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Hendecasyllable

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In the first part of his poetry collection, Catullus uses the Phalaecian hendecasyllable as given above in 41 poems. In addition, in two of his poems (55 and 58b) Catullus uses a variation of the metre, in which the 4th and 5th syllables can sometimes be contracted into a single long syllable. In
960:, primary stresses on the fourth and tenth syllables, and feminine endings on both half-lines. Although the form can accommodate a fully iambic line, there is no such tendency in practice, word stresses falling variously on any of the initial syllables of each half-line. 650:. Its defining feature is a constant stress on the tenth syllable, so that the number of syllables in the verse may vary, equaling eleven in the usual case where the final word is stressed on the penultimate syllable. The verse also has a stress preceding the 780:, and some verse forms use a mixture of hendecasyllables and shorter lines. From the early 16th century onward, hendecasyllables are often used without a strict system, with few or no rhymes, both in poetry and in drama. This is known as 695:, which rely more heavily on a pleasant rhythm for effect, tend toward a stricter eleven-syllable format. As a novelty, lines longer than twelve syllables can be created by the use of certain verb forms and affixed enclitic pronouns ( 710:) and may be a greater or lesser hendecasyllable. This line is the simplest, commonest and most musical but may become repetitive, especially in longer works. Lesser hendecasyllables often have an accent on the seventh syllable ( 985:
The Polish hendecasyllable is often combined with an 8-syllable line: 11a/8b/11a/8b. Such a stanza was used by Mickiewicz in his ballads, as in the following example (with formal equivalent paraphrase):
702:
Additional accents beyond the two mandatory ones provide rhythmic variation and allow the poet to express thematic effects. A line in which accents fall consistently on even-numbered syllables (
792:, written around 1517 and published in 1525 (with formal equivalent paraphrase which mirrors the original's syllabic counts, varied caesurae, and line- and hemistich-final stress profiles): 1150:). This is due to Portuguese prosody considering verses to end at the last stressed syllable, thus the aforementioned verses are effectively decasyllabic according to Portuguese scansion. 1479: 718:) and its less pronounced rhythm is considered particularly appropriate for representing dialogue. Another kind of greater hendecasyllable has an accent on the third syllable ( 681:
There is a strong tendency for hendecasyllabic lines to end with feminine rhymes (causing the total number of syllables to be eleven, hence the name), but ten-syllable lines (
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This line is named after Phalaecus, a minor poet probably of the 4th century BC, who used it in epigrams; though he did not invent it, since it had earlier been used by
1294:("The Reemergence of the Noose") have published recent examples. In English, which lacks phonemic length, poets typically substitute stressed syllables for 911:) was very popular in Polish poetry, especially in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, owing to strong Italian literary influence. It was used by 243: 1187:
Spanish dramatists often use hendecasyllables in tandem with shorter lines like heptasyllables, as can be seen in Rosaura's opening speech from
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wrote many of the stanzas subsequently named after her, for example (with formal equivalent, substituting English stress for Greek length):
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Poem 58b is thought by some scholars to be a fragment which was formerly part of this one; although others think it an independent poem.
1302:. Tennyson, however, attempted to maintain the quantitative features of the meter (while supporting them with concurrent stress) in his 664: 370:. An example from Catullus is the first poem in his collection (with formal equivalent, substituting English stress for Latin length): 265: 236: 1595: 938: 1688: 1514: 1459: 1413: 1134: 326:, that is, a syllable either long or short. The three Aeolic hendecasyllables (with base and choriamb in bold) are: 979: 737:
It is considered improper for the lesser hendecasyllable to use a word accented on its antepenultimate syllable (
17: 514:
Here the Aeolic base is truncated to a single anceps. This meter typically appears as the first two lines of an
1339: 264:) is a line of eleven syllables. The term may refer to several different poetic meters, the older of which are 229: 789: 1785: 1765: 1248: 1188: 292:
In classical poetry, "hendecasyllable" or "hendecasyllabic" may refer to any of three distinct 11-syllable
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The term "hendecasyllable" most often refers to an imitation of Greek or Latin metrical lines, notably by
1613: 1057:) is a common meter in Portuguese poetry. The best-known Portuguese poem composed in hendecasyllables is 1279: 745:, which delays the caesura until after the sixth syllable, is not considered a valid hendecasyllable. 1668: 1261: 1170:
than in Italian or Portuguese, but it is commonly used with Italianate verse forms like sonnets and
1882: 1795: 281: 72: 1887: 571:
Again, the Aeolic base is truncated. This meter typically appears as the first three lines of a
1651:
Compare: Summary Lucylla Pszczołowska, Wiersz polski. Zarys historyczny, Wrocław 1997, p. 398.
