History of Jakarta

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Indonesia. However, unlike the Dutch architects of the 1930s, many of these expatriate architects were unfamiliar with the tropics, while their local partners had received similarly Modernist architectural training. As a result, downtown areas in Jakarta gradually resembled those of the large Western cities; and often at a high environmental cost: high-rise buildings consume huge amounts of energy in terms of air-conditioning and other services.

446:, the older harbor at Sunda Kelapa, and the Chinese quarter at Glodok. In the middle of 18th century, Batavia also included the outskirts area along the canal of the Molenvliet (now Jalan Gajah Mada and Jalan Hayam Wuruk), the Noordwijk (now Jalan Juanda), the Rijswijk (now Jalan Veteran), along Gunung Sahari, and Jacatraweg (Jalan Pangeran Jayakarta). Also included were the markets at Tanah Abang and Senen, Jakarta's oldest markets. 3141: 458: 905:

Expulsion of the Dutch caused tremendous social change in Jakarta. In the middle of 1952, 48,280 foreigners (excluding Chinese) were living in Jakarta, of which 90.2% were Dutch. By the end of 1950s, only a few hundred of the Dutch stayed in Jakarta. The 1960s was regarded as a decade when foreigners

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by security forces; four days of riots ensued, resulting in damage to, or destruction of, an estimated 6,000 buildings, and the loss of 1,200 lives. The Chinese of the Glodok district were severely affected during the riot period and accounts of rape and murder later emerged. In the following years,

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into Tanjung Duren and the new housing estate of Kebon Jeruk. At that time, the continuation of Jalan Tomang Raya was known as Jalan Arjuna, a relatively modest road which by the 1990s would be developed into the Jakarta-Tangerang-Merak toll road. Another road built in the 1970s was Jalan H R Rasuna

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The economic situation and the physical condition of Indonesian cities deteriorated during the occupation, including Jakarta. Beautiful colonial buildings and hotels were converted into military barracks. Many buildings were vandalized, as metal was needed for the war, and many iron statues from the

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and Rijswijk (Jalan Veteran). The area, then known as Weltevreden, which include the Koningsplein, Rijswijk, Noordwijk, Tanah Abang, Kebon Sirih, and Prapatan became a popular residential, entertainment and commercial district for the European colonial elite. The name Weltevreden lingered until 1931

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Early on during Ali Sadikin's years as governor, Suharto was elected president of Indonesia in 1967. He decided to promote foreign investment in Indonesia. Ali Sadikin ensured that Jakarta's infrastructure was able to support business opportunities and boost economic growth with the construction of

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Jakarta's urban area in 1950 were enclosed within the city's railway network. Areas beyond the railway lines remained empty, e.g. Tomang and Grogol to the west, Pluit and swampy Ancol to the north. Areas to the east and northeast, e.g. the area between Jalan Gunung Sahari and Tanjung Priok remained

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The rivalry was ultimately resolved in 1619, when the Dutch established a closer relationship with Banten and militarily intervened at Jayakarta, where they assumed control of the port after destroying the existing city. The new city built on the site was officially named as Batavia on January 18,

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to Indonesia, with Jakarta as the host city. The event was used as a trigger to complete new landmarks in Jakarta, and so the first half of the 1960s saw large government-funded projects that were undertaken with openly nationalistic architecture. By working on the optimistic monumental projects,

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Despite the numerous departments converted into Indonesian control, from the economic perspective, the transition was much slower. The Dutch still owned key sectors of Indonesian economy during most of the 1950s, including banking, oil and shipping. Only in late 1957, the nationalization of Dutch

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After the recognition of Indonesian sovereignty on 27 December 1949, in March 1950, Jakarta was increased in size from 182 square kilometres to 530 square kilometres. Despite the dramatic increase in size, impact on the city's population was minimal: population of Jakarta was 1,340,625 in 1949 to

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After the collapse of Japan in 1945, the area went through a period of transition and upheaval during the Indonesian national struggle for independence. During the Japanese occupation and from the perspective of the Indonesian nationalists who declared independence on 17 August 1945, the city was

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The period between the late-1980s and the mid-1990s saw a massive increase in foreign investment as Jakarta became the focus of a real estate boom. The investment of overseas capital into joint-venture property and construction projects with local developers brought many foreign architects into

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The departure of the Dutch also caused a massive migration of the rural population into Jakarta, in response to a perception that the city was the place for economic opportunities. The kampung areas in Jakarta swelled as a result. There were house shortages, as well the lack of schools, medical

127:. The "new city" to the south evolved between 1809 and 1942 after the Dutch government took over control of Batavia from the failed VOC whose charter expired in 1799. The third was the development of modern Jakarta since the proclamation of independence in 1945. Under the Dutch, it was known as 1206:

was elected as governor of Jakarta. He would serve as the governor of Jakarta from 1966 to 1977, Jakarta's longest-serving governor. Instead of focusing on monumental projects, Ali Sadikin focused his policy towards providing the basic needs of Jakarta's rapidly expanding population. Kampung

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During the 1980s, smaller land sites were acquired for high-rise projects, while larger parcels of land were subdivided for low-key projects, such as the building of new shophouses. This period also saw the removal of kampongs from the inner-city areas and the destruction of many historical

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eventually ruled the entire region. Batavia under VOC control was essentially a Company Town, under the authority of a governor-general in Batavia and a board of directors in Amsterdam that served the Dutch merchants in the region, predominantly the spice trade between Europe and the

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Dramatic changes in Jakarta's skyline occurred during the period between 1960 and 1965, when President Sukarno, also an architect and an urban planner, personally drove the city into a modern capital that would not only be the pride of the Indonesian nation, but would also be a

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Despite the slow city development, the beginning of the 1950s saw construction of infrastructure that would lay a foundation for the explosive growth of Jakarta in the 1960s. Jalan Thamrin and Jalan Sudirman were built between 1949 and 1953 to connect Central Jakarta with

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The period also saw development of the Pasar Baru market in the 1820s, the completion of Tanjung Priok port in 1886, the development of Menteng and Gondangdia garden city in the 1910s, and the inclusion of Meester Cornelis (now Jatinegara) into Jakarta in 1935.

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After recognition of Indonesian sovereignty on 27 December 1949, transition from Dutch to Indonesian leadership occurred immediately as Dutch residences and properties were taken over by the Indonesian government. Among the notable buildings conversion were:

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The Jakarta City Council chambers on Jalan Medan Merdeka Selatan remained the home of the Jakarta City Council, with the exception that the council was all Indonesian and under the leadership of an Indonesian mayor. The rank "mayor" would become governor in

918:. Another 15 hectares at Pejompongan were set for a water purification plant. The 730 hectare satellite city of Kebayoran Baru, which was conceived by the Dutch in the 1930s, remained the most important housing development in Jakarta in the 1950s. 741:

Jakarta in the 1950s was more or less similar with the colonial period: banking districts were still centered in Kota around Kali Besar and Jalan Pintu Besar Utara. Chinese business hub were centered at Glodok, especially Pintu Kecil. The colonial

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In 1943, the Japanese Imperial administration slightly revised the administration of Jakarta by adding a special counseling body. This agency was composed of twelve local Javanese leaders who were regarded as loyal to the Japanese; among them were

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On 29 September 1945, Anglo-Dutch troops arrived in Jakarta to disarm and repatriate the Japanese garrison. They also planned on reasserting control over the colony. On November 21, 1945, Suwiryo and his assistants were arrested by members of

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Sukarno filled Jakarta with numbers of monuments. Numbers of monumental projects were conceived, planned and initiated during his administration. Some of the notable monumental projects of Sukarno during the first half of the 1960s were:

670:. War was not apparent in Jakarta and urban development continued in the city as the Dutch tried to re-establish themselves. In 1947, the Dutch succeeded in implementing a set of planning regulations for urban development—the SSO/SVV ( 984:, who was unflattering in his depiction of the city. However, by 1957, these proposals were abandoned. Instead, the city's boundaries were expanded, and it became the Daerah Khusus Ibukota (DKI, Special Capital Territory), one of the 515:

On 5 March 1942, Batavia fell to the Japanese. The Dutch formally surrendered to the Japanese occupation forces on 9 March 1942, and rule of the colony was transferred to Japan. The city was renamed Jakarta (officially ジャカルタ特別市

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renamed Jakarta. After the war, the Dutch name Batavia was internationally recognized until full Indonesian independence was achieved on 27 December 1949 and Jakarta was officially proclaimed the national capital of Indonesia.

