: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5577: 5576: 5557: 5556: 5555: 5550: 5492: 5454: 5440: 5179: 5173: 5143: 5138: 5122: 5117:Jonathan Walker 5105:Sojourner Truth 5081:William Lambert 4997: 4976:Blackburn Riots 4960: 4924: 4876: 4867:Mackinac Island 4850: 4805: 4794:Lisette Denison 4782:Lucie Blackburn 4769:Enslaved people 4764: 4741: 4736: 4706: 4697: 4676: 4672:Mackinac Bridge 4615: 4530: 4526:Treaty of Paris 4437: 4374: 4316: 4307: 4277: 4272: 4263: 4261: 4254: 3826: 3807:West Bloomfield 3772:Shelby Township 3742:Rochester Hills 3692:Macomb Township 3568: 3557: 3515:Lower Peninsula 3509: 3487:Upper Peninsula 3472: 3401: 3273: 3261: 3255: 3208: 3201:(13th Ed. 2011) 3179:Michigan Manual 3161: 3159:Other resources 3126: 3124:Primary sources 3026:Gray, Susan E. 2964: 2949:Teaford, Jon C. 2924:Nolan, Alan T. 2723:Barnard, John. 2720: 2714: 2669: 2658:Weeks, George, 2606:May, George S. 2547:Catton, Bruce. 2530: 2525: 2523:Further reading 2520: 2519: 2510: 2508: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2486: 2484: 2476: 2475: 2468: 2457: 2453: 2444: 2440: 2431: 2427: 2418: 2416: 2408: 2407: 2403: 2394: 2390: 2378: 2374: 2359: 2355: 2346: 2342: 2334:Harry Barnard, 2333: 2329: 2320: 2316: 2307: 2303: 2294: 2290: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2260:Russel B. Nye, 2259: 2255: 2246: 2242: 2233: 2229: 2217: 2211: 2207: 2198: 2194: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2172: 2163: 2159: 2150: 2146: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2088: 2077: 2072: 2068: 2060: 2053: 2044: 2040: 2029: 2024: 2020: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2004: 2000: 1965: 1961: 1926: 1922: 1913: 1911: 1902: 1901: 1897: 1888: 1886: 1876: 1872: 1863: 1861: 1853: 1852: 1845: 1833: 1829: 1820: 1818: 1809: 1808: 1804: 1791: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1777: 1771:Erdrich, Louise 1769: 1765: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1747: 1737: 1735: 1727: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1654: 1652: 1644: 1643: 1639: 1629: 1627: 1619: 1618: 1614: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1579: 1575:Novvelle France 1573:"The Early Map 1566: 1562: 1552: 1550: 1541: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1527: 1518: 1516: 1508: 1507: 1503: 1494: 1492: 1490:Michigan Public 1484: 1483: 1476: 1467: 1465: 1456: 1455: 1451: 1440: 1433: 1417:Utley, Henry M. 1415: 1411: 1406: 1402: 1391: 1387: 1376: 1372: 1363: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1297:Michigan portal 1295: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1252: 1230:1973 Oil Crisis 1198:Great Migration 1155: 1111: 1065: 1053:Progressive Era 1015:Progressive Era 1011: 994: 948:. In 1897, the 942: 926: 906: 887:Hartwick family 875: 858: 852: 847: 798: 766: 633:Lower Peninsula 618:Drummond Island 588:Treaty of Paris 554:Treaty of Paris 545:Treaty of Paris 537: 502:Treaty of Paris 482: 447:Upper Peninsula 428:Mackinac Island 424:Michilimackinac 277: 263: 251:Mackinac Bridge 209:Upper Peninsula 183:. In 1800, the 123: 87: 85: 23: 12: 11: 5: 5585: 5575: 5574: 5569: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5536:Navassa Island 5533: 5528: 5523: 5521:Johnston Atoll 5518: 5513: 5511:Howland Island 5508: 5502: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5468:American Samoa 5464: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5450: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5386:South Carolina 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5351:North Carolina 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5187: 5185: 5181: 5180: 5172: 5171: 5164: 5157: 5149: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5136: 5130: 5128: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5120: 5114: 5108: 5102: 5096: 5090: 5084: 5078: 5075:Erastus Hussey 