167:. The human auditory system is most sensitive to frequencies between 2,000 and 5,000 Hz. Individual hearing range varies according to the general condition of a human's ears and nervous system. The range shrinks during life, usually beginning at around the age of eight with the upper frequency limit being reduced. Women lose their hearing somewhat less often than men. This is due to a lot of social and external factors. For example, men spend more time in noisy places, and this is associated not only with work but also with hobbies and other activities. Women have a sharper hearing loss after menopause. In women, hearing decrease is worse at low and partially medium frequencies, while men are more likely to suffer from hearing loss at high frequencies.
102:). When the subject hears the sound, they indicate this by raising a hand or pressing a button. The lowest intensity they can hear is recorded. The test varies for children; their response to the sound can be indicated by a turn of the head or by using a toy. The child learns what to do upon hearing the sound, such as placing a toy man in a boat. A similar technique can be used when testing animals, where food is used as a reward for responding to the sound. The information on different mammals' hearing was obtained primarily by behavioural hearing tests.
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a young mouse can be produced at 40 kHz. The mice use their ability to produce sounds out of predators' frequency ranges to alert other mice of danger without exposing themselves, though notably, cats' hearing range encompasses the mouse's entire vocal range. The squeaks that humans can hear are lower in frequency and are used by the mouse to make longer distance calls, as low-frequency sounds can travel farther than high-frequency sounds.
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infrasonic sounds. "Birds are especially sensitive to pitch, tone and rhythm changes and use those variations to recognize other individual birds, even in a noisy flock. Birds also use different sounds, songs and calls in different situations, and recognizing the different noises is essential to determine if a call is warning of a predator, advertising a territorial claim or offering to share food."
346:(FM) that descend in pitch. Each type reveals different information; CF is used to detect an object, and FM is used to assess its distance. The pulses of sound produced by the bat last only a few thousandths of a second; silences between the calls give time to listen for the information coming back in the form of an echo. Evidence suggests that bats use the change in pitch of sound produced via the
254:
338:. A bat will produce a very loud, short sound and assess the echo when it bounces back. Bats hunt flying insects; these insects return a faint echo of the bat's call. The type of insect, how big it is and distance can be determined by the quality of the echo and time it takes for the echo to rebound. There are two types of call
513:. The sounds produced by bottlenose dolphins are lower in frequency and range typically between 75 and 150,000 Hz. The higher frequencies in this range are also used for echolocation and the lower frequencies are commonly associated with social interaction as the signals travel much farther distances.
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have large ears in comparison to their bodies. They hear higher frequencies than humans; their frequency range is 1 kHz to 70 kHz. They do not hear the lower frequencies that humans can; they communicate using high-frequency noises some of which are inaudible by humans. The distress call of
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for communication but it is probably important in hunting, since many species of rodents make ultrasonic calls. Cat hearing is also extremely sensitive and is among the best of any mammal, being most acute in the range of 500 Hz to 32 kHz. This sensitivity is further enhanced by the cat's
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Marine mammals use vocalisations in many different ways. Dolphins communicate via clicks and whistles, and whales use low-frequency moans or pulse signals. Each signal varies in terms of frequency and different signals are used to communicate different aspects. In dolphins, echolocation is used in
506:. These types of dolphin use extremely high frequency signals for echolocation. Harbour porpoises emit sounds at two bands, one at 2 kHz and one above 110 kHz. The cochlea in these dolphins is specialised to accommodate extreme high frequency sounds and is extremely narrow at the base.