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established Sunda Pura, located on the northern coast of West Java, as the new capital city for the kingdom. The capital of Tarumanagara kingdom was most probably located somewhere between Tugu sub-district North Jakarta and

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becoming a domestic-only airport. During the late 1970s, some housing west of Kemayoran Airport, such as the grid-like housing development of Pademangan, started to grow closer to the western edge of Kemayoran Airport.

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In early 1960s, increasing use of cars allow city development outside the constrain of railway network. Several suburbs began to be developed very far from the city center. Few of such developments were

68:, the area has long sustained human settlement. Historical evidence from Jakarta dates back to the 4th century CE, when it was a Hindu settlement and port. The city has been sequentially claimed by the 1376:

The situation in the 1970s encouraged the emergence of a large number of private housing projects, but government housing schemes were also implemented to cope with the growth of the urban population.

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Since the turn of the century, the people of Jakarta have witnessed a period of political stability and prosperity, along with another construction boom. On 24 March 2019, the first phase of the

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improvement programs were one of his best-known projects. He repaired and build roads, provided public transport, better sanitation, health services and educational opportunities for the poor.

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To strengthen its position in Indonesia, the Japanese government issued Act No. 42 1942 as part of the "Restoration of the Regional Administration System". This act divided Java into several

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During the first half of the 1960s, government projects in Jakarta was so intense to the extent that Jakarta's citizens struggled to find cement and building materials for their own use.

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didn't believe trams was an effective system for Jakarta, and so gradually he began to stop the operation of the trams. By April 1960, tramlines only operated from Senen and Kramat to

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were still the busiest markets in Jakarta. The European shopping and leisure districts were still centered at Harmoni Junction. Most colonial hotels retained their Dutch names, e.g.

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Following the surrender of the Japanese, Indonesia declared its independence on 17 August 1945. The proclamation was enacted at Jalan Pegangsaan Timur No. 56 (now Jalan Proklamasi),

1220: 309:, Prabu Surawisesa, king of Sunda at that time, granted them free access to the pepper trade. Portuguese who were in the service of the sovereign made their homes in Sunda Kelapa. 980:

In the mid-1950s, driven by a sense of corruption and disproportionate government expenditure in Jakarta, there were proposals to relocate the capital. Those in support included

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Accounts of 16th century European explorers make mention of a city called Kalapa, which apparently served as the primary port of a Hindu kingdom of Sunda. In 1522, the

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or Hotel Duta Indonesia, Hotel der Nederlanden or Hotel Dharma Nirmala, and Hotel des Galeries. Kemayoran airport handled both domestic and international flights.

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in 1965. The incident would begin Sukarno's downfall from power. As a result, Jakarta's skyline was scarred with unfinished steel and concrete structures. A book

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Among the roads that were constructed during the 1970s were Jalan Tomang Raya, which was built as a continuation of Jalan Kyai Caringin and which crossed over

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The early 1970s saw Jalan Thamrin become a major thoroughfare with buildings higher than 5 storeys. Jalan Sudirman was still relatively empty, except for the

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to the west, which was developed as a flood-proof residential area in the 1950s but was immediately flooded in February 1960; several housings to the west of

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Dutch colonial period were taken away by the Japanese troops. Among the destroyed colonial landmarks during the Japanese occupation were the statue of

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services, water and electricity. In 1951 and 1952, 25 hectares of land was opened for housing at Grogol, 25 hectares at Tanah Tinggi (just south of

1373:. The Aldiron Plaza shopping center (now Blok M Square), considered to be the precursor of Jakarta's shopping malls, was opened in the mid-1970s. 884:

on Jalan Antara was taken over by Indonesian owners and management between 1951 and 1955 as a forerunner of present government owned news agency,

797:. These projects are usually collaboration between Dutch and Indonesia. The first buildings that were constructed along the Thamrin-Sudirman were 1281: 477:. Batavia evolved from the site of the company's regional headquarters into the capital of the colony. The city gradually expanded to the south. 2119: 1173:, a 30-storey office tower meant to be the tallest in Southeast Asia but was abandoned as an unfinished steel structure from 1966 to 1971; the 1134: 286:, manuscripts from a monk's lontar and one of the precious remnants of Old Sundanese literature. The port served Pakuan Pajajaran (present day 3177: 660: 1219:, the business, financial, and diplomatic heart of Jakarta. During this period, the first buildings appeared on Jalan Sudirman north of the 674:)—that had been devised prior to the war. Batavia was planned to expand with an addition of a new satellite city 8 kilometers south of the 502: 1489: 1420:

and many projects were left abandoned. The city became a center of violence, protest, and political maneuvering, as long-time president,

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attacked the Portuguese in Sunda Kelapa in 1527 and succeeded in conquering the harbour on 22 June, after which Sunda Kelapa was renamed

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from Sunda renowned for its supreme quality. The people of the area worked in agriculture and their houses were built on wooden piles.

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The United Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in Dutch, literally "United East Indian Company")...

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De waaier van het fortuin: van handelscompagnie tot koloniaal imperium : de Nederlanders in Azië en de Indonesische archipel

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to Indonesia. By 1960, almost all Dutch assets in Indonesia had been taken over and Dutch citizens were expelled from Indonesia.

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including several terms of ineffective presidents, Jakarta was a center of popular protest and national political instability.

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was still a satellite city of Jakarta and located outside the boundaries of Jakarta. The construction of thoroughfares such as

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Glodok commercial area. The area of Kota and Glodok remained Jakarta's central business and banking district during the 1950s.

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commenced in 1595. Over the next 25 years there was contention between the Dutch and British on the one hand, and between the

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On 27 December 1949, the Dutch recognised Indonesia as an independent country and sovereign federal state under the name of "

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The Concordia military social club building on Jalan Lapangan Banteng Timur became the national parliament until early 1965.

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nationalized its debts and possessions, expanding all of the VOC's territorial claims into a fully-fledged colony named the

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soared in late 1940s, which occurred at the same time with the wave of immigration into Jakarta to find employment. 31,000

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During the late 1970s, Ancol, another project proposed by Sukarno in the early 1960s, was already well-established as the

290:), the capital of the Sunda Kingdom. By the fourteenth century, Sunda Kelapa became a major trading port for the kingdom. 3714: 1824: 1442: 1013:" between 1957 and 1959, which greatly increased his own political power. Sukarno's great power allowed him to award the 711:

1,432,085 in 1950 to 1,661,125 in 1951. The new districts added to Jakarta at the time was sparsely populated and rural.