1146:), even when the work in question uses overwhelmingly feminine rhymes (as is the case with the 87: 1636: 1813: 1635:
Alamanni, Luigi; Rucellai, Giovanni (1804). Bianchini, Giuseppe Maria; Titi, Roberto (eds.).
1291: 930: 880: 689:) are encountered as well. Lines of ten or twelve syllables are more common in rhymed verse; 33: 1730: 748:
Most classical Italian poems are composed in hendecasyllables, including the major works of
1454:(Revised ed.). Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 29–34, 97–102. 1447: 1401: 92: 296:
meters, used first in Ancient Greece and later, with little modification, by Roman poets.
8: 1058: 1050: 934: 921: 1253: 1193: 1680: 753: 580: 197: 167: 122: 82: 52: 1748: 1694: 1684: 1673: 1510: 1455: 1409: 1408:(Revised ed.). Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 129–132. 1335: 1175: 916: 949:
in this measure. The Polish hendecasyllable is widely used when translating English
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A popular form of Polish literature that employs the hendecasyllable is the
1371: 1366: 1361: 1283: 543: 293: 142: 107: 67: 1754:. Translated by Fanshawe, Sir Richard. London: Centaur Press. p. 59. 1287: 1180: 1171: 1142:
In Portuguese, the hendecasyllable meter is often called "decasyllable" (
956:
The eleven-syllable line is normally a line of 5+6 syllables with medial
950: 769: 471: 137: 883:(1515) is in blank hendecasyllables. Later examples can be found in the 1343: 862: 765: 405: 731: 659: 217: 162: 1641:. Milan: Società Tipografica de'Classici Italiani. pp. 239–240. 723: 654:, on either the fourth or sixth syllable. The first case is called 584: 363: 356: 304: 157: 117: 112: 102: 420:
is by far the most common in Catullus, and in later poets such as
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The aeolic base (i.e., the first two syllables of the line) with
367: 1638:
La Coltivazione di Luigi Alamanni e Le Api di Giovanni Rucellai
773: 588: 539: 352: 323: 187: 444:
poem 55 there are twelve decasyllables and ten normal lines:
273: 1306:, the first two lines of which are Alcaic hendecasyllables: 1334:
Occasionally "hendecasyllable" is used to denote a line of
1286:("For Once Then Something"). Contemporary American poets 734:
effect and gives the poem a sense of speed and fluidity.
