History of Los Angeles

3679: 2785: 4103: 4117: 3357: 1908: 4089: 1307: 2009:. Due to the sandstone composition of the mountain that was saturated with water and oil, frequent cave-ins occurred and the bore had to be constantly shored up by timbers during excavation. The initial location for the north end of the tunnel near Newhall was abandoned due to this. The north end of the tunnel excavation commenced in June 1875. Water was a constant problem during construction and pumps were utilized to keep the tunnel from flooding. Workers digging from both the north and south ends of the tunnel came face to face on July 14, 1876. The bores from each end were only a half inch out of line with dimensions of 22 feet (6.7 m) high, 16.5 feet (5.0 m) wide at the bottom and over 18 feet (5.5 m) at the shoulders. Track was laid in place soon after the tunnel dig was completed and the first train passed through on August 12, 1876. On September 4, 1829: 906: 2873: 795: 2858: 2193: 621: 1777:

tools found in the saloons including pocketknives, collar stays, razors, suspender buckles, and buttons, emphasizing the role of males inside the saloons. Similarly, historical records and other kinds of written evidence show the transition and elimination of independent madam brothels for the expansion of men owning and operating in the local red-light district, an example, is the case of Tom Savage, son of Irish immigrants, who moved from San Francisco to Los Angeles in 1887 and worked his way up in the red-light district industry. Tom Savage's business strategies show the integration of saloon and brothel businesses by implementing leasing houses near the bar, stating a clear and direct relation between prostitution and alcohol consumption.

2550: 3769: 1150: 1725: 1572: 1781: 3116: 1956: 1534: 1210: 2109: 657: 3602:. By 1950, Los Angeles was an industrial and financial giant created by war production and migration. Los Angeles assembled more cars than any city other than Detroit, made more tires than any city but Akron, Ohio, made more furniture than Grand Rapids, Michigan, and stitched more clothes than any city except New York. In addition, it was the national capital for the production of motion pictures, Army and Navy training films, radio programs and, within a few years, television shows. Construction boomed as tract houses were built in ever expanding suburban communities financed by the GI Bill for veterans and the 3622: 4131: 2700: 1092: 2363: 3007: 4011:

immigrants from abroad owed their employment to the immigrant economy with Asian entrepreneurs employing Latino workers. Large-scale economic changes have brought major social changes with them. While unemployment dropped in Los Angeles in the 1990s, the newly created jobs tended to be low-wage jobs filled by recent immigrants; the number of poor families increased from 36% to 43% of the population of Los Angeles County during this time. At the same time, the number of immigrants from Mexico, Central America and Latin America has made Los Angeles a "

3478:. Many military personnel regarded the zoot suits as unpatriotic and flamboyant in time of war, as they used a lot of fabric, coupled with widespread racism against Mexicans and Mexican-Americans as unintelligent and inferior. The Los Angeles Police Department stood by as the rioting happened, arresting hundreds of Hispanic residents instead of the attackers. Riots against Latinos in Los Angeles also erupted in a similar fashion in other cities in California, Texas, and Arizona as well as northern cities like Chicago, Philadelphia, and Detroit. 1469: 856: 2764: 2431: 1680: 3180: 3070: 3444: 1346: 3658:) that had developed by the early 1970s also caused a backlash: Schools were closed routinely in urban areas for "smog days" when the ozone levels became too unhealthy, and the hills surrounding urban areas were seldom visible even within a mile, Californians were ready for changes. Over the next three decades, California enacted some of the strictest anti-smog regulations in the United States and has been a leader in encouraging nonpolluting strategies for various industries, including automobiles. For example, 4145: 3482: 1021: 2944: 2268: 2546:. A fierce storm in 1835 diverted its course to Long Beach, where it stays today. Early citizens could not even maintain a footbridge over the river from one side of the city to the other. After the American takeover, the city council authorized spending of $ 20,000 for a contractor to build a substantial wooden bridge across the river. The first storm to come along dislodged the bridge, used it as a battering ram to break through the embankment, and scattered its timbers all the way to the sea. 554: 4457: 1971:

Angeles. An Archaeological excavation took place in which they found artifacts at campsites of the Chinese workers. The sites yielded items such as ceramics, tools, personal items, and fragments of everyday objects used by the workers. The excavation also found architectural features which included the remains of living quarters, bunkhouses, and cookhouses. These artifacts and architectural features provide a unique insight into the lives of the Chinese laborers.

326: 1337:. With the coming of the U.S. citizens, disease took a great toll among Indians. Self-employed Indians were not allowed to sleep over in the city. They faced increasing competition for jobs as more Mexicans moved into the area and took over the labor force. Those who loitered or were drunk or unemployed were arrested and auctioned off as laborers to those who paid their fines. They were often paid for work with liquor, which only increased their problems. 965: 56: 1417: 2508: 1975: 3539: 2605: 2321: 3227: 2017: 2005:) was completed, providing the final link from San Francisco to Los Angeles for the railroad. The 6,940-foot-long railroad tunnel (2,115.3 m) took a year and a half to complete. More than 1,500 mostly Chinese laborers took part in the tunnel construction, which began at the south end of the mountain on March 22, 1875. Many of them had prior experience working on Southern Pacific's located tunnels in the 1604: 2141:

people in a range of 60 years. In Old Chinatown, prostitution was a way of life for Chinese women. In 1870, historical records show that only about 20% of the Asian population in Los Angeles was women. In Chinatown, there were only 34 females with 22 of them being at the oldest, 20 years old. Most of these women worked as prostitutes in Old Chinatown which was located on

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rail yards and warehouses before heading to the nation's interior. International trade has generated hundreds of thousands of jobs in Southern California. Moving goods is now one of the larger industries in the region, one that helps provide low-cost imports to consumers across the country. The ports are among the region's more valuable economic engines.

2716:, Lippencott's agent and a former mayor of Los Angeles. Lippencott then resigned from the Reclamation Service, took a job with the Los Angeles Water Department as assistant to Mulholland, and turned over the Reclamation Service maps, field surveys and stream measurements to the city. Those studies served as the basis for designing the longest 2967:, were added to the city in 1915, almost tripling its area, mostly towards the northwest. Over the next 17 years. dozens of additional annexations brought the city's area to 450 square miles (1,165 km) in 1932. (Numerous small annexations brought the total area of the city up to 469 square miles (1,215 km) as of 2004.) 1760:

staged to create ambiance. Archaeologists have a hard time distinguishing if items such as liquor bottles, stemmed glasses, tumblers, cosmetics, drugs and medication were personal or work related. Most likely artifacts that were liquor related were most likely used for work since it constituted for 66% of artifacts at the

3967:. It stated that "The enforcement of a covenant forbidding use and occupancy of real estate by non-Caucasians, by an action at law in a state court to recover damages from a co-covenantor for a breach of the covenant, is barred by the Fourteenth Amendment of the Federal Constitution." In 1964, California voters approved 4003:

in 1957, and sold 257 cars in the U.S. It moved operations to Torrance in 1982 because of easy access to port facilities and the LAX airport. In 2013 it sold 2.2 million vehicles in the U.S. In 2014, it announced it would move 3000 of its employees to Plano, Texas, near Dallas, to be closer to its American factories.

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In 1892, the federal courts ruled that neither state nor city governments could discriminate but upheld the right to enter into racial and class restrictive covenants. In the period between 1900 and 1920 Los Angeles experienced a boom in housing development during which racially restrictive covenants

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were a major part of Los Angeles housing development and selling of real estate. Racially restrictive covenants were court private agreements included in title deeds that prohibited the selling of property to certain races. The first racially restrictive covenant in Los Angeles dates to 1902 and used

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The opening of the Los Angeles Aqueduct provided the city with four times as much water as it required, and the offer of water service became a powerful lure for neighboring communities. The city, saddled with a large bond and excess water, locked in customers through annexation by refusing to supply

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the semi-arid climate, they were forever watering their lawns, gardens, orchards, and vineyards. Later, they needed more to support the growth of commerce and manufacturing. By the beginning of the 20th century, the town realized it quickly would outgrow its river and would need new sources of water.

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of the often segregation of gender tasks in saloons and brothels. Based on artifacts and tools often used for the labor field inside the business, female attire, hairpins, jewelry, cosmetic containers, and others, were often found in the rooms that were leased for the use of brothels. There were also

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In the 1870s, Los Angeles was still little more than a village of 5,000. By 1900, there were over 100,000 occupants of the city. Several men actively promoted Los Angeles, working to develop it into a great city and to make themselves rich. Angelenos set out to remake their geography to challenge San

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With the temporary absence of a legal system, the city quickly was submerged in lawlessness. Many of the New York regiment disbanded at the end of the war and charged with maintaining order were thugs and brawlers. They roamed the streets joined by gamblers, outlaws, and prostitutes driven out of San

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According to historian Mary P. Ryan, "The U.S. army swept into California with the surveyor as well as the sword and quickly translated Spanish and Mexican practices into cartographic representations." Under colonial law, land held by grantees was not disposable. It reverted to the government. It was

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During the rest of the 1820s, the agriculture and cattle ranching expanded as did the trade in hides and tallow. The new church was completed, and the political life of the city developed. Los Angeles was separated from Santa Barbara administration. The system of ditches which provided water from the

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Independence brought other advantages, including economic growth. There was a corresponding increase in population as more Indians were assimilated and others arrived from America, Europe, and other parts of Mexico. Before 1820, there were just 650 people in the pueblo. By 1841, the population nearly

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By the end of the 20th century, some of the annexed areas began to feel cut off from the political process of the megalopolis, leading to a particularly strong secession movement in the San Fernando Valley and weaker ones in San Pedro and Hollywood. The referendums to split the city were rejected by

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Los Angeles continued to spread, particularly with the development of the San Fernando Valley and the building of the freeways launched in the 1940s. When the local street car system went out of business due to the gas/automobile industry, Los Angeles became a city shaped around the automobile, with

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ticket, was challenging the establishment's candidate. Harriman's campaign, however, was tied to the asserted innocence of the McNamaras. But the defense was in trouble: The prosecution not only had evidence of the McNamaras' complicity, but had trapped Darrow in a clumsy attempt to bribe one of the

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led by John Romani uncovered several artifacts of Chinese, Euro- American, and Native American origin. There were historic features that were also found which dated to early Euro-American and Chinese American establishments. One of these establishments Romani and his team uncovered a brick structure

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Los Angeles had several active "Vigilance Committees" during that era. Between 1850 and 1870, mobs carried out approximately 35 lynchings of Mexicans—more than four times the number that occurred in San Francisco. Los Angeles was described as "undoubtedly the toughest town of the entire nation." The

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was married to Maria Ignacio Alvarado in the Plaza church. It was attended by the entire population of the pueblo, 800 people, plus hundreds from elsewhere in Alta California. In 1835, the Mexican Congress declared Los Angeles a city, making it the official capital of Alta California. It was now the

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All of pagandom (Indians) is fond of the pueblo of Los Angeles, of the rancho of Reyes, and of the ditches (water system). Here we see nothing but pagans, clad in shoes, with sombreros and blankets, and serving as muleteers to the settlers and rancheros, so that if it were not for the gentiles there

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The overall metropolitan L.A. economy was healthy, and in one five-year boom period (1985 to 1990), it attracted 400,000 working immigrants (mostly from Asia and Mexico) and about 575,000 workers from elsewhere in the U.S. The jobs offered depended largely on educational qualifications. Half of the

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in Century City. The manufacture of clothing began on a large scale in the early 20th century. The fashion industry emerged in the 1920s with an emphasis on sportswear and leisure clothing, and expanded after 1945 to second place behind New York. Toyota opened its first overseas office in Hollywood

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The last of the automobile factories shut down in the 1990s; the tire factories and steel mills left earlier. Most of the agricultural and dairy operations that were still prospering in the 1950s have moved to outlying counties while the furniture industry has relocated to Mexico and other low-wage

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A portion of the underworld profits have been used in financing campaigns ... city and county officials in vital positions ... the district attorney's office, sheriff's office, and Los Angeles Police Department work in complete harmony and never interfere with ... important figures

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Early settlers were more than a little discouraged by the region's diverse and unpredictable weather. They watched helplessly as long droughts weakened and starved their livestock, only to be drowned and carried off by ferocious storms. During the years of little rain, people built too close to the

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The San Pedro forces eventually prevailed (though it required Banning and Downey to turn their railroad over to the Southern Pacific). Work on the San Pedro breakwater began in 1899 and was finished in 1910. Otis Chandler and his allies secured a change in state law in 1909 that allowed Los Angeles

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surveyed Los Angeles to confirm and extend the streets of the city. His survey put the city into the real-estate business, creating its first real-estate boom and filling its treasury. Street names were changed from Spanish to English. Further surveys and street plans replaced the original plan for

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Lippencott performed water surveys in the Owens Valley for the Service while secretly receiving a salary from the City of Los Angeles. He succeeded in persuading Owens Valley farmers and mutual water companies to pool their interests and surrender the water rights to 200,000 acres (800 km) of

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For its first 120 years, the Los Angeles River supplied the town with ample water for homes and farms. It was estimated that the annual flow could have support a town of 250,000 people—if the water had been managed right. But Angelenos were among the more profligate users of water in the world. In

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grew into a major tourist spot in the late 1800's with the establishment of new transportation networks, and hotels. This includes the Mount Lowe Resort and Railway which was a popular location at the time for both its location in Los Angeles and many attractions. With the Industrial growth in Los

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Not only economic ties but also marriage drew many Indians into the life of the pueblo. In 1784, only three years after the founding, the first recorded marriages in Los Angeles took place. The two sons of settler Basilio Rosas, Maximo and José Carlos, married two young Indian women, María Antonia

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The ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach make up the largest harbor complex in the U.S., handling 44% of all goods imported by cargo container. In 2007, the equivalent of 7.85 million 40-foot shipping containers poured through the ports, with most then moving along the region's highways to massive

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project is funded by a half cent tax increase added in the mid-1980s, which yields $ 400 million every month. Although the regional transit system is growing, subway expansion was halted in the 1990s over methane gas concerns, political conflict, and construction and financing problems during Red

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north of Los Angeles and Orange Counties. On April 5, 1926, a rain gauge in the San Gabriels collected one inch in one minute. In January 1969, more water fell on the San Gabriels in nine days than New York City sees in a year. In February 1978, almost a foot of rain fell in 24 hours, and, in one

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fragments, and game pieces were found as well as Native American pottery, ground stone, and antler flakers. Apart from this, data collection on census reports from 1870 and 1930 shows the growth of the Chinese American population in Los Angeles, going from 234 to 3,009 population; more than 2,000

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that closed down in 1909 as well as a residential neighborhood and commercial area. Disease was very present in parlor houses at this time. The most commonly found artifacts at the brothel were foodways like fancy cups and dishes as well as beaded lampshades and globe lamps. These could have been

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years in northern California, Los Angeles became known as the "Queen of the Cow Counties" for its role in supplying beef and other foodstuffs to hungry miners in the north. Among the cow counties, Los Angeles County had the largest herds in the state followed closely by Santa Barbara and Monterey

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The City of Los Angeles mostly remained within its original 28 sq mi (73 km) land grant until the 1890s. The original city limits are visible even today in the layout of streets that changes from a north–south pattern outside of the original land grant to a pattern that is shifted

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Hollywood has been synonymous worldwide with the film industry for over a hundred years. It was incorporated as the City of Hollywood in 1903, but merged into LA in 1910. In the 1900s movie makers from New York found the sunny, temperate weather more suitable for year-round location shooting. It

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Due to the archaeological work done on the site from 2004 to 2005 excavations of the site found material remains that help to reconstruct the daily lives of the workers. These excavations were done in the workers quarters where they found ceramics, glassware, and food remains. These food remains

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The fragmentation of Los Angeles real estate on the Anglo-Mexican axis had begun. Under the Spanish system, the residences of the power-elite clustered around the Plaza in the center of town. In the new U.S. system, the power elite resided in the outskirts. The emerging minorities, including the

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Many communities in Los Angeles have changed their ethnic character over this period of time. For many decades, the population was predominantly White and mostly American-born until the late 20th century. South L.A. was mostly White until the 1950s, but then became predominantly black until the

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Racially restrictive covenants were implemented by housing developers, real estate agencies, and homeowners associations for the purpose of creating racial and class segregated neighborhoods. Racially restrictive covenants were also implemented in housing developments to secure homogeneous and

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On Christmas Day, 1913, police attempted to break up an IWW rally of 500 taking place in the Plaza. Encountering resistance, the police waded into the crowd attacking them with their clubs. One citizen was killed. In the aftermath, the authorities attempted to impose martial law in the wake of

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toured the Indian villages of Southern California in 1883, she was appalled by the racism of the Anglos living there. She wrote that they treated Indians worse than animals, hunted them for sport, robbed them of their farmlands, and brought them to the edge of extermination. While Indians were

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The drilling of wells and pumping of water from the San Fernando Valley aquifer dried up the river by the 1920s. By 1980, the aquifer was supplying drinking water for 800,000 people. In that year, it was discovered that the aquifer had been contaminated. Many wells were shut down, as the area

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decided to challenge the open shop. In 1909, the city fathers placed a ban on free speech from public streets and private property except for the Plaza. Locals had claimed that it had been an Open Forum forever. The area was of particular concern to Harrison Grey Otis and his son-in-law Harry

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During the late 1800s the construction of the Southern Pacific Railroad was conducted by Chinese workers. The Southern Pacific Railroad connected Los Angeles to San Francisco. It played an important role in the economic and industrial growth in both the state of California and the city of Los

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leading from the river through the middle of town and into the farmlands. Indians were employed to haul fresh drinking water from a special pool farther upstream. The city was first known as a producer of fine wine grapes. The raising of cattle and the commerce in tallow and hides came later.