3365: 2750: 1398: 975: 466: 1358:(1974), the Hilton Hotel (1976), Hotel Sari Pan Pacific (1976) and Mandarin Hotel (1978), as well as the extension of 926: 2511: 2479: 2456: 2434: 2414: 2395: 2350: 2129: 1995: 1849: 1705: 1685: 809:. AT that time, Jalan Sudirman was largely rural and devoid of any buildings until the 1970s, with the exception of 2196: 480:

During the period, administrative buildings were relocated to the area then known as Weltevreden, e.g. south of the

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cultural center at Cikini was opened. Taman Ria Remaja (Youth Recreation Park) was opened in the 1970s next to the

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assets would begin, partly triggered by the anger over the refusal of the Netherlands to transfer sovereignty of

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as part of a nationwide decentralisation program that allows direct local elections in several areas, in which

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recreational area with its Bina Ria beach, a golf course, swimming pools, an oceanarium, Putri Duyung Cottage,

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On 4 January 1946, Indonesian Republicans withdrew from Ally-occupied Jakarta and established the capital in

3796: 348:. Prince Jayawikarta, a follower of the Sultan of Banten, established a settlement on the west banks of the 3811: 3542: 3447: 3088: 2939: 2619: 2563: 2529: 1250: 1126: 1122: 1035: 840:(People's Council) at Jalan Pejambon, that had earlier been the military commander's residence, became the 786: 694: 633: 4220: 3308: 2883: 1643: 1621: 1417: 1317: 1043: 520:, Special Municipality of Jakarta, in accordance with the special status that was assigned to the city). 4135: 3869: 4037: 3732: 3591: 3505: 3293: 3245: 2994: 2730: 2656: 1453: 1262: 1216: 361: 147: 27: 2322: 3510: 3427: 3283: 3226: 2949: 2903: 2888: 2735: 1515: 1335: 1047: 755: 3835: 3572: 3318: 3145: 2974: 2796: 1565:

The Sunda Kingdom of West Java From Tarumanagara to Pakuan Pajajaran with the Royal Center of Bogor

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Planning the Megacity: Jakarta in the Twentieth Century - Planning, History and Environment Series

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An Insane Administration and Insanitary Town: The Dutch East India Company and Batavia (1619–1799)

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Batavia was under VOC control until the Company went bankrupt and its charter expired in 1799.

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Military history of the Netherlands § The War Against Indonesian Independence (1945–1949)

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West Java. Purnawarman left seven memorial stones across the area, including the present-day

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The First Modern Economy. Success, Failure, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500–1815

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got elected as governor. Previously, governors were elected by the city's legislative body.

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Sundakala: cuplikan sejarah Sunda berdasarkan naskah-naskah "Panitia Wangsakerta" Cirebon

1465: 1429: 1270: 1098: 954: 881: 774:) was in the countryside and would not be developed as residential area until the 1970s. 376: 345: 338: 81: 19: 317: 123:", close to the sea in the north, developed between 1619 and 1799 during the era of the 3959: 3879: 3260: 3221: 3114: 2718: 2713: 1530: 1425: 1081:

Most of Jakarta's monuments were initiated during the first half of the 1960s e.g. the

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can be found extensively in Jakarta. Introduced to Jakarta in the 1930s, the number of

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This article is about the history of Jakarta. For a general timeline of the area, see

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Sukarno hoped to put the newly independent nation's pride on international display.

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and its casinos, a drive-in theater, and new housing developments on both sides.

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held his Indonesian independence and anti-colonialism/imperialism speech, during

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of Oxford University in England, and travel records by Prince Bujangga Manik.(

655:. The grand meeting would start a period of national revolution in Indonesia. 4214: 4071: 4066: 3722: 3699: 3694: 3678: 3642: 3637: 3622: 3303: 3265: 3047: 2984: 2687: 2666: 2604: 2599: 1796: 1791:. Jakarta: BPS – Statistics DKI Jakarta Provincial Office: xlvii–xlix. 2008. 1424:, began to lose his grip on power. Tensions reached a peak in May 1998, when 1297: 1186: 700: 481: 302: 255: 236:

After the power of Tarumanagara declined, its territories became part of the

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The 1970s also witnessed the redevelopment of Jakarta's two oldest markets:

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History of Cartography: International Symposium of the ICA Commission, 2010

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on the north coast of Jakarta to become Jakarta's main recreation complex;

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Said. When completed, Rasuna Said, Sudirman, and Gatot Subroto formed the

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administrative corps headquarters on Jalan Medan Merdeka Utara became the

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The 1970s saw the completion of projects that were begun in the 1960s by

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and Veteran's Building complex approved in 1965 but was opened in 1973.

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Schoppert, Peter; Damais, Soedarmadji & Sosrowardoyo, Tara (1998).

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In 1602, the Dutch government granted a monopoly on Asian trade to the

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The period of monumental projects came to an immediate halt after the

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acting as the committee chairman. Suwiryo was recognised as the first

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when it officially became known as Batavia Centrum (Central Batavia).

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has been the location of human settlement since the 4th century BCE

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medical school became the faculty of medicine at the newly created

428: 294: 258:). The port of Sunda was described as strategic and thriving, with 1582:(5th reprint ed.). Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. p. 60. 3854: 3776: 3737: 3480: 3360: 3313: 3298: 3199: 2579: 2548: 2118:

Vaisutis, Justine; Martinkus, John; Batchelor, Dr. Trish (2007).

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During the era of the VOC, Batavia was centered on the so-called

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built up the area before it was taken during World War II by the

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had been underway since 1949 and would only be opened in 1953.

457: 410:, opposite to Jayakarta. This outpost was established in 1611. 403: 254:

ruled Sumatra, the Malay peninsula, and western Java (known as

203: 170:. The earliest historical record discovered in Jakarta is the 344:

By the late 16th century, Jayakarta was under the rule of the

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satellite city, the first urban planning in Indonesia after

559:("Village Unit Head"), who, in turn, was responsible over a 2424: 2245:"KPU Tetapkan Fauzi Bowo-Prianto Pemenang Pilkada DKI 2007" 2162: 2160: 2098: 2096: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 1970: 1968: 1955: 1953: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1863: 1861: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1153:

was one of the many delayed projects of Sukarno in Jakarta.

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The economic boom period of Jakarta ended abruptly in the

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published in 1969 by the Jakarta City Government claimed:

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Transition into a capital of an independent nation (1950s)

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were no longer a common sight on the streets of Jakarta.

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Assistant ("Sub-district Head"), who, in turn, oversaw a

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which started in 1963 but to be opened in 1974; and the

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Governor-general's palace on Jalan Merdeka Utara became

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in the early 13th Century, the Sumatra-based kingdom of

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provinces, consisting of inscriptions bearing his name.

139:, during the Japanese occupation and the modern period. 1803: 1642:. The Jakarta City Administration. 2002. Archived from 1405:

buildings. One infamous case was the demolition of the

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Jakarta has been known by several names. It was called

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Bujangga Manik Manuscript which is now located at the

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Among the delayed projects of Sukarno in Jakarta were

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in 1975, Curaçao and Dependencies was renamed to the

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The 1950s was known as the decade where the informal

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Jayakarta in 1605 prior the establishment of Batavia.

2662:

List of colonial buildings and structures in Jakarta

1177:, started in 1961 but not completed until 1978; the 578:

of Jakarta was Tsukamoto and the last was Hasegawa.

