93:
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for compassionate release were denied by
Italian authorities but did earn him a transfer to a hospital in 1976. Due to Kappler's deteriorating condition and his wife's nursing skills, Anneliese Kappler was allowed almost unlimited access to him. On a visit in August 1977, she carried him out in a
561:. Kappler's first wife divorced him while he was serving his sentence. In 1972, he married Anneliese Kappler, a nurse with whom he had carried on a lengthy correspondence, in a prison wedding ceremony. By this time, Kappler had converted to
2623:
1538:
1655:
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1417:
590:
Despite demands that
Kappler be returned to Italy, the West German authorities refused to extradite him and did not prosecute him for any further war crimes, reportedly owing to his ill-health.
1883:
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897:
636:
Kappler's time in prison and the friendship with his former enemy
Monsignor O'Flaherty born of the Monsignor's frequent visits to that prison cell, is dramatised in the radio play
2151:
1517:
532:
Kappler was arrested by
British authorities in 1945, turned over to the Italian government in 1947, and tried the following year. Kappler's second-in-command in Rome, SS-Captain
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40:
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210:. Following the end of the war, Kappler stood trial in Italy and was sentenced to life imprisonment. He escaped from prison shortly before his death in
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626:, which details Kappler's interactions with Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty until Kappler's capture by Allies in 1944. The film is based on the book
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resigned from his position as
Minister of Defence in the aftermath of the escape. Six months after his escape, Kappler died at home in
335:; where only 16 survived. He later arranged the deportation of a further 993 Roman Jews, nearly all of whom also were murdered in the
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477:. Ironically, Kurtna's Soviet masters failed to appreciate or reward his loyalty. Kurtna was last seen in 1948 by Fr.
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406:. The Monsignor's activities covertly assisting Jews and other fugitives led both Kappler and his Italian colleague
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In 1975, at the age of sixty-eight, Kappler was diagnosed with terminal cancer. Appeals by both his wife and the
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1940:
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and was not extradited to Italy to face trial over his own role in the
Ardeatine Caves Massacre until 1996.
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2011:
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445:, with devastating results for the many underground priests and faithful whose names he passed to the
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684:"An Italian doctor explains "Syndrome K", the fake disease he invented to save Jews from the Nazis"
513:
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569:, who often visited him in prison, and with whom Kappler often discussed literature and religion.
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1930:
1908:
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504:, in which 335 Italian civilians were killed on 24 March 1944 in response to a direct order from
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2006:
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from the Jews of Rome, which
Kappler later alleged was an attempt to prevent the deportations.
284:
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1107:"Sentenza n. 631, del Tribunale Militare Territoriale di Roma, in data 20.07.1948 - Difesa.it"
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large suitcase (Kappler weighed about 47 kg (104 lb) at the time) and escaped to
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named
Aleksander Kurtna, who worked from 1940 until 1944 as a translator for the Vatican's
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8:
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22:
1247:"'Kingfishers Catch Fire' Is a Thoughtful and Provocative Theatrical Experience"
291:
and
Kappler was appointed as Chief of the Security Police and Security Service (
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60:
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Via Tasso: Quartier generale e carcere tedesco durante l’occupazione di Roma
508:
to "kill 100 Italians for each German", in retaliation for an attack by the
457:, Kappler, repeatedly threatened to otherwise send Kurtna and his wife to a
2462:
2408:
2388:
2108:
2093:
1611:
1606:
1323:
1048:"Erich Priebke, Nazi Who Carried Out Massacre of 335 Italians, Dies at 100"
1000:
Spies in the
Vatican: Espionage and Intrigue from Napoleon to the Holocaust
608:
578:
573:
544:
505:
461:. Kurtna, however, turned the tables on Kappler by stealing the top-secret
450:
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80:
76:
612:, which deals with the Ardeatine massacre, Kappler was portrayed by actor
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449:. Kurtna, who was always loyal to the USSR, only started to also spy for
407:
336:
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in Rome and answered directly to both the military governorship, under
231:
2624:
Germans convicted of war crimes committed in Italy during World War II
410:
to repeatedly, and vainly, plot O'Flaherty's kidnapping, torture, and
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52:
469:. Kurtna then passed the codebooks to the Soviets through Monsignor
494:
430:
381:
185:
2689:
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United Kingdom
524:
239:
146:
644:. The radio play was first broadcast on 30 November 2006 on UK
595:
465:
codebooks from his office during the chaos that surrounded the
392:, and Jews. A particularly detested adversary of Kappler's was
72:
711:
Levi, Primo; Belpoliti, Marco (2002). Belpoliti, Marco (ed.).
