Helmet-mounted display

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correction accommodates the display position, providing an accurate image to the pilot and allowing the Scorpion HMCS to be installed onto a pilot's existing helmet. A visor can be deployed in front of the display providing protection during ejection. The visor can be clear, glare, high contrast, gradient, or laser protective. For night operations, an NVG mount can be installed in place of the visor during flight. Once installed, NVGs can be placed in front of the display, thus allowing the pilot to view both the display symbols as well as the NVG image simultaneously.

998: 623: 901: 807: 732: 404:) infrared detectors in the flightdeck (or helmet), to measure the pilot's head position. The main limitations are restricted fields of regard and sensitivity to sunlight or other heat sources. The MiG-29/AA-11 Archer system uses this technology. The Cobra HMD as used on both the Eurofighter Typhoon and the JAS39 Gripen both employ the optical helmet tracker developed by Denel Optronics (now part of Zeiss Optronics). 1009: 537: 499: 377:(IMU) and an optical sensor to provide reference to the aircraft. MEMS based IMUs benefit from high update rates such as 1,000 Hz but suffer from precession and drift over time, so they cannot be used alone. In this class of tracker, the optical sensor is used to constrain IMU drift. As a result, hybrid inertial/optical trackers feature low latency and high accuracy. The 58:) is a headworn device that uses displays and optics to project imagery and/or symbology to the eyes. It provides visual information to the user where head protection is required – most notably in military aircraft. The display-optics assembly can be attached to a helmet or integrated into the design of the helmet. An HMD provides the pilot with 886:

TopNight, a Topsight derivative, is designed specifically for adverse weather and night air to ground operations, employing more complex optics to project infrared imagery overlaid with symbology. The most recent version the Topsight has been designated TopOwl-F, and is qualified on the Mirage-2000-5

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Scorpion uses a novel optical system featuring a light-guide optical element (LOE) which provides a compact color collimated image to the pilot. The display can be positioned by each pilot, thereby eliminating the need for precise helmet position on the user's head or special helmet fitting. Software

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introduced the Scorpion® Head/Helmet-Mounted Display System to the military aviation market in 2008. In 2010, Scorpion was the winner of the USAF/ANG/AFRes Helmet Mounted Integrated Targeting (HMIT) program. The HMIT system was qualified and deployed on both A-10 and F-16 platforms in 2012. Starting

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When combined with the AIM-9X, an advanced short-range dogfight weapon that employs a Focal Plane Array seeker and a thrust vectoring tail control package, JHMCS allows effective target designation up to 80 degrees either side of the aircraft's nose. In March 2009, a successful 'Lock on After Launch'

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Joint Strike Fighter aircraft. In addition to standard HMD capabilities offered by other systems, HMDS fully utilizes the advanced avionics architecture of the F-35 and provides the pilot video with imagery in day or night conditions. Consequently, the F-35 is the first tactical fighter jet in 50

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DASH III was the first modern Western HMD to achieve operational service. Development of the DASH began during the mid-1980s, when the IAF issued a requirement for F-15 and F-16 aircraft. The first design entered production around 1986, and the current GEN III helmet entered production during the

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fighters was accompanied by the Topsight HMD by Sextant Avionique. TopSight provides a 20 degree FoV for the pilot's right eye, and cursive symbology generated from target and aircraft parameters. Electromagnetic position sensing is employed. The Topsight helmet uses an integral embedded design,

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The DASH GEN III is a wholly embedded design, where the complete optical and position sensing coil package is built within the helmet (either USAF standard HGU-55/P or the Israeli standard HGU-22/P) using a spherical visor to provide a collimated image to the pilot. A quick-disconnect wire powers

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in 2018, the installed base of HMIT systems went through a helmet tracker upgrade. The original AC magnetic tracking sensor was replaced by an inertial-optical hybrid tracker called Hybrid Optical based Inertial Tracker (HObIT). The HObIT was developed by InterSense and tested by Thales in 2014.

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V3A heat seeking missile. This enables the pilot to make off-bore attacks, without having to maneuver to the optimum firing position. After the South African system had been proven in combat, playing a role in downing Soviet aircraft over Angola, it is popularly claimed the Soviets embarked on a

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Unlike the DASH, which is integrated into the helmet itself, JHMCS assemblies attach to modified HGU-55/P, HGU-56/P or HGU-68/P helmets. JHMCS employs a newer, faster digital processing package, but retains the same type of electromagnetic position sensing as the DASH. The CRT package is more

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Scorpion has the distinction of being the first HMD introduced and deployed that can display full-color conformal symbology. It is used along with the aircraft mission system to cue the aircraft targeting pods, gimbaled sensors, and high off-boresight missiles. Scorpion provides an "eyes out"

365:", vibration, and during rapid head movement. Five basic methods are used in current HMD technology – inertial, optical, electromagnetic, sonic, and hybrid. Hybrid trackers use a combination of sensors such as inertial and optical to improve tracking accuracy, update rate, and latency. 140:(HOBS) weapons, allow aircrew to attack and destroy nearly any target seen by the pilot. These systems allow targets to be designated with minimal aircraft maneuvering, minimizing the time spent in the threat environment, and allowing greater lethality, survivability, and pilot 1029:

years to fly without a HUD. A BAE Systems helmet was considered when HMDS development was experiencing significant problems, but these issues were eventually worked out. The Helmet-Mounted Display System was fully operational and ready for delivery in July 2014.