431:. The administrative center of this new town is the 119:. Thereafter, Jakarta evolved in three stages. The " 1787:"Jakarta Dalam Angka – Jakarta in Figures – 2008". 969: 469:(VOC) went bankrupt and was dissolved in 1800, the 2359: 1842:A Chronology of Conflict and Resolution, 1945-1985 1664: 1520:Knowledge:WikiProject Indonesia/Naming conventions 1409:and the subsequent construction of a parking lot. 1226:Despite the success of the program, which won the 777:Among new suburbs developed during the 1950s were 672:Stadsvormings-ordonantie/Stadsvormings-verordening 496: 325:To prevent Portuguese gaining a foothold on Java, 153: 142:For a more detailed history of Jakarta before the 1484: 1482: 1480: 1233: 1009:Sukarno had already transitioned the country to " 949:. By 1962, the tramway disappeared from Jakarta. 598:(who became the vice for Jakarta's schichoo) and 4212: 1580:Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed 1197: 531:) that were each led by a Bupati (Regent). Each 452: 1577: 1311: 858:The Ministry of Finance was moved to the grand 789:; mostly to provide housing for civic workers. 705: 312: 2468:"The Architecture of Modern Indonesian Cities" 1720:. MacMillan, 2nd edition, 1991ISBN 0333576896 1477: 301:, a political and economic agreement with the 213: 3543: 3185: 2564: 2474:. Vol. 6. Singapore: Archipelago Press. 1606: 1492:. Jakarta.go.id. 8 March 2011. Archived from 174:, which was discovered in Tugu sub-district, 2879:Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University 2113: 2111: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1710: 1443:its first-ever election to choose a governor 651:or grand meeting at Lapangan Ikada, now the 503:Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies 442:or "Lower City". It consisted of the walled 355: 2488: 1812: 1690: 1540:. StudyIndonesian. Retrieved on 2013-07-16. 816: 661:the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration 56:'s capital and largest city. Located on an 4001: 3550: 3536: 3192: 3178: 2571: 2557: 2407:A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300 2383: 2166: 2151: 2102: 2068: 2049: 2037: 2025: 1974: 1959: 1944: 1915: 1898: 1886: 1867: 1769: 1718:A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1200 1350:(1974), Hotel Ambassador/Aryaduta (1974), 1024:Semanggi "clover-leaf" highway interchange 901:Expulsion of the Dutch and population boom 691:Republic of the United States of Indonesia 640:("Jakarta City National Administration"). 92:and finally became independent as part of 4186:, which was eventually dissolved in 2010. 3557: 3063:Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport 2387:Jakarta: Portraits of a Capital 1950-1980 2360:Liebenberg, Elri; Demhardt, Imre (2012). 2108: 1980: 1775: 511:Sketch of the Japanese entry into Batavia 178:. It is among the oldest inscriptions in 2404: 1990:. The Scarecrow Press, Inc. 2nd edition 1818: 1670: 1393: 1383: 1144: 992:Sukarno's mercusuar projects (1960–1965) 925: 732: 506: 456: 412: 337:. Later, the port became a part of the 316: 217: 32: 2465: 2409:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 2338: 2323:Timeline of Jakarta § Bibliography 2087: 1628: 1471: 1320:became the international airport, with 1228:Aga Khan Award for architecture in 1980 1193:Rise of Ali Sadikin (1966 – late 1970s) 144:proclamation of Indonesian independence 103:during the Kingdom of Sunda period and 4213: 2541:Articles and topics related to Jakarta 2532:(Homannische Erben, Nuernberg-Germany) 2501: 2444: 2329: 2271:"Indonesia retains regional elections" 2190: 2178: 2006: 1839: 1833: 1728: 1726: 1553:. Yayasan Pustaka Jaya, Jakarta. 2005. 1288:Jakarta Fairs and other entertainments 996: 4034: 3986: 3832: 3569: 3531: 3173: 2552: 2539: 2366:. Heidelberg: Springer. p. 209. 1026:, a broad avenue in Central Jakarta ( 379:and Prince Jayawikarta on the other. 3140: 3058:Soekarno–Hatta International Airport 1700:. Cambridge University Press, 1997. 1329:Economic growth (late 1970s – 1980s) 1072:the largest mosque in Southeast Asia 1050:); four high-rise hotels, including 678:. This 730 ha area would become the 367:Dutch East India Company (1610–1800) 4174:of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; 2225:from the original on 1 January 2016 1723: 1273:were completed in the early 1970s. 1249:sports complex and some housing at 930:1960s saw the boom of the informal 728: 636:. The position was soon altered to 606:National revolution era (1945–1949) 406:and houses on the east bank of the 265:One of the ports at the mouth of a 240:. According to the Chinese source, 228:(1522), a stone pillar sealing the 13: 3834:Colonies and trading posts of the 3571:Colonies and trading posts of the 2578: 2489:Waworoentoe, Willem Johan (2013). 2316: 1988:Historical Dictionary of Indonesia 1567:. Yayasan Cipta Loka Caraka. 2007. 1399:2019 Indonesian protests and riots 1140: 976:Indonesian future capital proposal 467:Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie 392:Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie 279:(Coconut of Sunda), as written in 14: 4232: 2523: 2219:"Jakarta holds historic election" 1740:(in Dutch). de VOCsite. 2002–2012 921: 762:rural (with the exception of the 37:Image of Batavia, capital of the 3151: 3139: 3128: 3127: 3053:Soekarno–Hatta Airport Rail Link 2955:Gelora Bung Karno Sports Complex 2628: 2472:Indonesian Heritage-Architecture 2193:"Daftar Serangan Bom di Jakarta" 1531:Lesson: Old Indonesian Spellings 1379: 970:Proposal to relocate the capital 862:on Jalan Lapangan Banteng Timur. 638:Pemerintah Nasional Kota Jakarta 3895:Sint Eustatius and Dependencies 3084:Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital 2405:Ricklefs, Merle Calvin (1993). 2390:. Jakarta: Equinox Publishing. 2289: 2263: 2251:(in Indonesian). 16 August 2007 2237: 2211: 2184: 1441:. In August 2007, Jakarta held 1212:Jalan Letnan Jenderal S. Parman 1133:to the east of Jalan Sudirman, 787:Bendungan Hilir and Pejompongan 497:Japanese occupation (1942–1945) 341:, located west from Jayakarta. 154:Early kingdoms (4th century AD) 115:during the short period of the 2470:. In Tjahjono, Gunawan (ed.). 2124:. Lonely Planet. p. 101. 1665:Liebenberg & Demhardt 2012 1586: 1571: 1557: 1543: 1524: 1508: 1389:December 2016 Jakarta protests 1259:Irian Jaya Liberation Monument 1234:Completion of delayed projects 1107: 1091:Irian Jaya Liberation Monument 1089:, Pemuda Monument at Senayan, 634:mayor of Jakarta Tokubetsu Shi 616:Indonesian National Revolution 527:("Resident Administration" or 64:, on the northwestern part of 1: 2970:Shri Sanathana Dharma Aalayam 2914:Universitas Kristen Indonesia 1844:. New York: Greenwood Press. 