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In the 1920s, for example, it was common practice for the city's mayor, councilmen, and attorneys to take contributions from madams, bootleggers, and gamblers. The top aide of the mayor was involved with a protection racket. Thugs with eastern-Mafia connections were involved in often violent

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or moved to states with better tax conditions, and movie producers sometimes find cheaper places to produce films, television programs and commercials. However, the film, television and music industries are still based in LA, which is home to large numbers of well-paid stars, executives and

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riverbed, only to see their homes and barns later swept to sea during a flood. The location of the Los Angeles Plaza had to be moved twice because of previously having been built too close to the riverbed. Worse, floods changed the river's course. When the settlers arrived, the river joined

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With the coming of the U.S. citizens, disease took a great toll among Indians. Self-employed Indians were not allowed to sleep over in the city. They faced increasing competition for jobs as more Mexicans moved into the area and took over the labor force. Those who loitered or were drunk or

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Los Angeles was incorporated as a U.S. city on April 4, 1850. Five months later, California was admitted into the Union. Although the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo required the U.S. to grant citizenship to the Indians of former Mexican territories, it did not happen for another 80 years. The

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were given title to their land two years later. By 1800, there were 29 buildings that surrounded the Plaza, flat-roofed, one-story adobe buildings with thatched roofs made of tule. By 1821, Los Angeles had grown into a self-sustaining farming community, the largest in Southern California.

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started giving contracts without competitive bids and paying city employees to favor crony contractors. The city's Vice Squad functioned citywide as the enforcer and collector of the city's organized crime, with revenues going to the pockets of city officials right up to the mayor. The

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Restricting people of color from many neighborhoods across Los Angeles resulted in the formation of multiracial neighborhoods. These neighborhoods were notably poor and composed of Blacks, Latinos, Asian Americans, Jews, and Italians. Among multiracial neighborhoods in Los Angeles are

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interviews with whiskered actors with Russian accents voicing their enthusiasm for EPIC, along with footage focusing on hobos huddled on the borders of California waiting to enter and live off the bounty of its taxpayers once Sinclair was elected. Sinclair, however, lost the election.

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weather balloon. Lasting for two hours, five people died in the "Battle of Los Angeles", from car crashes in the confusing darkness to people having heart attacks due to loud anti-aircraft gun bursts. In spite of this, the Japanese had plans to actually bomb Los Angeles with giant

1396:. Further small skirmishes took place. Stockton regrouped in San Diego and marched north with six hundred troops while Frémont marched south from Monterey with 400 troops. After a few skirmishes outside the city, the two forces entered Los Angeles, this time without bloodshed. 3886:

built the community of Westwood. They included racial restrictions in all of their properties that specifically excluded "any person who is not of the White or the Caucasian race". Examples of communities in Los Angeles that were built with racial restrictions in deeds are

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The desire for residential housing in the downtown area has led to gentrification. Historic commercial buildings have been renovated as condos (while maintaining the original outside design), and many new apartment and condominium towers and complexes are being built.

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Today, the Los Angeles River functions mainly as a flood control. A drop of rain falling in the San Gabriel Mountains will reach the sea faster than an auto can drive. During today's rainstorms, the volume of the Los Angeles River at Long Beach can be as large as the

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which attempted to validate housing discrimination. However, the proposition was repealed and deemed unconstitutional by the California Supreme Court. While many home deeds in Los Angeles still contain restrictive covenant clauses, they are not legally enforceable.

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as chief of police. Parker pushed for more independence from political pressures that enabled him to create a more professionalized police force. The public supported him and voted in charter changes that isolated the police department from the rest of government.

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The name first given to the settlement is debated. Historian Doyce B. Nunis has said that the Spanish named it "El Pueblo de la Reina de los Angeles" ("The Town of the Queen of the Angels"). For proof, he pointed to a map dated 1785, where that phrase was used.

3738:) a few blocks to the north in 1990, a 310 m (1,018 ft) building that is the tallest west of the Mississippi. Outside of Downtown, the Wilshire Corridor is lined with tall buildings, particularly near Westwood. Century City, developed on the former 3164:

Social critic Mike Davis argued that attempts to "revitalize" downtown Los Angeles decreases public space and further alienates poor and minority populations. This enforced geographical separation of diverse populations goes back to the city's earliest days.

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were discovered a few miles west of the original find. Los Angeles became a center of oil production in the early 20th century, and by 1923, the region was producing one-quarter of the world's total supply; it is still a significant producer, with the

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in 1894. The Wharf extended 4,600 feet into the ocean, and was the longest wharf in the world at the time. The Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce feared Southern Pacific controlling the port, and so attempted to favor the San Pedro location, sparking the

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Quibbling between city and county governments delayed any response to the flooding until a massive storm in 1938 flooded Los Angeles and Orange counties. The federal government stepped in. To transfer floodwater to the sea as quickly as possible, the

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to trial for killing an Indian or forcing Indians off their properties. Anglos concluded that the "quickest and best way to get rid of (their) troublesome presence was to kill them off, (and) this procedure was adopted as a standard for many years."

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boomed into the cinematic heart of the United States, and has been the home and workplace of actors, directors and singers that range from small and independent to world-famous, leading to the development of related television and music industries.

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that formerly existed in that area. In addition, there was also a sheet refuse of artifacts from Old Chinatown, the nearby residential area. This area of Downtown Los Angeles was known as the crib District which was heavily occupied by brothels and

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in charge of recruiting colonists for the new settlements. He was originally to recruit 55 soldiers, 22 settlers with families and a thousand head of livestock that would include horses for the military. After an exhaustive search that took him to

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Generations before the arrival of the Europeans, the Tongva had identified and lived in the best sites for human occupation. The survival and success of Los Angeles depended greatly on the presence of a nearby and prosperous Tongva village called

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to restrict people of color from dwelling in that home. Other language used in covenants excluded specific ethnic groups and sometimes only allowed "non-Whites" to occupy a property if they were domestic workers. There was a tendency to exclude

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The repeal of a law limiting building height and the controversial redevelopment of Bunker Hill, which destroyed a picturesque though decrepit neighborhood, ushered in the construction of a new generation of skyscrapers. Bunker Hill's 62-floor

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opened as the private airport in 1930, and the city purchased it to be the municipal airfield in 1937. The name became Los Angeles Airport in 1941 and Los Angeles International Airport in 1949. In the 1930s, the main airline airports were

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that was built in the 1880s with the alignment of the street possibly being dated to the Spanish period. This area is now known as Ferguson Alley in Old Chinatown. At this site, there was a 90 cm deep artifact rich deposit containing

1169:, citizens with rights under the law. In the plazas of Monterey, Santa Barbara, Los Angeles, and other settlements, people swore allegiance to the new government, the Spanish flag was lowered, and the flag of independent Mexico raised. 5547:

González, Michael J. (1998). "'The Child of the Wilderness Weeps for the Father of Our Country': The Indian and the Politics of Church and State in Provincial Southern California". In Gutiérrez, Ramón A. & Orsi, Richard J. (eds.).

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lines provided direct connections to the East, competed vigorously for business with much lower rates, and stimulated economic growth. Tourists poured in by the thousands every week, and many planned on returning or resettling.

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bartered with them for prized sea-otter and seal pelts, sieves, trays, baskets, mats, and other woven goods. This commerce greatly contributed to the economic success of the town and the attraction of other Indians to the city.

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wrote: "radical and practical matters (were) considered, and steps taken for the adaption of such as are adequate to cope with a situation tardily recognized as the gravest that Los Angeles has ever been called upon to face."

1943:, Southern Pacific bought the railroad and demolished the wharf. However, by the 1890s Southern Pacific favored a location for the Port of Los Angeles in Santa Monica because of their control of the land there, and opened the 2487:

and the Russian-born New Yorker Meyer Baylin. The socialists were the first to set up a soapbox in the Plaza, which served as the location of union rallies and protests and riots as the police attempted to break up meetings.

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Fletcher Bowron replaced Shaw as mayor in 1938 to preside over one of the more dynamic periods in the history of the city. His "Los Angeles Urban Reform Revival" brought major changes to the government of Los Angeles.

874:, so all were quarantined a short distance away from the mission. Members of the other party arrived at different times by August. They made their way to Los Angeles and probably received their land before September. 3553:

After the war, hundreds of land developers bought land cheap, subdivided it, built on it, and got rich. Real-estate development replaced oil and agriculture as Southern California's principal industry. In July 1955,

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due to overcrowding and perceived lower property value during and after the war, in which they were restricted from advanced opportunities in affluent white areas and confined to an exclusive-black majority area of

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on the private property of a strike supporter (the arresting officer told him "we'll have none of 'that Constitution stuff'") and blanket arrests were made at union gatherings. The strike ended after members of the

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allowing cities to own property outside their boundaries, the city acquired the land that Eaton had acquired from the Owens Valley farmers and started to build the aqueduct. On the occasion of the opening of the

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in 1948 prohibited racially restrictive covenants and invalidated their use in court. The 1956 Barrows V. Jackson case the Supreme Court ruled that racially restrictive covenants were unconstitutional under the

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for building the aqueduct. Artificial drought conditions were created when water was run into the sewers to decrease the supply in the reservoirs and residents were forbidden to water their lawns and gardens.

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Legitimate concerns about water supply were exploited to gain backing for a huge engineering and legal effort to bring more water to the city and allow more development. The city fathers had their eyes on the

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Los Angeles developed another industry in the early 20th century when movie producers from the East Coast relocated there. These new employers were likewise afraid of unions and other social movements: During

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became the object of an Indian revolt. The mission had expropriated all the suitable farming land; the Indians found themselves abused and forced to work on lands that they once owned. A young Indian healer,

606:. Its residents provided the colonists with seafood, fish, bowls, pelts, and baskets. For pay, they dug ditches, hauled water, and provided domestic help. They often intermarried with the Mexican colonists. 754:

The Spanish system called for an open central plaza, surrounded by a fortified church, administrative buildings, and streets laid out in a grid, defining rectangles of limited size to be used for farming

3678: 2784: 808:

The Pobladores ("settlers") is the name given to the 22 adults and 22 children from Sonora who founded Los Angeles. Twenty were of African American or Native American descent. In December 1777, Viceroy

435:, have transformed the demographic base since the 1960s. Old industries have declined, including farming, oil, military and aircraft, but tourism, entertainment and high-tech remain strong. Over time, 3517:, 80 miles from Los Angeles. Reacting to a report that enemy planes had been spotted over Los Angeles, anti-aircraft gunners in the area fired on the approaching aircraft what was later known to be a 925:. The original Plaza was located a block north and west of the present one — its southeast corner being roughly where the northwesternmost point of the present plaza is, at the former intersection of 4102: 2735:

On election day, the people of Los Angeles voted for $ 22.5 million worth of bonds to build an aqueduct from the Owens River and to defray other expenses of the project. With this money, and with an

427:

Since the 1960s, growth has slowed—and traffic delays have become infamous. Los Angeles was a pioneer in freeway development as the public transit system deteriorated. New arrivals, especially from

5683: 1665:

reported that there were 2,000 of them still living in Southern California. Some were organizing to protect burial and cultural sites. Others were trying to obtain federal recognition as a tribe.

1559:, the seventh governor of California was sworn into office on January 14, 1860, thereby becoming the first governor from Southern California. Governor Downey was born and raised in Castlesampson, 4073:

The population of Los Angeles reached more than 100,000 with the 1900 census, more than a million in 1930, more than two million in 1960, and more than 3 million in 1990. Los Angeles surpassed

2100:

concluded that at their peak, the Pacific Electric and Los Angeles Railway (itself with 642 miles of track) "made the region's public transportation the best in the country, if not the world".

1491:

first brought thousands of miners from Sonora in northern Mexico on the way to the gold fields. So many of them settled in the area north of the Plaza that it came to be known as "Sonoratown".

1051:

outlined his "Instructions for the Corporal Guard of the Pueblo of Los Angeles." The instructions included rules for employing Indians, not using corporal punishment, and protecting the Indian

3598:

left New York City and came to Los Angeles and San Francisco, respectively. The population of California expanded dramatically, to nearly 20 million by 1970. This was the coming-of-age of the

1768:, part of the artifacts analyzed by Catherine Holder Spude shows common medical remedies used in brothels for pain relief, like Lydia Pinkham's vegetable compound, with a 20.6% of alcohol, or 1198:

in 1833. Extensive mission lands suddenly became available to government officials, ranchers, and land speculators. The governor made more than 800 land grants during this period, including a

2499:, one of the first strikes in which Mexican immigrant workers played a prominent role for union recognition. The unions made even greater gains in the war years, as Los Angeles grew further. 2589:

in the San Gabriel Mountains. Fifteen other stations reported over 20 inches in two days from the same storm. Forty-five others reported 70% of the average annual rainfall in two days.

6473:

Beherec, Marc (2019). "John Romani's Forgotten 1984 Excavations at CA-LAN-007 and the Archeology of Native American Los Angeles" (PDF). SCA Proceedings. 33: 155. Retrieved November 3, 2020.

3718:

roofs, which not only led to their own loss but also sent firebrands up to three miles (5 km) away. Despite this, few changes were made to the building codes to prevent future losses.

2312:, famed Chicago defense lawyer, represented them. At the same time the McNamara brothers were awaiting trial, Los Angeles was preparing for a city election. Job Harriman, running on the 3314:. As a result, the Los Angeles area grew faster than any other major metropolitan area in the U.S. and experienced more of the traumas of war while doing so. By 1943, the population of 1232:

culture. Being regarded as minors who could not think for themselves, they were increasingly marginalized and relieved of their land titles, often by being drawn into debt or alcohol.

1810:

Much of Los Angeles County was farmland, with an emphasis on cattle, dairy products, vegetables and citrus fruits. After 1945, most of the farmland was converted into housing tracts.

4438: 4116: 5616:

History of Downey, The Life Story of a Pioneer Community, and of the Man who Founded it – California Governor John Gately Downey – From Covered Wagon to the Space Shuttle

2152:

Although there had been some anti-Chinese behavior in the preceding decades, editorial attacks in the local press beginning just before 1870 was followed by increased attacks. The

1553:

The fear of Mexican violence and the racially motivated violence inflicted on them further marginalized the Mexicans, greatly reducing their economic and political opportunities.

6204:

Gilbert, Jess & Wehr, Kevin (December 2003). "Dairy Industrialization in the First Place: Urbanization, Immigration, and Political Economy in Los Angeles County, 1920-1970".

3060:

led a citizen's campaign to clean up city hall. He and other reformers served on a Grand Jury investigating the charges of corruption. In a minority report, the reformers wrote:

2028:

to absorb San Pedro and Wilmington, using a long, narrow corridor of land to connect them with the rest of the city. The debacle of the future Los Angeles harbor was termed the

3318:

was larger than 37 states, and was home to one in every 40 U.S. citizens, as millions across the U.S. came to Southern California to find employment in the defense industries.

3100:

turned the tide. The police became so nervous that the Intelligence Squad blew up Raymond's car and nearly killed him. The public was so enraged by the bombing that it quickly

2970:

Most of the annexed communities were unincorporated towns but 10 incorporated cities were consolidated with Los Angeles: Wilmington (1909), San Pedro (1909), Hollywood (1910),

4604: 996:

Because of the great economic potential for Los Angeles, the demand for Indian labor grew rapidly. Yaanga began attracting Indians from the Channel Islands and as far away as

2184:

by the mob in the course of the riot. Those killed represented over 10% of the small Chinese population of Los Angeles at the time, which numbered 172 prior to the massacre.

3841:

systems, dedicated busways, and limited-stop "Rapid" bus routes have become the preferred means of mass transit in LA's expanding series of gridlocked, congested corridors.

3356: 1807:

reveal their dietary habits as well as consumption habits. The material remains give light to realities of laborers who have been overlooked in a lot of historical record.

941:, with the boundaries corresponding to present-day Fountain Avenue, Indiana Street, Exposition Boulevard and Hoover Street. Each settler received four rectangles of land, 8011: 7170:

Sánchez, George J. (February 2017). "Why Are Multiracial Communities so Dangerous? A Comparative Look at Hawai'i; Cape Town, South Africa; and Boyle Heights, California".

2149:. In a lot of cases, these women immigrated from China for the purpose of prostitution with their poor and desperate families selling them into an indentured servitude. 1314:

In 1840, Jean-Louis Vignes made the first recorded shipment of California wine. The Los Angeles market was too small for his production, and he loaded a shipment on the

1165:

Mexico's independence from Spain on September 28, 1821, was celebrated with great festivity throughout Alta California. No longer subjects of the king, people were now

1119:

took place between 1818 and 1822, much of it with Indian labor. The new church completed Governor de Neve's planned transition of authority from mission to pueblo. The

5128: 1600:

unemployed were arrested and auctioned off as laborers to those who paid their fines. They were often paid for work with liquor, which only increased their problems.

416:

Los Angeles had a strong economic base in farming, oil, tourism, real estate and movies. It grew rapidly with many suburban areas inside and outside the city limits.