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Atac, Robert; Spink, Scott; Calloway, Tom; Foxlin, Eric (2014-06-13). "Scorpion Hybrid Optical-based Inertial Tracker (HObIT) test results". In Desjardins, Daniel D; Sarma, Kalluri R; Marasco, Peter L; Havig, Paul R; Browne, Michael P; Melzer, James E (eds.).

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capability: even when objects may be obscured from view, Scorpion can provide visual graphic cues to the near-field display. Unlike most HMDs which require custom helmets, Scorpion was designed to be installed on a standard issue

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and with it the Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADSS), a new helmet concept in which the role of the helmet was expanded to provide a visually coupled interface between the aviator and the aircraft. The

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fighter utilizes the Cobra HMD. The helmet is a further development and refinement of the Striker helmet developed for the Eurofighter by BAE Systems. The refinement is done by BAE in partnership with Denel Cumulus.

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HMD designs must sense the orientation (elevation, azimuth and roll) and in some cases the position (x, y, and z) of the pilot's head relative to the airframe with sufficient precision even under high "

1937: 438:

sensing designs use ultrasonic sensors to monitor the pilot's head position while being updated by computer software in multiple axes. Typical operating frequencies are in the 50 to 100

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pictures for night operations and provides collimated symbology and imagery to the pilot. The integration of the night-vision goggles with the JHMCS was a key requirement of the program.

1069:– eye trackers measure the point of gaze relative to the direction of the head, allowing the system to compute where the user is looking. These systems are not currently used in aircraft. 292:(LOS) between the aircraft and the intended target. The user's eye must stay aligned with the sight; in other words, current HMDs cannot sense where the eye is looking, but can place a 70:, to the direction their head is pointing. Applications which allow cuing of weapon systems are referred to as helmet-mounted sight and display (HMSD) or helmet-mounted sights (HMS). 1830: 313:" maneuvers. Weight is the largest problem faced by fighter aircraft HMD designers. This is much less a concern for helicopter applications, making elaborate helicopter HMDs common. 2424: 751:

and HGU-68/P helmets and is fully compatible with standard issue U.S. Pilot Flight Equipment without special fitting. It is also fully compatible with standard unmodified AN/AVS-9

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fighters. VTAS received praise for its effectiveness in targeting off-boresight missiles, but the U.S. did not pursue fielding it except for integration into late-model Navy

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Jedeye is a new system recently introduced by Elbit Systems especially to meet Apache and other rotary wing platform requirements. The system is designed for day, night and

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of Turkey is working to develop a similar system to the French TopOwl Helmet, called the AVCI Helmet Integrated Cueing System. The system will also be utilized into the

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firing of an ASRAAM at a target located behind the wing-line of the ‘shooter' aircraft, was demonstrated by a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) F/A-18 using JHMCS.

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make helmet-fitting a crucial factor in the aviator's ability to interface with the aircraft systems. Misalignment or helmet shift can cause an inaccurate picture.

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JHMCS is a derivative of the DASH III and the Kaiser Agile Eye HMDs, and was developed by Vision Systems International (VSI), a joint venture company formed by

106:, without HMDs, pilots have to align the aircraft to shoot at a target. HMDs allow pilots to simply point their heads at a target, designate a weapon and shoot. 1972: 459: 1882: 242:) combination once its effectiveness was known, principally through access to former East German MiG-29s that were operated by the unified German Air Force. 2228: 1912: 2277: 2174: 2349: 435: 981:. Named the Striker and later version Striker II, it is capable of displaying both raster imagery and cursive symbology, with provisions for embedded 3346: 1163:

Kocian, Dean F.; Task, H. Lee (1995). "Visually coupled systems hardware and the human interface". In Barfield, Woodrow; Furness, Thomas A. (eds.).

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capable, but remains limited to monochrome presentation of cursive symbology. JHMCS provides support for raster scanned imagery to display FLIR/

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range and can be made to carry audio sound information directly to the pilot's ears via subcarrier modulation of the ultrasonic sensing signals.

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is what is used to point the missile; it thus must be calibrated and fit securely on the pilot's head. The line between the pilot's eye and the

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and the Joint Helmet-Mounted Cueing System in 1990. American and European fighter HMDs became widely used in the late 1990s and early 2000s.

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Proc. SPIE 9086, Display Technologies and Applications for Defense, Security, and Avionics VIII; and Head- and Helmet-Mounted Displays XIX

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The Russian designed Shchel-3UM HMD design has been fitted to the ZSh-5 series helmet (and later ZSh-7 helmets), and has been used on the

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Atac, Robert (2010-05-05). "Applications of the Scorpion color helmet-mounted cueing system". In Marasco, Peter L; Havig, Paul R (eds.).