1441: 1395: 1509:(2nd ed.). London: St. Martin's Press. p. 1. 1476:
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology
837:
Who, with their tongues | which lately sipped at honey,
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was the only one used, but occasionally Catullus uses
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Buzzed forth in the clear air | this earnest message:
1784: 1764: 1240:Unreined, uncurbed, to plunge thee down the steep? 1747: 1746:Camões, Luís de (1963). Bullough, Geoffrey (ed.). 1672: 1614:"A Jar of Honey from Mount Hybla [No. XI]" 1232:Fish without scales, bird without shifting plumes, 833:Sleep ravished me | in the first light of morning, 614:Ah, that man who's sitting across from you, there, 393:Freshly burnished with pumice stone to fine sheen? 299:Aeolic meters are characterized by an Aeolic base 843:And more five hundred) | beguiles us with singing 362:The Phalaecian hendecasyllable was a favorite of 1874: 1735:. Lisbon: Antonio Goçaluez impressor. p. 1. 1718:(in Polish). Lipsk: F. A. Brockhaus. p. 10. 1634: 827:While your delightful gifts | I aimed at singing 697:"Ottima è l'acqua; ma le piante abbeverinosene." 397:Think my gobbledygook was, well, was something. 1228:Thou that does run, the wingèd winds exceeding, 1105:Through Seas which never Ship has sayld before; 658:, or lesser hendecasyllable, and has the first 1659: 1657: 841:"O friendly soul who | (after thousand summers 463:that you should show us where your lair is... 436:as in lines 2 and 4 above. There is usually a 891:, where hendecasyllables are alternated with 616:Leaning in and listening to your sweet voice, 329: 237: 1236:Of natural instinct, why to this wild cleft, 1114:'Mongst Nations, under other Stars, acquir'd 1107:Who (brave in action, patient in long Toyle, 994:Ktokolwiek będziesz w Nowogródzkiej stronie, 391:To whom dedicate this, my charming new book, 1774:. Strasbourg: J.H.E. Heitz. pp. 13–14. 1654: 1109:Beyond what strength of humane nature bore) 1020:Once come, remember to rein in your horses: 440:in the line after the 5th or 6th syllable. 1818:. Boston: Ticknor and Fields. p. 200. 1711: 1119:A modern Scepter which to Heaven aspir'd. 831:Sweet little seraphim | of grassy margins, 612:He, it seems to me, is completely godlike: 525: 244: 230: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1427: 1425: 1352:: "A thing of beauty is a joy for ever". 847:Abandon rime | and its rebounding echo!" 806:Preso dal sonno, in sul spuntar dell'Alba 683:"Ciò che 'n grembo a Benaco star non può" 542:'s "Fragment 5", a poem using one of the 485: 1808: 1683:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 220. 1663: 1238:The labyrinth of naked rocks, dost sweep 829:In lofty rime | O little vestal virgins, 810:E dalla lingua, onde s'accoglie il mele, 672:, or greater hendecasyllable, and has a 529: 461:We beg, if perhaps it is not a nuisance, 284:and used in medieval and modern poetry. 1389: 1311:O mighty-mouth'd inventor of harmonies, 1001:Wjechawszy, pomnij zatrzymać twe konie, 845:Our industrious toil | our balmy study… 835:And I beheld a chorus | of your people, 741:) for its mid-line stress. A line like 575:, though it was also sometimes used in 14: 1875: 1846:Dizionario di retorica e di stilistica 1745: 1728: 1422: 1313:O skill'd to sing of Time or Eternity, 1103:Past ev'n beyond the Trapobanian-Isle, 1075:As armas, & os barões assinalados, 818:E le nostre fatiche, e i nostri studi, 743:"Più non sfavìllano quegli òcchi néri" 687:"Ergasto mio, perché solingo e tacito" 366:; it was also very frequently used by 1839:Nozioni ed esempi di metrica italiana 1588: 1504: 1101:Who from the Western Lusitanian shore 1083:Em perigos, & guerras esforçados, 941:. The greatest Polish Romantic poet, 820:Fuggi le rime, e'l rimbombar sonoro. 