216:
170:
376:
101:
363:
researchers have conducted factual analysis in several states, including New Jersey, Texas, Indiana, Georgia, Colorado, Maryland, North and South
Carolina, Kentucky, Virginia, and elsewhere. As stated by economist Donovan Rypkema, "the results of these studies are remarkably consistent: property values in local historic districts appreciate significantly faster than the market as a whole in the vast majority of cases and appreciate at rates equivalent to the market in the worst case. Simply put – historic districts enhance property values." In a 2011 study
1979:
331:" although some smaller commissions rely on the Secretary of Interior Standards. For most minor changes, homeowners can consult with local preservation staff at the municipal office and receive guidance and permission. Significant changes, however, require homeowners to apply for a Certificate of Appropriateness (COA), and the historic commission or architectural review board may decide upon the changes. The COA process is carried out with all aspects of due process, with formal notification, hearings, and fair and informed decision-making.
39:
292:
1990:
240:, property or district no protections. For example, if company A wants to tear down the hypothetical Smith House and company A is under contract with the state government of Illinois, then the federal designation would offer no protections. If, however, company A was under federal contract, the Smith House would be protected. A federal designation is little more than recognition by the government that the resource is worthy of preservation.
88:
permanently capped in area so designated as 'historic'. Critics of historic districts argue that while these districts may offer an aesthetic or visually pleasing benefit, they increase inequality by restricting access to new and affordable housing for lower and middle class tenants and potential home owners. Housing advocates have argued that the historic designation process has in many places been hijacked by
419:
instill that sense of orientation the mayors sought. The mayors also recommended that any historic preservation program not focus solely on individual properties but also on "areas and districts which contain special meaning for the community." Local, state, and federal historic districts now account for thousands of historical property listings at all levels of government.
327:. Depending on local ordinances or state law, property owners' permission may be required; however, all owners are to be notified and allowed to share their opinions. Most local historic districts are constricted by design guidelines that control changes to the properties included in the district. Many local commissions adopt specific guidelines for each neighborhood's "
189:
significant. Different entities, usually governmental, at both the state and national level in the United States, have differing definitions of contributing property, but they all retain the same basic characteristics. In general, contributing properties are integral parts of a historic district's historical context and character.
367:, it was found that "property values in every local historic district saw average increases in value ranging from 4% to over 19% per year." Similarly, in New York City between 1980 and 2000, local historic district properties on a price per square foot basis increased in value significantly more than non-designated properties.
249:
to the
National Register of Historic Places. If such an objection occurred, then the nomination would become a determination of National Register eligibility only. This provision is controversial because of the presumption that owners who do not file a formal objection support the designation, placing the burden on opponents.
358:
Criticism of historic districts in
Chicago and elsewhere in the United States is primarily based on arguments that such laws creating such districts restrict the supply of affordable housing, and thus the result of such districts is that of enforcing caste structures and class divisions by region and
210:
a geographically definable area, urban or rural, possessing a significant concentration, linkage, or continuity of sites, buildings, structures, or objects united by past events or aesthetically by plan or physical development. A district may also comprise individual elements separated geographically
362:
The issue of local historic districts and the impact on property values concerns many homeowners. The effects have been extensively studied using multiple methodologies, including before-and-after analysis and evaluating comparable neighborhoods with and without local designation status. Independent
306:
Local historic districts usually enjoy the greatest level of protection legally from any threats that may compromise their historic integrity because many land-use decisions are made at the local level. There are more than 2,300 local historic districts in the United States. Local historic districts
192:
In addition to the two types of classification within historic districts, properties listed on the
National Register of Historic Places are classified into five broad categories. They are: building, structure, site, district, and object; each one has a specific definition in relation to the National
261:
governments have a listing similar to the
National Register of Historic Places. State listings can have similar benefits to a federal designation, such as granting qualifications and tax incentives. In addition, the property can become protected under specific state laws. The laws can be similar or
248:
of districts that do meet the criteria", then an exception allowing their listing will be made. Historic district listings, like all