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based on the movement of the helmet in multiple axes. This technique requires precise magnetic mapping of the flightdeck to account for

415:

sensing designs use coils (in the helmet) placed in an alternating field (generated in the flightdeck) to produce alternating electrical

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verification that the chosen sensor has been cued to the right target or location without requiring the pilot to look inside the cockpit

2572: 2253: 1400: 2398: 1997: 3128: 2525: 1418: 922: 828: 2302: 1532: 2376: 1670: 1634: 1304: 2790: 1376: 1147: 519:

M142 IHADSS is fitted with a 40°-by-30° field of view, video-with-symbology monocular display. IR emitters allow a slewable

2460: 2108: 1428: 2842: 569:: AA-11 Archer). The HMD/Archer combination gave the MiG-29 and Su-27 a significantly improved close combat capability. 171:

One of the first aircraft with simple HMD devices appeared for experimental purpose in the mid-1960s to aid in targeting

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joint venture) along with Helmet Integrated Systems, Ltd. developed the Helmet-Mounted Display System (HMDS) for the

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sensor, mounted on the nose of the aircraft, to be slaved to the aviator's head movements. The display also enables

2752: 1890: 2281: 3331: 2565: 1804: 1716: 926: 832: 1762: 3336: 3299: 3258: 63: 2353: 219: 3294: 2730: 2687: 487: 302:

field of regard – the angular range over which the sight can still produce a suitably accurate measurement.

3351: 3326: 3000: 2632: 1336:"HOW THE FORMER SOVIET UNION AC QUIRED THE "HELMET MOUNTED SIGHT" FOR THEIR AIR FORCE: Wolfgang Witschas" 989:

to ensure that symbols representing outside-world entities move in line with the pilot's head movements.

775: 685: 265: 961: 327:, a technique used to present the images at a distant focus, which improves the readability of images), 276:

While conceptually simple, implementation of aircraft HMDs is quite complex. There are many variables:

222:

of the South African Air Force (SAAF) used a locally developed helmet-mounted sight integrated with the

2652: 2350:"Lockheed Martin Selects BAE Systems to Supply F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) Helmet Display Solution" 1831:"RAAF has successfully fired ASRAAM at a target located behind the wing-line of the 'shooter' aircraft" 1119: 215: 2535: 1787: 1335: 1202: 759:(PNVG). Pilots, using Scorpion, can view both the night vision image and the symbols on the display. 474:

along with an LED illuminator to generate the displayed image. Advanced HMDs can also project FLIR or

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systems. Technical difficulties led to the U.S. abandoning ASRAAM, instead funding development of the

3289: 2868: 2837: 2806: 2642: 2627: 2622: 2558: 2438: 467: 412: 374: 1695: 3284: 2692: 2417:"Saab & BAE Systems sign agreement for new integrated Helmet Mounted Display System for Gripen" 911: 883:

and its contoured shape is designed to provide the pilot with a wholly unobstructed field of view.

817: 98:) to a target by the pilot merely turning the helmet towards the target and operating a switch via 1583: 2759: 2747: 1349: 1084: 1072: 915: 821: 541: 280:

precision – the angular error between the line-of-sight and the derived cue. The position of the

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Dr. James Miller, Fullerton, CA, research psychologist for the Ground Systems Group at Hughes, "

498: 427:

materials in the seat, flightdeck sills and canopy to reduce angular errors in the measurement.

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RCEVS is developing a standard view Night Vision Cueing & Display (NVCD) for the U.S. Navy.

471: 293: 223: 3030: 2667: 1667:"The Impact of the U.S. Army's AH-64 Helmet Mounted Display on Future Aviation Helmet Design" 1635:"The Impact of the U.S. Army's AH-64 Helmet Mounted Display on Future Aviation Helmet Design" 594:. The DASH III has been exported and integrated into various legacy aircraft, including the 141: 2482: 1868: 3248: 3148: 2893: 2725: 2125: 1301:

The Impact of the U.S. Army's AH-64 Helmet Mounted Display on Future Aviation Helmet Design

1219: 1097: 748: 528: 520: 20: 8: 1235: 1038: 982: 970: 756: 752: 650: 566: 475: 208: 204: 137: 67: 59: 43: 34: 26: 211:

with the Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADSiSy) demonstrated in 1985.

2988: 2811: 2090: 2059: 1973:"The A-10C Warthog Gets New Upgrades To Be Ready To Fight In Future High-end Conflicts" 1953: 1465: 1041:

flight environments. Jedeye has a 70 x 40 degree FOV and 2250x1200 pixels resolution.

121:, etc.) to the pilot while "heads-up", eliminating the need to look inside the cockpit. 83: 1434: 3341: 2873: 2677: 2593: 2094: 2063: 1957: 1913:"Up Close And Personal With The A-10 Warthog's Scorpion Helmet-Mounted Cueing System" 1469: 1424: 1168: 1143: 1109: 1025: 1002: 997: 766:

Scorpion is also used by Tactical Air Support Inc. on F-5AT, by French Air Force for

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imagery. A recent improvement is the capability to display color symbols and video.

306: 246: 2306: 1741: 3216: 3061: 2951: 2908: 2832: 2647: 2581: 2082: 2051: 1945: 1641: 1457: 1021: 669: 603: 524: 451: 332: 200: 161: 238:

Several nations responded with programs to counter the MiG-29/HMD/R-73 (and later

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early to mid-1990s. The current production variant is deployed on IDF F-15, and

172: 2203:"Thales to deliver Scorpion helmet mounted cueing systems for Spanish Air Force" 1869:"The French Air Force Is Testing The New Rafale F4-1 Standard – The Aviationist" 1257: 3238: 3108: 2976: 2847: 2229:"Check Out This AC-130 Gunship Pilot Wearing A Scorpion Helmet Mounted Display" 2126:"Raytheon Wins US Air Force HMIT Contract at Farnborough – Airforce Technology" 1188:

Rash, Clarence E. (2001). "Introductory Overview". In Rash, Clarence E. (ed.).

