551:
522:, which exceeds the 80 dB dynamic range of music as normally perceived in a concert hall. Audio equipment must be able to reproduce frequencies high enough and low enough to be realistic. The human hearing range, for healthy young persons, is 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. Most adults can't hear higher than 15,000 Hz. CDs are capable of reproducing frequencies as low as 0 Hz and as high as 22,050 Hz, making them adequate for reproducing the frequency range that most humans can hear. The equipment must also provide no noticeable distortion of the
374:—which combined a phonograph turntable, AM-FM radio tuner, tape player, preamplifier, and power amplifier in one package, often sold with its own separate, detachable or integrated speakers. These systems advertised their simplicity. The consumer did not have to select and assemble individual components or be familiar with impedance and power ratings. Purists generally avoid referring to these systems as high fidelity, though some are capable of very good quality sound reproduction.
51:
717:
484:(NRC). The NRC researchers knew that for their result to be credible within the scientific community and to have the most meaningful results, they had to eliminate bias, and blind testing was the only way to do so." Many Canadian companies such as Axiom, Energy, Mirage, Paradigm, PSB, and Revel use blind testing extensively in designing their loudspeakers. Audio professional Dr. Sean Olive of Harman International shares this view.
343:
535:
1177:
Digital audio at 16-bit resolution has a theoretical dynamic range of 96 dB, but the actual dynamic range is usually lower because of overhead from filters that are built into most audio systems." ... "Audio CDs achieve about a 90-dB signal-to-noise ratio." "Most adults can't hear frequencies higher
946:
I invented the phrase 'high fidelity' in 1927 to denote a type of sound reproduction that might be taken rather seriously by a music lover. In those days the average radio or phonograph equipment sounded pretty horrible but, as I was really interested in music, it occurred to me that something might
554:
A Sony "midi" hifi from the late 1980s. Despite its appearance mimicking separate components, this is an all-in-one unit featuring a record player, a dual cassette tapedeck, a digital tuner, and an amplifier with integrated equalizer. Other midi systems integrating a CD player were also increasingly
377:
Audiophiles in the 1970s and 1980s preferred to buy each component separately. That way, they could choose models of each component with the specifications that they desired. In the 1980s, several audiophile magazines became available, offering reviews of components and articles on how to choose and
698:
This modularity allows the enthusiast to spend as little or as much as they want on a component to suit their specific needs, achieve a desired sound, and add components as desired. Also, failure of any component of an integrated system can render it unusable, while the unaffected components of a
396:
researchers and scientists. If a listening test is done in such a way that the listener who is assessing the sound quality of a component or recording can see the components that are being used for the test (e.g., the same musical piece listened to through a tube power amplifier and a solid-state
600:
in one box. A limitation of an "integrated" system is that failure of any one component can possibly lead to the need to replace the entire unit, as components are not readily swapped in or out of a system merely by plugging and unplugging cables, and may not even have been made available by the
271:
as a marketing term to describe records and equipment intended to provide faithful sound reproduction. Many consumers found the difference in quality compared to the then-standard AM radios and 78-rpm records readily apparent and bought high-fidelity phonographs and 33⅓ LPs such as
452:
Blind tests are sometimes used as part of attempts to ascertain whether certain audio components (such as expensive, exotic cables) have any subjectively perceivable effect on sound quality. Data gleaned from these blind tests is not accepted by some audiophile magazines such as
171:
conducted an experiment whereby test subjects listened to a live orchestra through a hidden variable acoustic filter. The results proved that listeners preferred high-fidelity reproduction, once the noise and distortion introduced by early sound equipment was removed.
473:, stated that he once purchased a solid-state amplifier, the Quad 405, in 1978 after seeing the results from blind tests, but came to realize months later that "the magic was gone" until he replaced it with a tube amp. Robert Harley of
366:
with the help of the audio manufacturers came up with a definition to identify high-fidelity equipment so that the manufacturers could clearly state if they meet the requirements and reduce misleading advertisements.
397:
amplifier), then it is possible that the listener's pre-existing biases towards or against certain components or brands could affect their judgment. To respond to this issue, researchers began to use
327:
continued to refer to the goal of highly accurate sound reproduction and to the technological resources available for approaching that goal. This period is regarded as the "Golden Age of Hi-Fi", when
480:
Doug
Schneider, editor of the online Soundstage network, argued the opposite in 2009. He stated: "Blind tests are at the core of the decades' worth of research into loudspeaker design done at
830:, the computer playback of recorded audio can serve as an audiophile-quality source for a hi-fi system. There is now a push from certain streaming services to offer hi-fi services.