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The hearing range of birds is most sensitive between 1 kHz and 4 kHz, but their full range is roughly similar to human hearing, with higher or lower limits depending on the bird species. No kind of bird has been observed to react to ultrasonic sounds, but certain kinds of birds can hear
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to assess their flight speed in relation to objects around them. The information regarding size, shape and texture is built up to form a picture of their surroundings and the location of their prey. Using these factors a bat can successfully track change in movements and therefore hunt down their
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Hearing is birds' second most important sense and their ears are funnel-shaped to focus sound. The ears are located slightly behind and below the eyes, and they are covered with soft feathers – the auriculars – for protection. The shape of a bird's head can also affect its hearing, such as owls,
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and miniature poodle. When dogs hear a sound, they will move their ears towards it in order to maximize reception. In order to achieve this, the ears of a dog are controlled by at least 18 muscles, which allow the ears to tilt and rotate. The ear's shape also allows the sound to be heard more
55:. The human range is commonly given as 20 to 20,000 Hz, although there is considerable variation between individuals, especially at high frequencies, and a gradual loss of sensitivity to higher frequencies with age is considered normal. Sensitivity also varies with frequency, as shown by
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have evolved very sensitive hearing to cope with their nocturnal activity. Their hearing range varies by species; at the lowest it can be 1 kHz for some species and for other species the highest reaches up to 200 kHz. Bats that can detect 200 kHz cannot hear very well below
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are similar to those of land mammals and may function the same way. In whales and dolphins, it is not entirely clear how sound is propagated to the ear, but some studies strongly suggest that sound is channelled to the ear by tissues in the area of the lower jaw. One group of whales, the
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The commonly stated range of human hearing is 20 to 20,000 Hz. Under ideal laboratory conditions, humans can hear sound as low as 12 Hz and as high as 28 kHz, though the threshold increases sharply at 15 kHz in adults, corresponding to the last auditory channel of the
495:(toothed whales), use echolocation to determine the position of objects such as prey. The toothed whales are also unusual in that the ears are separated from the skull and placed well apart, which assists them with localizing sounds, an important element for echolocation.
66:
Several animal species can hear frequencies well beyond the human hearing range. Some dolphins and bats, for example, can hear frequencies over 100 kHz. Elephants can hear sounds at 16 Hz–12 kHz, while some whales can hear infrasonic sounds as low as 7 Hz.
315:, are used in dog training, as a dog will respond much better to such levels. In the wild, dogs use their hearing capabilities to hunt and locate food. Domestic breeds are often used to guard property due to their increased hearing ability. So-called "Nelson"
159:. These hairs line the cochlea from base to apex, and the part stimulated and the intensity of stimulation gives an indication of the nature of the sound. Information gathered from the hair cells is sent via the auditory nerve for processing in the brain.
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The absolute threshold usually starts to increase sharply when the signal frequency exceeds about 15 kHz. ... The present results show that some humans can perceive tones up to at least 28 kHz when their level exceeds about 100 dB
644:
CD West. 1985. The relationship of the spiral turns of the cochela and the length of the basilar membrane to the range of audible frequencies in ground dwelling mammals. Journal of the
Acoustical Society of America
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Behavioural hearing tests or physiological tests can be used to find the hearing thresholds of humans and other animals. For humans, the test involves tones being presented at specific frequencies (
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As dogs hear higher frequency sounds than humans, they have a different acoustic perception of the world. Sounds that seem loud to humans often emit high-frequency tones that can scare away dogs.
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Rodriguez
Valiente A, Trinidad A, Garcia Berrocal JR, Gorriz C, Ramirez Camacho R (April 2014). "Review: Extended high-frequency (9–20 kHz) audiometry reference thresholds in healthy subjects".
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can hear infrasound. With the average pigeon being able to hear sounds as low as 0.5 Hz, they can detect distant storms, earthquakes and even volcanoes. This also helps them to navigate.
383:, also use echolocation, just as bats do. These birds live in caves and use their rapid chirps and clicks to navigate through dark caves where even sensitive vision may not be useful enough."
400:(Galleria mellonella) have the highest recorded sound frequency range that has been recorded so far. They can hear frequencies up to 300 kHz. This is likely to help them evade bats.
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As aquatic environments have very different physical properties than land environments, there are differences in how marine mammals hear compared with land mammals. The differences in
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is dependent on breed and age, though the range of hearing is usually around 67 Hz to 45 kHz. As with humans, some dog breeds' hearing ranges narrow with age, such as the
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have excellent hearing and can detect an extremely broad range of frequencies. They can hear higher-pitched sounds than humans or most dogs, detecting frequencies from 55
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standard to 1 kHz. Standards using different reference levels, give rise to differences in audiograms. The ASA-1951 standard, for example, used a level of 16.5
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Researchers customarily divide marine mammals into five hearing groups based on their range of best underwater hearing. (Ketten, 1998): Low-frequency baleen whales like
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D Warfield. 1973. The study of hearing in animals. In: W Gay, ed., Methods of Animal
Experimentation, IV. Academic Press, London, pp 43–143.