871: 562: 232: 196: 39: 2079:

Proc. SPIE 7688, Head- and Helmet-Mounted Displays XV: Design and Applications

466:. Modern HMDs have dispensed with the CRT in favor of micro-displays such as 3320: 3133: 3101: 2785: 2697: 2605: 1692:"Fact Sheets : Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-29A : Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-29A" 1017: 986: 642: 578: 345: 317: 184: 87: 2328: 2175:"Private Aggressor F-5 Fighter Force is Flying with Helmet Mounted Displays" 1278: 606:(CRT). DASH is closely integrated with the aircraft's weapon system, via a 299:

latency or slew rate – how much lag there is between the helmet and the cue.

253:, in the early 1990s. The U.S., UK, and Germany pursued a HMD combined with 3169: 3086: 3076: 3071: 3056: 2983: 2928: 2918: 2903: 2775: 2742: 2682: 1507: 1066: 739: 607: 591: 511: 378: 103: 2526:

USAARL Helmet Mounted Displays- Sensation, Perception and Cognitive Issues

1854: 1508:"InterSense | Precision Motion Tracking Solutions | IS-1200+ HObIT System" 3138: 3091: 3020: 2923: 2913: 2898: 2863: 974: 879: 696:

Block 40/50/50+/60/70 with a design that is 95% common to all platforms.

324: 130:

viewing outside terrain using sensor video in degraded visual conditions.

2550: 3123: 2993: 2966: 2662: 2055: 1461: 1247:"‘Seeing Things’ with Electrocular", Science & Mechanics, Aug, 1962 978: 653:

E and F aircraft in 2003. The USAF is also integrating JHMCS into its

424: 401: 264:

The first civilian use of HMD on aircraft was the Elbit SkyLens HMD on

192: 165: 2086: 1949: 1138:

Rash, C. E.; Russo, M. R.; Letowski, T. R.; Schmeisser, E. T. (2010).

493: 3206: 3118: 3081: 2657: 2637: 611: 516: 507: 328: 289: 180: 1808: 1720: 1640:. United States Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory. Archived from 900: 806: 731: 323:

optical characteristics – calibration, sharpness, distant focus (or

3253: 2961: 2956: 2303:"VSI's Helmet Mounted Display System flies on Joint Strike Fighter" 1766: 1420:

Helmet Mounted Displays: Sensation, Perception and Cognitive Issues

1303:(Report). Army Aeromedical Research Lab Fort Rucker. Archived from 1140:

Helmet-Mounted Displays: Sensation, Perception and Cognition Issues

635: 463: 397: 250: 114: 110: 109:

displaying targeting and aircraft performance information (such as

3174: 2971: 2530: 1483: 973:

utilizes the Helmet-Mounted Symbology System (HMSS) developed by

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was fielded in 1985 with an HMD and a high off-boresight weapon (

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Head- and Helmet-Mounted Displays XVIII: Design and Applications

1325:{{cite web |last1=Lake |first1=Jon |title=Looks Really Can Kill! 1008: 3233: 3228: 3201: 3051: 3005: 2720: 1190:

Helmet-Mounted Displays: Design Issues for Rotary-Wing Aircraft

1076: 1050: 767: 720: 689: 681: 677: 646: 641:, in November 2003 with the 12th and 19th Fighter Squadrons at 638: 631: 610:

B bus. Latest model DASH IV is currently integrated on India's

595: 587: 554: 536: 455: 258: 254: 228: 1942:

Head- and Helmet-Mounted Displays XVI: Design and Applications

1142:. Fort Rucker AL: U. S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory. 1075:– systems that project information directly onto the wearer's 890: 344:

fit and interfacing the aviator's head to the aircraft – head

235:), giving them an advantage in close maneuvering engagements. 183:

Corporation that was flown in early 1970s in F-4J and 1974–78

3263: 3046: 3025: 3010: 2109:"Thales Scorpion Helmet Mounted Display for fighter aircraft" 1533:"Denel Optronics Head-Tracker System for Eurofighter Typhoon" 1080: 1012:

Helmet Mounted System Striker II from BAE System on DSEI-2019

868: 790: 726: 716: 673: 662: 658: 654: 634:, the U.S. pursued and fielded JHMCS in conjunction with the 617: 558: 439: 239: 99: 91: 2021: 1998:"Nothing Can Kill the A-10 Warthog (And We Meaning Nothing)" 602:

the display and carries video drive signals to the helmet's

3153: 1137: 1114: 701: 693: 598:. It also forms the baseline technology for the US JHMCS. 583: 227:

crash program to counter the technology. As a result, the

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C as lead platform for JHMCS, but fielded it first on the

385:

called the Hybrid Optical-based Inertial Tracker (HObIT).

338:

durability and ability to handle day-to-day wear and tear.