National Register nominations, can be rejected based on owner disapproval. In the case of historic districts, a majority of owners must object to nullify a nomination
418:
penned an influential report which concluded, in part, that
Americans suffered from a sense of "rootlessness." They recommended historic preservation to help give Americans a sense of orientation. The creation of the National Register of Historic Places in 1966, on the heels of the report, helped
354:
Local historic districts are most likely to generate resistance because of the restrictions they tend to place on property owners. Local laws can cause residents "to comply with (local historic district) ordinances." For example, homeowners may be prevented from upgrading poorly insulated windows
188:
Historic districts are generally two types of properties, contributing and non-contributing. Broadly defined, a contributing property is any property, structure, or object which adds to the historical integrity or architectural qualities that make a historic district, listed locally or federally,
87:
Much criticism has arisen of historic districts and the effect protective zoning and historic designation status laws have on the housing supply. When an area of a city is designated as part of a 'historic district', new housing development is artificially restricted and the supply of new housing
342:
which designated an "Old and
Historic District" administered by a Board of Architectural Review. Charleston's early ordinance reflected the strong protection that local historic districts often enjoy under local law. It asserted that no alteration could be made to any architectural features the
243:
Generally, the criteria for acceptance to the
National Register are applied consistently, but there are considerations for exceptions to the criteria, and historic districts influence some of those exceptions. Usually, the National Register does not list religious structures, moved structures,
84:-level historic districts usually do not include restrictions, though this depends on the state. Historic districts created by local municipalities, however, almost always protect historic properties by regulating alterations, demolition, or new construction within the district.
201:
A listing on the
National Register of Historic Places is a governmental acknowledgment of a historic district. However, the Register is "an honorary status with some federal financial incentives." The National Register of Historic Places defines a historic district per
278:
when altering their properties. Though, according to the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, all states must have a State Historic Preservation Office, not all states must have a "state historic district" designation. As of 2004, for example, the state of
59:
recognizing a group of buildings, archaeological resources, or other properties as historically or architecturally significant. Buildings, structures, objects, and sites within a historic district are normally divided into two categories,
227:
Districts established under U.S. federal guidelines generally begin the designation process through a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. The National Register is the official recognition by the U.S. government of
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in 1931, predating the U.S. federal government designation by more than three decades. Charleston city government designated an "Old and Historic District" by local ordinance and created a board of architectural review to oversee it.
1868:
1250:
547:
1963:
1899:
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level; both entities are involved in land use decisions. The specific legal mechanism by which historic districts are enacted and regulated varies from one state to the next. In some areas, they are a component of
1883:
64:
and non-contributing. Districts vary greatly in size and composition: a historic district could comprise an entire neighborhood with hundreds of buildings, or a smaller area with just one or a few resources.
1873:
1958:
1904:
403:
sites. Preservationists believed that districts should be more encompassing, blending a mesh of structures, streets, open space, and landscaping to define a historic district's character.
232:
worthy of preservation. While designation through the National Register does offer a district or property some protections, it is only in cases where the threatening action involves the
1545:
1925:
1827:
1858:
1792:
1757:
1832:
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defending property rights that have stopped private property from being designated as historic without the property owner's consent or compensation for the historic overlay.
1797:
1787:
1782:
1762:
147:
had stated Americans suffered from "rootlessness." By the 1980s, there were thousands of federally designated historic districts. Some states, such as Arizona, have passed
1878:
1712:
1627:
1747:
1742:
1617:
886:
262:
different from the federal guidelines that govern the National Register. A state listing of a historic district on a "State Register of Historic Places", usually by the
771:
1837:
1802:
1707:
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1822:
1772:
1752:
1727:
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1622:
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reconstructed structures, or properties that have achieved significance within the last 50 years. However, if a property falls into one of those categories and are "
182:
1331:
943:"Toolbox: Q. I am interested in learning more about creating a historic district—and as quickly as possible. Can you provide me with information on how to do this?"
