23:
53:
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conquest of the site. Much to their consternation, however, the town turned out to be founded only in the Iron II period—long after any supposed conquest. There were only a few scattered remains of the 12th–11th century B.C. (pottery, but no architecture), and no trace whatsoever of occupation in the 13th century B.C. The excavators resolutely published their results, however, and reluctantly conceded that something was drastically wrong with the biblical story about
Heshbon."
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30:
476:
led excavators to conclude that the site is not Sihon's
Heshbon. William Dever's response was "The site was excavated in 1968–1976 in a large interdisciplinary project sponsored by a group of Seventh Day Adventist scholars who perhaps intended to “prove” the biblical traditions of the Israelite
480:
According to Øystein S. LaBianca and
Bethany Walker, the excavations found remains from the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age periods, but intensive reuse of the site by later occupants resulted in most remains from those periods being found in secondary deposits.
455:(ASOR). The Heshbon Expedition continued with excavation seasons through 1976. Following the cessation of Heshbon Expedition excavations, archaeological work at the site continued in 1996 under the
237:, with the primary emphasis being the victory of the Israelites over King Sihon at the site of Heshbon. Moses died soon after the victory, after viewing the "promised land" from the top of
423:
At the beginning of the Early Arab period, Hesebon was still the chief town of the Belka, a territory corresponding to the old kingdom of Sihon. It seems never to have been taken by the
328:
of Perea, had his residence at
Esebonitis. This Esebonitis, described as a strongly fortified garrison town, has not been firmly identified and might be identical with either
1058:
316:
is also said to have had jurisdiction over the town and established a fort there. However, this town might not be identical with Tell Hesban: Josephus tell us that
225:"For Heshbon was the city of Sihon, king of the Amorites, who had fought against the former king of Moab and had taken all his land out of his hand, as far as the
801:. Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism / Texte Und Studien Zum Antiken Judentum, Volume 122 (reprint of 2008 Mohr Siebeck ed.). Wipf and Stock. p. 188.
1007:
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578:
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Two churches have been discovered from the
Byzantine era, and both churches produced impressive remains of mosaic floors. Particularly interesting is the
155:, on one of the highest summits of the mountains of Moab. A large ruined reservoir is located east of the place, and below the town there is a fountain.
505:) mosaic of the presbytery of the North Church where the mosaicists have created a motif of a turtledove set on a nest made of an imaginary flower.
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consortium. The site continues to be excavated into the 2010s; work is also ongoing to support archaeological tourism at the site.
22:
1361:
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a letter congratulating him on his resistance to the heresy and exhorting him to continue the struggle in conjunction with
647:
271:, where the poet likens his love's eyes to "the pools of Heshbon", which refers to the magnificent fish-pools of Heshbon.
163:
Ancient
Heshbon was beyond, i.e. east of, the Jordan. The city was where the Israelites passed by on their entry to the
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332:, a site well researched by archaeologists and closely resembling Josephus's description of Esebonitis, with
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1371:
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has not been identified. The town of Esbus from the Roman and
Byzantine period has been identified with a
999:
353:
1381:
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404:
refers to it in the seventh century and it was from
Hesebon that the milestones on the Roman road to
244:
Following the death of Moses, Heshbon became a town at the border between the lands allocated to the
581:. To the latter the pope had entrusted the government of the patriarchates of Antioch and Jerusalem.
1401:
1080:
Sites involved in the 13th–11th century BCE archaeological phenomenon of the
Israelite Settlement
902:"Tall Hisban: Palimpsest of Great and Little Traditions of Transjordan and the Ancient Near East"
337:
1208:
592:, II, 168) mentions two Latin titulars of Hesebon in the latter part of the fifteenth century.
901:
796:
221:. Heshbon is highlighted due to its importance as the capital of Sihon, King of the Amorites:
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1200:
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Classical period remains, however, confirmed its status as the Roman-period city of Esbus.
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and the Tribe of Gad. Further biblical evidence suggests that the town later came under
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The Roman and
Byzantine town is believed to have been located at the ruin called
1086:
New settlements at previously unoccupied sites in late 13th/early 12th centuries
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648:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, 1854, William Smith, LLD, Ed., Heshbon
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904:. In Levy, Thomas Evan; Daviau, P. M. Michele; Younker, Randall W. (eds.).
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172:
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906:
Crossing Jordan: North American Contributions to the Archaeology of Jordan
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879:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. pp. 30–31.
570:
514:
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198:
544:, 435) mention three bishops between the fourth and seventh centuries:
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209:(also known as Sehon). The biblical narrative records the story of the
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969: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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In 1968, archaeological excavations were undertaken at the site of
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443:). This excavation was the beginning of what became called the "
98:) were at least two different ancient towns located east of the
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New settlements at long deserted sites in 12th/11th centuries
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948:"The River Nile and Egypt in the Mosaics of the Middle East"
877:
Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?
773:
Antq., XIII, xv, 4., XII, iv, 11; Bell, Jud., II, xviii, 1.
368:, meaning "Arabs of (H)esebon". Restored under the name of
249:
798:
Herod's Judaea: A Mediterranean State in the Classic World
400:, it grew to be a town of note in the province of Arabia;
274:
501:(using motifs originating in the environs of the river
411:
The Byzantine town is mentioned in the 3rd century CE
284:
The name occurs in Josephus very often under the form
1066:
340:, the later placed by researchers at Tell Jadur near
566:
Zosius, whose name occurs in the lists of Chalcedon
280:
Herodian Es(e)bonitis/Sebonitis: possibly elsewhere
528:Christianity took root there at an early period.