2254:"F-22 Raptor Spotted Flying With Stealthy Underwing Pods" 2022:"InterSense | Precision Motion Tracking Solutions | Home" 1632: 1223: 985:. As with the DASH helmet, the system employs integrated 2483:"How It Works: Retinal Displays Add a Second Data Layer" 1742:"MiG-21 2000 Fighter Ground Attack Air Force Technology" 1450:"Scorpion hybrid optical-based inertial tracker (HObIT)" 688:

delivery in fiscal year 2002. JHMCS is employed in the

2044: 676:(Kaiser Electronics is now owned by Rockwell Collins). 381:

Scorpion® HMCS and HMIT HMDs utilize a tracker made by

30:

The Integrated Helmet and Display Sight System (IHADSS)

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Resolution analysis for HMD helmets / Comparison Chart

2189:"France invests €2 billion for Rafale new F4 standard" 1603: 1601: 527:

night navigation. IHADSS is also used on the Italian

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Systems are presented in rough chronological order of

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aircraft. Additionally, it has been certified on the

2369:"BAE Systems Lands Contract for New F-35 JSF Helmet" 1938:"Qualification of the scorpion helmet cueing system" 373:

Hybrid inertial tracking systems employ a sensitive

179:'s Visual Target Acquisition System (VTAS), made by 2327:. F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Program. Archived from 1694:. Nationalmuseum.af.mil. 1977-10-06. Archived from 1598: 1423:. U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory. 2009. 494:

Integrated Helmet And Display Sight System (IHADSS)