464:
1842:
1817:
1722:
1662:
1642:
1637:
1607:
1597:
414:" in place--local laws meant specifically to protect historic districts. Before 1966, historic preservation in the United States was in its infancy. That year the
1173:
135:
The regulatory authority of local commissions and historic districts has been consistently upheld as a legitimate use of government police power, most notably in
1777:
1732:
1672:
1647:
1602:
1909:
1807:
1687:
1652:
973:
1863:
1812:
1767:
1667:
1001:
1487:
674:
2021:
1575:
1560:
1251:"Are landmark districts linked to affordable housing and segregation? A Chicago lawsuit makes the connection, but a historic preservationist disputes it"
548:"Are landmark districts linked to affordable housing and segregation? A Chicago lawsuit makes the connection, but a historic preservationist disputes it"
813:
790:
1515:
1591:
17:
2016:
395:
The original concept of an American historic district was a protective area surrounding more important, individual historic sites. As the field of
1097:
Miller, Julia. "Providing for Economic Hardship Relief in the Regulation of Historic Properties." Preservation Law Reporter 15 PLR 1135, no. 1996
399:
progressed, those involved came to realize that the structures acting as "buffer zones" were key elements of the historical integrity of larger
574:
323:
Local historic districts are identified by surveying historic resources and delineating appropriate boundaries that comply with all aspects of
320:(where they are sometimes referred to as "overlay districts." In other places, they are created under a separate process unrelated to zoning.
1993:
1508:
1414:
868:
942:
2026:
139:(1978). The Supreme Court case validated the protection of historic resources as "an entirely permissible governmental goal." In 1966, the
1081:
1038:
334:
According to the National Park Service, historic districts are one of the oldest forms of protection for historic properties. The city of
1983:
1061:
1114:
593:
1357:
359:
segments of urban areas. Several historic districts have been proposed not for a true preservation purpose but to prevent development.
203:
302:(a federally designated district) as well as the Upper West Side/Central Park West Historic District (a locally designated district).
124:
followed in 1937, establishing the Vieux Carré Commission and authorizing it to act to maintain the historic character of the city's
407:
1212:
140:
702:
856:, Parks Forests and Public Property, Chapter One, Part 60. National Register of Historic Places. Retrieved February 19, 2007.
768:
1531:
1465:
1439:
388:
193:
Register. All but the eponymous district category are also applied to historic districts listed on the National Register.
77:
849:
299:
749:
1946:
637:
263:
1213:"They wanted to replace their home's windows. S.F.'s 'ridiculous' rules nearly turned into a $ 40K permit nightmare"
1304:
1277:
520:
493:
1197:
Heuer, Ted. "Living History: How Homeowners in a New Local Historic District Negotiate Their Legal Obligations",
1170:
1088:", Working on the Past in Local Historic Districts (Section B), National Park Service. Retrieved October 5, 2009.
169:
998:
914:
1484:
1231:
663:
148:
810:
380:
229:
80:; this is a largely honorary designation that does not restrict what property owners may do with a property.
215:
801:), Danville, California ordinance, California Office of Historic Preservation. Retrieved February 19, 2007.
1391:
620:"Why Homeowners In LA's Historic Districts Say They Should Be Exempt From Fast-Tracked Affordable Housing"
787:
275:
1951:
1930:
458:
456:
454:
335:
116:
104:
42:
30:
1323:
1121:, Working on the Past in Local Historic Districts, National Park Service. Retrieved February 20, 2007.
1068:, Working on the Past in Local Historic Districts, National Park Service. Retrieved February 19, 2007.
875:, Working on the Past in Local Historic Districts, National Park Service. Retrieved February 20, 2007.
338:
is credited with beginning the modern-day historic districts movement. In 1931, Charleston enacted an
415:
144:
451:
236:. If the federal government is not involved, then the listing on the National Register provides the
1381:
Donovan D. Rypkema, "The (Economic) Value of National Register Listing", CRM, 2002, Vol. 25. No. 1.
274:
requires that property owners within historic districts follow a strict set of guidelines from the
1422:
865:
950:
1565:
1078:
1035:
375:
308:
270:, listing in the State Register places no limits on property owners. In contrast, state law in
1058:
387:, is an example of a property in a local historic district that is also listed on the federal
100:
1570:
1550:
1470:
1111:
396:
384:
245:
178:
160:
73:
61:
1500:
174:
1160:; December 31, 2006, Vol. 156 Issue 53810, Section 14 p5-5, 1/3p. Retrieved April 4, 2007.