5072: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5048: 5042: 5041:(c. 1815–1875) 5036: 5030: 5024: 5018: 5012: 5005: 5003: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4979: 4972: 4970: 4966: 4965: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4932: 4930: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4891: 4889: 4882: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4858: 4856: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4848: 4843: 4837: 4836:(c. 1751–1796) 4834:William Macomb 4831: 4826: 4820: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4803: 4797: 4796:(c. 1786–1866) 4791: 4785: 4779: 4772: 4770: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4746: 4743: 4742: 4735: 4734: 4727: 4720: 4712: 4703: 4702: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4695: 4690: 4684: 4682: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4616: 4614: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4547: 4545: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4511:Indian Reserve 4508: 4503: 4498: 4496:Peace of Paris 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4447: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4423:Odawa (Ottawa) 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4384: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4326: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4306: 4305: 4298: 4291: 4283: 4274: 4273: 4259: 4256: 4255: 4253: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3975:Grand Traverse 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3836: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3717:Orion Township 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3573: 3571: 3569:municipalities 3563: 3562: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3519: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3495:Copper Country 3491: 3489: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3409: 3407: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3347:Municipalities 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3287:Climate change 3283: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3266: 3263: 3262: 3254: 3253: 3246: 3239: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3207: 3206:External links 3204: 3203: 3202: 3195: 3188: 3182: 3175: 3169: 3160: 3157: 3156: 3155: 3148: 3141: 3134: 3125: 3122: 3121: 3120: 3113: 3103: 3096: 3089: 3079: 3069: 3062: 3055: 3048: 3041: 3034: 3024: 3014: 3007: 3000: 2993: 2986: 2979: 2972: 2963: 2960: 2959: 2958: 2946: 2936: 2931:Rich, Wilbur. 2929: 2922: 2912: 2905: 2895: 2888: 2878: 2868: 2856: 2849: 2842: 2835: 2825: 2816: 2808:Fine, Sidney. 2806: 2798:Fine, Sidney. 2796: 2791:Fine, Sidney. 2789: 2768: 2758: 2748: 2738: 2731: 2713: 2710: 2709: 2708: 2701: 2694: 2687: 2680: 2668: 2667:Historiography 2665: 2664: 2663: 2656: 2646: 2639: 2628: 2621: 2614: 2604: 2594: 2593: 2592: 2569: 2559: 2552: 2545: 2538: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2506:Michigan Radio 2493: 2466: 2451: 2438: 2425: 2401: 2388: 2372: 2353: 2340: 2327: 2314: 2301: 2288: 2275: 2266: 2253: 2240: 2227: 2205: 2192: 2179: 2170: 2157: 2144: 2131: 2122: 2119:on 2015-05-10. 2095: 2086: 2066: 2051: 2038: 2018: 1998: 1959: 1920: 1895: 1884:npshistory.com 1870: 1843: 1827: 1802: 1784: 1775: 1763: 1754: 1745: 1720: 1711: 1702: 1693: 1684: 1671: 1662: 1637: 1612: 1569:Steckley, John 1560: 1534: 1525: 1501: 1474: 1449: 1431: 1409: 1400: 1385: 1370: 1355: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1301: 1300: 1284: 1281: 1276:19th Amendment 1251: 1248: 1214:Motown Records 1178:Vice President 1154: 1151: 1142:Walter Reuther 1110: 1107: 1064: 1061: 1010: 1007: 993: 990: 986:Jackson County 963:General Motors 941: 938: 925: 922: 905: 902: 874: 871: 854:Main article: 851: 848: 846: 843: 797: 794: 765: 762: 758:Andrew Jackson 681:further