8342: 8300: 2453:

The immigrants arriving in the city to find jobs sometimes brought the revolutionary zeal and idealism of their homelands. These included anarchists such as Russian

1243:

The same period also saw the arrival of many foreigners from the United States and Europe. They played a pivotal role in the U.S. takeover. Early California settler

1116: 910: 8402: 4628: 3829: 2807:

was ordered in summer 1931 by a superior court judge after Ethel Prioleau sued the city, complaining that she as a Negro was not allowed to use the pool in nearby

3395:, wrote, "Between 1942-1945, some 340,000 Blacks settled in California, 200,000 of whom migrated to Los Angeles." Most of these migrants to Los Angeles came from 1907: 8392: 8387: 4682: 4646: 2127:. Old Chinatown was centered on Alameda Street which was also where the former Red Light district of Los Angeles was. In 1984, an archaeological excavation of 1939:). Southern Pacific had initially supported the San Pedro port, and when in 1875 a potential rival emerged in a Santa Monica wharf connected to downtown by the 8305: 4664: 3964: 1620:

depicted by Whites as lazy and shiftless, she found most of them to be hard-working craftsmen and farmers. Jackson's tour inspired her to write her 1884 novel

3349:

to present themselves for "evacuation" from the newly created military zones. This included many Los Angeles families, of which 80,000 were relocated to the

2963:

to promote development near the aqueduct's outlet. By referendum of the residents, 170 square miles (440 km) of the San Fernando Valley, along with the

1333:

In 1836, the Indian village of Yaanga was relocated near the future corner of Commercial and Alameda Streets. In 1845, it was relocated again to present-day

926: 4700: 2336:

growing protests. Seventy-three people were arrested in connection with the riots. The city council introduced new measures to control public speaking. The

1700:

grew along Main and Spring streets towards Second Street and beyond. In Downtown Los Angeles, there was an archaeological excavation in 1996 on the site of

8377: 6087:

Meyer, Michael D.; Gibson, Erica S.; Costello, Julia G. (2005). "City of Angels, City of Sin: Archaeology in the Los Angeles Red-Light District ca. 1900".

3427:

did not exist in Los Angeles as it had in the South, black migrants continued to face racial discrimination in most aspects of life, especially widespread

3134:

Through the 1960s, the LAPD was promoted as one of the more efficient departments in the world. But Parker's administration increasingly was charged with

2317:

jurors. On December 1, 1911, four days before the final election, the McNamaras entered a plea of guilty in return for prison terms. Harriman lost badly.

945:, for farming, two irrigated plots and two dry ones. When the settlers arrived, the Los Angeles floodplain was heavily wooded with willows and oaks. The 914: 568:

The lives of the Tongva were governed by a set of religious and cultural practices that included belief in creative supernatural forces. They worshipped

8412: 8397: 3765:, and heavy police vigilance in many parts of the city. With its reputation, it had led to Los Angeles being referred as "The Gang Capital of America". 1303:

Brothers at the end of the 18th century. They grew well and yielded large quantities of wine, but Jean-Louis Vignes was not satisfied with the results.

8407: 8155: 7043: 3097: 17: 8288: 8283: 8006: 7432: 7396:(November 2011). "The Emergence of Los Angeles as a Fashion Hub: A Comparative Spatial Analysis of the New York and Los Angeles Fashion Industries". 6430: 4480: 7612: 424:

brought new industry, especially high-tech aircraft construction. Politically the city was moderately conservative, with a weak labor union sector.

8372: 6580: 5517: 937:

The Spanish land grant to the city lands of Los Angeles was roughly a square of five miles (8.0 km) on each side, for an area of four square

8435: 6462:

At the peak of their combined coverage and accessibility, they made Los Angeles' public transportation the best in the country, if not the world.

3017:

The downtown business interests, always eager to attract business and investment to Los Angeles, were also eager to distance their town from the

2279:

The California labor movement, with its strength concentrated in San Francisco, largely had ignored Los Angeles for years. However, in 1907, the

2146: 1748: 354: 147: 3662:

normally allow only vehicles with two/three or more occupants (whether the base number is two or three depends on what freeway you are on), but

2128: 859: 7087: 6806: 8731: 8278: 1044:

and led them in an attack on the mission at San Gabriel. The soldiers were able to defend the mission, and arrested 17, including Toypurina.

2928:

was added in 1910, bringing the city up to 90 square miles (233 km) and giving it a vertical "barbell" shape. Also added that year was

8711: 8450: 8244: 7015: 6451: 4527: 4500: 1382: 142: 3642:

of Los Angeles became a notable feature of the town, and the pace of the growth accelerated in the first decades of the 20th century. The

1828: 1764:

while at residences, bottles and glassware was at just 30%. Pharmaceutical and medical items were more often used in the brothels than in

1330:, was the most extensive vineyard in California. Vignes owned over 40,000 vines and produced 150,000 bottles, or 1,000 barrels, per year. 8741: 4505: 4495: 4490: 4088: 3947:

from the Central United States settled in the Northern ends of Downtown Los Angeles, mainly they were White, but a large percentage were

3670:

still monitor the air and generally encourage people to avoid polluting activities on hot days when smog is expected to be at its worst.

3258:, Los Angeles grew as a center for production of aircraft, ships, war supplies, and ammunition. Aerospace employers headquartered in the 1546:

homicide rate between 1847 and 1870 averaged 158 per 100,000 (13 murders per year), which was 10 to 20 times the annual murder rates for

1306: 1221: 715:, and Los Angeles as sites for his new pueblos. His plans for them closely followed a set of Spanish city-planning laws contained in the 578: 7924: 7798: 905: 723:

in 1573. Those laws were responsible for laying the foundations of the largest cities in the region at the time, including Los Angeles,

8566: 7780: 7146: 4537: 2496: 172: 6234: 3157:

involving misconduct of 70 officers, the federal government was forced to intervene and assumed jurisdiction of the department with a

3153:

beating. Charges of police brutality dogged the department through the end of the 20th century. In the late 1990s, as a result of the

2872: 2385:

wrote approvingly that "stockades and forced labor were a good remedy for IWW terrorism." Public meetings were outlawed in San Pedro,

1373:. Because of Mexico's inability to defend its northern territories, California was exposed to invasion. On August 13, 1846, Commodore 881:

earlier in 1781, in two groups, and some of them had most likely been working on their assigned plots of land since the early summer.

8746: 8726: 8626: 8111: 8089: 7107: 2689: 1689: 162: 1126:

In 1811, the population of Los Angeles had increased to more than five hundred persons, of which ninety-one were heads of families.

8781: 8751: 8706: 8701: 8364: 8141: 8101: 8016: 3428: 3101: 2865: 1784: 1055:. As a result, Indians found themselves with more freedom to choose between the benefits of the missions and the pueblo-associated 889:, the diocesan archivist, replied, however, that the name given by the founders was "El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora de los Angeles de 573: 105: 6918: 6294: 5645:

Brown, William E. Jr. (September 2002). "California as I Saw It: First-Person Narratives of California's Early Years, 1849–1900".

2530:, supplied with water from the surrounding mountains. The rising of the underground bedrock at the Glendale Narrows (near today's 1522:, a legend in his own time among the Mexican-born population for his daring feats against the Anglos, was captured in present-day 8974: 8949: 8736: 8716: 8696: 8646: 8576: 8571: 8556: 4614: 2601:

in the canyons along the San Gabriel Mountains to reduce the debris flows. It was an enormous project, taking years to complete.

2172:

residents. The mob gathered after hearing that a policeman and a rancher had been killed as a result of a conflict between rival

1928: 1875: 576:, a female virgin god. Their Great Morning Ceremony was based on a belief in the afterlife. In a purification ritual, they drank 3923:

became widespread. By 1939, almost 47% of Los Angeles County residential neighborhoods included racially restrictive covenants.

1203: 1024: 9194: 8806: 8766: 8666: 8641: 8596: 8591: 8483: 3466:

As with a few other wartime industrial cities in the U.S., Los Angeles experienced a racial-related conflict stemming from the

2890: 2343:

The open shop campaign continued from strength to strength, although not without meeting opposition from workers. By 1923, the

1012:, ditch diggers, water haulers, and domestic help; they were paid in clothing and other goods as well as cash and alcohol. The 810: 766:

It was in accordance with such precise planning—specified in the Law of the Indies—that Governor de Neve founded the pueblo of

275: 7540:

Light, Ivan; Bernard, Richard B. & Kim, Rebecca (1999). "Immigrant Incorporation in the Garment Industry of Los Angeles".

3530:. Those raids never came about, but the Japanese had the planes and wherewithal to accomplish such a raid throughout the war. 1591:

deprived Indians of any protection under the law, considering them as non-persons. As a result, it was impossible to bring an

1027:(c. 1766–1878) reportedly lived to the age of 112, living through the Spanish, Mexican, and early American eras in California. 852:(villages). Governor de Neve's plans for the Indians' role in his new town drew instant disapproval from the mission priests. 794: 463:

who fished, hunted sea mammals, and gathered wild seeds. They were later replaced by migrants—possibly fleeing drought in the

8919: 8811: 8796: 8536: 7989: 7952: 7849: 7655: 7596: 7340: 7315: 7250: 7221: 6971: 6938: 6901: 6850: 6740: 6698: 6277: 6000: 5949: 5871: 5728: 5557: 5431: 5331: 5302: 5266: 5052: 5027: 4999: 4961: 4889: 2594: 1940: 1867: 1736: 1696:. Wealthy Easterners who came as tourists recognized the growth opportunities and invested heavily in the region. During the 1480: 227: 6591: 1799:

Angeles in the late 1800s there was also an increase in cheap labor to help with tourism. Cheap labor was fulfilled by many

1104: 704:

by reducing the military's dependence on them. At the same time, they promoted the development of industry and agriculture.

629: 9269: 9139: 9049: 8954: 8939: 8831: 8801: 8791: 8786: 8776: 8771: 8761: 8756: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8651: 8631: 8621: 8581: 8561: 8546: 8541: 8352: 7961: 5136: 4077:

to become the nation's second largest city between 1980 and 1982, with a population estimated to be 3.022 million in 1982.

2324: 2293: 2153: 247: 3341:, authorizing military commanders to exclude "any or all persons" from certain areas in the name of national defense. The 3108:, was convicted and sentenced to two years to life. Police Chief James Davis and 23 other officers were forced to resign. 9159: 9134: 8959: 8656: 8636: 8611: 8586: 8551: 8465: 8126: 4547: 3235: 1912: 1887: 1844: 347: 252: 132: 6784: 6341: 5447:

Northrop, Marie E., ed. (December 1960). "The Los Angeles Padron of 1844 as Copied from the Los Angeles City Archives".

5318:

Estrada, William David (2005). "Toypurina, Leader of the Tongva People". In Oboler, Suzanne; Gonzalez, Deena J. (eds.).

3666:

can use the lanes with only a single occupant. As a result, smog is significantly reduced from its peak, although local

2192: 833:, Rosario, and Durango, Rivera y Moncada recruited only 12 settlers and 45 soldiers. Like the settlers of most towns in 9299: 9259: 9124: 9084: 9074: 9059: 8904: 8879: 8821: 8816: 8671: 8661: 8616: 8606: 8601: 8518: 8488: 8315: 7776: 7464: 5356: 4584: 4470: 3707: 3646:, sometimes called "America's Suburb", became a favorite site of developers, and the city began growing past its roots 3380: 3207: 3127: 2975: 2937: 1191: 515: 490:. The land occupied and used by the Tongva covered about 4,000 square miles (10,000 km). It included the enormous 308: 280: 7690: 4858:, "Chinigchinish: An Historical Account of the Origins, Customs, and Traditions of the Indians of Alta California" in 3419:. African Americans particularly benefited from defense jobs created in Los Angeles County during the war, especially 3096:

The persistent courage of Clinton, Superior Court Judge and later Mayor, Fletcher Bowron, and former police detective

9249: 9224: 9179: 9174: 9104: 8964: 8869: 8864: 8265: 8106: 7875: 7862: 6485:"A Night in Old Chinatown: American Orientalism, China Relief Fundraising, and the 1938 Moon Festival in Los Angeles" 6069:

Meyer, Michael D., et al. "City of Angels, City of Sin: Archaeology in the Los Angeles Red-Light District ca. 1900."

6035:

Tzeng, Timothy (2011). "Eastern Promises: The Role of Eastern Capital in the Development of Los Angeles, 1900-1920".

4905: 4055: 3781: 3626: 3611: 3187: 3174: 2971: 2894: 2736: 2693: 1924: 1199: 222: 70: 4042:

1990s, and is now mainly Latino. While the Latino community within the City of Los Angeles was once centered on the

3618:". These reflected the Californian promise of easy living in a paradisiacal climate. The surfing culture burgeoned. 1747:

to more upscale neighborhoods which transformed residences into boarding houses or parlor houses otherwise known as

1518:

threatened Southern California with a full-scale revolt. He was hanged in Los Angeles in front of 3,000 spectators.

393:. After sovereignty changed from Mexico to the United States in 1849, great changes came from the completion of the 9239: 9214: 9199: 9164: 9119: 9109: 9069: 9039: 9029: 9024: 8989: 8984: 8969: 8894: 8889: 8493: 8460: 8337: 8273: 8237: 4517: 3968: 3703: 3364: 3350: 2995: 1900:, and a number of business colleagues embarked on reshaping southern California by expanding that into a harbor at 1769: 1228:

Much of this progress, however, bypassed the Indians of the traditional villages who were not assimilated into the

285: 217: 152: 95: 7748: 6131: 3749:

During the latter decades of the 20th century, the city saw a massive increase of street gangs. At the same time,

2845:

A devastating brush fire on October 3, 1933, killed 29 and injured another 150 workers who were clearing brush in

9325: 9289: 9254: 9234: 9209: 9184: 9094: 9089: 9034: 9014: 8994: 8944: 8899: 8849: 8046: 6017: 5647: 4532: 3502: 3346: 2983: 2830: 2480: 2344: 1704:

which took place during the demolition of the parking structure as well as a massive excavation of the basement.

620: 242: 212: 207: 182: 3874:, despite they were legally "White" due to Spanish ancestry, Mexican immigrants tend to be indigenous people or 3702:

fires destroyed 484 expensive homes and 21 other buildings along with 15,810 acres (64 km) of brush in the

3501:

While Los Angeles County never faced enemy bombing and invasion, it nevertheless became an integral part of the

2857: 2578:

and depositing them in the town below. Another wiped out the small town of Hidden Springs in a tributary of the

2013:

notified Southern Pacific that the track had been completed on the route between San Francisco and Los Angeles.

1563:, and came to Los Angeles in 1850. He was responsible for keeping California in the Union during the Civil War. 1032: 9304: 9294: 9274: 9189: 9129: 9114: 9079: 9064: 9054: 9019: 9004: 8979: 8934: 8924: 8909: 8884: 8874: 8528: 8445: 8440: 8422: 7497: 7213: 6893: 6666: 5973: 5518:"Map of Rancho San Vicente y Santa Monica, Santa Monica: Calendar of Events in the Making of a City, 1875-1950" 5294: 3754: 3667: 3630: 3603: 3315: 3029:(LAPD)—and the fight against it—were dominant themes in the city's story from early 20th-century to the 1950s. 2987: 2673: 1978: 1891: 1732: 1697: 1674: 1639: 1149: 701: 499: 340: 257: 202: 192: 122: 34: 7108:"L.A. City Limits: African American Los Angeles from the Great Depression to the Present by Josh Sides (2003)" 6548: 6366:

Hildebrand, Evelyn (2020). "The Chinese in California: Archaeology and Railroads at the Turn of the Century".

4803:

Yaara' Shiraaw'ax 'Eyooshiraaw'a. Now You're Speaking Our Language: Gabrielino/Tongva/Fernandeño: a phrasebook

4774: 2585:

The greatest daily rainfall recorded in California was 26.12 inches on January 23, 1943, at Hoegees near

2549: 1082:

and caring for crops. Padre Vincente de Santa Maria was traveling with the party and made these observations:

9284: 9279: 9244: 9219: 9204: 9169: 9149: 9099: 9044: 9009: 8999: 8929: 8914: 8859: 8475: 8205: 8121: 7996: 7130: 5239: 4860: 4557: 3768: 3743: 3583: 3527: 3259: 3138:—resulting from his recruiting of officers from the South with strong anti-black and anti-Mexican attitudes. 3086: 3046: 3026: 2822: 2808: 2789: 2328: 2165: 1998: 1728: 1087:

were neither pueblos nor ranches. These pagan Indians care neither for the missions nor for the missionaries.

503: 7064: 2522:

flowed clear and fresh all year, supporting 45 Tongva villages in the area. The source of the river was the

2410:'s campaign for governor of California under the banner of his "End Poverty In California" (EPIC) movement, 1952:. Congress authorized the Army Corps of Engineers to choose the location, and in 1897 they chose San Pedro. 1630:, California. Many of the Indian villages of Southern California survived because of her efforts, including 1209: 9264: 9229: 9144: 8498: 5992: 5403: 3936: 3587: 3299: 2390: 2280: 1932: 1931:" investors in the Central Pacific and Southern Pacific. (The "Big Four" are sometimes numbered among the " 1871: 1224:, played an influential role in the development of Los Angeles in the late Mexican and early American eras. 440: 290: 187: 7834:

Some of the best history appears in the appropriate chapters of the multi-volume History of California by

7613:"California – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990" 6870: 2241:

was spurring enthusiasm for the expansion of Los Angeles, the newspaper was also trying to turn it into a

1803:

and minority workers who faced struggles with low wages, poor living conditions, and even discrimination.