8:
733:
Datel, Robin Elisabeth. "Preservation and a Sense of Orientation for American Cities",
887:"Historic district for downtown El Paso, including Duranguito, denied by park service"
206:, last revised in 2004. According to the Register definition, a historic district is:
438:
433:
348:
108:
56:
487:
485:
237:
1964:
University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places
1296:
699:
220:
69:
410:
identified 882 American cities and towns that had some form of "historic district
38:
1491:
1443:
1177:
1147:; March 25, 2006, Vol. 155 Issue 53529, pB1-B5, 2p, 1bw. Retrieved April 4, 2007.
1118:
1085:
1065:
1042:
1005:
918:
872:
853:
817:
794:
775:
756:, South Carolina Department of Archives and History. Retrieved February 19, 2007.
753:
706:
482:
339:
233:
1436:
266:, can be an "honorary status", much like the National Register. For example, in
846:
746:
575:"How California NIMBYs are weaponizing historic preservation to stop new homes"
428:
280:
164:
143:
created the National Register of Historic Places, soon after a report from the
125:
1025:; August/September 2006, Vol. 72 Issue 8, p34-39, 6p. Retrieved April 4, 2007.
2010:
974:"Wallingford seeks historic status; some worry it's a roadblock to density"
291:
129:
46:
1358:"Chevy Chase historic district applicants admit what it's actually about"
1201:; January 2007, Vol. 116 Issue 4, p768-822, 55p. Retrieved April 4, 2007.
344:
324:
121:
1156:
Vandam, Jeff. "Brick Houses, Winding Paths and Unexpected Sharp Elbow",
1143:
Hu, Winnie. "Council Poised to Intervene on Enclave's Landmark Status",
769:
Historic and Scenic Preservation Local Option Property Tax Reimbursement
295:
258:
223:
was denied after a majority of property owners opposed the designation.
81:
1232:"Energy-Efficient Windows Conflict with Historic District Regulations"
778:, Maine Historic Preservation Commission. Retrieved February 19, 2007.
1959:
List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places
1181:
911:
312:
271:
737:, Vol. 75, No. 2. (Apr. 1985), pp. 125-141. Retrieved April 4, 2007.
355:
unless they spend tens of thousands of dollars on identical styles.
1269:
400:
343:
public could view from the street. Local historic districts, as in
1460:
512:
1494:, Daily Chronicle, August 14, 2006. Retrieved February 20, 2007.
411:
317:
267:
1332:"Cities Should Think Twice About Expanding Historic Districts"
465:"Cities Should Think Twice About Expanding Historic Districts"
1530:
89:
594:""Good Design" Is Making Bad Cities, but It Doesn't Have To"
1399:
1278:"BOGUS "HISTORIC" DISTRICTS: THE NEW EXCLUSIONARY ZONING?"
1134:, November 17, 1973, p.22, col.3. Retrieved April 4, 2007.
521:"BOGUS "HISTORIC" DISTRICTS: THE NEW EXCLUSIONARY ZONING?"
821:
798:
365:
Connecticut Local Historic Districts and Property Values
68:
Historic districts can be created by federal, state, or
1171:
Rochester Historic District expansion plan overreaches
132:
enacting its historic preservation ordinance in 1955.
128:. Other localities picked up on the concept, with the
1021:
Kreyling, Christine. "Something Old, Something New",
351:, predate the Register by ten years or more as well.
219:
In 2021, a proposal to create a historic district in
115:
The first U.S. historic district was established in
1561:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
1036:
Commissioners Address Alcohol Sales In Valle Crucis
137:
Penn Central Transportation Co. v. City of New York
111:
protected by local legislation in the United States
72:. At the federal level, they are designated by the
1392:"Local Historic Districts Protect Property Values"
1592:List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state
1446:", Bloomington Historic Preservation Commission,
2008:
999:State adds Goldfield to historic places registry
700:http://www.phila.gov/historical/designation.html
658:
656:
654:
1984:National Register of Historic Places portal
1516:
1012:, December 24, 2005. Retrieved April 4, 2007.
651:
1485:The Sycamore Historic District: Introduction
747:National Register Historic Districts Q&A
1396:Connecticut Trust for Historic Preservation
2022:Historic preservation in the United States
1523:
1509:
1477:
1302:
1210:
1049:, August 5, 2004. Retrieved April 4, 2007.