west. 581:Fort St Joseph 536: 533: 481: 478: 412:(1754 to 1763) 267:Pays d'en Haut 262: 259: 240:General Motors 220:Ransom E. Olds 125: 124: 122: 121: 114: 107: 99: 96: 95: 82: 81: 80: 79: 67: 62: 60:U.S. Civil War 57: 52: 42: 41: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5584: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5541:Palmyra Atoll 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5516:Jarvis Island 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5495: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5447: 5443: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5426:West Virginia 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5331:New Hampshire 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5291:Massachusetts 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5182: 5177: 5170: 5165: 5163: 5158: 5156: 5151: 5150: 5147: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5125: 5118: 5115: 5112: 5109: 5106: 5103: 5100: 5099:Frances Titus 5097: 5094: 5091: 5088: 5087:Wright Modlin 5085: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5070: 5067: 5064: 5061: 5058: 5055: 5052: 5049: 5046: 5043: 5040: 5037: 5034: 5031: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5016: 5013: 5010: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5002:Abolitionists 5000: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4980: 4977: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4967: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4927: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4886: 4883: 4879: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4853: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4829:Campau family 4827: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4808: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4767: 4761: 4758: 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2930: 2927: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2910: 2907:May, George. 2906: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2893: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2876: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2817: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2760:Clive, Alan. 2759: 2756: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2736: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2706: 2702: 2699: 2695: 2692: 2688: 2685: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2670: 2661: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2644: 2640: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2626: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2588: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2577: 2576: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2550: 2546: 2543: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2531: 2507: 2503: 2497: 2483: 2479: 2473: 2471: 2462: 2455: 2448: 2442: 2435: 2429: 2415: 2411: 2405: 2398: 2392: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2350: 2344: 2337: 2331: 2324: 2318: 2311: 2305: 2298: 2292: 2285: 2279: 2270: 2263: 2257: 2250: 2244: 2237: 2231: 2223: 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During the 634: 630: 626: 621: 619: 615: 610: 606: 605:Anthony Wayne 602: 598: 594: 589: 584: 582: 578: 573: 571: 567: 559: 555: 551: 550:Benjamin West 547: 546: 541: 532: 530: 526: 521: 518: 517:Pontiac's War 514: 509: 507: 503: 499: 495: 486: 477: 475: 471: 466: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 435:Étienne Brûlé 431: 429: 425: 420: 411: 406: 402: 400: 395: 393: 387: 383: 379: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 347: 345: 341: 336: 331: 330: 326: 325:Traverse City 322: 318: 314: 310: 305: 303: 299: 295: 286: 281: 276: 272: 268: 261:Early history 258: 256: 252: 248: 243: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 212: 210: 206: 201: 