39:
555:
486:
349:
By early 1944, Kappler was the highest representative of the
324:
1147:"Kappler's escape MEETING WITH Hon. Minister Vito Lattanzio"
188:. He served as head of German police and security services (
446:
320:
309:
262:
199:
169:
565:, due to the influence of his war-time enemy, Monseigneur
315:
Kappler was immediately put in charge of implementing the
929:"La vedova di Kappler a Trento per il culto del Simonino"
238:
in 1933. In January 1936, he was assigned to duty at the
843:"Weitere Gräber nicht mehr namenlos (neues deutschland)"
339:. As part of the latter operation, Kappler successfully
778:] 'Syndrome K' Saved Dozens of Jews From The Nazis"
235:
181:
180:(23 September 1907 – 9 February 1978) was a key German
900:. The Nizkor Project. 31 December 2012. Archived from
873:
The Oxford Companion to International Criminal Justice
380:. Kappler came into direct conflict with the neutral
1082:"Nazi funeral that's forcing Italy to face its past"
278:
987:Nothing Sacred: Nazi Espionage Against the Vatican
275:, he cooperated closely with the Italian police.
2674:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Italy
985:David Alvarez and Robert A. Graham, S.J. (1997),
512:that had resulted in the deaths of 33 men of the
2590:
1225:The Scarlet and the Black (TV Movie 1983) - IMDb
2573:Pope Pius XII and the raid on the Roman ghetto
2510:Centro di Documentazione Ebraica Contemporanea
1302:Minerbi, Sergio I. (1990). "Herbert Kappler".
958:
253:, Kappler supervised the mass deportations of
2195:
1339:
710:
661:Military history of Italy during World War II
648:. It was later performed live under the name
222:Kappler was born to a middle-class family in
1353:
1293:National Archives and Records Administration
344:50 kilograms (110 lb) kilograms of gold
437:. During those same years, Kurtna covertly
2639:German police officers convicted of murder
2209:
2202:
2188:
1537:
1346:
1332:
38:
954:
952:
950:
1663:
1144:
523:
184:functionary and war criminal during the
2546:My Italian Secret: The Forgotten Heroes
1301:
1018:
742:
2679:People from the Kingdom of Württemberg
2591:
2157:Jurisdictional Immunities of the State
1172:"Coverage of Herbert Kappler's escape"
1134:. Catholic Exchange. 25 February 2009.
947:
633:by J.P. Gallagher, published in 1968.
620:portrayed Kappler in the 1983 TV film
543:In July 1948, Kappler was tried by an
519:
404:Sacred Congregation De Propaganda Fide
285:armistice between Italy and the Allies
2418:Biblioteca della Comunità Israelitica
2183:
2147:Palazzo Cesi-Gaddi war crimes archive
2125:Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florenz
2118:Biblioteca della Comunità Israelitica
1994:
1327:
1079:
1045:
1014:
1012:
890:
638:The Scarlet Pimpernel of the Vatican,
601:
435:Congregation for the Eastern Churches
1244:
989:, Frank Cass, London. Pages 114-139.