638:"The Old and Historic Charleston District"
491:
1532:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
1188:, April 3, 2007. Retrieved April 4, 2007.
921:", National Register of Historic Places,
692:
1275:
1242:
1124:
1015:
904:
811:Iowa City Historic Preservation Handbook
764:
762:
729:
727:
725:
723:
518:
408:National Trust for Historic Preservation
374:
290:
214:
168:
99:
37:
2017:Historic districts in the United States
1412:
1303:Washington, Emily (December 23, 2015).
1276:Andersen, Michael (December 23, 2015).
1163:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1028:
971:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
673:. Massachusetts Historical Commission.
519:Andersen, Michael (December 23, 2015).
492:Washington, Emily (December 23, 2015).
53:Historic districts in the United States
14:
2009:
1461:"National Register Information System"
1355:
1211:Echeverria, Danielle (July 14, 2024).
991:
937:
935:
933:
931:
591:
572:
539:
1504:
1429:
1305:"Historic Preservation and Its Costs"
1248:
1229:
1150:
1137:
884:
759:
720:
698:'Philadelphia Historical Commission'
680:from the original on October 16, 2012
671:Establishing Local Historic Districts
664:"History of Local Historic Districts"
573:Levine, Jeremy (September 15, 2024).
545:
494:"Historic Preservation and Its Costs"
211:but linked by association or history.
1466:National Register of Historic Places
1453:
1191:
1100:
1079:Local laws as neighborhood guardians
1071:
1052:
859:
831:
781:
389:National Register of Historic Places
78:National Register of Historic Places
2027:Historic sites in the United States
1329:
972:Groover, Heidi (October 17, 2022).
928:
462:
300:Central Park West Historic District
24:
1947:National Historic Preservation Act
804:
740:
264:State Historic Preservation Office
25:
2038:
1437:Davis-Jefferson Historic District
826:Iowa City Urban Planning Division
612:
154:
18:Historic District (United States)
1989:
1988:
1977:
1230:Proft, Kevin (August 24, 2016).
592:Grabar, Henry (April 12, 2021).
196:
1413:Glaeser, Edward (Spring 2010).
1406:
1384:
1375:
1349:
1223:
1204:
1091:
965:
878:
711:
370:
1900:Federated States of Micronesia
1546:Architectural style categories
630:
585:
566:
381:David Davis III & IV House
286:
252:
183:College Hill Historic District
13:
1:
1130:Brown, Kay. " Old Savannah",
885:McKim, Dylan (June 6, 2021).
444:
92:homeowners to block housing.
7:
828:. Retrieved March 26, 2007.
422:
307:can be administered at the
276:U.S. Department of Interior
10:
2043:
1952:Historic Preservation Fund
1931:American Legation, Morocco
1450:. Retrieved April 4, 2007.
1059:Bringing Preservation Home
925:. Retrieved April 4, 2007.
866:Strengths of Local Listing
336:Charleston, South Carolina
158:
117:Charleston, South Carolina
105:Charleston, South Carolina
95:
43:Old City Historic District
31:National Historic Landmark
28:
1972:
1939:
1918:
1893:Lists by associated state
1892:
1851:
1584:
1538:
416:U.S. Conference of Mayors
283:had no such designation.
145:U.S. Conference of Mayors
1874:Northern Mariana Islands
1010:Las Vegas Review-Journal
717:438 U.S. 104, 129 (1978)
29:Not to be confused with
1217:San Francisco Chronicle
1186:Foster's Daily Democrat
579:San Francisco Chronicle
1869:Minor Outlying Islands
1852:Lists by insular areas
1566:Keeper of the Register
1415:"Preservation Follies"
1398:. 2011. Archived from
847:Title 36: Section 60.3
406:As early as 1981, the
392:
303:
224:
213:
185:
112:
49:
1571:National Park Service
1551:Contributing property
1471:National Park Service
1425:on November 30, 2012.