249:Elbit DASH series, fielded in conjunction with the 2305:. Rockwell Collins. April 10, 2007. Archived from 1883:"Raytheon to produce HMIT system for US Air Force" 1299:Rash, Clarence E.; Martin, John S. (August 1988). 1192:. U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command. 1165:Virtual Environments and Advanced Interface Design 572: 164:, head-mounted monocular display that reflected a 1559:"FIRST GRIPEN FLIGHT WITH HELMET MOUNTED DISPLAY" 1413: 1411: 1409: 305:weight and balance – total helmet weight and its 3318: 992: 2352:. BAE Systems. October 10, 2011. Archived from 1607: 645:, Alaska. The Navy conducted RDT&E on the 462:on to the pilot's visor or reticle, focused at 316:safety and flightdeck compatibility, including 309:, which are particularly important under high " 2396: 1406: 796: 719:designed system is used by Qatar and India on 335:imagery, eye dominance, and binocular rivalry. 16:Headworn device projecting imagery to the eyes 2566: 2512:Head Mounted Displays: Designing for the user 2509: 1940:. In Marasco, Peter L; Havig, Paul R (eds.). 1828: 1452:. In Marasco, Peter L; Havig, Paul R (eds.). 2399:""Magic Helmet" for F-35 ready for delivery" 692:A++/C/D/E/F, F-15C/D/E/S/K/SG/SA/QA/EX, and 124:displaying sensor video for the purpose of: 82:using the head angle as a pointer to direct 1855:"TARGO™ II — Helmet Mounted Display System" 929:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 891:Eurofighter Helmet-Mounted Symbology System 835:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 770:F4, by the Spanish Airforce on EF-18s, the 78:Aviation HMD designs serve these purposes: 66:of the scene, and in military applications 2573: 2559: 1970: 1447: 1298: 1162: 727:Helmet Mounted Integrated Targeting (HMIT) 618:Joint Helmet-Mounted Cueing System (JHMCS) 368: 2580: 2480: 1935: 1910: 1633:Sensory Research Division (August 1988). 1448:Atac, Robert; Foxlin, Eric (2013-05-16). 949:Learn how and when to remove this message 855:Learn how and when to remove this message 341:cost, including integration and training. 203:from 1969. HMDs were also introduced in 3347:Equipment of the United States Air Force 1936:Atac, Robert; Bugno, Tony (2011-06-01). 1374: 1007: 996: 960: 730: 621: 497: 207:during this time – examples include the 90:weapons seekers or other sensors (e.g., 46:being aimed with a helmet-mounted sight. 33: 25: 2366: 2251: 1016:Vision Systems International (VSI; the 3319: 2944: 2226: 1805:"Vision Systems International – JHMCS" 1001:Helmet-Mounted Display System for the 450:Older HMDs typically employ a compact 296:marker between the eye and the target. 117:, target range, weapon seeker status, 3244:Software related to augmented reality 2791:Simultaneous localization and mapping 2554: 1763:"Vision Systems International – DASH" 1744:. Airforce-technology.com. 1995-05-24 1584:"Denel, Zeiss in optical partnership" 1375:Dunnigan, James (12 September 2015). 548: 454:embedded in the helmet, and suitable 2457:"Virtual Retinal Display Technology" 2445:from the original on March 10, 2021. 2076: 2050:. Vol. 9086. pp. 172–181. 1944:. Vol. 8041. pp. 182–188. 1610:"Helmet Mounted Sights and Displays" 1377:"The Helmet that Changed Everything" 1187: 1057: 927:adding citations to reliable sources 894: 833:adding citations to reliable sources 800: 168:signal onto a transparent eyepiece. 136:HMD systems, combined with High Off- 2843:Omnidirectional (360-degree) camera 2367:McGlaun, Shane (October 17, 2011). 1995: 19:For non-aviation applications, see 13: 2817:Image-based modeling and rendering 2252:Rogoway, Tyler (8 February 2022). 2081:. Vol. 7688. pp. 18–24. 1829:Industry News, Your (2009-03-09). 1456:. Vol. 8735. p. 873502. 1401:ATR, Elbit Developing Wearable HUD 407: 14: 3363: 2519: 1669:. Stinet.dtic.mil. Archived from 1234:"Third Eye for Space Explorers", 2541:User survey of HMD requirements 2227:Hunter, Jamie (18 August 2020). 899: 805: 535: 481: 468:liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) 356: 2503: 2474: 2449: 2431: 2423:. June 17, 2003. Archived from 2409: 2390: 2360: 2342: 2313: 2295: 2270: 2245: 2220: 2195: 2181: 2167: 2143: 2118: 2101: 2070: 2038: 2014: 1989: 1964: 1929: 1911:Cenciotti, David (2018-12-13). 1904: 1875: 1861: 1847: 1822: 1797: 1780: 1755: 1734: 1709: 1684: 1659: 1626: 1576: 1551: 1525: 1500: 1476: 1441: 1394: 1368: 1342: 1328: 1319: 1292: 781: 735:Scorpion Helmet Mounted Display 680:integrated the system into the 630:After the U.S. withdrawal from 573:Display and sight helmet (DASH) 2280:. Monch.com.tr. Archived from 1971:D'Urso, Stefano (2019-09-10). 1889:. 19 July 2010. Archived from 1807:. Vsi-hmcs.com. Archived from 1765:. Vsi-hmcs.com. Archived from 1271: 1250: 1241: 1228: 1212: 1196: 1181: 1156: 1131: 1087:) are also in experimentation. 757:Panoramic Night Vision Goggles 73: 1: 3259:Vuforia Augmented Reality SDK 2510:Melzer & Moffitt (1997). 2397:SEAN GALLAGHER (2014-07-24). 1125: 993:Helmet-Mounted Display System 288:on the visor is known as the 271: 3295:List of PlayStation VR games 2688:Virtual reality applications 2536:Vision Systems International 2481:MATT LAKE (April 26, 2001). 1717:"Fighter Aircraft, MiG-29/1" 867:The French thrust vectoring 774:Stinger II Gunship, and the 488:initial operating capability 472:liquid crystal display (LCD) 214:At the same time (1975) the 7: 2207:www.airforce-technology.com 1167:. Oxford University Press. 1091: 797:TopOwl-F(Topsight/TopNight) 793:Turkish Attack Helicopter. 776:Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor 711: 686:low-rate initial production 400:emitters on the helmet (or 245:One successful HMD was the 10: 3370: 2653:Projection augmented model 1120:Index of aviation articles 388: 147: 18: 3290:List of Oculus Rift games 3272: 3194: 3187: 3162: 3039: 2937: 2886: 2869:Omnidirectional treadmill 2856: 2838:Free viewpoint television 2825: 2807:Asynchronous reprojection 2799: 2768: 2713: 2706: 2643:On-set virtual production 2628:Computer-mediated reality 2623:Cinematic virtual reality 2615: 2589: 2278:"Monch Yayıncılık – AVCI" 1996:Axe, David (2019-10-06). 