1827:. History Of Merdeka Square. 1696:de Vries J, van der Woude A. 1198:Improvement in infrastructure 1038:; a broad by-pass connecting 453:Dutch East Indies (1800–1942) 371:Dutch mercantile activity to 158:The coastal area and port of 3089:Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital 2940:National Museum of Indonesia 2506:. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. 2445:Silver, Christopher (2007). 2429:. Tokyo: Tuttle Publishing. 1426:four students were shot dead 1312:Decline of Kemayoran Airport 1179:National Parliament building 706:Expansion of city's boundary 547:("District Heads"). Below a 313:Banten Sultanate (1527–1619) 7: 2884:State University of Jakarta 2297:"Jakarta metro inaugurated" 2221:. BBC News. 8 August 2007. 1459: 1418:1997 Asian financial crisis 1318:Halim Perdanakusuma Airport 842:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 214:Kingdom of Sunda (669–1527) 182:. The area was part of the 10: 4237: 4038:Kingdom of the Netherlands 2995:Taman Mini Indonesia Indah 2731:Golden Triangle of Jakarta 2626: 2530:Pictures and Map from 1733 2451:. Routledge. p. 101. 2384:Merrillees, Scott (2015). 2320: 1454:Jakarta Mass Rapid Transit 1263:Prince Diponegoro Monument 1217:Golden Triangle of Jakarta 973: 801:headquarters (1958-1962), 609: 500: 396:United East Indian Company 362:Batavia, Dutch East Indies 359: 148:Batavia, Dutch East Indies 28:Batavia, Dutch East Indies 17: 4165: 4149: 4128: 4112: 4096: 4080: 4049: 4045: 4030: 3997: 3982: 3954: 3918: 3847: 3843: 3828: 3766: 3713: 3687: 3661: 3600: 3584: 3580: 3565: 3208: 3202:most-populous urban areas 3123: 3097: 3076: 3003: 2950:Gelora Bung Karno Stadium 2927: 2904:Bina Nusantara University 2889:Jakarta State Polytechnic 2861: 2810: 2789: 2736:Jakarta metropolitan area 2696: 2675: 2637: 2587: 2546: 2195:. Poskota. Archived from 1599:Three Old Sundanese Poems 1578:Dr. R. Soekmono (1988) . 1516:Perfected Spelling System 1336:Jakarta Convention Center 1163:Djakarta Through the Ages 1056:a new parliament building 1048:Jalan Jenderal Ahmad Yani 966:were registered in 1953. 535:was divided into several 356:Dutch Batavia (1610–1942) 4136:Curaçao and Dependencies 3870:Curaçao and Dependencies 3848:Colonies in the Americas 3836:Dutch West India Company 3573:Dutch East India Company 3463: 3405: 3339: 3281: 2797:Indonesia Stock Exchange 2502:Witton, Patrick (2003). 2339:de Jong, J.J.P. (1998). 2330:Blusse, Leonard (1985). 1840:Jessup, John E. (1989). 1825:Lapangan Merdeka / Monas 1678:The History of Indonesia 1257:. Monuments such as the 1064:Sarinah Department Store 853:Ministry of Home Affairs 817:Taking over Dutch assets 384:Dutch East India Company 3919:Trading posts in Africa 3653:Northeast coast of Java 2965:Selamat Datang Monument 2909:Tarumanagara University 2869:University of Indonesia 2823:Jakarta City government 2495:Encyclopædia Britannica 2466:Siregar, Sandi (1998). 2334:. Springer Netherlands. 2191:Minggu (19 July 2009). 1316:By 1974, a redeveloped 1125:(land opened in 1952), 1087:Selamat Datang Monument 1032:Jalan Jenderal Sudirman 875:University of Indonesia 2945:Jakarta History Museum 2848:Transmigration program 1401: 1391: 1154: 986:provinces of Indonesia 935: 738: 643:On 19 September 1945, 518:Jakaruta tokubetsu-shi 512: 462: 461:Map of Batavia in 1897 418: 391: 322: 233: 46: 4172:constituent countries 3705:West coast of Sumatra 3559:Dutch colonial empire 3068:Port of Tanjung Priok 1397: 1387: 1356:Hotel Kartika Chandra 1159:September 30 Movement 1148: 1066:; the development of 1040:Tanjung Priok harbour 939:Jakarta's tram system 929: 914:) and 25 hectares at 805:(1959-1962), and the 736: 510: 460: 422:1621, from which the 416: 320: 299:Luso Sundanese padrão 221: 193:In AD 397, King 131:(1619–1945), and was 36: 4184:Netherlands Antilles 2990:Taman Ismail Marzuki 2894:Atma Jaya University 2746:Semanggi Interchange 1636:"History of Jakarta" 1614:"History of Jakarta" 1601:. KITLV Press. 2007. 1490:"History of Jakarta" 1472:Notes and references 1302:Taman Ismail Marzuki 830:presidential palace. 695:Mayor Sastro Mulyono 584:Jan Pieterszoon Coen 3990:Noordsche Compagnie 3988:Settlements of the 3966:Society of Suriname 3812:Vietnam (1637–1643) 3585:Governorate General 3110:Water privatisation 2899:Trisakti University 2874:Universitas Terbuka 1789:Jakarta Dalam Angka 1680:. Greenwood, 2005. 1466:Timeline of Jakarta 1430:Trisakti University 1407:Society of Harmonie 1340:Hotel Kartika Plaza 1271:Dirgantara Monument 1099:Dirgantara Monument 1036:Jalan Gatot Subroto 997:Monumental projects 849:Binnenlands Bestuur 563:("Kampung Chief"). 543:) that were led by 539:("Municipality" or 377:Sultanate of Banten 346:Sultanate of Banten 329:, on behalf of the 82:Sultanate of Banten 20:Timeline of Jakarta 4221:History of Jakarta 3960:Society of Berbice 3214: 2853:ASEAN Headquarters 2181:, pp. 138–39. 1986:Cribb R, Kahin A. 1646:on August 20, 2011 1536:2018-11-17 at the 1402: 1392: 1296:were initiated at 1155: 1028:Jalan M.H. Thamrin 982:Takdir Alisjahbana 936: 739: 513: 463: 419: 323: 307:Sultanate of Demak 234: 184:Indianized kingdom 180:Indonesian history 70:Indianized kingdom 47: 4208: 4207: 4202: 4201: 4198: 4197: 4194: 4193: 4180:full independence 4120:Dutch East Indies 4026: 4025: 4022: 4021: 3978: 3977: 3974: 3973: 3824: 3823: 3820: 3819: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3519: 3167: 3166: 2980:Jakarta Cathedral 2935:National Monument 2373:978-3-642-19087-2 2277:. 20 January 2015 2199:on 12 August 2009 2090:, pp. 130–1. 