923:
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919:
866:
864:
836:
834:
800:
798:
771:
767:
765:
738:
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706:
704:
677:
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629:The Scarlet Pimpernel of the Vatican
369:Higher SS and Police Leader of Italy
271:(SD) and, from the beginning of the
1884:SS Police Regiment Alpine Foothills
1370:
961:"The Priest who Outfoxed the Nazis"
581:, assisted by apparently unwitting
13:
1009:
898:"The Testimony of Herbert Kappler"
681:
14:
2700:
2664:Military personnel from Stuttgart
2654:Holocaust perpetrators in Austria
1281:
1046:Smale, Alison (11 October 2013).
1019:Cignoni, Luigi (30 August 2020).
916:
861:
831:
795:
762:
731:
701:
672:
489:complex located 300 km above the
2152:Bilateral Compensation Agreement
1683:SS Volunteer Karstwehr Battalion
1178:. 29 August 1977. Archived from
1080:Agnew, Paddy (19 October 2013).
331:were rounded up and deported to
279:Chief of Police in occupied Rome
234:on 1 August 1931 and joined the
111:
91:
2659:Holocaust perpetrators in Italy
2649:German people imprisoned abroad
2619:Escapees from Italian detention
2578:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust
1418:Monchio, Susano and Costrignano
1312:. New York: Macmillan: 784–785.
1267:
1238:
1216:
1194:
1164:
1138:
1124:
1099:
1073:
1039:
992:
979:
959:Stephen Walker (4 March 2011),
876:. OUP Oxford. 22 January 2009.
840:
743:SAMUELS, SHIMON (15 May 2020).
598:, on 9 February 1978, aged 70.
421:inside the Vatican included an
302:) for all SS and Order Police (
1842:1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division
1203:Massacre in Rome (1973) - IMDb
528:Kappler in Italy on 9 May 1945
1:
2669:Nazis convicted of war crimes
2614:Deaths from cancer in Germany
2609:Converts to Roman Catholicism
1894:SS Police Regiment Schlanders
1862:20th Luftwaffe Field Division
1857:19th Luftwaffe Field Division
1760:90th Panzergrenadier Division
1730:29th Panzergrenadier Division
1715:15th Panzergrenadier Division
1305:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
774:"How The Ficticious [
666:
289:German military occupied Rome
217:
2563:History of the Jews in Italy
1705:3rd Panzergrenadier Division
1245:Reed, Rex (4 October 2019).
935:(in Italian). 12 August 2020
772:Hale, Tom (20 August 2020).
206:and was responsible for the
7:
1678:SS Division Reichsführer-SS
1316:The Simon Wiesenthal Center
806:"Ireland's Oskar Schindler"
714:The Black Hole of Auschwitz
682:Hu, Caitlin (8 July 2016).
654:
10:
2705:
2012:Italian military internees
1004:University Press of Kansas
351:Reich Security Main Office
20:
2555:
2523:
2502:
2476:
2453:
2427:
2407:
2368:
2302:
2261:
2235:
2217:
2165:
2134:
2107:
2074:
2024:
1987:
1963:
1921:
1874:
1827:
1695:
1673:SS Division Leibstandarte
1654:
1530:
1510:
1410:
1361:
1006:. Pages 222-236, 316-318.
623:The Scarlet and The Black
606:In the 1973 feature film
287:on 8 September 1943, the
152:
142:
132:
124:
104:
86:
70:9 February 1978 (aged 70)
66:
46:
37:
30:
2568:Axis war crimes in Italy
1951:4th Division "Monterosa"
1946:3rd Division "San Marco"
1889:SS Police Regiment Bozen
1355:Nazi war crimes in Italy
847:www.neues-deutschland.de
745:"The SS and the Vatican"
514:SS Police Regiment Bozen
453:in 1943 because his new
261:. Kappler was posted to
21:Not to be confused with
2435:Italian Social Republic
1941:2nd Division "Littorio"
1931:Republican Police Corps
1909:20th SS Police Regiment
1904:15th SS Police Regiment
1899:12th SS Police Regiment
1815:362nd Infantry Division
1810:356th Infantry Division
1805:334th Infantry Division
1800:305th Infantry Division
1795:278th Infantry Division
1790:232nd Infantry Division
1785:162nd Turkoman Division
1780:148th Infantry Division
1488:San Leonardo al Frigido
1145:Cicchino, Enzo (2000).