1350: 921:

The town grew as soldiers and other settlers came into town and stayed. In 1784 a chapel was built on the

848:, the newly baptized Indians were no longer to reside in the mission but had to live in their traditional 390: 9154: 8230: 8180: 8116: 8051: 8021: 7695: 7625: 7620: 7268: 7092: 6265: 3571: 3396: 3307: 3295: 3042: 2916:, a narrow and crooked strip of land leading from Los Angeles south towards the port. The port cities of 2415: 2272: 2124: 1823: 1752: 1701: 1571: 1405: 1001: 802: 664: 417: 313: 137: 75: 6715: 6412: 1772:, containing morphia. Catherine Holder Spude's archeological data collection explains the archeological 1533: 922: 8131: 8094: 7442: 6556: 5968:(1971). "The Aboriginal Population of Upper California". In Heizer, R. F. & Whipple, M. A. (eds.). 5888: 5525: 5072: 4938: 4906:"The Los Angeles River: Geography, vistas and restoration | Blog | Integration and Application Network" 4562: 3817: 3579: 3455: 3303: 3074: 2861: 2370: 2213: 2120: 2112: 2083: 1883: 1780: 1744: 1651: 1588: 1476: 1404:(it was not a treaty) on 13 January 1847, ending the California phase of the Mexican–American War. The 1381:, seized the town; Governor Pico had fled to Mexico. From Stockton and Frémont until late 1849, all of 1334: 929:. It was also oriented diagonally, i.e. at precisely a 90-degree angle to the four compass points. The 443:

have increased in frequency and become less seasonal and more year-round, further straining the city's

127: 7082: 5748: 3861: 637: 8175: 8066: 7945: 7437: 7172: 6690: 6206: 5941: 5909: 4991: 4043: 3896: 3888: 3845: 3821: 3514: 3423:, where it was one of the first places of integrated, defense-related work on the West Coast. Though 3199: 2680:, engaged in successful efforts at buying cheap land on the northern outskirts of Los Angeles in the 2586: 2402:

raided the IWW Hall and attacked the men, women and children meeting there. The strike was defeated.

2285: 2091: 2039: 2035: 1963: 1955: 1944: 1832: 1523: 1319: 1040:, began touring the area, preaching against the injustices suffered by her people. She won over four 825: 708: 7493:"The Industrial Division of Labor Among Immigrants and Internal Migrants to the Los Angeles Economy" 6817: 5840: 3115: 3021:

that defined the stories of Chicago and New York. In spite of their concerns, massive corruption in

1890:

in 1871. Banning had already laid track and shipped in locomotives to connect the port to the city.

8854: 8721: 8084: 7393: 6658: 4709:. Vol. 35, no. 58. December 11, 1890 – via California Digital Newspaper Collection. 4635:. Vol. 4, no. 19. September 21, 1854 – via California Digital Newspaper Collection. 4552: 4443:

Historical Resident Population of Los Angeles during the Spanish & Mexican Period, 1781 to 1840

3916: 3904: 3883: 3727: 3271: 3183: 2753: 2467: 2216:

was the first of many fields in the basin to be exploited, and in 1900 and 1902, respectively, the

2075: 2055: 1994: 1882:

The city still lacked a modern harbor. Phineas Banning excavated a channel out of the mud flats of

1863: 1724: 1366: 877:

The official date for the founding of the city is September 4, 1781. The families had arrived from

406: 237: 5348: 4956:. Banning, CA/Novato, CA: Malki Museum Press/Ballena Press cooperative publication. pp. 2–7. 4689:. Vol. XII, no. 35. January 3, 1863 – via California Digital Newspaper Collection. 3104:, one of the first big-city recalls in the country's history. The head of the intelligence squad, 2422:

studio into the unofficial headquarters of the organized campaign against EPIC. MGM produced fake

8430: 7984: 7913: 5585: 5323: 4485: 4012: 3392: 3342: 3263: 3082: 2991: 2979: 2921: 2841: 2650: 2419: 2217: 2108: 1287:

bought 104 acres (0.42 km) of land located between the original Pueblo and the banks of the

1123:

no longer had to make the bumpy 11-mile (18 km) ride to Sunday Mass at Mission San Gabriel.

894: 656: 641: 7025: 4836: 3215: 2462: 2458: 2438: 2435: 949:

flowed all year. Wildlife was plentiful, including deer and black bears, and even an occasional

863: 8332: 8001: 7266:

Redford, Laura (2017). "The Intertwined History of Class and Race Segregation in Los Angeles".

6435: 6269: 4475: 4130: 3892: 3805: 3789: 3607: 3510: 3376: 3326: 3146: 3053: 2929: 2925: 2917: 2717: 2575: 2565:

Some of the most concentrated rainfall in the history of the United States has occurred in the

2366: 2067: 2063: 1856: 1773: 1705: 1437: 1386: 1370: 1358: 1295:

after the centuries-old tree found near the entrance. The grapes available at the time, of the

977: 789: 668: 436: 410: 157: 90: 6652: 6386: 5426:. Seemann's Historic Cities, No. 26. Miami, Florida: E.A. Seemann Publishing Inc. p. 16. 5398: 4721: 4671:. Vol. X, no. 12. July 28, 1860 – via California Digital Newspaper Collection. 4046:, it now extends throughout the city. The San Fernando Valley, which represented a bastion of 2699: 1133:

was established from Los Angeles, over the mountains to the north and up the west side of the

8455: 8382: 8253: 8190: 8185: 8056: 8031: 7433:"Toyota built Torrance into the second-largest home of Japanese Americans. Now, it's leaving" 7020: 6842: 6766: 5825: 5197: 4579: 4574: 3825: 3506: 3486: 3334: 3022: 3010: 2804: 2704: 2613: 2566: 2087: 2079: 2020: 1901: 1862:

The town continued to grow at a moderate pace. Railroads finally arrived to connect with the

1195: 1190:

in the pueblo, soon followed by J. D. Leandry. Trade and commerce further increased with the

1154: 615: 43: 7811: 7810:(Greenwood Press, 1981) short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980. 7156: 5216: 4653:. Vol. X, no. 4. June 2, 1860 – via California Digital Newspaper Collection. 3694:

Beginning November 6, 1961, Los Angeles suffered three days of destructive brush fires. The

2727:

began to warn the voters of Los Angeles that the county would soon dry up unless they voted

2657:

state line. It was a permanent stream of fresh water fed by the melted snows of the eastern

1445:

determined that under U.S. property law, lands owned by the city were disposable. Also, the

767: 645: 486:

By the 1700s CE, there were 250,000 to 300,000 native people in California and 5,000 in the

8844: 8347: 8170: 8165: 8079: 8041: 8036: 8026: 7938: 7792: 5904: 5848: 5688: 5068: 4027: 4023: 3900: 3797: 3647: 3595: 3384: 3338: 3283: 3267: 3211: 2933: 2886: 2834: 2818: 2793: 2741: 2658: 2609: 2289: 2226: 2157: 2059: 1920: 1527: 1515: 1495: 1393: 1323: 1063: 744: 740: 712: 507: 468: 460: 378: 232: 100: 6413:"'Great Free Harbor Fight' : At Stake Was the Port Site for the Growing City of L.A." 5236:

Annals of Los Angeles: From the arrival of the first white men to the Civil War, 1769–1861

4439:

Historical Census Populations of Counties and Incorporated Cities in California, 1850–2010

2351:

in San Pedro and led approximately 3,000 men to walk off the job. With the support of the

1091: 8: 8327: 8293: 8210: 8195: 8136: 8074: 7824:

Schiesl, Martin J. "Progressive Reform in Los Angeles under Mayor Alexander, 1909-1913."

6160:"Materializing Inequality: The Archaeology of Tourism in Turn-of-the-Century Los Angeles" 4542: 3987: 3834: 3809: 3793: 3711: 3643: 3621: 3591: 3563: 3243: 3203: 3018: 2956: 2905: 2681: 2527: 2362: 2221: 2197: 2173: 2071: 2051: 2043: 2002: 1788: 1579: 1507:. Los Angeles came to be known as the "toughest and most lawless city west of Santa Fe." 1247:

included several historical figures in his recollection of people he knew in March 1845.

1071: 511: 85: 7672:"City of Los Angeles Population by Zip Code & Race Based Upon 2019 Census Estimates" 7366: 4855: 3730:) was the highest in Los Angeles when it was completed in 1973. It was surpassed by the 2744:

on November 5, 1913, Mulholland's entire speech was five words: "There it is. Take it."

1389:

in charge. Subsequent dissatisfaction with Gillespie and his troops led to an uprising.

7557: 7514: 7413: 7333:

L.A. City Limits: African-American Los Angeles from the Great Depression to the Present

7285: 6963: 6512: 6322: 6258: 6219: 6179: 6112: 6104: 6052: 5802: 5664: 5499: 5464: 5110: 4864: 4705: 4462: 4031: 3959: 3932: 3638:

all the social, health and political problems that this dependence produces. The famed

3567: 3518: 3322: 3119: 2964: 2947: 2685: 2662: 2597:

paved the beds of the river and its tributaries. The corps also built several dams and

2483:, the IWW), and Socialist and Communist labor organizers such as the Japanese-American 2177: 1756: 1616: 1488: 1421: 1401: 1374: 1268: 1158: 1134: 775: 736: 720: 716: 522:

Islands. They were part of a sophisticated group of trading partners that included the

519: 1692:

was the first incorporated bank in Los Angeles, founded in 1871 by John G. Downey and

1468: 1433: 1378: 8200: 7871: 7858: 7845: 7671: 7651: 7592: 7565: 7522: 7469: 7336: 7311: 7289: 7246: 7217: 6967: 6944: 6934: 6897: 6846: 6736: 6694: 6662: 6504: 6314: 6273: 6260:

The Passenger Train in the Motor Age: California's Rail and Bus Industries, 1910-1941

6183: 6116: 5996: 5965: 5945: 5867: 5806: 5744: 5724: 5553: 5427: 5327: 5298: 5262: 5170: 5073:"Chapter XVI: A New Reglamento — Colonists and Recruits — Los Angeles Founded (1781)" 5048: 5023: 4995: 4957: 4885: 4779: 4522: 3995: 3940: 3871: 3762: 3471: 3437: 3372: 3360: 3006: 2898: 2622: 2579: 2519: 2511: 2305: 2047: 2029: 1949: 1896: 1693: 1425: 1288: 1284: 1260: 1138: 946: 603: 590:

and salt water. Their language was called Kizh or Kij, and they practiced cremation.

495: 487: 394: 330: 7417: 7308:

Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight: Fear and Fantasy in Suburban Los Angeles

7210:

Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight: Fear and Fantasy in Suburban Los Angeles

5864:

Los Angeles from the Days of the Pueblo: A Brief History and Guide to the Plaza Area

1866:

and San Francisco in 1876. The impact was small. Much greater was the impact of the

1537:

The boundaries of Los Angeles in 1850, at a time when the city was only four square

8310: 8160: 7549: 7506: 7405: 7374: 7277: 7181: 6496: 6431:"CityDig: This 1938 Map Captures the Charm of L.A.'s Under-Appreciated Yellow Cars" 6306: 6215: 6171: 6096: 6044: 5918: 5794: 5656: 5491: 5456: 5169:. Nuestra Historia, Monograph No. 1. Encino, CA: Floricanto Press. pp. 50–53. 5102: 4842: 4609: 3999: 3912: 3739: 3615: 3447: 3291: 3287: 3135: 3085:

spied on anyone even suspected of criticizing the police. They included journalist

3057: 2829:

of 76,000, was enlarged to accommodate over 100,000 spectators for Olympic events.

2826: 2543: 2430: 2205: 2133: 1679: 1560: 1538: 1519: 1510:

Some of the residents resisted the new powers by resorting to banditry against the

1472: 1453: 1264: 886: 855: 814: 599: 6839:

A Bright and Guilty Place: Murder, Corruption, and L.A.'s Scandalous Coming of Age

6720:. Sacramento: State of California Department of Natural Resources. pp. 42–45. 5045:

Let There Be Towns: Spanish Municipal Origins in the American Southwest, 1610–1810

3633:

was one of the most premier nightclubs in Los Angeles, from 1921 until the 1960's.

3179: 3069: 1465:

Chinese, Italians, French, and Russians, joined with the Mexicans near the Plaza.

1456:

ruled that land could not be sold that was not on a city map. In 1849, Lieutenant

7242: 7125: 6792: 5693: 5629:

Bidwell, John. "First-Person Narratives of California's Early Years, 1849–1900".

4059: 3735: 3683: 3494: 3467: 3459: 3443: 3420: 3275: 3239: 3154: 3105: 3090: 2399: 2309: 2267: 2254: 2161: 2160:

targeting Chinese immigrants occurred on October 24, 1871 when approximately 500

2010: 1852: 1608: 1449:(property sketches) held by residents did not secure title in an American court. 1345: 1296: 1256: 1183: 1130: 954: 938: 728: 687: 472: 456: 382: 80: 6770: 5201: 4058:, is now as ethnically diverse as the rest of the city on the other side of the 3481: 817:

gave approval for the founding of a civic municipality at Los Angeles and a new

7908: 7889:

Spanish and Mexican History Source: University of Southern California Project:

7647: 7492: 7044:"The History of South Central Los Angeles and Its Struggle with Gentrification" 6930: 6922: 6834: 5577: 5573: 5375: 4442: 3991: 3158: 2943: 2913: 2768: 2763: 2728: 2677: 2598: 2476: 2411: 2407: 2386: 2356: 2250: 2209: 2142: 2006: 1848: 1765: 1718: 1713: 1688:

Francisco with its port facilities, railway terminal, banks and factories. The

1556: 683: 660: 625: 583: 543: 523: 444: 386: 7185: 6617: 6500: 6175: 5922: 5798: 3958:

Racially restrictive covenants were finally overturned in two landmark cases.

3161:. Police reform has since been a major issue confronted by the city's mayors. 1461:

the pueblo with a new civic center south of the Plaza and a new use of space.

1429: 1397: 1096: 9319: 7904:, a collection of newspaper articles and illustrations from 1900 through 1909 7900: 7787: 7409: 7281: 6927:

Variations on a Theme Park: The new American city and the end of public space

6757: 6529:

Zesch, Scott. "Chinese Los Angeles in 1870-1871: The Makings of a Massacre."

6508: 6452:"Story of cities #29: Los Angeles and the 'great American streetcar scandal'" 6318: 5189: 5174: 4144: 3981:

nations. Aerospace production has dropped significantly since the end of the

3928: 3908: 3801: 3777: 3758: 3750: 3651: 3546: 3424: 3037: 2846: 2554: 2539: 2531: 2446: 2378: 1658: 1547: 1392:

A force of 300 locals drove the Americans out, ending the first phase of the

1187: 1067: 748: 724: 553: 531: 402: 6992: 6159: 1408:, signed on 2 February 1848, ended the war and ceded California to the U.S. 1020: 7802:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 12–14. 7700: 7569: 7526: 7365:

Schoeni, Robert; Dardia, Michael; McCarthy, Kevin; Vernez, Georges (1996).

6456: 5785:(December 2006). "A Durable Center of Urban Space: The Los Angeles Plaza". 5782: 4775:"California's most destructive wildfire should not have come as a surprise" 4047: 3849: 3715: 3663: 3659: 3639: 3542: 3470:

in June 1943, in which American servicemen and local Whites attacked young

3388: 3330: 3286:, were able to provide the nation's demand for the war effort in producing 3255: 3231: 2472: 2454: 2395: 2348: 2096: 1990: 1982: 1959: 1819: 1310:

Depiction of Los Angeles in 1847, near the end of Mexican rule in the city.

1276: 1252: 1244: 1100: 950: 771: 691: 569: 421: 6890:

Los Angeles Transformed: Fletcher Bowron's Urban Reform Revival, 1938–1953

5822:

Maps of Los Angeles; From Ord's Survey of 1849 to the Boom of the Eighties

3837:. As a result, the original subway plans have been delayed for decades as 1008:

paid Indians for their labor. In exchange for their work as farm workers,

1004:. The village began to look like a refugee camp. Unlike the missions, the 675:

Although Los Angeles was a town that was founded by Mexican families from

8322: 7965: 7835: 7588: 5907:(November 2005). "Western Homicide: The Case of Los Angeles, 1830–1870". 5320:

Oxford Encyclopedia of Latinos and Latinas in the United States, Volume 4

4866:

Life in California: During a Residence of Several Years in that Territory

4805:. Los Angeles: P. Munro and the Gabrielino/Tongva Language Committee via 3813: 3575: 3555: 3490: 3408: 3311: 3194: 3150: 3142: 2646: 2571: 2484: 2242: 2169: 1795: 1354: 1291:. He planted a vineyard and prepared to make wine. He named his property 1161:

showing the city lands and limits of the Pueblo of Los Angeles at center.