360:68–70) the country was invaded by the tribe that
151:, and 9 kilometers (5.6 mi) to the north of
106:, historically within the territories of ancient
1353:
260:in their denunciations of Moab, and later under
158:
96:Ἐσεβών, Ἐσσεβών, Ἐσβούτα, Ἐσβούς, Ἔσβους, Ἔξβους
1314:Not destroyed in late 13th/early 12th centuries
900:LaBianca, Øystein S.; Walker, Bethany (2016) .
472:The lack of evidence for occupation during the
376:, it is mentioned among the towns of the Roman
264:occupation as Jeremiah 49:3 strongly suggests.
899:
750:"Jeremiah 49 Keil and Delitzsch OT Commentary"
467:
1052:
604:family have long history roots from Heshbon.
548:Gennadius, present at the Council of Nicaea (
447:". This archaeological work was sponsored by
147:, about 20 km (12 mi) southwest of
347:
1247:Destroyed in late 13th/early 12th centuries
233:Similar passages appear in Deuteronomy and
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517:of the ecclesiastical province of Arabia,
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213:victory over Sihon during the time of the
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121:(archaeological mound) known in Arabic as
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790:
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569:Theodore, champion of orthodoxy against
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113:The Bronze Age Heshbon of biblical King
51:
47:Location of Heshbon in modern-day Jordan
296:, Heshbon was in the possession of the
275:Historical reference to classical towns
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855:
853:
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392:Under the Byzantines, as learned from
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874:
794:
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453:American Schools of Oriental Research
312:) took it and made it a Jewish town.
1387:Former populated places in West Asia
985:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
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387:
848:
492:
88:
80:
13:
975:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
14:
1413:
1392:Former populated places in Jordan
989:
875:Dever, William (March 31, 2006).
595:
559:Zosys of Esbusa signature of the
171:; afterwards it was given to the
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893:
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451:and under the authority of the
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1362:Archaeological sites in Jordan
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102:in what is now the Kingdom of
1:
634:
573:, who received (c. 649) from
159:Biblical reference to Heshbon
929:Preservation and Restoration
782:Josephus, Ant., XV, viii, 5.
619:Cities in the Book of Joshua
267:Heshbon also appears in the
7:
1000:American Center of Research
607:
468:Not the Bronze Age Heshbon?
16:Ancient Middle Eastern town
10:
1418:
908:. Routledge. p. 112.
167:, and was assigned to the
95:
1313:
1246:
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1085:
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934:December 1, 2008, at the
348:Late Roman Esebon, Esboús
320:, the younger brother of
252:control, as mentioned by
217:under the leadership of
860:Tall Hisban Excavations
463:Archaeological findings
439:(alternatively spelled
133:Location of Tell Hisban
836:Hist. Nat., V, xii, 1.
795:Rocca, Samuel (2015).
509:Ecclesiastical history
84:
57:
1023:31.80083°N 35.80889°E
982:Catholic Encyclopedia
864:Madaba Plains Project
629:Madaba Plains Project
554:Patrum Nicaen. Nomina
457:Madaba Plains Project
431:History of excavation
55:
1072:Israelite settlement
590:Hierarchia Catholica
579:John of Philadelphia
538:Pius Bonifacius Gams
189:is mentioned in the
44:class=notpageimage|
1372:Hebrew Bible cities
1128:Khirbet el-Mastarah
1019: /
1124:Khirbet ed-Dawwara
1028:31.80083; 35.80889
953:2014-12-21 at the
624:Heshbon Expedition
561:Council of Ephesus
542:Series Episcoporum
534:Oriens christianus
485:Roman-period Esbus
449:Andrews University
445:Heshbon Expedition
302:Alexander Jannaeus
201:as the capital of
58:
1349:
1348:
1157:Tell es-Sa'idiyeh
1135:Khirbet Ibn Nasir
946:Basema Hamarneh,
915:978-1-315-47856-2
674:1 Chronicles 6:81
536:II, 863–64), and
419:Early Arab period
388:Byzantine Hesebon
94:, Ancient Greek:
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1290:Tell Beit Mirsim
1205:Khirbet Marjameh
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685:Numbers 21:21–35
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493:Byzantine period
402:George of Cyprus
366:Arabes Esbonitae
193:in the Books of
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413:Mosaic of Rehob
408:were numbered.
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314:Herod the Great
292:. According to
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269:Song of Solomon
246:Tribe of Reuben
169:tribe of Reuben
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1166:Tell Radanna
1119:
1103:Izbet Sartah
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100:Jordan River
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1305:Tel Megiddo
1233:Tel Rumeida
1026: /
715:Isaiah 15:4
571:monothelism
515:titular see
441:Tall Hisban
437:Tell Hesban
398:Onomasticon
199:Deuteronomy
127:Tell Ḥesbān
123:Tell Hisban
56:Tell Hesban
1356:Categories
1216:(Kinneret)
1214:Tel Kinrot
1014:35°48′32″E
1011:31°48′03″N
635:References
474:Bronze Age
352:After the
336:, or with
239:Mount Nebo
87:, Hebrew:
79:; Arabic:
1331:Jerusalem
1321:Beth-shan
1300:Tel Hazor
1295:Tel 'Eton
1276:(Succoth)
1274:Deir Alla
1219:Tel Masos
1153:Tel Esdar
1148:Beersheba
1093:Bull Site
817:0721-8753
614:Isaiah 15
556:, p. lxi)
519:suffragan
425:Crusaders
330:Machaerus
290:Sebonitis
286:Esbonitis
211:Israelite
181:Merarites
83:, Latin:
1139:Tel Arad
951:Archived
932:Archived
608:See also
394:Eusebius
326:tetrarch
318:Pheroras
308:(106–79
306:Maccabee
294:Josephus
262:Ammonite
258:Jeremiah
179:for the
1341:Taanach
1336:Shechem
1280:Lachish
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298:Judeans
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