812:Sciolsono in chiara voce este parole: 808:M'apparve un coro della vostra gente, 720:"Se Mercé fosse amìca a' miei disìri" 704:"Al còr gentìl rempàira sèmpre amóre" 454:dēmōnstrēs ubi sint tuae tenebrae... 276:) poetry, and the newer of which are 1624:. Open Court Publishing Co: 390–395. 1611: 1452:The Meters of Greek and Latin Poetry 1406:The Meters of Greek and Latin Poetry 1323:Milton, a name to resound for ages; 1199: 1085:Mais do que prometia a força humana. 1079:Por mares, nunca de antes navegados, 1069: 1013:Visitor passing Novogrudok's courses 988: 794: 593: 452:Ōrāmus, sī forte non molestum (e)st, 446: 395:To Cornelius! you who always used to 372: 1798:. London: Henry S. King. p. 7. 1675:A History of European Versification 1219:Te desbocas, arrastras y despeñas? 1207:Que corriste parejas con el viento, 814:O spirto amico, che dopo mill'anni, 800:Mentr'era per cantare i vostri doni 714:). Such a line is called dactylic ( 24: 1867:Mały przewodnik po wierszu polskim 1826: 1602:(in Italian). Accessed March 2013. 1318:God-gifted organ-voice of England, 1089:Novo Reino, que tanto sublimaram. 1081:Passaram, ainda alem da Taprobana, 871:Like other early Italian-language 804:Vaghe Angelette delle erbose rive, 802:Con alte rime, o Verginette caste, 712:"fàtta di giòco in figùra d'amóre" 25: 1899: 1498: 1211:Pájaro sin matiz, pez sin escama, 1077:Que da Occidental praya Lusitana, 764:. The rhyme systems used include 384:meās ess(e) aliquid putāre nūgās 1831: 816:E cinque cento, rinovar ti piace 625:—Sappho: Fragment 31, lines 1-4 382:Cornēlī, tibi: namque tū solēbās 1859: 1802: 1778: 1758: 1739: 1722: 1705: 1645: 1628: 1605: 1298:, and unstressed syllables for 1226:Wild hippogriff swift speeding, 939:Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski 601:ἔμμεν' ὤνηρ, ὄττις ἐνάντιός τοι 599:φαίνεταί μοι κῆνος ἴσος θέοισιν 518:. (For an English example, see 378:Cui dōnō lepidum novum libellum 268:and used chiefly in classical ( 27:Poetic line of eleven syllables 1768:(1905). Gröber, Gustav (ed.). 1679:. Translated by Smith, G. S.; 1562: 1549: 1536: 1523: 1485: 1468: 603:ἰσδάνει καὶ πλάσιον ἆδυ φονεί- 380:āridā modo pūmic(e) expolītum? 13: 1: 1382: 1329:Tennyson: "Milton", lines 1-4 1215:Natural, al confuso laberinto 1087:Entre gente remota edificaram 1044: 1025:View the lake in admiration. 1018:In Płużyn forest's umbration, 1006:Byś się przypatrzył jezioru. 790:Giovanni di Bernardo Rucellai 685:) and twelve-syllable lines ( 1612:Hunt, Leigh (October 1844). 1505:Quinn, Kenneth, ed. (1973). 1230:Bolt which no flash illumes, 646:) is the principal metre in 519: 287: 7: 1853:Manuale di metrica italiana 1786:Calderón de la Barca, Pedro 1766:Calderón de la Barca, Pedro 1355: 1174:(as found, for example, in 1067:, which begins as follows: 903:The hendecasyllabic metre ( 865:'s blank verse translation 730:). This sort of line has a 10: 1904: 1841:, Bologna, R. Pàtron, 1966 1796:Mac-Carthy, Denis Florence 1600:Enciclopedia dell'Italiano 1342:, as in the first line of 1269: 1153: 633: 618:Charmed by your laughter. 489: 340:hendecasyllabus phalaecius 330:Phalaecian hendecasyllable 1848:, Milano, Mondadori, 1978 1712:Mickiewicz, Adam (1852). 1262:Denis Florence Mac-Carthy 898: 597: 559:hendecasyllabus sapphicus 1865:Wiktor Jarosław Darasz, 1855:, Firenze, Sansoni, 1990 1729:Camões, Luís de (1572). 