466:
477:
wrote, in 2008, that: "...blind listening tests fundamentally distort the listening process and are worthless in determining the audibility of a certain phenomenon."
1245:
1058:
507:, however, multi-channel playback systems became popular, and many consumers were willing to tolerate the six to eight channels required in a home theater.
978:
1555:
292:
and loudspeakers. Some enthusiasts even assembled their loudspeaker systems. With the advent of integrated multi-speaker console systems in the 1950s,
495:
sound provided a partial solution to the problem of reproducing the sound of live orchestral performers by creating separation among instruments, the
1707:
620:), often with each item from a different manufacturer specialising in a particular component. This provides the most flexibility for piece-by-piece
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than 15 kHz, so the 44.1 kHz sampling rate of CD audio is more than adequate to reproduce the highest frequencies most people can hear.
503:. Consumers did not want to pay the additional costs and space required for the marginal improvements in realism. With the rise in popularity of
699:
modular system may continue to function. A modular system introduces the complexity of cabling multiple components and often having different
163:. He wanted to make a radio that would sound like he was listening to a live orchestra and achieve high fidelity to the original sound. After
841:
studio masters for many tracks through the desktop version of the player. This integration is also available for high-end audio systems.
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In addition to spatial realism, the playback of music must be subjectively free from noise, such as hiss or hum, to achieve realism. The
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designs, with more attention to frequency response and much higher power output capability, reproducing audio without perceptible
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began recording performances by several orchestras using optical sound around 1941, resulting in higher-fidelity masters for
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in the audio market, quickly adopted LPs because, unlike with older records, most classical works would fit on a single LP.
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Beginning in 1948, several innovations created the conditions that made major improvements in home audio quality possible:
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into one unit, and is an example of the "component" approach to assembling a comprehensive sound reproduction system.
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equipment manufacturers of the time produced many models considered superior by modern audiophiles, and just before
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Streaming services typically have a modified dynamic range and possibly bit rates lower than audiophile standards.
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focused on technical characteristics and bought individual components, such as separate turntables, radio tuners,
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Midi
Systems Scheider 2500R Remote Control Midi System Amstrad MS-45 Midi System Toshiba S103K Midi System
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339:) equipment was introduced to the market, subsequently replacing tube equipment as the mainstream technology.
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of space, and a phantom central channel. An attempt to enhance reverberation was tried in the 1970s through
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112:, or the inferior quality of sound reproduction that can be heard in recordings made until the late 1940s.
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401:, in which listeners cannot see the components being tested. A commonly used variant of this test is the
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equipment and recordings led to the next wave of home-audio improvement, and in common parlance
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began experimenting with various recording techniques in the early 1930s. Performances by
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A popular type of system for reproducing music beginning in the 1970s was the integrated
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manufacturers do produce integrated systems, such products are generally disparaged by
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182:, based on technology taken from Germany after WWII, helped musical artists such as
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323:(stereophonic phonograph). In the world of the audiophile, however, the concept of
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1085:"The Misinformed Misleading the Uninformed – A Bit About Blind Listening Tests"
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546:, (from the bottom) an audio digital receiver, DVD player, and HD TV receiver
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were made on optical sound film, which led to new advances used primarily by
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276:'s New Orthophonics and London's FFRR (Full Frequency Range Recording, a UK
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Listening tests are used by hi-fi manufacturers, audiophile magazines, and
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became a generic term for home sound equipment, to some extent displacing
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and others have launched a hi-fi tier that includes access to FLAC and
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D'Ambrose, Christoper; Choudhary, Rizwan (2003). Elert, Glenn (ed.).
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or emphasis or de-emphasis of any frequency in this frequency range.
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445:, a properly conducted double-blind test can prove that a method is
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441:. Although there is no way to prove that a certain methodology is
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159:, an amateur violinist, began experimenting with audio design and
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were recorded in 1931 and 1932 using telephone lines between the
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Designed for Hi-Fi Living: The Vinyl LP in
Midcentury America
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Some modern hi-fi equipment can be digitally connected using
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A preamplifier and a power amplifier in one box is called an
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105:
86:
38:
85:
enthusiasts. Ideally, high-fidelity equipment has inaudible
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926:. New York, New York: Gernsback Library. pp. 7, 200.