650:Kingfishers Catch Fire.
536:, managed to escape to
327:; in his first action,
283:In retaliation for the
2684:SS-Obersturmbannführer
2524:Publications and films
2494:RSI Police Order No. 5
2236:Massacres and roundups
2211:The Holocaust in Italy
2171:The Holocaust in Italy
1936:Italian Black Brigades
1852:4th Parachute Division
1847:2nd Parachute Division
1837:1st Parachute Division
1770:94th Infantry Division
1765:92nd Infantry Division
1755:71st Infantry Division
1750:65th Infantry Division
1745:44th Infantry Division
1735:34th Infantry Division
1592:Eberhard von Mackensen
1297:College Park, Maryland
1277:, Odradek, Roma, 2016.
998:David Alvarez (2002),
574:West German government
554:, to be served in the
529:
500:Kappler organised the
226:in what was still the
57:Kingdom of Württemberg
16:SS officer (1907–1978)
2515:Memoriale della Shoah
2269:Leonardo de Benedetti
2262:Victims and survivors
2052:Roderick Stephen Hall
2032:Leonardo de Benedetti
1710:5th Mountain Division
1518:San Martino di Lupari
1468:Sant'Anna di Stazzema
527:
516:'s garrison in Rome.
417:Meanwhile, Kappler's
293:Oberbefehlshaber des
125:Years of service
2634:German extortionists
2394:Risiera di San Sabba
2099:Risiera di San Sabba
1775:114th Jäger Division
1725:26th Panzer Division
1720:16th Panzer-Division
1547:Heinrich Andergassen
1291:of Herbert Kappler,
475:Secretariat of State
429:seminarian from the
425:national and former
363:, as well as the SS
308:) units deployed in
259:Holocaust in Austria
249:In 1938, during the
2489:Manifesto of Verona
2484:Italian Racial Laws
2310:Friedrich Boßhammer
1740:42nd Jäger Division
1552:Friedrich Boßhammer
1478:Padule di Fucecchio
904:on 30 December 2019
841:Rom, Anna Maldini.
618:Christopher Plummer
520:Criminal conviction
137:Obersturmbannführer
2539:The Periodic Table
2384:Borgo San Dalmazzo
2303:Major perpetrators
2089:Borgo San Dalmazzo
2042:Giovanni Fornasini
1622:Josef Scheungraber
1493:Certosa di Farneta
1052:The New York Times
749:The Jerusalem Post
602:In popular culture
592:Vittorio Lattanzio
530:
510:Italian Resistance
502:Ardeatine massacre
483:political prisoner
467:Liberation of Rome
459:concentration camp
390:Italian Resistance
317:Holocaust in Italy
295:Sicherheitspolizei
208:Ardeatine massacre
191:Sicherheitspolizei
2644:Gestapo personnel
2586:
2585:
2477:Anti-Semitic laws
2345:Martin Sandberger
2320:Theodor Dannecker
2177:
2176:
2142:Togliatti amnesty
2070:
2069:
2020:
2019:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1959:
1958:
1917:
1916:
1870:
1869:
1823:
1822:
1691:
1690:
1650:
1649:
1587:Albert Kesselring
1562:Theodor Dannecker
1526:
1525:
1506:
1505:
1473:San Terenzo Monti
1406:
1405:
1273:Fabio Simonetti,
1021:"Kappler a Gaeta"
883:978-0-19-102149-7
812:. 20 April 2019.
724:978-0-7456-3240-7
717:. Italy: Polity.