1594:Claudio Ciociola (2010) 1203: 1073: 992: 963:o o o S s | o o o o S s 798: 678:as the first hemistich. 546:hendecasyllabics in its 502:hendecasyllabus alcaicus 450: 376: 318:= a short syllable, and 73:Latin rhythmic hexameter 1234:And brute awhile bereft 1209:¿Dónde, rayo sin liama, 1166:) is less pervasive in 999:Do Płużyn ciemnego boru 668:; the second is called 526:Sapphic hendecasyllable 1667:(1996). Smith, G. S.; 1474:William Smith (1873). 1332: 1224: 1163: 1099:above the vulgar File, 1094: 1054: 1036:: "Świteź", lines 1-4 1011: 908: 825: 784:. An early example is 670:endecasillabo a maiore 656:endecasillabo a minore 643: 610: 579:verse, for example by 558: 550: 538:manuscript preserving 501: 486:Alcaic hendecasyllable 459: 389: 339: 88:Metres of Roman comedy 1491:Raven, D. S. (1965). 1448:Rosenmeyer, Thomas G. 1402:Rosenmeyer, Thomas G. 1308: 1290:("Lucid Waking") and 1217:Destas desnudas peñas 1158:The hendecasyllable ( 1130:, Canto I, lines 1-8 1049:The hendecasyllable ( 975:=unstressed syllable 931:Sebastian Grabowiecki 881:Gian Giorgio Trissino 638:The hendecasyllable ( 533: 490:Further information: 34:Greek and Latin metre 1669:Holford-Strevens, L. 1618:Ainsworth's Magazine 1529:D. S. Raven (1965), 1213:Y bruto sin instinto 1135:Sir Richard Fanshawe 971:=stressed syllable, 909:jedenastozgłoskowiec 706:) is called iambic ( 93:Trochaic septenarius 1837:Raffaele Spongano, 1815:Enoch Arden, &c 1681:Tarlinskaja, Marina 1507:Catullus: The Poems 1495:, pp. 177, 180–181. 1442:Halporn, James W.; 1396:Halporn, James W.; 1205:Hipogrifo violento, 935:Wespazjan Kochowski 922:Jerusalem Delivered 314:= a long syllable, 1097:Armes, and the Men 754:Francesco Petrarca 722:) and is known as 551: 282:accentual-syllabic 198:Resolution (meter) 168:Anaclasis (poetry) 123:Asclepiad (poetry) 83:Saturnian (poetry) 53:Dactylic hexameter 1851:Mario Pazzaglia, 1844:Angelo Marchese, 1715:Ballady i romanse 1336:iambic pentameter 1267: 1266: 1176:Alonso de Ercilla 1140: 1139: 1042: 1041: 917:Piotr Kochanowski 869: 868: 739:parola sdrucciola 631: 630: 480: 479: 414: 413: 254: 253: 16:(Redirected from 1895: 1820: 1819: 1810:Tennyson, Alfred 1806: 1800: 1799: 1794:. Translated by 1782: 1776: 1775: 1771:La vida es sueño 1762: 1756: 1755: 1753: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1726: 1720: 1719: 1709: 1703: 1702: 1678: 1661: 1652: 1649: 1643: 1642: 1632: 1626: 1625: 1609: 1603: 1592: 1586: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1566: 1560: 1555:Fordyce (1961). 1553: 1547: 1542:Fordyce (1961). 1540: 1534: 1533:(Faber), p. 139. 1527: 1521: 1520: 1502: 1496: 1489: 1483: 1472: 1466: 1465: 1439: 1420: 1419: 1393: 1330: 1322: 1317: 1254:La vida es sueño 1200: 1194:La vida es sueño 1118: 1113: 1070: 1024: 1017: 1005: 998: 989: 919:(who translated 889:Giacomo Leopardi 795: 788:("the bees") by 758:Ludovico Ariosto 662:equivalent to a 594: 447: 435: 431: 419: 373: 321: 317: 313: 309: 302: 246: 239: 232: 213:Arsis and thesis 193:Biceps (prosody) 148:Galliambic verse 30: 29: 21: 1903: 1902: 1898: 1897: 1896: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1883:Types of verses 1873: 1872: 1862: 1834: 1829: 1827:Further reading 1824: 1823: 1807: 1803: 1783: 1779: 1763: 1759: 1744: 1740: 1727: 1723: 1710: 1706: 1691: 1665:Gasparov, M. L. 1662: 1655: 1650: 1646: 1633: 1629: 1610: 1606: 1596:"Endecasillabo" 1593: 1589: 1579: 1577: 1570:"Phainetai Moi" 1568: 1567: 1563: 1554: 1550: 1541: 1537: 1528: 1524: 1517: 1503: 1499: 1490: 1486: 1473: 1469: 1462: 1444:Ostwald, Martin 1440: 1423: 1416: 1398:Ostwald, Martin 1394: 1390: 1385: 1358: 