1640:BeritaJakarta.com 1371:Pasar Tanah Abang 1306:Gelora Bung Karno 1247:Gelora Bung Karno 1119:Kemayoran Airport 1083:National Monument 912:Kemayoran Airport 882:ANETA news agency 811:Gelora Bung Karno 764:Kemayoran Airport 475:Dutch East Indies 471:Batavian Republic 424:Dutch East Indies 394:(VOC); literally 86:Dutch East Indies 39:Dutch East Indies 24:Dutch East Indies 4228: 4187: 4047: 4046: 4036:Colonies of the 4032: 4031: 3999: 3998: 3984: 3983: 3964:Governed by the 3958:Governed by the 3845: 3844: 3830: 3829: 3582: 3581: 3567: 3566: 3552: 3545: 3538: 3529: 3528: 3371:Osaka–Kobe–Kyoto 3366:Ho Chi Minh City 3211: 3210: 3194: 3187: 3180: 3171: 3170: 3155: 3143: 3142: 3131: 3130: 3033:KRL Commuterline 2919:YARSI University 2843:DPR/MPR Building 2771:Lapangan Banteng 2632: 2620:Thousand Islands 2573: 2566: 2559: 2550: 2549: 2537: 2536: 2517: 2498: 2485: 2462: 2440: 2420: 2401: 2380: 2356: 2335: 2311: 2310: 2308: 2307: 2293: 2287: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2267: 2261: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2215: 2209: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2188: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2155: 2149: 2143: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2115: 2106: 2100: 2091: 2085: 2072: 2066: 2053: 2047: 2041: 2035: 2029: 2023: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1984: 1978: 1972: 1963: 1957: 1948: 1942: 1919: 1913: 1902: 1896: 1890: 1884: 1871: 1865: 1856: 1855: 1837: 1831: 1830: 1822: 1816: 1813:Waworoentoe 2013 1810: 1801: 1800: 1784: 1773: 1767: 1750: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1730: 1721: 1714: 1708: 1694: 1688: 1674: 1668: 1662: 1656: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1632: 1626: 1625: 1620:. Archived from 1610: 1604: 1602: 1594:Bodleian Library 1590: 1584: 1583: 1575: 1569: 1568: 1561: 1555: 1554: 1547: 1541: 1528: 1522: 1512: 1506: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1486: 1435:Jemaah Islamiyah 1352:Hotel Sahid Jaya 1095:Lapangan Banteng 1076:1962 Asian Games 1015:1962 Asian Games 1011:Guided Democracy 813:sports complex. 807:Welcome Monument 729:City development 339:Banten Sultanate 238:Kingdom of Sunda 172:Tugu inscription 117:Banten Sultanate 78:Kingdom of Sunda 4236: 4235: 4231: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4226: 4225: 4211: 4210: 4209: 4204: 4203: 4190: 4169: 4161: 4145: 4124: 4108: 4092: 4076: 4041: 4018: 3993: 3970: 3950: 3914: 3839: 3816: 3762: 3709: 3683: 3657: 3596: 3576: 3561: 3556: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3515: 3458: 3457: 3400: 3399: 3334: 3333: 3276: 3275: 3204: 3198: 3168: 3163: 3119: 3093: 3072: 2999: 2975:Istiqlal Mosque 2960:Hotel Indonesia 2923: 2857: 2806: 2785: 2692: 2683:Betawi language 2671: 2633: 2624: 2595:Central Jakarta 2583: 2577: 2542: 2526: 2521: 2514: 2482: 2459: 2437: 2417: 2398: 2374: 2353: 2325: 2319: 2317:Further reading 2314: 2305: 2303: 2295: 2294: 2290: 2280: 2278: 2269: 2268: 2264: 2254: 2252: 2243: 2242: 2238: 2228: 2226: 2217: 2216: 2212: 2202: 2200: 2189: 2185: 2177: 2173: 2167:Merrillees 2015 2165: 2158: 2152:Merrillees 2015 2150: 2146: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2116: 2109: 2103:Merrillees 2015 2101: 2094: 2086: 2075: 2069:Merrillees 2015 2067: 2056: 2050:Merrillees 2015 2048: 2044: 2038:Merrillees 2015 2036: 2032: 2026:Merrillees 2015 2024: 2013: 2005: 2001: 1985: 1981: 1975:Merrillees 2015 1973: 1966: 1960:Merrillees 2015 1958: 1951: 1945:Merrillees 2015 1943: 1922: 1916:Merrillees 2015 1914: 1905: 1899:Merrillees 2015 1897: 1893: 1887:Merrillees 2015 1885: 1874: 1868:Merrillees 2015 1866: 1859: 1852: 1838: 1834: 1829:(in Indonesian) 1828: 1823: 1819: 1811: 1804: 1786: 1785: 1776: 1770:Merrillees 2015 1768: 1753: 1743: 1741: 1732: 1731: 1724: 1715: 1711: 1695: 1691: 1675: 1671: 1663: 1659: 1649: 1647: 1634: 1633: 1629: 1612: 1611: 1607: 1597: 1591: 1587: 1576: 1572: 1563: 1562: 1558: 1549: 1548: 1544: 1538:Wayback Machine 1529: 1525: 1513: 1509: 1499: 1497: 1496:on June 8, 2014 1488: 1487: 1478: 1474: 1462: 1439:another in 2009 1382: 1360:Hotel Indonesia 1348:Hotel Borobudur 1344:President Hotel 1331: 1314: 1290: 1278:Ancol Dreamland 1267:Heroes Monument 1251:Bendungan Hilir 1236: 1200: 1195: 1183:Hotel Borobudur 1175:Istiqlal Mosque 1171:Wisma Nusantara 1151:Istiqlal Mosque 1143: 1141:Fall of Sukarno 1127:Bendungan Hilir 1110: 1052:Hotel Indonesia 999: 994: 978: 972: 924: 903: 819: 803:Hotel Indonesia 756:Hotel des Indes 731: 708: 703: 626:Central Jakarta 618: 608: 600:Dahlan Abdullah 505: 499: 455: 417:Batavia in 1682 369: 364: 358: 315: 226:of Sunda Kalapa 216: 156: 90:Empire of Japan 41:in what is now 31: 12: 11: 5: 4234: 4224: 4223: 4206: 4205: 4200: 4199: 4196: 4195: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4188: 4166: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4159: 4153: 4151: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4143: 4138: 4132: 4130: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4122: 4116: 4114: 4110: 4109: 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2812: 2808: 2807: 2805: 2804: 2802:Bank Indonesia 2799: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2766:Tebet Eco Park 2763: 2758: 2756:Merdeka Square 2753: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2727: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2706: 2704:Ciliwung river 2700: 2698: 2694: 2693: 2691: 2690: 2685: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2672: 2670: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2643: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2584: 2576: 2575: 2568: 2561: 2553: 2547: 2544: 2543: 2534: 2533: 2525: 2524:External links 2522: 2520: 2519: 2512: 2499: 2486: 2480: 2463: 2457: 2442: 2435: 2422: 2415: 2402: 2396: 2381: 2372: 2357: 2351: 2336: 2326: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2312: 2288: 2262: 2236: 2210: 2183: 2171: 2156: 2144: 2130: 2107: 2092: 2073: 2071:, p. 101. 2054: 2042: 2030: 2011: 2009:, p. 101. 1999: 1979: 1964: 1949: 1920: 1903: 1891: 1872: 1857: 1850: 1832: 1817: 1802: 1774: 1751: 1722: 1709: 1689: 1669: 1667:, p. 209. 1657: 1627: 1624:on 2011-08-20. 1605: 1585: 1570: 1556: 1542: 1523: 1507: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1468: 1461: 1458: 1456:(MRT) opened. 1381: 1378: 1330: 1327: 1313: 1310: 1289: 1286: 1235: 1232: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1142: 1139: 1109: 1106: 998: 995: 993: 990: 971: 968: 923: 922:Infrastructure 920: 902: 899: 890: 889: 878: 867: 863: 856: 845: 834: 831: 828:Istana Merdeka 818: 815: 799:Bank Indonesia 795:Kebayoran Baru 730: 727: 723:Jalan Sudirman 715:Kebayoran Baru 707: 704: 702: 699: 653:Merdeka Square 607: 604: 561:Kepala Kampung 501:Main article: 498: 495: 454: 451: 433:Batavia Castle 408:Ciliwung River 368: 365: 360:Main article: 357: 354: 350:Ciliwung River 314: 311: 284:Bujangga Manik 215: 212: 200:Bekasi Regency 155: 152: 135:(in Dutch) or 62:Ciliwung River 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4233: 4222: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4168: 4167: 4164: 4158: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4148: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4127: 4121: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4111: 4105: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4095: 4089: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4079: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4039: 4033: 