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Human hearing area in frequency and intensity. Dashed line describes possible changes due to excessive hearing strain (e.g. loud music).
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HE Heffner. 1983. Hearing in large and small dogs: Absolute thresholds and size of the tympanic membrane. Behav
Neurosci 97:310-318.
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Fay and AN Popper, eds. 1994. Comparative
Hearing: Mammals. Springer Handbook of Auditory Research Series. Springer-Verlag, NY.
182:, which presents different frequencies to the subject, usually over calibrated headphones, at specified levels. The levels are
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order to detect and characterize objects and whistles are used in sociable herds as identification and communication devices.
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The auditory system of a land mammal typically works via the transfer of sound waves through the ear canals. Ear canals in
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hearing is most sensitive (i.e., the least amount of intensity is needed to reach threshold) in the 2000 to 5000 Hz range
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Studies have found there to be two different types of cochlea in the dolphin population. Type I has been found in the
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10 kHz. In any case, the most sensitive range of bat hearing is narrower: about 15 kHz to 90 kHz.
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generate sounds at frequencies higher than those audible to humans but well within the range of a dog's hearing.
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of these waves set this thin membrane in motion, causing sympathetic vibration through the middle ear bones (the
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For auditory signals and human listeners, the accepted range is 20Hz to 20kHz, the limits of human hearing
91:(minimum discernible sound level) at various frequencies throughout an organism's nominal hearing range.
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EA Lipman and JR Grassi. 1942. Comparative auditory sensitivity of man and dog. Amer J Psychol 55:84-89.
339:
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Blumberg, M. S. (1992). "Rodent ultrasonic short calls: locomotion, biomechanics, and communication".
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Under very favorable conditions most individuals can obtain tonal characteristics as low as 12 cycles.
190:, which is intended to represent "normal" hearing. The threshold of hearing is set at around 0
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had the widest range, 28 Hz–34.5 kHz, compared with 31 Hz–17.6 kHz for humans.
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155:: malleus, incus, and stapes), the basilar fluid in the cochlea, and the hairs within it, called
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Ketten, D. R. (2000). "Cetacean Ears". In Au, W. L.; Popper, Arthur N.; Fay, Richard R. (eds.).
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198:, approximately the quietest sound a young healthy human can detect), but is standardised in an
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Type II cochlea are found primarily in offshore and open water species of whales, such as the
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287:), which both amplify sounds and help a cat sense the direction from which a noise is coming.
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accurately. Many breeds often have upright and curved ears, which direct and amplify sounds.
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463:(150 Hz to 160 kHz) ; High-frequency toothed whales like some dolphins and
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have led to extensive research on aquatic mammals, specifically on dolphins.
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An audiogram showing typical hearing variation from a standardized norm.
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A basic measure of hearing is afforded by an audiogram, a graph of the
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D'Ambrose, Christoper; Choudhary, Rizwan (2003). Elert, Glenn (ed.).
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Ketten, D. R.; Wartzok, D. (1990). Thomas, J.; Kastelein, R. (eds.).
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Hearing: An introduction to psychological and physiological acoustics
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20 to 20,000 Hz corresponds to sound waves in air at 20°C with
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Physiological tests do not need the patient to respond consciously.
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Hearing: Anatomy, Physiology, and
Disorders of the Auditory System
467:(275 Hz to 160 kHz); seals (50 Hz to 86 kHz);
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at 1 kHz, whereas the later ANSI-1969/ISO-1963 standard uses
734:(5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
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Range of frequencies that can be heard by humans or other animals
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Sataloff, Robert Thayer; Sataloff, Joseph (February 17, 1993).
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is 92 Hz–65 kHz, and 67 Hz–58 kHz for the
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Sensory
Abilities of Cetaceans: Field and Laboratory Evidence
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Audio
Engineering 101: A Beginner's Guide to Music Production
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59:. Routine investigation for hearing loss usually involves an
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Rubel, Edwin W.; Popper, Arthur N.; Fay, Richard R. (1998).