196: 194: 190: 186: 182: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 152:French Canada 148: 145: 144:Étienne Brûlé 140: 139:Paleo-Indians 136: 132: 120: 115: 113: 108: 106: 101: 100: 98: 97: 94: 84: 83: 78: 77: 73: 68: 66: 63: 61: 58: 56: 55:Pre-statehood 53: 51: 50: 46: 45: 44: 43: 40: 37: 36: 33: 28: 21: 16: 5531:Midway Atoll 5526:Kingman Reef 5506:Baker Island 5483:Puerto Rico 5391:South Dakota 5381:Rhode Island 5376:Pennsylvania 5356:North Dakota 5295: 5111:Uriah Upjohn 4929:Federal laws 4823:Elijah Brush 4810:Slave owners 4754: 4632:Chicago Road 4335:Paleo-Indian 4309: 4260: 4190:Presque Isle 3682:Lincoln Park 3652:Grand Rapids 3627:East Lansing 3582:Battle Creek 3453:Homelessness 3433:Demographics 3321: 3267: 3198: 3191: 3184: 3178: 3165: 3151: 3144: 3137: 3130: 3116: 3106: 3099: 3092: 3082: 3075: 3065: 3058: 3051: 3044: 3037: 3027: 3017: 3010: 3003: 2996: 2989: 2982: 2975: 2968: 2951: 2939: 2932: 2925: 2915: 2908: 2898: 2891: 2881: 2874: 2861: 2852: 2845: 2838: 2828: 2819: 2809: 2800:Frank Murphy 2799: 2792: 2772: 2761: 2754: 2741: 2734: 2724: 2704: 2697: 2690: 2683: 2676:(2002) 86#3 2673: 2659: 2649: 2642: 2631: 2624: 2617: 2607: 2597: 2585: 2574: 2562: 2555: 2548: 2541: 2534: 2509:. Retrieved 2505: 2496: 2485:. Retrieved 2481: 2460: 2454: 2446: 2441: 2433: 2428: 2417:. Retrieved 2413: 2404: 2396: 2395:Alan Clive, 2391: 2383: 2375: 2364: 2356: 2348: 2343: 2335: 2330: 2322: 2317: 2309: 2304: 2296: 2291: 2283: 2278: 2269: 2264:(1951) p 205 2261: 2256: 2248: 2243: 2235: 2230: 2221: 2208: 2200: 2195: 2187: 2182: 2173: 2168:(2002) p 100 2165: 2160: 2152: 2147: 2139: 2134: 2125: 2117:the original 2108: 2098: 2089: 2069: 2061: 2041: 2021: 2010:. Retrieved 2001: 1976: 1973:Ohio History 1972: 1962: 1937: 1934:Ohio History 1933: 1923: 1912:. Retrieved 1910:. 2021-04-16 1907: 1898: 1887:. Retrieved 1883: 1873: 1862:. Retrieved 1858: 1838: 1830: 1819:. Retrieved 1817:. 2021-10-26 1814: 1805: 1796: 1787: 1778: 1766: 1757: 1748: 1736:. Retrieved 1732: 1723: 1714: 1705: 1696: 1687: 1674: 1665: 1653:. Retrieved 1649: 1640: 1628:. Retrieved 1624: 1615: 1603:. Retrieved 1587: 1583: 1574: 1563: 1551:. Retrieved 1546: 1537: 1528: 1517:. Retrieved 1513: 1504: 1493:. 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General 455:New France 365:until the 232:Henry Ford 224:Oldsmobile 205:Toledo War 200:Erie Canal 65:Since 1900 5431:Wisconsin 5396:Tennessee 5301:Minnesota 5276:Louisiana 5178:by polity 4900:Code Noir 4800:Ann Wyley 4611:Civil War 4461:Voyageurs 4451:Fur Trade 4403:Menominee 4398:Mascouten 4365:Territory 4240:Washtenaw 4235:Van Buren 4220:St. Clair 4195:Roscommon 4165:Ontonagon 4120:Missaukee 4110:Menominee 4095:Marquette 4030:Kalamazoo 3985:Hillsdale 3945:Dickinson 3915:Cheboygan 3752:Royal Oak 3747:Roseville 3667:Kalamazoo 3577:Ann Arbor 3548:The Thumb 3448:Elections 3443:Education 3307:Geography 3272:(capital) 3257:State of 1993:1934-6042 1954:1934-6042 1605:13 August 1594:: 17–29. 1429:, p. 138. 1279:in 1925. 1210:Baby Boom 1176:and then 1027:tenements 897:Railroads 883:socialite 879:lumbering 850:Civil War 755:President 741:over the 730:in 1828. 720:Ann Arbor 599:, led by 529:fur trade 363:Mascouten 359:Mackinac, 355:Menominee 216:Soo Locks 5416:Virginia 5366:Oklahoma 5346:New York 5321:Nebraska 5311:Missouri 5296:Michigan 5286:Maryland 5271:Kentucky 5251:Illinois 5226:Delaware 5216:Colorado 5206:Arkansas 4681:Politics 4620:Industry 4544:Military 4481:Fox Wars 4443:Colonial 4408:Meskwaki 4393:Kickapoo 4345:Woodland 4322:Timeline 4314:Michigan 4140:Muskegon 4130:Montcalm 4090:Manistee 4080:Mackinac 4060:Leelanau 4045:Keweenaw 4035:Kalkaska 4020:Isabella 3990:Houghton 3935:Crawford 3920:Chippewa 3832:Counties 3812:Westland 3707:Muskegon 3672:Kentwood 3612:Dearborn 3567:Largest 3533:Michiana 3468:Politics 3463:Gun laws 3418:Cannabis 3413:Abortion 3392:Timeline 3317:Highways 3259:Michigan 3194:(annual) 3109:(1991). 