1048: 985: 969: 890: 732: 587: 464: 370: 8222: 7829: 6516: 6484: 6326: 6108: 6056: 5503: 5468: 5114: 1251:

It then had probably two hundred and fifty people, of whom I recall Don

1236: 1217: 830: 535: 7561: 7518: 6100: 6074: 5668: 4726: 3838: 3785: 3780:

system, developed and built through the 1980s as a major goal of mayor

3606:. Popular music of the period bore titles such as "California Girls", " 3559: 2833:, a major thoroughfare, honors the occasion. It is still in use by the 2713: 2666: 2137: 1993:

located 27 miles (43 km) north of Los Angeles between the town of

1936: 1800: 1457: 1318:, bound for Northern California. By 1842, he made regular shipments to 1300: 1213: 973: 964: 636:

In 1542 and 1602, the first Europeans to visit the region were Captain

491: 7930: 5753:. Chicago & New York: The American Historical Society. p. 31. 5618:. Downey, California: Elena Quinn. pp. 12, 20–22, 32, 104–105 ff. 3590:

that continue on to the present day. In 1958, Major League Baseball's

679:, it was the Spanish governor of California who named the settlement. 539: 7644:

L.A. Noir: The Struggle for the Soul of America's Most Seductive City

7151: 7016:"Historic Resources Associated with African Americans in Los Angeles" 6958:

Schoneberger, William A.; Pattison, Ethel & Nichols, Lee (2009).

6310: 6048: 5938:

Barrio Logos: Place and Space in Urban Chicano Culture and Literature

5495: 5460: 5258: 5106: 5015: 4051: 3742:

back lot, has become another center of high-rise construction on the

3599: 3475: 3432: 3400: 3247: 2882: 2811:

but had to travel 3.6 miles to the designated "negro swimming pool."

2634: 2626: 2570:

blast, an inch and a half in five minutes. This storm caused massive

2507: 2313: 2246: 1974: 1416: 1385:. After three weeks of occupation, Stockton left, leaving Lieutenant 1037: 997: 878: 834: 374: 55: 7895:, 1996. Adopted by the El Pueblo de Los Angeles Historical Monument. 7553: 7510: 5660: 3538: 1526:, on May 14, 1874. He was found guilty of two counts of murder by a 841:

Revolt killed 95 settlers and soldiers, including Rivera y Moncada.

7378: 6534: 6136: 5386:. Los Angeles: University of California Department of Anthropology. 5221:

Annual Publication of the Historical Society of Southern California

5093:

Kelsey, Harry (1976). "A New Look at the Founding of Los Angeles".

4806: 3982: 3952: 3948: 3687: 3523: 3451: 3416: 3412: 2604: 2492: 2442: 2423: 2320: 1836: 1709: 1647: 1643: 1635: 1504: 1503:

Francisco and mining towns of the north by Vigilance Committees or

1272: 871: 696: 527: 7791: 6717:

Historic Rainstorms in California: A Study of 1,000-year Rainfalls

5552:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 147–172. 3784:, stretches from North Hollywood to Union Station and connects to 2359:

arrested so many strikers that the city's jails were soon filled.

377:(modern Mexico) established a permanent settlement in what is now 7065:"The Great Migration: The African American Exodus from The South" 4074: 3875: 3387:, which prohibited discrimination in wartime defense industries. 3279: 3226: 2574:

throughout the region, one of them unearthing the corpses in the

2523: 2491:

Unions began to make progress in organizing these workers as the

2016: 1761: 1631: 1078:

of Francisco Reyes. They found the local Indians hard at work as

838: 547: 398: 7819:

The Way We Really Were: The Golden State in the Second Great War

5253:

Crouch, Dora P.; Garr, Daniel J. & Mundigo, Axel I. (1982).

3986:

technicians. Many studios still operate in Los Angeles, such as

3650:

toward the ocean and towards the east. The immense problem with

2936:, a township northwest of the former city limits; and a part of 2707:, built in 1906, is one of the oldest reservoirs in Los Angeles. 2688:, chief engineer of the Los Angeles Water Department (later the 2377:

Some 1,200 dock workers were corralled in a special stockade in

2308:, both associated with the Iron Workers Union, for the bombing; 870:

Zúñiga's party arrived at the mission on 18 July 1781. Some had

6871:"Public Corruption, L.A.-Style: Where Have the Notorious Gone?" 3833:

Line Subway project, which culminated in a massive sinkhole on

3329:

pulled the U.S. into World War II, and America feared that the

2654: 2292:

near the plaza was bombed. A meeting hastily was called of the

2229:

having the fourth-largest reserves of any field in California.

2181: 1622: 1603: 1575: 1511: 958: 676: 595: 561: 557: 476: 428: 401:

to Los Angeles in 1885. "Overlanders" flooded in, mostly white

7918: 7367:"Life After Cutbacks: Tracking California's Aerospace Workers" 5866:(2nd ed.). San Francisco: California Historical Society. 5769:

The Indians of Los Angeles: Story of a Liquidation of a People

5482:

Newmark, Marco R. (1942). "Pioneer Merchants of Los Angeles".

4749:"Advancing Drought Science and Preparedness across the Nation" 4022:

Since the 1980s, there has been an increasing gap between the

2889:. The first large additions to the city were the districts of 2471:. They later were joined by the socialist candidate for mayor 6549:"Forgotten Los Angeles History: The Chinese Massacre of 1871" 3944: 3404: 1743:

By the 1880s, families began moving out of Aliso Street near

1627: 1592: 7134:. Vol. 87, no. 210. September 25, 1995. p. 4. 5893:. Los Angeles: Kingsley-Barnes & Neuner Co. p. 280. 5717:

Le rêve californien. Migrants français sur la côte Pacifique

5291:

The Los Angeles River: Its Life, Death, and Possible Rebirth

3325:

community in Los Angeles was greatly impacted since Japan's

2649:, about 250 miles (400 km) northeast of Los Angeles in 7855:

Inventing the Dream: California through the Progressive Era

7364: 7048: 6957: 4824:. San Bernardino, California: San Bernardino County Museum. 3772:

The former Los Angeles County flag, used from 1967 to 2004.

3655: 3333:

was widespread among the community. In response, President

2123:

in Los Angeles was once located on the site of what now is

1103:, is the oldest residence in Los Angeles, built in 1818 by 432: 6919:"Fortress Los Angeles: The Militarization of Public Space" 6685:

McPhee, John (1989). "Los Angeles Against the Mountains".

6132:"The Archaeology of Prostitution and Clandestine Pursuits" 5721:

The California dream. French migrants on the Pacific coast

5603:. Baltimore, Maryland: Regional Publishing Co. p. 82. 5079:. San Francisco: A.L. Bancroft & Co. pp. 333–352. 4954:

The First Angelinos: The Gabrielino Indians of Los Angeles

4748: 3202:(then known as Union Air Terminal, and later Lockheed) in 2389:

was arrested at Liberty Hill in San Pedro for reading the

2340:

called onlookers and taco vendors "cultural subversives."

1206:

which was later developed as the westside of Los Angeles.

7465:"Toyota to uproot from California, move to 'macho' Texas" 3855: 3168: 2050:

purchased five trolley lines, consolidated them into the

644:. The first permanent non-native presence began when the 7821:(University of Illinois Press, 2000), essays by experts. 7335:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 95. 3830:

Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority

3001: 2908:

and a change in state law allowed the city to annex the

2249:. Fruit growers and local merchants who had opposed the 2042:

and electric streetcars starting in 1887–1963. In 1898,

1607:

Narcisa Higuera, one of the last fluent speakers of the

1062:

In 1795, Sergeant Pablo Cota led an expedition from the

976:

system created by the Spanish. It was maintained by the

837:, they had a mix of Indian and Spanish backgrounds. The 7198:

Janss Investment Company v. Walden, 196 Cal. 753 (1925)

7126:"Child killing sparks action against Los Angeles gangs" 6654:

Latinas in the United States: A Historical Encyclopedia

6651:

Ruiz, Vicki L.; Korrol, Virginia Sánchez, eds. (2006).

6299:

The Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly

4935:

Cultural Interaction During the Spanish Colonial Period

4512:

Other articles which contain relevant history sections.

3505:

on the night of February 24–25, 1942, during the false

3214:. In 1940, the airlines were all at Burbank except for 2955:

other communities. Harry Chandler, a major investor in

7909:

Historical archives of the Los Angeles Fire Department

7868:

Material Dreams: Southern California through the 1920s

7391: 5723:] (in French). Paris: Éditions Belin. p. 53. 5190:"City of Angels' First Name Still Bedevils Historians" 5167:

Mexican Los Ángeles: A Narrative and Pictorial History

5020:

On the Plaza: The Politics of Public Space and Culture

4773:

Boxall, Bettina; St. John, Paige (November 10, 2018).

4613:. Vol. 2, no. 12. July 31, 1852 – via 3714:

neighborhoods. Most of the homes destroyed had wooden

2932:, a suburb west northwest of the city near Hollywood; 1353:

was a decisive victory of American forces against the

7808:

Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820-1980

6997:

California State Military History and Museums Program

4080:

The population of Los Angeles in 2020 was 3,898,747.

3528:

large-scale invasion of the continental United States

3379:

to the Los Angeles area in the second chapter of the

2805:

end to racial segregation in municipal swimming pools

1915:

was the first railroad in Los Angeles, photo ca.1880.

1813: 7301: 7299: 6342:"How Santa Monica Almost Became a Commercial Harbor" 6130:

Yamin, Rebecca; J. Seifert, Donna (August 6, 2019).

5047:. College Station, Texas: A&M University Press. 4452: 2495:

arrived in the 1930s. An influential strike was the

2168:

attacked, harassed, robbed, and murdered the ethnic

2054:(the 'yellow cars') and two years later founded the 1698:

1880s and 1890s, the central business district (CBD)

1117:

Plaza of La Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de Los Ángeles

6993:"Los Angeles Metropolitan Area during World War II" 6785:"Municipal Secession Fiscal Analysis Scoping Study" 6086: 5684:"Where the valley met the vine: The Mexican period" 5484:

Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly

5449:

Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly

5095:

Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly

3975: 3033:conflicts over bootlegging and horse-racing turf. 2441:were arrested in Los Angeles in 1917 for promoting 1615:When New England author and Indian-rights activist 700:. The new pueblos reduced the secular power of the 6756: 6616: 6257: 5582:The Mountain Men and the Fur Trade of the Far West 4569:Articles on specific events in Los Angeles history 3848:in Los Angeles led to condemnation from President 3582:. This later touched off a theme park war between 1668: 7296: 6018:"Battle over a Casino Divides Gabrielino Indians" 5252: 4988:The Los Angeles Plaza: Sacred and Contested Space 4481:List of Registered Historic Places in Los Angeles 4050:in the 1960s and provided the votes that allowed 2852: 2347:had made considerable progress in organizing the 1176: 911:Iglesia de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles 9317: 6618:"Dynamite Bomb Fails to Cripple Llewellyn Plant" 5399:"The Garrisons of San Diego Presidio: 1770–1794" 3509:, which occurred a day after the Japanese naval 3345:began ordering Japanese-Americans living on the 2284:Chandler. This conflict came to a head with the 897:of Porciuncula." and that the map was in error. 7539: 6164:International Journal of Historical Archaeology 6129: 5989:Helen Hunt Jackson and Her Indian Reform Legacy 5601:California Pioneer Register and Index 1542–1848 5550:Contested Eden: California Before the Gold Rush 5164: 4820:Smith, Gerald A. & Clifford, James (1965). 3788:lines that extend to the neighboring cities of 3753:became widely available and dominated by gangs 7806:Holli, Melvin G., and Jones, Peter d'A., eds. 7582: 7088:Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture 6733:The Story of Hollywood: An Illustrated History 6368:Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations 5380:Archeological Survey Annual Report, Appendix 2 4928: 4926: 4772: 4753:National Integrated Drought Information System 2876:Map of annexations to Los Angeles through 1916 2684:. At the same time, they enlisted the help of 1340: 8238: 7946: 7842:Americans and the California Dream, 1850–1915 7723:"Los Angeles Replaces Chicago as Second City" 6575: 6573: 5633:. Library of Congress Historical Collections. 5349:"Fages' Code of Conduct Toward Indians, 1787" 4819: 3141:Reaction to police brutality resulted in the 824:Croix put the California lieutenant governor 348: 7310:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 7236: 6680: 6678: 6581:"Oil and Gas Statistics: 2007 Annual Report" 6073:, vol. 39, no. 1, 2005, pp. 107–125. JSTOR, 5845:A History of California: The American Period 5841:"Chapter XXI: The Queen of the Cow Counties" 5238:. Special Publication No. 9. San Francisco: 5022:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. 4528:History of the Los Angeles Police Department 4501:History of Armenian Americans in Los Angeles 3808:, has been added that stretches from nearby 2885:in and closely around the area now known as 2502: 2288:of the Times in 1910. Two months later, the 2129:El Pueblo de Los Angeles Historical Monument 1611:, played a crucial role in its preservation. 1530:jury in 1874, and was hanged there in 1875. 860:El Pueblo de Los Ángeles Historical Monument 373:began in 1781 when 44 settlers from central 7490: 7237:Deverell, William & Hise, Greg (2010). 6533:, vol. 90, no. 2, 2008, pp. 109–58. JSTOR, 6295:"The Los Angeles and Independence Railroad" 6203: 4923: 4828: 4801:Bogany, Julia (2008). Munro, Pamela (ed.). 4506:History of Iranian Americans in Los Angeles 4496:History of Chinese Americans in Los Angeles 4491:History of Mexican Americans in Los Angeles 3852:and a crackdown on Los Angeles-area gangs. 3558:opened the world's first theme park called 3383:, due to manpower industrial shortages and 1835:began to be utilized in 1874, initially as 953:. There were abundant wetlands and swamps. 913:, built in 1814 over the ruins of the 1784 8245: 8231: 7953: 7939: 7925:Changing Times: Los Angeles in Photographs 7781:Bibliography of the History of Los Angeles 7749:"QuickFacts: Los Angeles city, California" 7583:Wilkman, Jon & Wilkman, Nancy (2006). 7491:Ellis, Mark & Wright, Richard (1999). 6864: 6862: 6650: 6570: 6384: 6365: 6080: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5088: 5086: 4884:. Los Osos, California: Sand River Press. 4538:History of the San Fernando Valley to 1915 3242:was among the many builders that made the 2497:Los Angeles Garment Workers Strike of 1933 1481:Monterey Constitutional Convention of 1849 542:to the south. Their trade extended to the 455:By 3000 BCE, the area was occupied by the 355: 341: 8252: 7688: 6758:"City Swimming Pools Opened to All Races" 6735:. North Hollywood, California: BL Press. 6713: 6707: 6675: 6625:. December 26, 1910 – via ProQuest. 5903: 5743: 5378:(1966). "The Tongva of Tujunga to 1801". 5288: 4932: 4822:Indian Slave Trade Along the Mojave Trail 3690:landmark of 1929, was demolished in 1969. 2690:Los Angeles Department of Water and Power 2665:before emptying into the shallow, saline 1690:Farmers and Merchants Bank of Los Angeles 1299:, were brought to Alta California by the 1192:secularization of the California missions 7786: 6868: 6730: 6449: 6255: 6015: 5890:The Herald's History of Los Angeles City 5861: 5819: 5766: 5714: 5598: 5546: 5446: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5129:"The founder of the city of Los Angeles" 5067: 5061: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4951: 4859: 4849: 4719: 3767: 3677: 3620: 3537: 3533: 3480: 3442: 3355: 3225: 3178: 3114: 3068: 3005: 2942: 2871: 2856: 2783: 2762: 2698: 2603: 2548: 2506: 2475:, Chinese revolutionaries, the novelist 2429: 2361: 2319: 2266: 2232: 2191: 2180:were killed, fifteen of whom were later 2107: 2015: 1973: 1954: 1906: 1827: 1779: 1731:was instrumental in the creation of the 1723: 1678: 1602: 1570: 1566: 1532: 1467: 1415: 1344: 1305: 1208: 1148: 1090: 1019: 963: 904: 854: 793: 655: 619: 552: 8211:Central Los Angeles & Wilshire area 7960: 7355:Barrows v. Jackson, 346 U.S. 249 (1953) 7265: 7169: 7144: 7041: 7010: 7008: 7006: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6859: 6629: 6546: 6428: 6410: 6385:Harrington, Marie (September 5, 1976). 6339: 6232: 6016:Garrison, Jessica (November 26, 2006). 5980: 5886: 5855: 5838: 5762: 5760: 5750:History of Los Angeles County, Volume I 5681: 5481: 5317: 5151: 5083: 4985: 4834: 4615:California Digital Newspaper Collection 4518:History of Southern California freeways 2825:, which had opened in May, 1923 with a 2692:or LADWP), and J.B. Lippencott, of the 2255:Merchants and Manufacturers Association 2115:existed from the 1860s until the 1930s. 1962:was the main passenger station for the 1855:. It ran 21 miles (34 km) between 1708:deposits were typically trash pits and 1400:was in charge; he signed the so-called 651: 381:, as instructed by Spanish Governor of 14: 9318: 7892:Los Angeles: Past, Present, and Future 7641: 7462: 7430: 6887: 6881: 6833: 6827: 6684: 6009: 5986: 5572: 5540: 5440: 5390: 5374: 5368: 5311: 5255:Spanish City Planning in North America 5246: 5092: 4879: 4873: 4869:. Santa Barbara: Peregrine Publishers. 4800: 3856:Racially restrictive housing covenants 3310:needed to bomb the war machine of the 3169:LAX: Los Angeles International Airport 2208:in 1892, near the present location of 2147:Los Angeles’ former Red Light District 1751:. A 1996 archaeological excavation at 1283:Upon arriving in Los Angeles in 1831, 598:, which was located by the freshwater 8226: 7934: 7691:"October 1900: Population at 100,000" 7689:Garrigues, George (October 1, 1900). 7330: 7305: 7207: 7105: 7037: 7035: 6916: 6910: 6588:California Department of Conservation 6034: 5935: 5929: 5644: 5613: 5396: 5346: 5340: 5275: 5233: 5227: 5214: 5036: 4970: 4813: 4068: 4030:, making Los Angeles one of the more 3371:The war also lured a large number of 3093:, and two of the county supervisors. 3002:Civic corruption and police brutality 2304:The authorities indicted John F. and 2046:and a San Francisco syndicate led by 1941:Los Angeles and Independence Railroad 1847:, was inaugurated in October 1869 by 1737:University of California, Los Angeles 1411: 479:people called the Los Angeles region 450: 7921:about a range of Los Angeles history 7814:; see index at p. 409 for list. 7145:Pelisek, Christine (July 14, 2005). 7062: 7042:Sonksen, Mike (September 13, 2017). 7003: 6980: 6609: 6411:Queenan, Charles F. (May 10, 1992). 6340:Masters, Nathan (January 11, 2012). 6292: 6233:Masters, Nathan (January 17, 2013). 6226: 6157: 6075:http://www.jstor.org/stable/25617239 5970:The California Indians: A Sourcebook 5964: 5958: 5813: 5781: 5775: 5757: 5421: 5187: 5181: 5042: 4720:Abramsky, Sasha (December 3, 2021). 4054:to defeat the first election run by 3353:throughout the duration of the war. 2154:Los Angeles Chinese massacre of 1871 1913:Los Angeles & San Pedro Railroad 1845:Los Angeles & San Pedro Railroad 1755:in Downtown Los Angeles uncovered a 986:water system consisting of ditches ( 7106:McCoy, Cameron (December 5, 2012). 6590:. December 31, 2007. Archived from 6482: 6293:Hoyt, Franklyn (December 1, 1950). 5643:"John Bidwell (Pioneer of '41)" in 5628: 5014: 5008: 4533:Los Angeles Fire Department History 3882:economically stable neighborhoods. 3236:California Shipbuilding Corporation 2924:were added in 1909 and the city of 2296:and Manufacturers Association. The 1452:California's new military governor 927:Upper Main and Marchessault streets 24: 7927:, UCLA Library Digital Collections 7777:Bibliography of California history 7032: 6869:Domanick, Joe (January 25, 1998). 6450:Marshall, Colin (April 25, 2016). 6235:"Lost Train Depots of Los Angeles" 6220:10.1111/j.1549-0831.2003.tb00147.x 5357:Journal of California Anthropology 4665:"Breckinridge to Visit California" 4585:Los Angeles mayoral election, 2005 4471:Bibliography of California history 3365:Japanese American internment camps 3351:Japanese-American internment camps 2038:began with horsecars (1874–1897), 1814:Early transportation and railroads 1787:was founded in 1870, as the first 1383:California had a military governor 630:Mission San Fernando Rey de España 309:Bibliography of California history 25: 18:History of Los Angeles, California 9337: 8294:Genocide of indigenous population 7883: 6960:Los Angeles International Airport 5862:Robinson, William Wilcox (1981). 5820:Robinson, William Wilcox (1966). 5771:. Los Angeles: Glen Dawson Press. 5767:Robinson, William Wilcox (1952). 5165:Ríos-Bustamante, Antonio (1992). 4835:Johnson, Bernice Eastman (1962). 3175:Los Angeles International Airport 3052:In 1937, the owner of downtown's 2779: 2694:United States Reclamation Service 2608:Workers assembling pipes for the 1479:, represented Los Angeles at the 900: 811:Antonio María de Bucareli y Ursúa 8338:Interim government of California 7741: 7715: 7682: 7664: 7635: 7605: 7576: 7533: 7484: 7463:Hirsch, Jerry (April 28, 2014). 7456: 7424: 7385: 7358: 7349: 7324: 7259: 7230: 7201: 7192: 7163: 6535:https://doi.org/10.2307/41172418 6429:Creason, Glen (April 29, 2015). 5887:Willard, Charles Dwight (1901). 5217:"Historic Houses of Los Angeles" 4722:"The Drought That May Never End" 4455: 4143: 4129: 4115: 4101: 4087: 3976:Economic and demographic changes 3668:Air Quality Management Districts 3612:Do You Know the Way to San Jose? 3526:in anticipation of the proposed 3391:, a longtime historian with the 2672:Sometime between 1899 and 1903, 2327:in 1900, viewed from modern-day 2253:in 1894 subsequently formed the 2187: 2103: 2036:Streetcar service in Los Angeles 1749:brothels occupied by prostitutes 1487:In 1848, the gold discovered in 694:for the support of the military 420:made the city world-famous, and 324: 54: 7826:California Historical Quarterly 7770: 7138: 7118: 7099: 7075: 7056: 6951: 6807:"Annexation and Detachment Map" 6799: 6777: 6749: 6731:Williams, Gregory Paul (2006). 6724: 6644: 6547:Wallace, Kelly (May 19, 2017). 6540: 6523: 6476: 6467: 6443: 6422: 6404: 6387:"A Golden Spike: The Beginning" 6378: 6359: 6333: 6286: 6249: 6197: 6158:Camp, Stacey (April 21, 2011). 6151: 6123: 6063: 6028: 5987:Mathes, Valerie Sherer (1997). 5897: 5880: 5832: 5737: 5708: 5675: 5648:The Journal of American History 5637: 5622: 5614:Quinn, Charles Russell (1973). 5607: 5599:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1964) . 5592: 5576:(1972). "Lemuel Carpenter". In 5566: 5510: 5475: 5415: 5208: 5121: 5077:History of California, Volume I 4986:Estrada, William David (2008). 4945: 4898: 4838:California's Gabrielino Indians 4794: 3673: 3221: 2881:roughly 15 degrees east of the 2747: 2481:Industrial Workers of the World 2345:Industrial Workers of the World 1919:This put them in conflict with 1843:The city's first railroad, the 1733:Los Angeles State Normal School 1683:1887 aerial view of Los Angeles 1669:Industrial expansion and growth 1371:American conquest of California 1186:and John Rice opened the first 1025:Eulalia Pérez de Guillén Mariné 821:or garrison, at Santa Barbara. 7542:International Migration Review 7498:International Migration Review 7431:Fujita, Akiko (May 16, 2014). 7214:University of California Press 7063:Kopf, Dan (January 28, 2016). 6894:University of New Mexico Press 6256:Thompson, Gregory Lee (1993). 5974:University of California Press 5839:Cleland, Robert Glass (1922). 5682:Gaughan, Tim (June 19, 2009). 5397:Mason, William Marvin (1978). 5347:Mason, William Marvin (1975). 5295:Johns Hopkins University Press 5043:Cruz, Gilberto Rafael (1988). 4766: 4741: 4713: 4693: 4683:"Overland Mail—Southern Route" 4675: 4657: 4639: 4621: 4597: 3604:Federal Housing Administration 3363:being forcibly removed to the 2853:Annexations and consolidations 2676:and his son-in-law successor, 1675:Victorian Downtown Los Angeles 1222:Mexican governor of California 1177:Secularization of the missions 1144: 609: 13: 1: 7131:The Christian Science Monitor 6765:. June 26, 1931. p. A1. 6636:"Rioters Must Face the Law". 6531:Southern California Quarterly 5240:California Historical Society 4590: 3860:Racially restrictive housing 3260:Los Angeles metropolitan area 3047:Los Angeles Police Department 3027:Los Angeles Police Department 2904:In 1906, the approval of the 2823:Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 2790:Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 2558: 2479:, "Wobblies" (members of the 1999:Lyons Station Stagecoach Stop 1770:Mrs. Winslow's soothing syrup 1729:Reginaldo Francisco del Valle 1369:started, soon leading to the 781: 671:to found Los Angeles in 1781. 7083:"The Second Great Migration" 6714:Goodridge, James D. (1997). 5993:University of Oklahoma Press 5404:Journal of San Diego History 5257:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 5188:Pool, Bob (March 26, 2005). 3884:The Janss Investment Company 3375:from the rural impoverished 2758: 2391:United States Bill of Rights 2281:American Federation of Labor 1874:) in 1885. The Santa Fe and 1872:California Southern Railroad 1661:also survived. in 2006, the 1326:and San Francisco. By 1849, 707:Governor de Neve identified 389:, and authorized by Viceroy 7: 7696:Los Angeles Evening Express 7621:United States Census Bureau 7269:Journal of Planning History 7093:The New York Public Library 6266:Ohio State University Press 5936:Villa, Raúl Homero (2000). 5522:Santa Monica Public Library 4841:. Los Angeles, California: 4448: 4422: 4411: 4400: 4389: 4378: 4367: 4356: 4345: 4334: 4323: 4312: 4301: 4290: 4279: 4268: 4257: 4246: 4235: 4224: 4213: 4202: 4191: 4180: 4169: 4034:city in the United States. 3186:was the first structure at 2801:Swimming pool desegregation 2257:(M & M) to support the 1894:, founder and owner of the 1824:River Station (Los Angeles) 1406:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1359:U.S. conquest of California 1341:U.S. Conquest of California 1182:river was rebuilt. In 1827 1155:Spanish and Mexican ranchos 984:The first settlers built a 803:Los Angeles Central Library 799:The Founding of Los Angeles 665:Governor of the Californias 648:arrived on August 2, 1769. 418:Its motion picture industry 314:Bibliography of Los Angeles 76:Province of Las Californias 10: 9342: 7774: 7443:Public Radio International 7239:A Companion to Los Angeles 6557:Los Angeles Public Library 5972:(2nd ed.). Berkeley: 4952:McCawley, William (1996). 4939:University of Pennsylvania 3172: 3075:Los Angeles Public Library 2866:St. Vincent de Paul Church 2862:California Churrigueresque 2751: 2612:in 1912, built during the 2237:At the same time that the 2214:Los Angeles City Oil Field 2119:First built in the 1860s, 1817: 1735:in 1882, which became the 1672: 1589:Constitution of California 1477:Constitution of California 1259:, Captain Alexander Bell, 1200:grant of over 33,000-acres 787: 613: 8830: 8527: 8511: 8474: 8421: 8363: 8264: 8260: 8150: 8065: 7972: 7394:Currid-Halkett, Elizabeth 7186:10.1525/phr.2017.86.1.153 7173:Pacific Historical Review 6691:Farrar, Straus and Giroux 6501:10.1525/phr.2018.87.3.439 6489:Pacific Historical Review 6176:10.1007/s10761-011-0142-1 5942:University of Texas Press 5923:10.1525/phr.2005.74.4.603 5910:Pacific Historical Review 5799:10.1017/S096392680600407X 5715:Foucrier, Annick (1999). 5289:Gumprecht, Blake (1999). 4992:University of Texas Press 4880:Miller, Bruce W. (1991). 4605:"The Overland Emigration" 4038:voters in November 2002. 4032:socioeconomically divided 3846:murder of Stephanie Kuhen 3724:First Interstate Building 3515:Santa Barbara, California 3438:South Central Los Angeles 3200:Hollywood Burbank Airport 3089:, the District Attorney, 2940:was annexed to the city. 2835:USC Trojans football team 2503:Flooding and water supply 1964:Southern Pacific Railroad 1927:and one of California's " 1833:Streetcars in Los Angeles 1561:County Roscommon, Ireland 1524:Santa Clarita, California 1351:Battle of Río San Gabriel 1220:, who served as the last 915:Asistencia de Los Ángeles 826:Fernando Rivera y Moncada 690:and decided to establish 391:Antonio María de Bucareli 7914:LA as Subject (KCET.org) 7902:Los Angeles in the 1900s 7587:. Salt Lake City, Utah: 7410:10.1177/0042098010392080 7282:10.1177/1538513216676191 6659:Indiana University Press 5584:. Glendale, California: 4933:Kealhofer, Lisa (1991). 4701:"His Nose was Scratched" 4558:History of Beverly Hills 3951:(Native Americans) from 3800:, among others. Also, a 3272:Douglas Aircraft Company 3102:voted Shaw out of office 3045:was selling jobs in the 2754:Los Angeles in the 1920s 2661:. It flowed through the 2468:Partido Liberal Mexicano 2056:Pacific Electric Railway 1925:Southern Pacific Company 1870:(through its subsidiary 1550:during the same period. 1115:The construction on the 774:, on the great plain of 502:rivers and the southern 459:-speaking people of the 8254:History of California 8102:Other elected officials 7799:Encyclopædia Britannica 6537:. Accessed 17 May 2023. 6077:. Accessed 18 May 2023. 5586:Arthur H. Clark Company 5424:Yesterday's Los Angeles 5324:Oxford University Press 5234:Layne, J.Gregg (1935). 4647:"From the Texan Border" 4548:History of Santa Monica 4486:Timeline of Los Angeles 3393:Smithsonian Institution 3343:Western Defense Command 3264:Hughes Aircraft Company 3073:The Central Library of 3036:In 1933, the new mayor 2817:Los Angeles hosted the 2669:, where it evaporated. 2595:Army Corps of Engineers 2264:s anti-union campaign. 