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by humans or other animals, though it can also refer to the
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USDA National
Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publications
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Fish have a narrow hearing range compared to most mammals.
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225:, especially small ones, can hear frequencies far into the
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Bats navigate around objects and locate their prey using
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213:, with a 10 dB correction applied for older people.
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with frequency relative to a standard graph known as the
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whose facial discs help direct sound toward their ears.
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Logarithmic chart of the hearing ranges of some animals
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1630:"Three-Dimensional Reconstructions of the Dolphin Ear"
1586:"These 10 Animals Have the Best Hearing on the Planet"
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1050:. 2nd edition. New York and Basel: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
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1297:"Frequency Hearing Ranges in Dogs and Other Species"
1146:
Heffner, Henry E. (May 1998). "Auditory
Awareness".
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Ontogeny, Functional Ecology, and Evolution of Bats
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63:which shows threshold levels relative to a normal.
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178:Audiograms of human hearing are produced using an
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845:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
603:Hearing in Vertebrates: A Psychophysics Databook
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1704:Marine Mammal Biology: An Evolutionary Approach
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841:"Hearing thresholds for pure tones above 16kHz"
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1094:"Primate Hearing From a Mammalian Perspective"
663:Krey, Jocelyn F.; Gillespie, Peter G. (2012),
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1417:"The Night is Alive With the Sound of Echoes"
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1176:Sunquist, Melvin E.; Sunquist, Fiona (2002).
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1531:"Bird Senses – How Birds Use Their 5 Senses"
1321:Condon, Timothy (2003). Elert, Glenn (ed.).
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1382:Adams, Rick A.; Pedersen, Scott C. (2000).
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1026:(2 ed.). Academic Press. p. 217.
574:of 17 meters to 1.7 cm (56 ft to 0.7 inch).
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1563:"The top 10 animals with the best hearing"
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757:Signals and Systems for Speech and Hearing
665:"Molecular Biology of Hearing and Balance"
451:(7 Hz to 35 kHz); Mid-frequency
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1357:. University of Nebraska. Archived from
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972:"Hearing Loss: Does Gender Play a Role?"
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420:and have a wider hearing range than the
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194:on the equal-loudness contours (i.e. 20
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1725:. New York: Springer. pp. 43–108.
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1390:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
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1184:. University of Chicago Press. p.
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707:Nature's Music: The Science of Birdsong
276:. Cats do not use this ability to hear
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1604:"Seismic Surveys & Marine Mammals"
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605:. Winnetka, IL: Hill-Fay Associates.
999:. Taylor & Francis. p. 17.
759:(2nd ed.). BRILL. p. 163.
729:
311:which emit ultrasonic sound, called
1415:Bennu, Devorah A. N. (2001-10-10).
1246:"Hearing Range of the Domestic Cat"
815:. Dover Publications. p. 249.
709:. Academic Press Inc. p. 207.
24:
1751:Development of the auditory system
1685:"Frequency range of human hearing"
1676:
1588:. 17 December 2020. Archived from
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677:10.1016/b978-0-12-374947-5.00053-5
233:signal, the hearing range for the
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1211:Journal of Comparative Psychology
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1323:"Frequency Range of Dog Hearing"
1148:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
281:large movable outer ears (their
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1723:Hearing by Whales and Dolphins
839:Ashihara, Kaoru (2007-09-01).
812:Music, Physics and Engineering
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777:Springer Handbook of Acoustics
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732:Handbook of Clinical Audiology
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671:, Elsevier, pp. 916–927,
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1706:. Oxford: Blackwell Science.
1702:Hoelzel, A. Rus, ed. (2002).
1160:10.1016/S0168-1591(98)00101-4
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475:(60 Hz to 39 kHz).
241:. Of 19 primates tested, the
89:absolute threshold of hearing
70:
1740:Richardson, W. John (1998).
1267:10.1016/0378-5955(85)90100-5
942:10.3109/14992027.2014.893375
135:funnel into the ear via the
7:
1649:10.1007/978-1-4899-0858-2_6
1537:. About.com. Archived from
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10:
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379:"Some birds, most notably
207:SPL (sound pressure level)
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1744:. London: Academic Press.
1443:"The Secret Life of Bats"
900:Gelfand, Stanley (2011).