4029: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3991: 3985: 3981: 3967: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3956: 3953: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3936:Loango-Angola 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3917: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3831: 3827: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3765: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3712: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3660: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3613:Banda Islands 3611: 3609: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3593: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3553: 3548: 3546: 3541: 3539: 3534: 3533: 3530: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3460: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3402: 3396: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3336: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3278: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3212: 3207: 3203: 3195: 3190: 3188: 3183: 3181: 3176: 3175: 3172: 3160: 3159: 3154: 3150: 3148: 3147: 3138: 3136: 3135: 3126: 3125: 3122: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3096: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3075: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3048:Jabodebek LRT 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3002: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2985:Wayang Museum 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2926: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2866: 2864: 2860: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2834: 2833:Istana Negara 2831: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2711: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2689: 2688:Betawi people 2686: 2684: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2668: 2667:Sunda Kingdom 2665: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2605:South Jakarta 2603: 2601: 2600:North Jakarta 2598: 2596: 2593: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2574: 2569: 2567: 2562: 2560: 2555: 2554: 2551: 2545: 2538: 2531: 2528: 2527: 2515: 2513:1-74059-154-2 2509: 2505: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2483: 2481:981-3018-30-5 2477: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2458:9781135991227 2454: 2450: 2449: 2443: 2438: 2436:962-593-232-1 2432: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2416:0-8047-2194-7 2412: 2408: 2403: 2399: 2397:9786028397308 2393: 2389: 2388: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2369: 2365: 2364: 2358: 2354: 2352:9789012086431 2348: 2344: 2343: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2327: 2324: 2302: 2298: 2292: 2276: 2272: 2266: 2250: 2246: 2240: 2224: 2220: 2214: 2198: 2194: 2187: 2180: 2175: 2169:, p. 25. 2168: 2163: 2161: 2154:, p. 21. 2153: 2148: 2133: 2131:9781741798456 2127: 2123: 2122: 2114: 2112: 2105:, p. 27. 2104: 2099: 2097: 2089: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2070: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2052:, p. 19. 2051: 2046: 2040:, p. 17. 2039: 2034: 2028:, p. 99. 2027: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2008: 2003: 1997: 1996:9780810849358 1993: 1989: 1983: 1977:, p. 39. 1976: 1971: 1969: 1962:, p. 36. 1961: 1956: 1954: 1947:, p. 35. 1946: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1918:, p. 97. 1917: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1901:, p. 13. 1900: 1895: 1889:, p. 37. 1888: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1870:, p. 15. 1869: 1864: 1862: 1853: 1851:0-313-24308-5 1847: 1843: 1836: 1826: 1821: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1772:, p. 11. 1771: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1739: 1735: 1729: 1727: 1719: 1716:Ricklefs MC. 1713: 1707: 1706:9780521578257 1703: 1699: 1693: 1687: 1686:9780313331145 1683: 1679: 1673: 1666: 1661: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1631: 1623: 1619: 1618:BeritaJakarta 1615: 1609: 1600: 1595: 1589: 1581: 1574: 1566: 1560: 1552: 1546: 1539: 1535: 1532: 1527: 1521: 1517: 1511: 1495: 1491: 1485: 1483: 1481: 1476: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1457: 1455: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1410: 1408: 1400: 1396: 1390: 1386: 1380:1980s–present 1377: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1326: 1323: 1319: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1298:Medan Merdeka 1295: 1294:Jakarta Fairs 1292:In 1968, the 1285: 1283: 1282:Hotel Horison 1279: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1241: 1231: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1205: 1190: 1188: 1187:Balai Sarbini 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1152: 1147: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1105: 1102: 1101:at Pancoran. 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1044:Halim Airport 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1019: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1005: 989: 987: 983: 977: 967: 965: 961: 957: 956: 950: 948: 944: 940: 933: 928: 919: 917: 913: 907: 898: 896: 887: 883: 879: 876: 872: 868: 864: 861: 857: 854: 850: 846: 843: 839: 835: 832: 829: 825: 824: 823: 814: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 790: 788: 784: 780: 775: 773: 769: 765: 759: 757: 753: 749: 745: 735: 726: 724: 720: 719:Jalan Thamrin 716: 712: 698: 696: 692: 687: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 664: 662: 656: 654: 650: 646: 641: 639: 635: 631: 627: 622: 617: 613: 603: 601: 597: 591: 589: 588:Waterlooplein 585: 579: 577: 573: 569: 564: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 541:Stad Gemeente 538: 534: 530: 526: 521: 519: 509: 504: 494: 490: 487: 486:Waterlooplein 483: 478: 476: 472: 468: 459: 450: 447: 445: 441: 436: 434: 430: 425: 415: 411: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 380: 378: 374: 363: 353: 351: 347: 342: 340: 336: 332: 328: 319: 310: 308: 304: 303:Sunda Kingdom 300: 296: 291: 289: 285: 282: 278: 274: 273: 268: 263: 261: 257: 253: 249: 246:, written by 245: 244: 239: 231: 227: 225: 220: 211: 209: 205: 201: 196: 191: 189: 185: 181: 177: 176:North Jakarta 173: 169: 165: 161: 151: 149: 145: 140: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 97: 95: 91: 87: 83: 80:, the Muslim 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 44: 43:North Jakarta 40: 35: 29: 25: 21: 16: 3688:Commandments 3662:Directorates 3601:Governorates 3347:Johannesburg 3329:Buenos Aires 3156: 3144: 3132: 3018:TransJakarta 