2218:Beverly Hills Oil Field 1991:Newhall railroad tunnel 1966:, from 1888 until 1914. 1904:using federal dollars. 1428:in 1847, by Californio 1240:region's leading city. 1074:. His party visited the 1068:Conejo-Calabasas region 813:and Commandant General 638:Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo 560:was the most prominent 9326:History of Los Angeles 8333:Conquest of California 8181:Greater Hollywood 7817:Lotchin, Roger W. ed. 7392:Williams, Sarah & 6816:. 2005. Archived from 6089:Historical Archaeology 6071:Historical Archaeology 5745:McGroarty, John Steven 5524:. 1875. Archived from 4476:American urban history 3773: 3691: 3634: 3550: 3511:bombardment of Ellwood 3498: 3463: 3454:) being beaten by the 3368: 3327:attack on Pearl Harbor 3251: 3191: 3126:In 1950, he appointed 3123: 3078: 3067: 3014: 2959:real estate, used his 2951: 2897:to the north, and the 2877: 2869: 2797: 2772: 2708: 2617: 2576:Verdugo Hills Cemetery 2562: 2515: 2450: 2374: 2332: 2276: 2204:Oil was discovered by 2201: 2116: 2040:cable cars (1885–1902) 2024: 1986: 1967: 1916: 1840: 1792: 1740: 1712:from the brothels and 1684: 1612: 1583: 1542: 1484: 1441: 1438:Conquest of California 1387:Archibald H. Gillespie 1362: 1311: 1281: 1225: 1162: 1129:In 1820, the route of 1108: 1089: 1028: 981: 978:Zanjero of Los Angeles 918: 895:Our Lady of the Angels 867: 805: 790:Los Angeles Pobladores 672: 633: 565: 91:Conquest of California 8494:Santa Catalina Island 8466:Territorial evolution 7642:Buntin, John (2009). 7585:Picturing Los Angeles 7159:on February 11, 2009. 7021:National Park Service 6795:on November 28, 2004. 6773:– via ProQuest. 6687:The Control of Nature 6483:Gow, William (2018). 5849:The Macmillan Company 5422:Dash, Norman (1976). 5215:Guinn, J. M. (1897). 5204:– via ProQuest. 5069:Bancroft, Hubert Howe 4580:California Water Wars 4575:Battle of Los Angeles 4563:History of Long Beach 3828:. The funding of the 3771: 3681: 3624: 3610:", "San Francisco", " 3549:in Downtown LA, 1953. 3541: 3534:Postwar: Baby boomers 3507:Battle of Los Angeles 3487:Battle of Los Angeles 3484: 3446: 3359: 3335:Franklin D. Roosevelt 3229: 3208:Grand Central Airport 3182: 3118: 3091:Judge Fletcher Bowron 3072: 3062: 3011:Los Angeles City Hall 3009: 2946: 2875: 2860: 2787: 2766: 2752:Further information: 2705:Silver Lake Reservoir 2702: 2614:California Water Wars 2607: 2582:, killing 13 people. 2567:San Gabriel Mountains 2553:Los Angeles River at 2552: 2510: 2433: 2365: 2323: 2270: 2233:Early labor movements 2195: 2111: 2019: 1977: 1958: 1910: 1831: 1783: 1727: 1682: 1606: 1574: 1567:Plight of the Indians 1536: 1471: 1419: 1394:Battle of Los Angeles 1348: 1309: 1249: 1212: 1152: 1094: 1084: 1023: 967: 908: 858: 844:According to Croix's 797: 778:on 29 November 1777. 770:, California's first 768:San Jose de Guadalupe 659: 623: 616:Pueblo de Los Angeles 614:Further information: 572:, a creator god, and 556: 534:to the east, and the 331:California portal 286:Santa Catalina Island 8316:Mexican–American War 8301:Spanish colonization 7828:54.1 (1975): 37-56. 7703:on February 22, 2008 7331:Sides, Josh (2003). 7306:Avila, Eric (2004). 7208:Avila, Eric (2004). 6947:on November 1, 2015. 6933:. pp. 154–180. 6917:Davis, Mike (1999). 6888:Sitton, Tom (2005). 6661:. pp. 408–410. 6640:. December 28, 1913. 5991:. Norman, Oklahoma: 5692:. Napa, California: 5689:Napa Valley Register 5326:. pp. 242–243. 5139:on December 14, 2018 4629:"News by the Goliah" 3572:its first theme park 3566:. Nine years later, 3397:South Central states 3385:Executive Order 8802 3339:Executive Order 9066 3284:Lockheed Corporation 3268:Northrop Corporation 2819:1932 Summer Olympics 2794:1932 Summer Olympics 2742:Los Angeles Aqueduct 2610:Los Angeles Aqueduct 2459:Ricardo Flores Magón 2439:Enrique Flores Magón 2436:Ricardo Flores Magón 2290:Llewellyn Iron Works 2227:Wilmington Oil Field 1921:Collis P. Huntington 1367:Mexican–American War 1271:; also of Mexicans, 1137:to the east side of 864:Plaza de Los Ángeles 652:Plans for the pueblo 564:village in the area. 469:Uto-Aztecan language 461:Milling Stone Period 379:Downtown Los Angeles 101:California Gold Rush 8519:San Fernando Valley 8489:San Fernando Valley 8328:California Republic 8196:San Fernando Valley 7793:"Los Angeles" 7729:. AP. April 8, 1984 7676:Los Angeles Almanac 7631:on October 4, 2015. 6999:. January 20, 2019. 6814:City of Los Angeles 5851:. pp. 303–322. 5574:Wilson, Iris Higbie 5528:on October 12, 2013 4553:History of Glendale 4543:Port of Los Angeles 4150:Los Angeles in 1973 4136:Los Angeles c. 1930 4122:Los Angeles in 1905 4108:Los Angeles in 1877 4094:Los Angeles c. 1847 3988:CBS Television City 3835:Hollywood Boulevard 3644:San Fernando Valley 3608:California Dreamin' 3429:housing segregation 3278:(later merged into 3246:one of the largest 3244:Port of Los Angeles 3188:Los Angeles Airport 3149:of 1992, after the 3145:of 1965 and in the 3054:Clifton's Cafeteria 3019:criminal underworld 2957:San Fernando Valley 2906:Port of Los Angeles 2682:San Fernando Valley 2528:San Fernando Valley 2294:Chamber of Commerce 2222:Salt Lake Oil Field 2052:Los Angeles Railway 1923:, president of the 1580:San Fernando Valley 1204:Francisco Sepúlveda 1112:and María Dolores. 1072:San Fernando Valley 1033:San Gabriel Mission 893:", or "the town of 281:San Fernando Valley 96:Interim governments 86:California Republic 8343:United States rule 8289:Later explorations 8284:First explorations 8274:Native Californian 7753:U.S. Census Bureau 7727:The New York Times 7147:"Avenues of Death" 6964:Arcadia Publishing 6962:. Charleston, SC: 6823:on March 26, 2009. 6101:10.1007/BF03376680 6037:California History 5966:Cook, Sherburne F. 5905:Monkkonen, Eric H. 5826:Dawson's Book Shop 4706:Los Angeles Herald 4463:Los Angeles portal 4069:Population history 3960:Shelley V. Kraemer 3774: 3692: 3635: 3551: 3499: 3464: 3369: 3361:Japanese Americans 3316:Los Angeles County 3252: 3192: 3124: 3120:Paramount Pictures 3083:Intelligence Squad 3079: 3065:in the underworld. 3015: 2952: 2878: 2870: 2842:Griffith Park Fire 2798: 2773: 2723:By July 1905, the 2709: 2686:William Mulholland 2674:Harrison Gray Otis 2663:Owens River Valley 2618: 2563: 2516: 2451: 2375: 2333: 2277: 2202: 2178:Chinese immigrants 2166:Hispanic Americans 2117: 2025: 1987: 1968: 1917: 1892:Harrison Gray Otis 1841: 1793: 1757:red light district 1741: 1685: 1617:Helen Hunt Jackson 1613: 1584: 1557:John Gately Downey 1543: 1485: 1475:, a signer of the 1442: 1422:Treaty of Cahuenga 1412:Early American era 1402:Treaty of Cahuenga 1375:Robert F. Stockton 1363: 1312: 1269:David W. Alexander 1226: 1173:tripled to 1,680. 1163: 1159:Los Angeles County 1135:San Joaquin Valley 1109: 1047:In 1787, Governor 1031:During the 1780s, 1029: 982: 919: 868: 806: 759:) and residences ( 717:Laws of the Indies 682:In 1777, Governor 673: 646:Portolá expedition 642:Sebastián Vizcaíno 634: 566: 451:Indigenous history 9313: 9312: 8507: 8506: 8388:Industrial growth 8220: 8219: 7850:978-0-19501-644-4 7657:978-0-307-35207-1 7598:978-1-58685-733-2 7470:Los Angeles Times 7404:(14): 3043–3066. 7342:978-0-52023-841-1 7317:978-1-41754-496-7 7252:978-1-40517-127-4 7223:978-1-41754-496-7 7028:on April 5, 2021. 6973:978-0-73855-582-9 6940:978-0-80909-607-7 6903:978-0-82633-527-2 6875:Los Angeles Times 6852:978-0-38550-970-1 6841:. New York City: 6763:Los Angeles Times 6742:978-0-97762-990-9 6700:978-0-37412-890-6 6638:Los Angeles Times 6623:Los Angeles Times 6597:on April 12, 2019 6416:Los Angeles Times 6279:978-0-81420-609-6 6022:Los Angeles Times 6002:978-0-58519-405-9 5951:978-0-29278-742-1 5940:. Austin, Texas: 5873:978-0-87701-242-9 5847:. New York City: 5730:978-2-70112-638-8 5588:. pp. 33–40. 5559:978-0-52021-273-2 5433:978-0-91245-870-0 5333:978-0-19515-600-3 5322:. New York City: 5304:978-0-80186-047-8 5293:. Baltimore, MD: 5268:978-0-26203-081-6 5194:Los Angeles Times 5133:Turismo Bailén.es 5054:978-0-89096-314-2 5029:978-0-29274-714-2 5001:978-0-29271-754-1 4990:. Austin, Texas: 4963:978-0-96510-161-5 4891:978-0-94462-790-7 4856:Boscana, Gerónimo 4780:Los Angeles Times 4523:Los Angeles Times 4434: 4433: 4013:majority minority 3996:Beverly Boulevard 3990:at the corner of 3941:South Los Angeles 3872:Mexican Americans 3763:urban development 3696:Bel-Air—Brentwood 3568:Universal Studios 3472:Mexican-Americans 3448:Mexican Americans 3373:African Americans 3323:Japanese-American 3288:strategic bombers 3147:Los Angeles riots 3128:William H. Parker 2961:Los Angeles Times 2899:South Los Angeles 2831:Olympic Boulevard 2623:Mississippi River 2580:Big Tujunga Creek 2520:Los Angeles River 2512:Los Angeles River 2353:Los Angeles Times 2306:James B. McNamara 2239:Los Angeles Times 2078:, even as far as 2048:Isaias W. Hellman 2030:Free Harbor Fight 1983:San Fernando Pass 1950:Free Harbor Fight 1897:Los Angeles Times 1859:and Los Angeles. 1837:horse-drawn trams 1694:Isaias W. Hellman 1663:Los Angeles Times 1436:, ended the U.S. 1426:Campo de Cahuenga 1377:, accompanied by 1365:In May 1846, the 1289:Los Angeles River 1285:Jean-Louis Vignes 1261:William Wolfskill 1139:San Francisco Bay 961:swam the rivers. 947:Los Angeles River 604:Los Angeles River 526:to the west, the 488:Los Angeles basin 395:Santa Fe railroad 365: 364: 16:(Redirected from 9333: 8975:Rancho Cucamonga 8950:Huntington Beach 8403:Legal revolution 8311:California Trail 8262: 8261: 8247: 8240: 8233: 8224: 8223: 8161:Crescenta Valley 7955: 7948: 7941: 7932: 7931: 7803: 7795: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7759: 7745: 7739: 7738: 7736: 7734: 7719: 7713: 7712: 7710: 7708: 7699:. Archived from 7686: 7680: 7679: 7668: 7662: 7661: 7639: 7633: 7632: 7630: 7624:. Archived from 7617: 7609: 7603: 7602: 7580: 7574: 7573: 7537: 7531: 7530: 7488: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7477: 7460: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7449: 7428: 7422: 7421: 7389: 7383: 7382: 7371:RAND Corporation 7362: 7356: 7353: 7347: 7346: 7328: 7322: 7321: 7303: 7294: 7293: 7263: 7257: 7256: 7234: 7228: 7227: 7205: 7199: 7196: 7190: 7189: 7167: 7161: 7160: 7155:. Archived from 7142: 7136: 7135: 7122: 7116: 7115: 7103: 7097: 7096: 7079: 7073: 7072: 7060: 7054: 7053: 7039: 7030: 7029: 7024:. Archived from 7012: 7001: 7000: 6989: 6978: 6977: 6955: 6949: 6948: 6943:. Archived from 6914: 6908: 6907: 6885: 6879: 6878: 6866: 6857: 6856: 6831: 6825: 6824: 6822: 6811: 6803: 6797: 6796: 6791:. Archived from 6781: 6775: 6774: 6760: 6753: 6747: 6746: 6728: 6722: 6721: 6711: 6705: 6704: 6682: 6673: 6672: 6648: 6642: 6641: 6633: 6627: 6626: 6620: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6596: 6585: 6577: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6544: 6538: 6527: 6521: 6520: 6480: 6474: 6471: 6465: 6464: 6447: 6441: 6440: 6426: 6420: 6419: 6408: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6382: 6376: 6375: 6363: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6337: 6331: 6330: 6311:10.2307/41168274 6290: 6284: 6283: 6263: 6253: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6230: 6224: 6223: 6201: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6155: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6127: 6121: 6120: 6084: 6078: 6067: 6061: 6060: 6049:10.2307/23052268 6032: 6026: 6025: 6013: 6007: 6006: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5962: 5956: 5955: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5884: 5878: 5877: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5817: 5811: 5810: 5779: 5773: 5772: 5764: 5755: 5754: 5741: 5735: 5734: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5626: 5620: 5619: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5596: 5590: 5589: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5496:10.2307/41168008 5479: 5473: 5472: 5461:10.2307/41169490 5444: 5438: 5437: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5353: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5315: 5309: 5308: 5286: 5273: 5272: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5212: 5206: 5205: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5162: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5135:. Archived from 5125: 5119: 5118: 5107:10.2307/25157662 5090: 5081: 5080: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5012: 5006: 5005: 4983: 4968: 4967: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4930: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4861:Robinson, Alfred 4853: 4847: 4846: 4843:Southwest Museum 4832: 4826: 4825: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4798: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4697: 4691: 4690: 4687:Los Angeles Star 4679: 4673: 4672: 4669:Los Angeles Star 4661: 4655: 4654: 4651:Los Angeles Star 4643: 4637: 4636: 4633:Los Angeles Star 4625: 4619: 4618: 4610:Los Angeles Star 4601: 4465: 4460: 4459: 4458: 4157: 4156: 4147: 4133: 4119: 4105: 4091: 4000:20th Century Fox 3943:. In the 1930s, 3913:Westside Village 3740:20th Century Fox 3734:(now called the 3631:Ambassador Hotel 3616:Hotel California 3574:with the public 3543:Circus elephants 3503:American Theater 3292:fighter aircraft 3190:, built in 1929. 3136:police brutality 3098:Harry J. Raymond 3087:Carey McWilliams 3058:Clifford Clinton 2868:, built in 1925. 2827:seating capacity 2599:catchment basins 2560: 2544:Santa Monica Bay 2542:to discharge in 2514:flooding in 1903 2461:and his brother 2263: 2206:Edward L. Doheny 2196:Oil wells along 2134:Chinese ceramics 2044:Henry Huntington 1876:Southern Pacific 1657:Remarkably, the 1520:Tiburcio Vasquez 1473:Manuel Domínguez 1454:Bennett C. Riley 1275:(governor), Don 1265:Lemuel Carpenter 1196:Mexican Congress 815:Teodoro de Croix 600:artesian aquifer 506:, including the 483:in that tongue. 357: 350: 343: 329: 328: 327: 58: 47: 29: 28: 21: 9341: 9340: 9336: 9335: 9334: 9332: 9331: 9330: 9316: 9315: 9314: 9309: 9195:San Luis Obispo 8826: 8732:San Luis Obispo 8523: 8503: 8470: 8417: 8393:Postwar culture 8359: 8256: 8251: 8221: 8216: 8215: 8146: 8117:Fire Department 8061: 7968: 7959: 7886: 7783: 7775:Main articles: 7773: 7768: 7767: 7757: 7755: 7747: 7746: 7742: 7732: 7730: 7721: 7720: 7716: 7706: 7704: 7687: 7683: 7670: 7669: 7665: 7658: 7640: 7636: 7628: 7615: 7611: 7610: 7606: 7599: 7581: 7577: 7554:10.2307/2547320 7538: 7534: 7511:10.2307/2547321 7489: 7485: 7475: 7473: 7461: 7457: 7447: 7445: 7429: 7425: 7390: 7386: 7363: 7359: 7354: 7350: 7343: 7329: 7325: 7318: 7304: 7297: 7264: 7260: 7253: 7243:Wiley-Blackwell 7235: 7231: 7224: 7206: 7202: 7197: 7193: 7168: 7164: 7143: 7139: 7124: 7123: 7119: 7104: 7100: 7081: 7080: 7076: 7061: 7057: 7040: 7033: 7014: 7013: 7004: 6991: 6990: 6981: 6974: 6956: 6952: 6941: 6931:Hill & Wang 6923:Sorkin, Michael 6915: 6911: 6904: 6892:. Albuquerque: 6886: 6882: 6867: 6860: 6853: 6835:Rayner, Richard 6832: 6828: 6820: 6809: 6805: 6804: 6800: 6783: 6782: 6778: 6755: 6754: 6750: 6743: 6729: 6725: 6712: 6708: 6701: 6683: 6676: 6669: 6649: 6645: 6635: 6634: 6630: 6615: 6614: 6610: 6600: 6598: 6594: 6583: 6579: 6578: 6571: 6561: 6559: 6545: 6541: 6528: 6524: 6481: 6477: 6472: 6468: 6448: 6444: 6427: 6423: 6409: 6405: 6395: 6393: 6383: 6379: 6364: 6360: 6350: 6348: 6338: 6334: 6291: 6287: 6280: 6254: 6250: 6240: 6238: 6231: 6227: 6207:Rural Sociology 6202: 6198: 6188: 6186: 6156: 6152: 6142: 6140: 6128: 6124: 6085: 6081: 6068: 6064: 6033: 6029: 6014: 6010: 6003: 5985: 5981: 5963: 5959: 5952: 5934: 5930: 5902: 5898: 5885: 5881: 5874: 5860: 5856: 5837: 5833: 5824:. Los Angeles: 5818: 5814: 5780: 5776: 5765: 5758: 5742: 5738: 5731: 5713: 5709: 5699: 5697: 5694:Lee Enterprises 5680: 5676: 5661:10.2307/3092332 5642: 5638: 5631:American Memory 5627: 5623: 5612: 5608: 5597: 5593: 5578:Hafen, LeRoy R. 5571: 5567: 5560: 5545: 5541: 5531: 5529: 5516: 5515: 5511: 5480: 5476: 5445: 5441: 5434: 5420: 5416: 5395: 5391: 5376:Forbes, Jack D. 5373: 5369: 5351: 5345: 5341: 5334: 5316: 5312: 5305: 5287: 5276: 5269: 5251: 5247: 5232: 5228: 5213: 5209: 5186: 5182: 5163: 5152: 5142: 5140: 5127: 5126: 5122: 5091: 5084: 5066: 5062: 5055: 5041: 5037: 5030: 5013: 5009: 5002: 4984: 4971: 4964: 4950: 4946: 4931: 4924: 4914: 4912: 4904: 4903: 4899: 4892: 4878: 4874: 4854: 4850: 4833: 4829: 4818: 4814: 4799: 4795: 4785: 4783: 4771: 4767: 4757: 4755: 4747: 4746: 4742: 4732: 4730: 4718: 4714: 4699: 4698: 4694: 4681: 4680: 4676: 4663: 4662: 4658: 4645: 4644: 4640: 4627: 4626: 4622: 4603: 4602: 4598: 4593: 4461: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4155: 4154: 4153: 4152: 4151: 4148: 4139: 4138: 4137: 4134: 4125: 4124: 4123: 4120: 4111: 4110: 4109: 4106: 4097: 4096: 4095: 4092: 4071: 4065: 4060:Hollywood Hills 3978: 3858: 3736:U.S. Bank Tower 3684:Richfield Tower 3676: 3536: 3468:Zoot Suit Riots 3460:Zoot Suit Riots 3456:U.S. servicemen 3421:Terminal Island 3381:Great Migration 3377:Southern states 3276:Vultee Aircraft 3250:in the country. 3240:Terminal Island 3224: 3177: 3171: 3155:Rampart scandal 3106:Earl E. Kynette 3043:mayor's brother 3013:, built in 1928 3004: 2855: 2815:Summer Olympics 2809:Exposition Park 2788:Built in 1923, 2782: 2761: 2756: 2750: 2737:Act of Congress 2633:qualified as a 2505: 2400:American Legion 2329:Pershing Square 2310:Clarence Darrow 2261: 2235: 2190: 2158:racial massacre 2136:, Asian coins, 2106: 2023:harbor in 1899. 2011:Charles Crocker 1868:Santa Fe system 1864:Central Pacific 1853:Phineas Banning 1826: 1816: 1714:boarding houses 1677: 1671: 1609:Tongva language 1569: 1539:Spanish leagues 1434:John C. Frémont 1414: 1379:John C. Frémont 1343: 1297:Mission variety 1184:Jonathan Temple 1179: 1147: 1131:El Camino Viejo 1105:Francisco Ávila 1002:San Luis Obispo 955:Steelhead trout 939:Spanish leagues 903: 792: 786: 719:promulgated by 688:Alta California 654: 618: 612: 504:Channel Islands 494:drained by the 453: 405:from the Lower 383:Las Californias 369:The history of 361: 325: 323: 318: 295: 262: 167: 81:Alta California 53: 45: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9339: 9329: 9328: 9311: 9310: 9308: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8920:San Bernardino 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8836: 8834: 8828: 8827: 8825: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8712:San Bernardino 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8533: 8531: 8525: 8524: 8522: 8521: 8515: 8513: 8509: 8508: 8505: 8504: 8502: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8480: 8478: 8472: 8471: 8469: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8427: 8425: 8419: 8418: 8416: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8369: 8367: 8361: 8360: 8358: 8357: 8356: 8355: 8350: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8319: 8318: 8313: 8303: 8298: 8297: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8270: 8268: 8258: 8257: 8250: 8249: 8242: 8235: 8227: 8218: 8217: 8214: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8152: 8151: 8148: 8147: 8145: 8144: 8142:Transportation 8139: 8134: 8129: 8127:Public schools 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8098: 8097: 8095:Common Council 8092: 8082: 8077: 8071: 8069: 8063: 8062: 8060: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8047:Notable people 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8012:Historic sites 8009: 8004: 7999: 7997:Transportation 7994: 7993: 7992: 7987: 7976: 7974: 7970: 7969: 7958: 7957: 7950: 7943: 7935: 7929: 7928: 7922: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7897: 7896: 7885: 7884:External links 7882: 7881: 7880: 7879: 7878: 7865: 7852: 7832: 7822: 7815: 7804: 7790:, ed. (1911). 