295:The hearing ability of a
143:(tympanic membrane). The
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75:The hairs in hair cells,
1742:Marine mammals and noise
1643:. Plenum Press: 81–105.
1066:(3rd ed.). Dekker.
1020:Moller, Aage R. (2006).
773:Rossing, Thomas (2007).
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547:Minimum audibility curve
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188:minimum audibility curve
1355:NEWTON, Ask a Scientist
902:Essentials of Audiology
403:
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229:range. Measured with a
57:equal-loudness contours
1753:. New York: Springer.
1503:"What Can Birds Hear?"
1244:Heffner, R.S. (1985).
1180:Wild Cats of the World
1092:Heffner, R.S. (2004).
904:. Thieme. p. 87.
755:Rosen, Stuart (2011).
705:Marler, Peter (2004).
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1473:Society & Animals
1102:The Anatomical Record
1046:Gelfand, S A., 1990.
995:Dittmar, Tim (2011).
781:. Springer. pp.
542:Seismic communication
435:
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1689:The Physics Factbook
1535:Birding / Wild Birds
1501:Beason, C., Robert.
1469:"A Home For A Mouse"
1327:The Physics Factbook
669:Basic Neurochemistry
500:Amazon river dolphin
1349:Hungerford, Laura.
857:2007ASAJ..122L..52A
730:Katz, Jack (2002).
638:Multiple sources:
344:frequency modulated
98:) and intensities (
18:Human hearing range
1441:Richardson, Phil.
1116:10.1002/ar.a.20117
601:Fay, R.R. (1988).
597:Multiple sources:
511:bottlenose dolphin
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418:Weberian apparatus
340:constant frequency
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137:external ear canal
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1658:978-1-4899-0860-5
1529:Mayntz, Melissa.
866:10.1121/1.2761883
686:978-0-12-374947-5
552:Musical acoustics
504:harbour porpoises
398:Greater wax moths
239:ring-tailed lemur
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807:Olson, Harry F.
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301:German shepherd
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121:
119:Auditory system
115:Audio frequency
111:
85:
73:
53:range of levels
45:frequency range
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1668:on 2010-07-30.
1657:
1620:
1595:
1592:on 2021-03-03.
1574:
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1433:
1407:
1400:
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1310:
1307:on 2017-08-10.
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1217:(4): 360–365.
1201:
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1079:
1072:
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987:
963:
936:(8): 531–545.
920:
911:978-1604061550
910:
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792:978-0387304465
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453:toothed whales
429:
428:Marine mammals
426:
405:
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368:
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348:Doppler effect
324:
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272:up to 79
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217:Other primates
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139:and reach the
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43:describes the
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1541:on 2012-03-09
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1483:on 2012-10-13
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1449:on 2011-06-08
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1361:on 2008-10-19
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1351:"Dog Hearing"
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1109:: 1111–1122.
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1073:9780824790417
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41:Hearing range
34:
30:
19:
1750:
1741:
1722:
1703:
1692:. Retrieved
1688:
1663:the original
1640:
1636:
1623:
1611:. Retrieved
1608:www.iogp.org
1607:
1598:
1590:the original
1566:. Retrieved
1543:. Retrieved
1539:the original
1534:
1510:. Retrieved
1506:
1496:
1485:. Retrieved
1481:the original
1476:
1472:
1462:
1451:. Retrieved
1447:the original
1436:
1425:. Retrieved
1421:the original
1410:
1385:
1363:. Retrieved
1359:the original
1354:
1330:. Retrieved
1326:
1305:the original
1300:
1291:
1258:
1252:
1239:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1179:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1106:
1100:
1063:Hearing loss
1062:
1055:
1047:
1042:
1022:
1015:
996:
990:
979:. Retrieved
975:
966:
933:
930:Int J Audiol
929:
923:
915:
901:
895:
886:
848:
844:
834:
826:
811:
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776:
768:
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731:
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706:
700:
690:, retrieved
668:
658:
634:
602:
566:
537:The Mosquito
515:
508:
497:
477:
461:sperm whales
446:
439:
407:
396:
385:
378:
374:
370:
358:
336:echolocation
333:
326:
317:dog whistles
313:dog whistles
306:
294:
282:
264:
220:
196:micropascals
177:
161:
130:
104:
93:
86:
74:
65:
47:that can be
40:
39:
29:
1301:www.lsu.edu
572:wavelengths
493:Odontocetes
449:blue whales
257:Outer ear (
157:stereocilia
149:rarefaction
145:compression
133:sound waves
131:In humans,
83:Measurement
77:stereocilia
1772:Categories
1694:2022-01-22
1568:2021-06-02
1545:2012-02-04
1512:2013-05-02
1487:2012-02-04
1453:2012-02-04
1427:2012-02-04
1401:0521626323
1365:2008-10-22
1332:2008-10-22
981:2021-04-28
692:2024-07-04
582:References
532:Audiometry
455:like most
342:(CF), and
278:ultrasound
261:) of a cat
227:ultrasonic
211:6.5 dB SPL
180:audiometer
113:See also:
71:Physiology
1613:3 October
1261:: 85–88.