1340:feminine ending 1331: 1328: 1325: 1320: 1319: 1315: 1314: 1312: 1276:Alfred Tennyson 1272: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1235: 1233: 1231: 1229: 1227: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1208: 1206: 1156: 1121: 1116: 1115: 1111: 1110: 1108: 1106: 1104: 1102: 1100: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1084: 1082: 1080: 1078: 1076: 1047: 1034:Adam Mickiewicz 1027: 1022: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1014: 1008: 1003: 1002: 1000: 996: 995: 976: 967:=any syllable, 945:, set his poem 943:Adam Mickiewicz 913:Jan Kochanowski 901: 849: 846: 844: 842: 840: 838: 836: 834: 832: 830: 828: 822: 819: 817: 815: 813: 811: 809: 807: 805: 803: 801: 636: 620: 617: 615: 613: 607: 604: 602: 600: 569: 548:Sapphic stanzas 528: 512: 494: 488: 465: 462: 456: 453: 433: 429: 417: 399: 396: 394: 392: 386: 383: 381: 379: 349: 332: 319: 315: 311: 307: 300: 290: 262:hendecasyllabic 258:hendecasyllable 250: 203:Brevis brevians 183:Brevis in longo 178:Metron (poetry) 98:Hendecasyllable 78:Iambic trimeter 63:Alcmanian verse 58:Elegiac couplet 28: 23: 22: 18:Hendecasyllabic 15: 12: 11: 5: 1901: 1891: 1890: 1888:Sonnet studies 1885: 1871: 1870: 1869:, Kraków 2003. 1861: 1858: 1857: 1856: 1849: 1842: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1821: 1801: 1777: 1757: 1738: 1721: 1704: 1689: 1653: 1644: 1627: 1604: 1587: 1561: 1548: 1535: 1522: 1515: 1497: 1484: 1467: 1460: 1421: 1414: 1387: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1377:Dodecasyllable 1374: 1369: 1364: 1357: 1354: 1326: 1309: 1304:Alcaic stanzas 1292:Patricia Smith 1271: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1258: 1244: 1243: 1222: 1168:Spanish poetry 1155: 1152: 1138: 1137: 1131: 1123: 1122: 1092: 1059:Luís de Camões 1055:hendecassílabo 1046: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1037: 1029: 1028: 1009: 982:: 11/11/11/5. 980:Sapphic stanza 962: 927:Torquato Tasso 900: 897: 867: 866: 861:—adapted from 859: 851: 850: 823: 762:Torquato Tasso 648:Italian poetry 635: 632: 629: 628: 626: 622: 621: 608: 573:Sapphic stanza 563: 527: 524: 506: 487: 484: 478: 477: 475: 467: 466: 457: 412: 411: 409: 401: 400: 387: 344: 331: 328: 303:followed by a 289: 286: 252: 251: 249: 248: 241: 234: 226: 223: 222: 221: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 153:Sotadean metre 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 128:Sapphic stanza 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1900: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1878: 1868: 1864: 1863: 1854: 1850: 1847: 1843: 1840: 1836: 1835: 1832:Italian texts 1817: 1816: 1811: 1805: 1797: 1793: 1792: 1787: 1781: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1761: 1752: 1751: 1742: 1734: 1733: 1725: 1717: 1716: 1708: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1690:0-19-815879-3 1686: 1682: 1677: 1676: 1670: 1666: 1660: 1658: 1648: 1640: 1639: 1631: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1608: 1601: 1597: 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Index

Hendecasyllabic
Greek and Latin metre
Greek prosody
Latin prosody
Dactylic hexameter
Elegiac couplet
Alcmanian verse
Archilochian
Latin rhythmic hexameter
Iambic trimeter
Saturnian (poetry)
Metres of Roman comedy
Trochaic septenarius
Hendecasyllable
Choliamb
Aeolic verse
Choriamb
Glyconic
Asclepiad (poetry)
Sapphic stanza
Alcaic stanza
Ionic metre
Anacreontics
Galliambic verse
Sotadean metre
Dochmiac
Lekythion
Anaclasis (poetry)
Metrical foot
Metron (poetry)

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