2848:. (2003) 2812:(1969). 2369:in JSTOR 1596:Archived 1571:(1990). 1423:(1906). 1283:See also 1083:New Deal 967:Dearborn 796:Politics 697:Puritans 673:and the 577:St Louis 329:Cadillac 222:founded 131:Michigan 76:Politics 69:Topics: 5436:Wyoming 5411:Vermont 5316:Montana 5256:Indiana 5236:Georgia 5231:Florida 5201:Arizona 5191:Alabama 4984:of 1847 4978:of 1833 4872:Detroit 4776:Monette 4476:Detroit 4360:British 4340:Archaic 4310:History 4250:Wexford 4230:Tuscola 4205:Sanilac 4200:Saginaw 4170:Osceola 4150:Oakland 4145:Newaygo 4115:Midland 4105:Mecosta 4065:Lenawee 4025:Jackson 3980:Gratiot 3970:Gogebic 3965:Gladwin 3960:Genesee 3930:Clinton 3900:Calhoun 3890:Berrien 3850:Allegan 3817:Wyoming 3757:Saginaw 3737:Redford 3732:Portage 3727:Pontiac 3702:Midland 3687:Livonia 3677:Lansing 3622:Detroit 3478:Regions 3438:Economy 3423:Culture 3406:Society 3382:Symbols 3352:Museums 3332:Islands 3322:History 3297:Cuisine 3269:Lansing 3168:(1987). 3154:(1974). 3147:(2018). 3140:(1974). 3133:(1990). 3085:(2012) 3020:(1916) 2942:(1918) 2911:(1975). 2901:(1976) 2894:(1996). 2884:(1978) 2877:(1989). 2864:(1971) 2831:(1987) 2822:(1971) 2727:(1983) 2693:(1990). 2652:(1974) 2620:(1984). 2610:(2005) 2600:(1974) 1738:5 April 1655:5 April 1630:5 April 1553:5 April 1147:AFL–CIO 981:Jackson 904:Pingree 773:Detroit 694:English 570:Detroit 474:Detroit 399:Wyandot 236:Detroit 228:Lansing 168:Britain 49:By year 5371:Oregon 5326:Nevada 5266:Kansas 5241:Hawaii 5196:Alaska 5184:States 4969:Events 4380:Native 4355:French 4185:Ottawa 4180:Otsego 4175:Oscoda 4160:Ogemaw 4155:Oceana 4125:Monroe 4085:Macomb 4055:Lapeer 4000:Ingham 3895:Branch 3885:Benzie 3870:Baraga 3865:Arenac 3860:Antrim 3855:Alpena 3840:Alcona 3797:Warren 3787:Taylor 3592:Canton 3367:People 3279:Topics 3119:(2008) 3078:(2006) 3068:(2001) 3061:(2002) 3054:(2002) 3047:(2005) 3040:(2002) 3032:online 3022:online 3013:(2003) 3006:(2009) 2999:(1992) 2992:(2001) 2985:(2003) 2978:(2002) 2971:(2003) 2956:online 2944:online 2920:online 2903:online 2886:online 2866:online 2841:(1970) 2833:online 2814:online 2804:online 2795:(2000) 2783: 2766:online 2746:online 2729:online 2707:(1974) 2700:(1974) 2678:online 2654:online 2636:online 2627:(2013) 2612:online 2602:online 2537:(1961) 2399:(1979) 2386:(1969) 2338:(1958) 2286:(2011) 2155:(1971) 2142:(1996) 1991: 1952: 1841:(1991) 1419:& 1109:Unions 1074:copper 747:Toledo 690:Yankee 525:Quebec 451:Canada 373:& 351:Ojibwe 273:, and 174:, the 72:Cities 5401:Texas 5281:Maine 5246:Idaho 4413:Miami 4370:State 4245:Wayne 4100:Mason 4010:Iosco 4005:Ionia 3995:Huron 3955:Emmet 3950:Eaton 3940:Delta 3925:Clare 3875:Barry 3845:Alger 3637:Flint 3428:Crime 3327:Index 3302:Fauna 2785:54650 2218:(PDF) 2082:] 2049:pg. 2 2034:] 1599:(PDF) 1580:(PDF) 1351:Notes 1250:Women 735:state 548:, by 313:Odawa 5473:Guam 5406:Utah 5361:Ohio 5261:Iowa 4881:Laws 4075:Luce 4050:Lake 4040:Kent 4015:Iron 3905:Cass 3792:Troy 3712:Novi 2916:Ford 2781:OCLC 1989:ISSN 1950:ISSN 1740:2018 1657:2018 1632:2018 1607:2023 1555:2018 1228:The 1067:The 739:Ohio 371:Sauk 245:The 4312:of 3880:Bay 3337:Law 1981:doi 1977:126 1942:doi 1938:126 461:by 375:Fox 327:to 226:in 5563:: 2873:. 2779:. 2753:. 2504:. 2480:. 2469:^ 2412:. 2382:, 2220:. 2111:. 2107:. 2080:fr 2054:^ 2032:fr 1987:. 1975:. 1971:. 1948:. 1936:. 1932:. 1906:. 1882:. 1857:. 1846:^ 1837:, 1813:. 1795:. 1731:. 1648:. 1623:. 1590:. 1588:51 1586:. 1582:. 1545:. 1512:. 1488:. 1477:^ 1460:. 1434:^ 988:. 269:, 238:. 74:- 5168:e 5161:t 5154:v 4731:e 4724:t 4717:v 4302:e 4295:t 4288:v 3250:e 3243:t 3236:v 3174:. 2787:. 2589:. 2578:. 2514:. 2490:. 2422:. 2224:. 2015:. 1995:. 1983:: 1956:. 1944:: 1917:. 1892:. 1867:. 1824:. 1799:. 1742:. 1659:. 1634:. 1609:. 1557:. 1522:. 1498:. 1471:. 1367:. 1188:. 118:e 111:t 104:v 22:.

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