642:Robin Glendinning
552:life imprisonment
550:and sentenced to
548:military tribunal
473:of the Vatican's
463:Sicherheitsdienst
412:summary execution
374:Obergruppenführer
268:Sicherheitsdienst
175:
174:
50:23 September 1907
2696:
2556:Related articles
2532:If This Is a Man
2468:Giorgio Perlasca
2445:Adriatic Littora
2440:Alpine Foothills
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2181:
2180:
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1992:
1991:
1971:Bandenbekämpfung
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1918:
1872:
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1557:Eduard Crasemann
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1182:on 27 March 2008
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810:belfasttelegraph
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679:
609:Massacre in Rome
365:chain of command
329:1,023 Roman Jews
273:Second World War
230:. He joined the
204:Second World War
117:
115:
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42:
28:
27:
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2629:German escapees
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2587:
2582:
2551:
2519:
2498:
2472:
2449:
2423:
2403:
2364:
2335:Herbert Kappler
2325:Odilo Globocnik
2298:
2294:Piero Terracina
2274:Einstein family
2257:
2231:
2221:
2213:
2208:
2178:
2173:
2161:
2130:
2103:
2066:
2047:Maurizio Giglio
2037:Einstein family
2016:
1975:
1955:
1913:
1866:
1819:
1687:
1646:
1627:Michael Seifert
1582:Herbert Kappler
1572:Friedrich Engel
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1086:The Irish Times
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966:The Irish Times
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604:
567:Hugh O'Flaherty
559:military prison
522:
400:Hugh O'Flaherty
305:Ordnungspolizei
281:
265:as head of the
257:as part of the
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1151:larchivio.com
1148:
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1132:"St. Ananias"
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541:
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534:Erich Priebke
526:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
498:
496:
493:and known as
492:
491:Arctic Circle
488:
484:
480:
479:Walter Ciszek
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
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452:
448:
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386:Pope Pius XII
383:
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301:
300:
296:
290:
286:
276:
274:
270:
269:
264:
260:
256:
255:Austrian Jews
252:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
228:German Empire
225:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
192:
187:
183:
179:
171:
167:
163:
159:
156:Chief of the
155:
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145:
141:
138:
135:
131:
127:
123:
120:
119:Schutzstaffel
109:
103:
100:
89:
85:
82:
78:
74:
69:
65:
62:
61:German Empire
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
29:
24:
19:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2463:Gino Bartali
2416:
2334:
2315:Karl Brunner
2167:
2123:
2116:
2002:Italian Jews
1612:Walter Reder
1607:Walter Rauff
1581:
1531:Perpetrators
1458:Piazza Tasso
1453:Guardistallo
1398:Pietransieri
1309:
1303:
1274:
1268:Bibliography
1254:. Retrieved
1250:
1240:
1229:, retrieved
1224:
1218:
1207:, retrieved
1202:
1196:
1184:. Retrieved
1180:the original
1166:
1154:. Retrieved
1150:
1140:
1126:
1114:. Retrieved
1110:
1101:
1089:. Retrieved
1085:
1075:
1063:. Retrieved
1051:
1041:
1029:. Retrieved
1027:(in Italian)
1025:Italynews.it
1024:
999:
994:
986:
981:
970:, retrieved
964:
937:. Retrieved
932:
906:. Retrieved
902:the original
892:
872:
851:. Retrieved
846:
821:. Retrieved
809:
785:. Retrieved
781:
775:
752:. Retrieved
748:
713:
691:. Retrieved
687:
649:
637:
635:
627:
621:
607:
605:
589:
582:
579:West Germany
571:
545:Italian Army
542:
531:
506:Adolf Hitler
499:
481:as a fellow
451:Nazi Germany
443:Soviet Union
416:
372:
354:
348:
337:gas chambers
314:
303:
292:
282:
266:
248:
221:
212:West Germany
189:
177:
176:
166:Police Chief
99:Nazi Germany
81:West Germany
77:Lower Saxony
18:
2604:1978 deaths
2599:1907 births
2399:San Vittore
2372:and prisons
2025:Individuals
2007:Libyan Jews
1597:Kurt Mälzer
1539:Individuals
1448:Capistrello
1438:Vallucciole
1256:2 September
1231:2 September
1209:2 September
1156:2 September
1116:6 September
1091:2 September
1065:2 September
1031:2 September
939:2 September
853:2 September
849:(in German)
823:2 September
787:2 September
754:2 September
693:2 September
646:BBC Radio 4
584:Carabinieri
563:Catholicism
471:Mario Brini
408:Pietro Koch
361:Kurt Mälzer
202:during the
2593:Categories
2360:Karl Wolff
2355:Karl Titho
2279:Primo Levi
2057:Primo Levi
1642:Karl Titho
1498:Marzabotto
933:l'Adige.it
782:IFLScience
667:References
378:Karl Wolff
367:under the
232:Nazi Party
218:Early life
87:Allegiance
2330:Karl Hass
2253:Ardeatine
2168:See also:
1876:SS Police
1829:Luftwaffe
1665:Waffen-SS
1632:Max Simon
1577:Karl Hass
1423:Ardeatine
1363:Massacres
1060:0362-4331
818:0307-1235
587:member.
538:Argentina
397:Monsignor
356:Luftwaffe
333:Auschwitz
251:Anschluss
244:Stuttgart
224:Stuttgart
214:in 1978.
128:1932–1945
53:Stuttgart
2455:Rescuers
2135:Post-war
1964:Doctrine
1433:Fragheto
1251:Observer
655:See also
495:Norillag
441:for the
431:Russicum
423:Estonian
359:General
341:extorted
319:in both
186:Nazi era
153:Commands
105:Service/
2409:Looting
2389:Fossoli
2379:Bolzano
2222:Part of
2109:Looting
2094:Fossoli
2084:Bolzano
1988:Victims
1923:Italian
1463:Piavola
1428:Ameglia
1388:Caiazzo
972:4 March
485:in the
455:handler
402:of the
382:Vatican
240:Gestapo
147:Gestapo
1995:Groups
1393:Pisino
1058:
908:18 May
880:
816:
721:
688:Quartz
596:Soltau
384:under
116:
107:branch
96:
73:Soltau
2370:Camps
2076:Camps
1656:Units
1483:Vinca
1378:Boves
1186:4 May
556:Gaeta
487:Gulag
439:spied
419:moles
394:Irish
371:, SS-
325:Lazio
198:) in
2428:Area
1697:Army
1511:1945
1443:Lipa
1411:1944
1371:1943
1258:2020
1233:2020
1211:2020
1188:2010
1158:2020
1118:2023
1093:2020
1067:2020
1056:ISSN
1033:2020
974:2011
941:2020
910:2016
878:ISBN
855:2020
825:2020
814:ISSN
789:2020
756:2020
719:ISBN
695:2020
447:NKVD
323:and
321:Rome
310:Rome
297:und
263:Rome
200:Rome
194:and
170:Rome
160:and
158:SiPo
143:Unit
133:Rank
67:Died
47:Born
1287:SS
776:sic
640:by
616:.
246:.
168:of
2595::
1308:.
1295:,
1249:.
1174:.
1149:.
1109:.
1084:.
1054:.
1050:.
1023:.
1011:^
1002:,
963:,
949:^
931:.
918:^
863:^
845:.
833:^
808:.
797:^
780:.
764:^
747:.
733:^
703:^
686:.
674:^
497:.
414:.
312:.
299:SD
236:SS
196:SD
182:SS
164:;
162:SD
79:,
75:,
59:,
55:,
2203:e
2196:t
2189:v
1347:e
1340:t
1333:v
1320:)
1314:(
1310:2
1260:.
1190:.
1160:.
1120:.
1095:.
1069:.
1035:.
943:.
912:.
886:.
857:.
827:.
791:.
758:.
727:.
697:.
631:,
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