7788:Chisholm, Hugh 7772: 7769: 7766: 7765: 7740: 7714: 7681: 7663: 7656: 7648:Broadway Books 7634: 7604: 7597: 7575: 7532: 7483: 7455: 7423: 7384: 7379:10.7249/RB7510 7357: 7348: 7341: 7323: 7316: 7295: 7276:(4): 305–322. 7258: 7251: 7245:. p. 57. 7241:. Malden, MA: 7229: 7222: 7216:. p. 40. 7200: 7191: 7180:(1): 153–170. 7162: 7137: 7117: 7098: 7074: 7055: 7031: 7002: 6979: 6972: 6950: 6939: 6909: 6902: 6880: 6877:. p. M-6. 6858: 6851: 6826: 6798: 6789:ValleyVote.net 6776: 6748: 6741: 6723: 6706: 6699: 6674: 6667: 6643: 6628: 6608: 6569: 6539: 6522: 6495:(3): 439–472. 6475: 6466: 6442: 6421: 6403: 6377: 6358: 6332: 6305:(4): 293–308. 6285: 6278: 6248: 6225: 6214:(4): 467–490. 6196: 6170:(3): 279–297. 6150: 6122: 6095:(1): 107–125. 6079: 6062: 6027: 6008: 6001: 5979: 5957: 5950: 5928: 5917:(4): 603–618. 5896: 5879: 5872: 5854: 5831: 5812: 5793:(3): 457–483. 5774: 5756: 5747:, ed. (1923). 5736: 5729: 5707: 5674: 5655:(2): 737–738. 5636: 5621: 5606: 5591: 5565: 5558: 5539: 5509: 5474: 5455:(4): 360–417. 5439: 5432: 5414: 5389: 5367: 5339: 5332: 5310: 5303: 5274: 5267: 5245: 5226: 5207: 5180: 5150: 5120: 5101:(4): 326–339. 5082: 5060: 5053: 5035: 5028: 5007: 5000: 4969: 4962: 4944: 4922: 4897: 4890: 4882:The Gabrielino 4872: 4848: 4827: 4812: 4793: 4765: 4740: 4712: 4692: 4674: 4656: 4638: 4620: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4566: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4509: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4450: 4447: 4432: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4421: 4420: 4417: 4414: 4410: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4399: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4388: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4377: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4366: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4355: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4344: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4333: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4322: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4311: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4300: 4299: 4296: 4293: 4289: 4288: 4285: 4282: 4278: 4277: 4274: 4271: 4267: 4266: 4263: 4260: 4256: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4245: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4234: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4223: 4222: 4219: 4216: 4212: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4201: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4190: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4179: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4168: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4149: 4142: 4141: 4140: 4135: 4128: 4127: 4126: 4121: 4114: 4113: 4112: 4107: 4100: 4099: 4098: 4093: 4086: 4085: 4084: 4083: 4082: 4070: 4067: 3992:Fairfax Avenue 3977: 3974: 3969:Proposition 14 3965:14th amendment 3919:among others. 3867:non-Caucasians 3857: 3854: 3818:San Bernardino 3759:revitalization 3712:Topanga Canyon 3675: 3672: 3627:Cocoanut Grove 3580:Universal City 3535: 3532: 3282:in 1943), and 3223: 3220: 3173:Main article: 3170: 3167: 3159:consent decree 3003: 3000: 2965:Palms district 2914:Harbor Gateway 2854: 2851: 2781: 2780:Notable events 2778: 2769:Hollywood Sign 2760: 2757: 2749: 2746: 2720:in the world. 2678:Harry Chandler 2635:Superfund site 2504: 2501: 2477:Upton Sinclair 2412:Louis B. Mayer 2408:Upton Sinclair 2387:Upton Sinclair 2357:LAPD Red Squad 2251:Pullman strike 2247:open shop town 2234: 2231: 2210:Dodger Stadium 2189: 2186: 2145:, the site of 2143:Alameda Street 2105: 2102: 2084:San Bernardino 2007:Tehachapi Pass 1981:, carved into 1849:John G. Downey 1815: 1812: 1785:Merced Theatre 1670: 1667: 1652:Warner Springs 1568: 1565: 1413: 1410: 1342: 1339: 1279:, and others. 1178: 1175: 1146: 1143: 923:original Plaza 902: 901:Spanish pueblo 899: 788:Main article: 785: 780: 721:King Philip II 684:Felipe de Neve 661:Felipe de Neve 653: 650: 611: 608: 584:hallucinogenic 544:Colorado River 516:Santa Catalina 452: 449: 445:water security 387:Felipe de Neve 363: 362: 360: 359: 352: 345: 337: 334: 333: 320: 319: 317: 316: 311: 305: 302: 301: 300:Bibliographies 297: 296: 294: 293: 288: 283: 278: 272: 269: 268: 264: 263: 261: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 228:San Bernardino 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 179: 176: 175: 169: 168: 166: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 119: 116: 115: 111: 110: 109: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 65: 64: 60: 59: 50: 49: 40: 39: 32: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9338: 9327: 9324: 9323: 9321: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9270:Crescent City 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9140:Santa Barbara 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9050:Thousand Oaks 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8955:Santa Clarita 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8940:Moreno Valley 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8855:San Francisco 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8837: 8835: 8833: 8829: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8742:Santa Barbara 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8722:San Francisco 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8534: 8532: 8530: 8526: 8520: 8517: 8516: 8514: 8510: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8481: 8479: 8477: 8473: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8428: 8426: 8424: 8420: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8370: 8368: 8366: 8362: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8345: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8308: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8276: 8275: 8272: 8271: 8269: 8267: 8263: 8259: 8255: 8248: 8243: 8241: 8236: 8234: 8229: 8228: 8225: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8153: 8149: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8087: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8072: 8070: 8068: 8064: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7982: 7981: 7978: 7977: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7956: 7951: 7949: 7944: 7942: 7937: 7936: 7933: 7926: 7923: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7903: 7899: 7898: 7894: 7893: 7888: 7887: 7877: 7876:0-19-504487-8 7873: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7863:0-19-503489-9 7860: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7840: 7839: 7837: 7833: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7820: 7816: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7800: 7794: 7789: 7785: 7784: 7782: 7778: 7754: 7750: 7744: 7733:September 16, 7728: 7724: 7718: 7702: 7698: 7697: 7692: 7685: 7677: 7673: 7667: 7659: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7638: 7627: 7623: 7622: 7614: 7608: 7600: 7594: 7590: 7586: 7579: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7536: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7499: 7494: 7487: 7472: 7471: 7466: 7459: 7444: 7440: 7439: 7434: 7427: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7398:Urban Studies 7395: 7388: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7361: 7352: 7344: 7338: 7334: 7327: 7319: 7313: 7309: 7302: 7300: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7270: 7262: 7254: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7233: 7225: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7204: 7195: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7174: 7166: 7158: 7154: 7153: 7148: 7141: 7133: 7132: 7127: 7121: 7113: 7112:Not Even Past 7109: 7102: 7094: 7090: 7089: 7084: 7078: 7070: 7066: 7059: 7051: 7050: 7045: 7038: 7036: 7027: 7023: 7022: 7017: 7011: 7009: 7007: 6998: 6994: 6988: 6986: 6984: 6975: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6954: 6946: 6942: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6913: 6905: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6884: 6876: 6872: 6865: 6863: 6854: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6830: 6819: 6815: 6808: 6802: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6780: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6759: 6752: 6744: 6738: 6734: 6727: 6719: 6718: 6710: 6702: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6681: 6679: 6670: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6655: 6647: 6639: 6632: 6624: 6619: 6612: 6593: 6589: 6582: 6576: 6574: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6543: 6536: 6532: 6526: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6479: 6470: 6463: 6459: 6458: 6453: 6446: 6438: 6437: 6432: 6425: 6417: 6414: 6407: 6392: 6388: 6381: 6373: 6369: 6362: 6347: 6343: 6336: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6289: 6281: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6262: 6261: 6252: 6236: 6229: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6208: 6200: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6154: 6139: 6138: 6133: 6126: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6083: 6076: 6072: 6066: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6031: 6023: 6019: 6012: 6004: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5983: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5961: 5953: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5932: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5911: 5906: 5900: 5892: 5891: 5883: 5875: 5869: 5865: 5858: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5835: 5827: 5823: 5816: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5787:Urban History 5784: 5783:Ryan, Mary P. 5778: 5770: 5763: 5761: 5752: 5751: 5746: 5740: 5732: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5711: 5700:September 30, 5695: 5691: 5690: 5685: 5678: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5649: 5640: 5632: 5625: 5617: 5610: 5602: 5595: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5569: 5561: 5555: 5551: 5543: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5513: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5478: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5443: 5435: 5429: 5425: 5418: 5410: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5393: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5371: 5363: 5359: 5358: 5350: 5343: 5335: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5314: 5306: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5270: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5249: 5242:. p. 30. 5241: 5237: 5230: 5222: 5218: 5211: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5184: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5124: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5089: 5087: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5064: 5056: 5050: 5046: 5039: 5031: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5016:Low, Setha M. 5011: 5003: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4965: 4959: 4955: 4948: 4940: 4936: 4929: 4927: 4911: 4910:ian.umces.edu 4907: 4901: 4893: 4887: 4883: 4876: 4868: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4844: 4840: 4839: 4831: 4823: 4816: 4808: 4804: 4797: 4782: 4781: 4776: 4769: 4754: 4750: 4744: 4729: 4728: 4723: 4716: 4708: 4707: 4702: 4696: 4688: 4684: 4678: 4670: 4666: 4660: 4652: 4648: 4642: 4634: 4630: 4624: 4616: 4612: 4611: 4606: 4600: 4596: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4572: 4571: 4570: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4515: 4514: 4513: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4453: 4446: 4445: 4444: 4440: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4418: 4415: 4412: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4396: 4393: 4390: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4297: 4294: 4291: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4209: 4206: 4203: 4198: 4195: 4192: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4158: 4146: 4132: 4118: 4104: 4090: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4039: 4035: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4014: 4008: 4004: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3973: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3929:Boyle Heights 3924: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3909:Panorama City 3906: 3902: 3898: 3897:Beverly Hills 3894: 3890: 3889:Thousand Oaks 3885: 3879: 3877: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3853: 3851: 3847: 3842: 3840: 3836: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3822:Orange County 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3802:commuter rail 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3770: 3766: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3751:crack cocaine 3747: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3732:Library Tower 3729: 3726:(later named 3725: 3719: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3689: 3685: 3680: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3664:electric cars 3661: 3660:carpool lanes 3657: 3653: 3652:air pollution 3649: 3645: 3641: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3548: 3547:police escort 3544: 3540: 3531: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3479: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3439: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3425:Jim Crow laws 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3308:P-51 Mustangs 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3228: 3219: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3166: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3137: 3132: 3129: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3030: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3012: 3008: 2999: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2891:Highland Park 2888: 2884: 2874: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2850: 2848: 2847:Griffith Park 2844: 2843: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2777: 2770: 2767:The original 2765: 2755: 2745: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2719: 2715: 2706: 2701: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2659:Sierra Nevada 2656: 2652: 2648: 2642: 2638: 2636: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2590: 2588: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2556: 2555:Griffith Park 2551: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2540:Ballona Creek 2535: 2533: 2532:Griffith Park 2529: 2525: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2448: 2447:Anti-American 2444: 2440: 2437: 2432: 2428: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2379:Griffith Park 2372: 2371:Historic Core 2368: 2364: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2339: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2274: 2273:Spring Street 2269: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2230: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2199: 2194: 2188:Oil discovery 2185: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2125:Union Station 2122: 2121:Old Chinatown 2114: 2113:Old Chinatown 2110: 2104:Old Chinatown 2101: 2099: 2098: 2093: 2092:Newport Beach 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2031: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1951: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1933:robber barons 1930: 1926: 1922: 1914: 1909: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1898: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1884:San Pedro Bay 1880: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1811: 1808: 1804: 1802: 1797: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1754: 1753:Union Station 1750: 1746: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1702:Union Station 1699: 1695: 1691: 1681: 1676: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1624: 1618: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1582:, circa 1890. 1581: 1578:women in the 1577: 1573: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1548:New York City 1540: 1535: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1500: 1497: 1492: 1490: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1455: 1450: 1448: 1439: 1435: 1432:and American 1431: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1338: 1336: 1335:Boyle Heights 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1320:Santa Barbara 1317: 1308: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1248: 1246: 1241: 1238: 1237:Governor Pico 1233: 1231: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1188:general store 1185: 1174: 1170: 1168: 1160: 1156: 1151: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1070:and into the 1069: 1065: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 994: 991: 989: 979: 975: 971: 966: 962: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 935: 932: 928: 924: 916: 912: 907: 898: 896: 892: 888: 882: 880: 875: 873: 865: 861: 857: 853: 851: 847: 842: 840: 836: 832: 827: 822: 820: 816: 812: 804: 801:mural at the 800: 796: 791: 784: 779: 777: 773: 769: 764: 762: 758: 752: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 725:San Francisco 722: 718: 714: 710: 709:Santa Barbara 705: 703: 699: 698: 693: 692:civic pueblos 689: 685: 680: 678: 670: 666: 662: 658: 649: 647: 643: 639: 631: 627: 622: 617: 607: 605: 601: 597: 591: 589: 585: 581: 580: 575: 571: 563: 559: 555: 551: 549: 546:and included 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 508:Santa Barbara 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 484: 482: 478: 474: 470: 467:—who spoke a 466: 462: 458: 448: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 425: 423: 419: 414: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 367: 358: 353: 351: 346: 344: 339: 338: 336: 335: 332: 322: 321: 315: 312: 310: 307: 306: 304: 303: 299: 298: 292: 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Retrieved 7752: 7743: 7731:. Retrieved 7726: 7717: 7705:. Retrieved 7701:the original 7694: 7684: 7675: 7666: 7646:. New York: 7643: 7637: 7626:the original 7619: 7607: 7584: 7578: 7545: 7541: 7535: 7505:(1): 26–54. 7502: 7496: 7486: 7474:. Retrieved 7468: 7458: 7446:. Retrieved 7436: 7426: 7401: 7397: 7387: 7370: 7360: 7351: 7332: 7326: 7307: 7273: 7267: 7261: 7238: 7232: 7212:. Berkeley: 7209: 7203: 7194: 7177: 7171: 7165: 7157:the original 7150: 7140: 7129: 7120: 7111: 7101: 7086: 7077: 7069:Priceonomics 7068: 7058: 7047: 7026:the original 7019: 6996: 6959: 6953: 6945:the original 6929:. New York: 6926: 6912: 6889: 6883: 6874: 6838: 6829: 6818:the original 6813: 6801: 6793:the original 6788: 6779: 6762: 6751: 6732: 6726: 6716: 6709: 6689:. New York: 6686: 6653: 6646: 6637: 6631: 6622: 6611: 6599:. Retrieved 6592:the original 6587: 6560:. Retrieved 6552: 6542: 6530: 6525: 6492: 6488: 6478: 6469: 6461: 6457:The Guardian 6455: 6445: 6434: 6424: 6415: 6406: 6394:. 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Nineteen 1979:Beale's Cut 1886:leading to 1796:Los Angeles 1516:Juan Flores 1514:. 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