647:. Other modules in the system may include components like
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140:
405:. A subject is presented with two known samples (sample
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ports (including one to play digital audio files), or
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In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the development of
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In the 1950s, audio manufacturers employed the phrase
205:
as well as noise-reduction and dynamic range systems.
135:
667:
players that play a wide variety of discs including
186:
make and distribute recordings with better fidelity.
1154:
1708:List of digital television deployments by country
1107:"A Bit More About Blind Listening Tests (6/2009)"
378:test speakers, amplifiers, and other components.
108:" sound produced by inexpensive audio equipment,
58:are a key component of quality audio reproduction
1826:
1152:
1059:"Blind Listening Tests are Flawed: An Editorial"
104:High fidelity contrasts with the lower-quality "
37:"Hi-Fi" redirects here. Not to be confused with
1250:. Argos. 1986. pp. 258–259. Archived from
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1126:
1104:
1082:
1734:
1337:
1056:
1041:
1289:Janet Borgerson; Jonathan Schroeder (2017).
1148:
1146:
1144:
1019:Probability Theory and Statistical Inference
1016:
979:"The Buyable Past: Classic Hi-Fi Components"
976:
687:. Signal modification equipment can include
1129:"The Dishonesty of Sighted Listening Tests"
1021:. Cambridge University Press. p. 699.
999:
745:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
639:. A monophonic power amplifier is called a
1741:
1727:
1344:
1330:
1238:
1006:. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. p. 47.
857:Comparison of analog and digital recording
413:, an alternative), and one unknown sample
1141:
765:Learn how and when to remove this message
601:manufacturer to allow piecemeal repairs.
465:in their evaluations of audio equipment.
1351:
1317:A Dictionary of Home Entertainment Terms
930:Catalog Card No. 57-9007. Archived from
917:Hartley, H. A. (1958). "High fidelity".
580:) contain one or more sources such as a
549:
533:
341:
49:
570:systems (also known by the older terms
487:
14:
1827:
1189:
263:with improved bass frequency response.
145:Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation
1722:
1325:
970:
1061:. The Absolute Sound. Archived from
743:adding citations to reliable sources
710:
612:, who prefer to build a system from
706:
24:
1282:
1247:Argos Catalogue Autumn/Winter 1986
1222:"Frequency range of human hearing"
1153:Fries, Bruce; Marty Fries (2005).
482:Canada's National Research Council
381:
93:, and a flat (neutral, uncolored)
27:High-quality reproduction of sound
25:
1861:
1748:
1310:
1196:Handbook of Recording Engineering
1000:Lachenbruch, David (1963-03-23).
810:. When the music is stored in an
643:and is often used for powering a
180:Reel-to-reel audio tape recording
1375:Ultra-high-definition television
795:Another modern component is the
715:
1213:
1183:
1120:
977:David Lander (June–July 2006).
806:that hold music in the form of
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1076:
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1035:
1010:
993:
952:
910:
633:; with a tuner added, it is a
32:High fidelity (disambiguation)
13:
1:
1127:Dr. Sean Olive (2009-04-09).
1105:Doug Schneider (2009-06-01).
1083:Doug Schneider (2009-05-01).
1044:"Blind Tests & Bus Stops"
903:
882:VHS § Hi-Fi audio system
529:
429:, and the subject identifies
319:. Records were now played on
201:and quantitatively specified
1295:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
1057:Robert Harley (2008-05-28).
1042:John Atkinson (2005-07-17).
916:
839:Master Quality Authenticated
409:, the reference, and sample
7:
1161:. O'Reilly Media. pp.
844:
685:reel-to-reel tape recorders
538:Modular components made by
10:
1866:
1365:High-definition television
799:consisting of one or more
421:is randomly selected from
385:
189:The advent of the 33⅓ rpm
115:
36:
29:
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1554:
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1497:
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852:Audio system measurements
417:for three samples total.
1157:Digital Audio Essentials
1199:. Springer. p. 4.
898:term derived from hi-fi
693:noise-reduction systems
681:videocassette recorders
514:(CD) provides about 90
220:, with more responsive
143:(as early as 1937) and
887:Wife acceptance factor
867:Edwin Howard Armstrong
556:
547:
359:
129:Philadelphia Orchestra
73:) is the high-quality
59:
1794:Portable media player
1370:High-definition video
1017:Spanos, Aris (1999).