875:0001-4966
527:Audiology
484:sea lions
473:sea lions
469:fur seals
465:porpoises
231:60 dB SPL
61:audiogram
1125:15472899
976:Medscape
958:30960789
950:24749665
883:17927307
809:(1967).
621:88091030
521:See also
488:walruses
457:dolphins
436:Dolphins
410:Goldfish
381:oilbirds
309:Whistles
223:primates
221:Several
184:weighted
153:ossicles
100:loudness
1783:Zoology
1778:Otology
1283:4763009
1275:4066516
1231:1451418
1133:4991969
853:Bibcode
785:, 748.
414:catfish
393:Insects
387:Pigeons
165:cochlea
141:eardrum
1757:
1729:
1710:
1655:
1398:
1394:–140.
1281:
1273:
1229:
1192:
1131:
1123:
1070:
1030:
1003:
956:
948:
908:
881:
873:
819:
789:
738:
713:
683:
619:
609:
486:, and
351:prey.
284:pinnae
259:pinnae
109:Humans
1666:(PDF)
1633:(PDF)
1279:S2CID
1249:(PDF)
1129:S2CID
1097:(PDF)
954:S2CID
558:Notes
480:seals
367:Birds
96:pitch
49:heard
1755:ISBN
1727:ISBN
1708:ISBN
1653:ISBN
1615:2018
1396:ISBN
1271:PMID
1227:PMID
1190:ISBN
1121:PMID
1107:281A
1068:ISBN
1028:ISBN
1001:ISBN
946:PMID
906:ISBN
888:SPL.
879:PMID
871:ISSN
817:ISBN
787:ISBN
736:ISBN
711:ISBN
681:ISBN
617:LCCN
607:ISBN
502:and
471:and
459:and
422:tuna
412:and
404:Fish
360:Mice
355:Mice
328:Bats
323:Bats
291:Dogs
266:Cats
249:Cats
200:ANSI
192:phon
147:and
117:and
1645:doi
1641:196
1392:139
1263:doi
1219:doi
1215:106
1156:doi
1111:doi
938:doi
861:doi
849:122
783:747
673:doi
297:dog
274:kHz
1774::
1687:.
1651:.
1639:.
1635:.
1606:.
1577:^
1554:^
1533:.
1521:^
1505:.
1475:.
1471:.
1374:^
1353:.
1341:^
1325:.
1313:^
1299:.
1277:.
1269:.
1259:19
1257:.
1251:.
1225:.
1213:.
1188:.
1186:10
1168:^
1152:57
1150:.
1127:.
1119:.
1105:.
1099:.
1082:^
974:.
952:.
944:.
934:53
932:.
914:.
885:.
877:.
869:.
859:.
847:.
843:.
825:.
679:,
667:,
615:.
590:^
482:,
424:.
270:Hz
204:dB
1763:.
1735:.
1716:.
1697:.
1647::
1617:.
1571:.
1548:.
1515:.
1490:.
1477:8
1456:.
1430:.
1404:.
1368:.
1335:.
1285:.
1265::
1233:.
1221::
1198:.
1162:.
1158::
1135:.
1113::
1076:.
1036:.
1009:.
984:.
960:.
940::
863::
855::
795:.
744:.
719:.
675::
623:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