1073:direct retinal projection 1032: 445: 375:Inertial Measurement Unit 3285:List of Meta Quest games 2693:Virtual reality sickness 1719:. Sci.fi. Archived from 1350:"Looks Really Can Kill!" 1044: 561:in conjunction with the 430: 2760:Virtual retinal display 2748:Virtual reality headset 1281:. Best-of-flightgear.dk 1260:. Best-of-flightgear.dk 1258:"VTAS/HELMET INTERFACE" 1209:, Friday, Apr. 13, 1962 1203:"Science: Second Sight" 1085:virtual retinal display 369:Hybrid inertial optical 154:Hughes Aircraft Company 3280:List of HTC Vive games 2673:Six degrees of freedom 2155:www.thalesvisionix.com 1788:ADA 31st Annual Report 1488:www.thalesvisionix.com 1403:AIN online (July 2016) 1013: 1005: 966: 736: 627: 503: 294:predicted impact point 52:helmet-mounted display 47: 31: 3332:Head-mounted displays 3129:The Sword of Damocles 3031:Windows Mixed Reality 2668:Simulation hypothesis 2002:The National Interest 1608:Air Power Australia. 1354:Asian Military Review 1011: 1000: 964: 734: 625: 501: 173:heat seeking missiles 142:situational awareness 37: 29: 3337:Military electronics 3249:Virtual reality game 2894:Cyberith Virtualizer 2726:Head-mounted display 2356:on October 11, 2011. 1647:on December 23, 2016 1222:", April 9, 1962 on 1098:Head-mounted display 979:Pilkington Optronics 923:improve this section 829:improve this section 753:Night Vision Goggles 544:at Wikimedia Commons 529:Agusta A129 Mangusta 521:thermographic camera 21:Head-mounted display 2427:on August 17, 2016. 2151:"Thales | Visionix" 2130:Airforce Technology 1484:"Thales | Visionix" 1307:on 27 February 2012 1236:Popular Electronics 1079:with a low-powered 1049:Sweden's JAS 39C/D 971:Eurofighter Typhoon 651:F/A-18 Super Hornet 567:NATO reporting name 209:Boeing AH-64 Apache 68:cue weapons systems 60:situation awareness 44:Boeing AH-64 Apache 3352:Wearable computers 3327:Display technology 2989:Microsoft HoloLens 2812:Foveated rendering 2487:The New York Times 2056:10.1117/12.2050363 2026:www.intersense.com 1835:Your Industry News 1512:www.intersense.com 1462:10.1117/12.2012194 1356:. 26 November 2020 1014: 1006: 967: 737: 628: 549:ZSh-5 / Shchel-3UM 504: 199:equipped with the 48: 32: 3314: 3313: 3310: 3309: 3183: 3182: 2957:Golden-i headsets 2882: 2881: 2874:Wearable computer 2678:Spatial computing 2594:Augmented reality 2087:10.1117/12.849287 1950:10.1117/12.884195 1437:on March 3, 2012. 1220:I've Got a Secret 1149:978-0-615-28375-3 1110:Augmented reality 1058:Future technology 1003:F-35 Lightning II 959: 958: 951: 887:Mk2 and Mig-29K. 865: 864: 857: 540:Media related to 307:center of gravity 247:Israeli Air Force 3359: 3217:virtual graffiti 3192: 3191: 3062:Google Cardboard 2952:Apple Vision Pro 2942: 2941: 2909:PlayStation Move 2833:360-degree video 2711: 2710: 2648:Persistent world 2582:Extended reality 2575: 2568: 2561: 2552: 2551: 2515: 2498: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2469: 2468: 2459:. Archived from 2453: 2447: 2446: 2439:"Eyes on target" 2435: 2429: 2428: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2385: 2384: 2375:. Archived from 2364: 2358: 2357: 2346: 2340: 2339: 2337: 2336: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2309:on May 16, 2007. 2299: 2293: 2292: 2290: 2289: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2265: 2264: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2240: 2239: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2215: 2214: 2199: 2193: 2192: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2177:. 16 March 2020. 2171: 2165: 2164: 2162: 2161: 2147: 2141: 2140: 2138: 2137: 2122: 2116: 2115: 2113: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2074: 2068: 2067: 2042: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2032: 2018: 2012: 2011: 2009: 2008: 1993: 1987: 1986: 1984: 1983: 1968: 1962: 1961: 1933: 1927: 1926: 1924: 1923: 1908: 1902: 1901: 1899: 1898: 1879: 1873: 1872: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1857:. Elbit Systems. 1851: 1845: 1844: 1842: 1841: 1826: 1820: 1819: 1817: 1816: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1792: 1784: 1778: 1777: 1775: 1774: 1759: 1753: 1752: 1750: 1749: 1738: 1732: 1731: 1729: 1728: 1713: 1707: 1706: 1704: 1703: 1688: 1682: 1681: 1679: 1678: 1663: 1657: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1646: 1639: 1630: 1624: 1623: 1621: 1620: 1605: 1596: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1580: 1574: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1555: 1549: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1529: 1523: 1522: 1520: 1519: 1514:. 2 October 2017 1504: 1498: 1497: 1495: 1494: 1480: 1474: 1473: 1445: 1439: 1438: 1433:. Archived from 1430:978-0-6152-83753 1415: 1404: 1398: 1392: 1391: 1389: 1387: 1372: 1366: 1365: 1363: 1361: 1346: 1340: 1339: 1332: 1326: 1323: 1317: 1316: 1314: 1312: 1296: 1290: 1289: 1287: 1286: 1275: 1269: 1268: 1266: 1265: 1254: 1248: 1245: 1239: 1232: 1226: 1216: 1210: 1200: 1194: 1193: 1185: 1179: 1178: 1160: 1154: 1153: 1135: 1022:Rockwell Collins 987:position sensing 954: 947: 943: 940: 934: 903: 895: 860: 853: 849: 846: 840: 809: 801: 670:Rockwell Collins 604:Cathode Ray Tube 539: 525:Nap-of-the-earth 268:72/42 airplane. 201:AIM-9 Sidewinder 3369: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3357: 3356: 3317: 3316: 3315: 3306: 3268: 3224:Meta Horizon OS 3212:Interactive art 3179: 3158: 3144:Virtual fixture 3114:Samsung Gear VR 3067:Google Daydream 3035: 3016:PlayStation VR2 2933: 2878: 2852: 2821: 2795: 2781:Finger tracking 2764: 2738:Head-up display 2702: 2611: 2600:Virtual reality 2585: 2579: 2531:Thales Visionix 2522: 2506: 2501: 2491: 2489: 2479: 2475: 2466: 2464: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2437: 2436: 2432: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2395: 2391: 2382: 2380: 2365: 2361: 2348: 2347: 2343: 2334: 2332: 2319: 2318: 2314: 2301: 2300: 2296: 2287: 2285: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2262: 2260: 2250: 2246: 2237: 2235: 2225: 2221: 2212: 2210: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2187: 2186: 2182: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2159: 2157: 2149: 2148: 2144: 2135: 2133: 2124: 2123: 2119: 2111: 2107: 2106: 2102: 2075: 2071: 2043: 2039: 2030: 2028: 2020: 2019: 2015: 2006: 2004: 1994: 1990: 1981: 1979: 1977:The Aviationist 1969: 1965: 1934: 1930: 1921: 1919: 1917:The Aviationist 1909: 1905: 1896: 1894: 1881: 1880: 1876: 1867: 1866: 1862: 1853: 1852: 1848: 1839: 1837: 1827: 1823: 1814: 1812: 1803: 1802: 1798: 1790: 1786: 1785: 1781: 1772: 1770: 1761: 1760: 1756: 1747: 1745: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1726: 1724: 1715: 1714: 1710: 1701: 1699: 1690: 1689: 1685: 1676: 1674: 1665: 1664: 1660: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1637: 1631: 1627: 1618: 1616: 1614:Ausairpower.net 1606: 1599: 1589: 1587: 1586:. 