920:Audio Design Handbook
661:digital media players
592:deck together with a
555:common by this point.
553:
537:
345:
137:multitrack recordings
77:. It is popular with
75:reproduction of sound
53:
1840:Consumer electronics
1421:8640p (16K Ultra HD)
1352:High-definition (HD)
1226:The Physics Factbook
960:"Frequency Response"
872:Entertainment center
739:improve this section
630:integrated amplifier
488:Semblance of realism
469:, current editor of
388:Codec listening test
348:integrated amplifier
155:. During the 1930s,
147:(as early as 1941).
65:(often shortened to
30:For other uses, see
1534:Filming and storage
1416:4320p (8K Ultra HD)
1411:2160p (4K Ultra HD)
928:Library of Congress
253:acoustic suspension
251:designs, including
203:equalization curves
99:human hearing range
557:
548:
501:quadraphonic sound
475:The Absolute Sound
462:The Absolute Sound
362:In the 1960s, the
360:
350:combines an audio
95:frequency response
60:
1850:Audio engineering
1822:
1821:
1716:
1715:
1462:Digital broadcast
983:American Heritage
947:be done about it.
812:audio file format
775:
774:
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679:recorders, hi-fi
394:audio engineering
193:(LP) microgroove
125:Leopold Stokowski
121:Bell Laboratories
16:(Redirected from
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1641:Ultra HD Blu-ray
1453:MUSE (Hi-Vision)
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1431:Analog broadcast
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1274:. 14 March 2010.
1272:"Matsui MIDI 47"
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964:Hi-FiWorld.co.uk
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707:Modern equipment
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290:power amplifiers
133:Academy of Music
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1401:1080p (Full HD)
1396:1080i (Full HD)
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1283:Further reading
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1254:on 2020-05-27.
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701:remote controls
598:power amplifier
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382:Listening tests
356:power amplifier
255:, developed by
216:Higher quality
211:opinion leaders
209:fans, who were
207:Classical music
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604:Although some
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337:transistorized
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257:Edgar Villchur
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1566:Archival Disc
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1505:Dolby Digital
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1435:(All defunct)
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1302:9780262036238
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1206:0-387-28470-2
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1172:0-596-00856-2
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1101:
1086:
1079:
1065:on 2011-09-30
1064:
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1038:
1030:
1028:0-521-42408-9
1024:
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1005:
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948:
937:on 2009-01-27
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769:
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755:February 2022
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734:
733:
729:
724:This section
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712:
704:
702:
696:
694:
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686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
637:
632:
631:
625:
624:and repairs.
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
602:
599:
595:
591:
590:cassette tape
587:
583:
579:
575:
574:
569:
565:
561:
552:
545:
544:Harman Kardon
541:
536:
527:
525:
521:
520:dynamic range
517:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
485:
483:
478:
476:
472:
468:
467:John Atkinson
464:
463:
458:
457:
450:
449:transparent.
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349:
344:
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334:
330:
326:
325:high fidelity
322:
318:
314:
310:
305:
303:
302:record player
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:preamplifiers
283:
279:
275:
270:
269:high fidelity
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
243:
239:
235:
232:
228:
225:
223:
219:
215:
212:
208:
204:
200:
199:surface noise
197:, with lower
196:
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107:
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100:
96:
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80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
63:High fidelity
57:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
1804:Shelf stereo
1789:Music centre
1773:
1646:Uncompressed
1556:HD media and
1291:
1266:
1255:
1252:the original
1246:
1240:
1229:. Retrieved
1225:
1215:
1195:
1191:Eargle, John
1185:
1176:
1156:
1132:. Retrieved
1122:
1111:. Retrieved
1109:. GoodSound!
1100:
1089:. Retrieved
1087:. GoodSound!