947:National Park Service
923:National Park Service
788:Ordinance No. 2001-02
397:historic preservation
385:Bloomington, Illinois
378:
294:
218:
208:
179:contributing property
172:
161:Contributing property
107:is home to the first
103:
74:National Park Service
41:
1926:District of Columbia
1309:www.city-journal.org
498:www.city-journal.org
175:Fleur-de-lys Studios
130:city of Philadelphia
1448:City of Bloomington
1034:Nicholson, Scott. "
953:on January 29, 2013
735:Geographical Review
1490:2009-05-31 at the
1442:2007-09-27 at the
1356:Sementelli, Nick.
1249:Freishtat, Sarah.
1176:2016-03-04 at the
1117:2007-02-05 at the
1084:2009-12-03 at the
1064:2012-04-15 at the
1047:The Mountain Times
1041:2007-09-01 at the
1004:2007-09-30 at the
917:2007-04-08 at the
912:About the Register
871:2013-01-19 at the
852:2007-02-10 at the
816:2011-07-18 at the
793:2007-02-10 at the
774:2007-09-30 at the
752:2010-03-22 at the
705:2006-10-05 at the
546:Freishtat, Sarah.
393:
304:
234:federal government
230:cultural resources
225:
186:
141:federal government
113:
76:and listed on the
57:historic districts
50:
2002:
2001:
1556:Historic district
1402:on July 23, 2013.
1282:www.sightline.org
978:The Seattle Times
525:www.sightline.org
439:Historic district
434:Conservation area
349:Savannah, Georgia
109:historic district
70:local governments
16:(Redirected from
2034:
1992:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1905:Marshall Islands
1525:
1518:
1511:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1483:Bigolin, Steve.
1481:
1475:
1474:
1457:
1451:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1421:. Archived from
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1199:Yale Law Journal
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1132:Chicago Defender
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949:. Archived from
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221:Downtown El Paso
204:U.S. federal law
181:to Providence's
21:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2007:
2006:
2003:
1998:
1978:
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1968:
1935:
1914:
1888:
1847:
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1628:Connecticut
1284:. Sightline
1255:www.msn.com
983:October 18,
552:www.msn.com
527:. Sightline
345:New Orleans
325:due process
287:Local-level
253:State-level
149:referendums
122:New Orleans
2011:Categories
1828:Washington
1748:New Mexico
1743:New Jersey
1618:California
1362:ggwash.org
896:January 3,
445:References
296:The Dakota
259:U.S. state
159:See also:
1838:Wisconsin
1803:Tennessee
1708:Minnesota
1683:Louisiana
1367:April 10,
1182:Editorial
598:slate.com
340:ordinance
313:municipal
272:Tennessee
1994:Category
1823:Virginia
1773:Oklahoma
1753:New York
1728:Nebraska
1718:Missouri
1703:Michigan
1693:Maryland
1678:Kentucky
1658:Illinois
1633:Delaware
1623:Colorado
1613:Arkansas
1488:Archived
1440:Archived
1174:Archived
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1082:Archived
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1039:Archived
1023:Planning
1002:Archived
915:Archived
869:Archived
850:Archived
814:Archived
791:Archived
772:Archived
750:Archived
703:Archived
675:Archived
423:See also
401:landmark
1940:Related
1843:Wyoming
1818:Vermont
1723:Montana
1663:Indiana
1643:Georgia
1638:Florida
1608:Arizona
1598:Alabama
600:. SLATE
311:or the
96:History
1778:Oregon
1733:Nevada
1673:Kansas
1648:Hawaii
1603:Alaska
1539:Topics
1336:Forbes
469:Forbes
412:zoning
318:zoning
309:county
268:Nevada
1910:Palau
1808:Texas
1688:Maine
1653:Idaho
1257:. MSN
1236:EcoRI
678:(PDF)
667:(PDF)
624:LAist
554:. MSN
257:Most
177:is a
90:NIMBY
82:State
1864:Guam
1813:Utah
1768:Ohio
1668:Iowa
1369:2024
1343:2022
1317:2022
1290:2022
1263:2022
1180:", (
985:2022
959:2007
898:2022
891:KVIA
686:2013
645:2020
606:2022
560:2022
533:2022
506:2022
476:2022
379:The
347:and
238:site
173:The
163:and
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