2676:Demographics 2652:Sunda Kelapa 2638: 2615:West Jakarta 2610:East Jakarta 2503: 2494: 2471: 2447: 2426: 2406: 2386: 2377: 2362: 2341: 2331: 2304:. Retrieved 2301:Metro Report 2300: 2291: 2279:. Retrieved 2274: 2265: 2253:. Retrieved 2248: 2239: 2227:. Retrieved 2213: 2201:. Retrieved 2197:the original 2186: 2174: 2147: 2137:December 11, 2135:. Retrieved 2120: 2088:Siregar 1998 2045: 2033: 2002: 1987: 1982: 1894: 1841: 1835: 1820: 1788: 1742:. Retrieved 1737: 1717: 1712: 1697: 1692: 1677: 1676:Drakeley S. 1672: 1660: 1648:. Retrieved 1644:the original 1639: 1630: 1622:the original 1617: 1608: 1598: 1588: 1579: 1573: 1564: 1559: 1550: 1545: 1526: 1510: 1498:. Retrieved 1494:the original 1451: 1415: 1411: 1403: 1375: 1364: 1332: 1315: 1291: 1275: 1244: 1237: 1225: 1209: 1201: 1166: 1162: 1156: 1135:Tanah Tinggi 1111: 1103: 1080: 1020: 1008: 1003: 1000: 979: 963: 959: 953: 951: 937: 931: 908: 904: 891: 859: 848: 820: 791: 783:Tanah Tinggi 776: 772:Sunter River 760: 740: 713: 709: 688: 684:World War II 676:Koningsplein 671: 665: 657: 648: 642: 637: 623: 619: 592: 580: 575: 571: 567: 565: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 522: 517: 514: 491: 482:Koningsplein 479: 464: 448: 439: 437: 420: 395: 381: 370: 343: 334: 324: 292: 276: 272:Sunda Kelapa 270: 269:was renamed 264: 241: 235: 223: 192: 188:Tarumanagara 168:Buni culture 162:in northern 157: 141: 136: 132: 128: 112: 108: 104: 101:Sunda Kalapa 100: 98: 76:, the Hindu 74:Tarumanegara 48: 45:, circa 1780 15: 4040:(1815–1975) 4014:Smeerenburg 4002:Settlements 3992:(1614–1642) 3946:Slave Coast 3838:(1621–1792) 3770:settlements 3728:Banjarmasin 3715:Residencies 3618:Cape Colony 3575:(1602–1798) 3395:Brazzaville 3342:Los Angeles 3271:Mexico City 3200:World's 50 3043:Jakarta LRT 3038:Jakarta MRT 2761:Ragunan Zoo 2249:Antara News 2179:Witton 2003 2007:Silver 2007 1744:27 November 1518:as well as 1367:Pasar Senen 1204:Ali Sadikin 1123:Pejompongan 1108:New suburbs 916:Pejompongan 768:Kali Sunter 748:Pasar Senen 649:Rapat Akbar 529:Karesidenan 440:Benedenstad 373:East Indies 248:Chou Ju-kua 243:Chu-fan-chi 195:Purnawarman 4157:New Guinea 4150:Until 1962 4129:Until 1954 4113:Until 1949 4104:Gold Coast 4097:Until 1872 4081:Until 1853 4062:Coromandel 4050:Until 1825 3941:Senegambia 3931:Gold Coast 3768:Opperhoofd 3633:Coromandel 3023:Metrotrans 3013:Jak Lingko 2828:Parliament 2427:Java Style 2321:See also: 2306:2019-04-02 1738:De VOCsite 1650:August 16, 1447:Fauzi Bowo 1300:, and the 1269:, and the 1097:, and the 974:See also: 947:Jatinegara 895:Irian Jaya 860:Witte Huis 744:Pasar Baru 668:Yogyakarta 610:See also: 465:After the 327:Fatahillah 295:Portuguese 109:Djajakarta 4009:Jan Mayen 3880:Essequibo 3792:Mauritius 3758:Pontianak 3748:Palembang 3486:Hyderabad 3438:Zhengzhou 3413:Chongqing 3356:Bangalore 3289:São Paulo 3237:Guangzhou 3077:Hospitals 3028:Minitrans 3005:Transport 2928:Landmarks 2862:Education 2790:Economics 2781:UI Forest 2697:Geography 2588:Divisions 2504:Indonesia 2491:"Jakarta" 2121:Indonesia 1797:0215-2150 1734:"Batavia" 1514:See also 1362:in 1974. 1322:Kemayoran 1255:Setiabudi 1202:In 1966, 1131:Setiabudi 1060:a stadium 1004:mercusuar 880:Colonial 838:Volksraad 680:Kebayoran 572:Guisenken 400:West Java 335:Jayakarta 252:Srivijaya 208:West Java 164:West Java 105:Jayakarta 94:Indonesia 54:Indonesia 4215:Category 4176:Suriname 3890:Pomeroon 3875:Demerara 3753:Preanger 3738:Cheribon 3648:Moluccas 3506:Surabaya 3496:Hangzhou 3453:Dongguan 3391:Kinshasa 3381:Istanbul 3351:Pretoria 3324:Shenzhen 3294:New York 3256:Shanghai 3134:Category 2818:Governor 2811:Politics 2776:GBK Park 2741:Kota Tua 2709:Flooding 2647:Timeline 2281:27 March 2275:BBC News 2255:24 March 2229:8 August 2223:Archived 2203:27 April 1534:Archived 1460:See also 1354:(1974), 1346:(1973), 1342:(1972), 1221:Semanggi 869:The old 576:schichoo 568:schichoo 429:Moluccas 297:secured 133:Djakarta 121:old city 4178:gained 4170:Became 4141:Surinam 4072:Suratte 4067:Malacca 3900:Surinam 3865:Cayenne 3855:Berbice 3777:Myanmar 3733:Batavia 3700:Malabar 3679:Suratte 3643:Malacca 3638:Formosa 3623:Celebes 3592:Batavia 3511:Bandung 3481:Tianjin 3428:Chennai 3361:Chengdu 3314:Beijing 3309:Bangkok 3299:Karachi 3284:Kolkata 3227:Jakarta 3146:Commons 3115:Outline 2657:Batavia 2639:History 2580:Jakarta 2345:. Sdu. 1500:17 June 1422:Suharto 1240:Sukarno 1034:), and 943:Sukarno 645:Sukarno 630:Suwiryo 628:, with 596:Suwiryo 545:Wedanas 160:Jakarta 137:Jakarta 129:Batavia 113:Jacatra 60:of the 58:estuary 50:Jakarta 4088:Dejima 4057:Bengal 3926:Arguin 3905:Tobago 3860:Brazil 3807:Tonkin 3787:Dejima 3782:Canton 3743:Malang 3723:Bantam 3695:Bantam 3674:Persia 3669:Bengal 3628:Ceylon 3501:Nagoya 3491:Taipei 3476:Bogotá 3448:London 3443:Luanda 3408:Tehran 3386:Lahore 3319:Moscow 3251:Manila 3246:Mumbai 3241:Foshan 3158:Portal 3098:Others 2582:topics 2510: 2478: 2455: 2433: 2413: 2394: 2370: 2349: 2128: 1994: 1848: 1795: 1704: 1684: 1265:, the 1261:, the 1115:Grogol 964:becaks 886:ANTARA 871:STOVIA 779:Grogol 752:Glodok 614:, and 553:Wedana 551:was a 549:Wedana 484:, the 404:godown 277:Kalapa 260:pepper 224:Padrão 204:Banten 146:, see 26:, see 3802:Timor 3608:Ambon 3471:Wuhan 3433:Paris 3423:Xi'an 3376:Lagos 3304:Dhaka 3266:Cairo 3261:Seoul 3232:Delhi 3222:Tokyo 1068:Ancol 1042:with 960:becak 955:becak 932:becak 866:1960. 557:Lurah 388:Dutch 331:Demak 288:Bogor 281:Hindu 267:river 256:Sunda 230:Sunda 3797:Siam 3466:Lima 2751:SCBD 2724:2020 2719:2013 2714:2007 2508:ISBN 2476:ISBN 2453:ISBN 2431:ISBN 2411:ISBN 2392:ISBN 2368:ISBN 2347:ISBN 2283:2018 2257:2018 2231:2007 2205:2010 2139:2014 2126:ISBN 1992:ISBN 1846:ISBN 1793:ISSN 1746:2012 1702:ISBN 1682:ISBN 1652:2011 1502:2014 1369:and 1334:the 1253:and 1149:The 1030:and 847:The 836:The 750:and 721:and 533:Syuu 525:Syuu 444:Kota 206:and 66:Java 1428:at 1093:at 766:). 586:at 537:Shi 275:or 186:of 125:VOC 111:or 72:of 52:is 4217:: 2493:. 2376:. 2299:. 2273:. 2247:. 2159:^ 2110:^ 2095:^ 2076:^ 2057:^ 2014:^ 1967:^ 1952:^ 1923:^ 1906:^ 1875:^ 1860:^ 1805:^ 1777:^ 1754:^ 1736:. 1725:^ 1638:. 1616:. 1479:^ 1308:. 1242:. 1223:. 1129:, 1085:, 1078:. 1062:; 1058:; 1054:; 988:. 785:, 781:, 746:, 697:. 686:. 663:. 602:. 590:. 566:A 435:. 390:: 190:. 150:. 107:, 96:. 3551:e 3544:t 3537:v 3393:– 3349:- 3239:– 3193:e 3186:t 3179:v 2572:e 2565:t 2558:v 2518:. 2516:. 2497:. 2484:. 2461:. 2441:. 2439:. 2421:. 2419:. 2400:. 2355:. 2309:. 2285:. 2259:. 2233:. 2207:. 2141:. 1854:. 1815:. 1799:. 1748:. 1654:. 1603:) 1504:. 1046:( 934:. 888:. 877:. 855:. 844:. 770:( 386:( 30:.

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