1078:
1067:. Retrieved
1063:the original
1052:
1037:
1018:
1012:
1002:
995:
987:the original
982:
972:
963:
954:
945:
939:. Retrieved
932:the original
919:
912:
832:
828:WMA Lossless
797:music server
796:
794:
776:
761:
752:
737:Please help
725:
697:
673:CD recorders
640:
634:
628:
626:
617:
613:
603:
594:preamplifier
577:
573:music centre
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:
512:compact disc
509:
505:home theater
493:Stereophonic
491:
479:
474:
470:
460:
454:
451:
446:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
391:
376:
372:music centre
369:
361:
352:preamplifier
324:
320:
316:
312:
309:stereophonic
306:
301:
297:
293:
268:
266:
195:vinyl record
174:
165:World War II
157:Avery Fisher
153:78-rpm discs
119:
103:
70:
66:
62:
61:
47:
1809:Table radio
1701:Deployments
1677:DisplayPort
1558:compression
1384:Resolutions
877:Lo-fi music
804:hard drives
779:fiber optic
683:(VCRs) and
610:audiophiles
578:midi system
530:Modularity
471:Stereophile
456:Stereophile
443:transparent
399:blind tests
333:solid state
329:vacuum tube
282:Audiophiles
261:Henry Kloss
249:loudspeaker
184:Bing Crosby
97:within the
79:audiophiles
1829:Categories
1784:MP3 player
1665:Connectors
1231:2022-01-22
1134:2011-09-29
1113:2011-09-29
1091:2011-09-29
1069:2011-09-29
941:2009-08-08
904:References
689:equalizers
657:turntables
649:cartridges
618:components
560:Integrated
386:See also:
315:displaced
298:phonograph
242:distortion
218:turntables
149:RCA Victor
91:distortion
83:home audio
1799:Radiogram
1672:Component
1591:DVD-Audio
1391:720p (HD)
1003:Billboard
862:DIY audio
792:support.
726:does not
645:subwoofer
641:monoblock
614:separates
582:CD player
568:lifestyle
280:system).
238:amplifier
191:long play
161:acoustics
1358:Concepts
1193:(2005).
896:wireless
845:See also
818:such as
816:lossless
814:that is
801:computer
784:cables,
677:MiniDisc
655:, hi-fi
653:tonearms
636:receiver
622:upgrades
516:decibels
497:illusion
403:ABX test
321:a stereo
231:AM radio
227:FM radio
127:and the
110:AM radio
56:speakers
1764:Boombox
1576:Blu-ray
1474:DMB-T/H
1260:Alt URL
782:TOSLINK
747:removed
732:sources
588:, or a
540:Samsung
236:Better
222:needles
116:History
1621:MPEG-2
1616:HD VMD
1611:HD DVD
1448:HD MAC
1299:
1203:
1169:
1165:–147.
1025:
596:and a
524:signal
313:stereo
54:Hi-fi
1835:Sound
1656:W-VHS
1606:H.266
1601:H.265
1596:H.264
1586:D-VHS
1498:Audio
1489:SBTVD
935:(PDF)
924:(PDF)
892:Wi-Fi
835:Tidal
790:Wi-Fi
586:tuner
566:, or
317:hi-fi
294:hi-fi
278:Decca
106:lo-fi
87:noise
67:Hi-Fi
39:Wi-Fi
18:Hi-Fi
1774:HiFi
1756:Home
1687:HDMI
1651:VC-1
1581:CBHD
1484:ISDB
1469:ATSC
1297:ISBN
1201:ISBN
1167:ISBN
1023:ISBN
894:, a
820:FLAC
730:any
728:cite
691:and
616:(or
584:, a
564:mini
542:and
459:and
425:and
354:and
300:and
259:and
247:New
89:and
81:and
71:HiFi
1692:VGA
1682:DVI
1631:MVC
1571:AV1
1546:HDV
1541:DCI
1525:DTS
1520:DXD
1515:DSD
1479:DVB
1163:144
826:or
786:USB
741:by
669:CDs
665:DVD
576:or
518:of
447:not
437:or
364:FTC
346:An
274:RCA
141:MGM
69:or
41:or
1831::
1224:.
1175:.
1143:^
981:.
962:.
944:.
822:,
695:.
675:,
671:,
663:,
659:,
651:,
562:,
415:X,
304:.
288:,
167:,
101:.
1742:e
1735:t
1728:v
1345:e
1338:t
1331:v
1305:.
1234:.
1209:.
1137:.
1116:.
1094:.
1072:.
1046:.
1031:.
966:.
768:)
762:(
757:)
753:(
749:.
735:.
439:B
435:A
431:X
427:B
423:A
419:X
411:B
407:A
335:(
244:.
233:.
45:.
34:.
20:)
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