27 March 2007 1582: 1581: 1577: 1567: 1565: 1557: 1556: 1552: 1542: 1540: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1517: 1515: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1492: 1490: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1446: 1442: 1431: 1417: 1416: 1407: 1399: 1395: 1385: 1383: 1373: 1369: 1359: 1357: 1348: 1347: 1343: 1334: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1320: 1310: 1308: 1297: 1293: 1284: 1282: 1277: 1276: 1272: 1263: 1261: 1256: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1242: 1233: 1229: 1217: 1213: 1201: 1197: 1186: 1182: 1175: 1161: 1157: 1150: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1104:Virtual reality 1094: 1060: 1047: 1035: 995: 955: 944: 938: 935: 920: 904: 893: 878:and late-model 876:Dassault Rafale 861: 850: 844: 841: 826: 810: 799: 784: 729: 714: 620: 575: 551: 496: 484: 448: 433: 413:Electromagnetic 410: 408:Electromagnetic 396:systems employ 391: 371: 359: 274: 150: 76: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3367: 3366: 3355: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3312: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3304: 3303: 3302: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3276: 3274: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3239:Pervasive game 3236: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3220: 3219: 3209: 3204: 3198: 3196: 3189: 3185: 3184: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3177: 3172: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3109:PlayStation VR 3106: 3105: 3104: 3099: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2997: 2996: 2986: 2981: 2980: 2979: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2948: 2946: 2939: 2935: 2934: 2932: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2877: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2850: 2848:VR photography 2845: 2840: 2835: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2772: 2770: 2769:3D interaction 2766: 2765: 2763: 2762: 2757: 2756: 2755: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2734: 2733: 2723: 2717: 2715: 2708: 2704: 2703: 2701: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2590: 2587: 2586: 2578: 2577: 2570: 2563: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2521: 2520:External links 2518: 2517: 2516: 2514:. McGraw Hill. 2505: 2502: 2500: 2499: 2473: 2448: 2430: 2421:SAAB CORPORATE 2408: 2389: 2359: 2341: 2312: 2294: 2269: 2244: 2219: 2194: 2180: 2166: 2142: 2117: 2100: 2069: 2037: 2013: 1988: 1963: 1928: 1903: 1874: 1860: 1846: 1821: 1796: 1779: 1754: 1733: 1708: 1683: 1658: 1625: 1597: 1575: 1550: 1524: 1499: 1475: 1440: 1429: 1405: 1393: 1367: 1341: 1327: 1318: 1291: 1270: 1249: 1240: 1227: 1211: 1195: 1180: 1173: 1155: 1148: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1101: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1088: 1070: 1064: 1059: 1056: 1046: 1043: 1034: 1031: 994: 991: 957: 956: 907: 905: 898: 892: 889: 872:MICA (missile) 863: 862: 813: 811: 804: 798: 795: 783: 780: 728: 725: 713: 710: 619: 616: 574: 571: 550: 547: 546: 545: 495: 492: 483: 480: 447: 444: 432: 429: 409: 406: 390: 387: 370: 367: 358: 355: 354: 353: 342: 339: 336: 321: 320:compatibility. 314: 303: 300: 297: 273: 270: 149: 146: 134: 133: 132: 131: 128: 122: 107: 75: 72: 64:enhanced image 40:M230 chain gun 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3365: 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2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2786:Pose tracking 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2761: 2758: 2754: 2751: 2750: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2732: 2729: 2728: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2709: 2705: 2699: 2698:Virtual world 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2607: 2606:Mixed reality 2604: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2588: 2583: 2576: 2571: 2569: 2564: 2562: 2557: 2556: 2553: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2523: 2513: 2508: 2507: 2488: 2484: 2477: 2463:on 2008-04-13 2462: 2458: 2452: 2444: 2440: 2434: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2412: 2404: 2400: 2393: 2379:on 2017-07-01 2378: 2374: 2373:Dailytech.com 2370: 2363: 2355: 2351: 2345: 2331:on 2012-05-06 2330: 2326: 2322: 2316: 2308: 2304: 2298: 2284:on 2009-09-07 2283: 2279: 2273: 2259: 2255: 2248: 2234: 2230: 2223: 2209:. 12 May 2016 2208: 2204: 2198: 2190: 2184: 2176: 2170: 2156: 2152: 2146: 2131: 2127: 2121: 2110: 2104: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2073: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2041: 2027: 2023: 2017: 2003: 1999: 1992: 1978: 1974: 1967: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1932: 1918: 1914: 1907: 1893:on 2021-05-08 1892: 1888: 1884: 1878: 1870: 1864: 1856: 1850: 1836: 1832: 1825: 1811:on 2010-08-03 1810: 1806: 1800: 1789: 1783: 1769:on 2010-08-03 1768: 1764: 1758: 1743: 1737: 1723:on 2011-05-14 1722: 1718: 1712: 1698:on 2010-08-12 1697: 1693: 1687: 1673:on 2012-02-27 1672: 1668: 1662: 1643: 1636: 1629: 1615: 1611: 1604: 1602: 1585: 1579: 1564: 1560: 1554: 1539:. 4 June 2007 1538: 1534: 1528: 1513: 1509: 1503: 1489: 1485: 1479: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1444: 1436: 1432: 1426: 1422: 1421: 1414: 1412: 1410: 1402: 1397: 1382: 1378: 1371: 1355: 1351: 1345: 1337: 1331: 1322: 1306: 1302: 1295: 1280: 1279:"VTAS helmet" 1274: 1259: 1253: 1244: 1237: 1231: 1225: 1221: 1215: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1191: 1184: 1176: 1174:0-19-507555-2 1170: 1166: 1159: 1151: 1145: 1141: 1134: 1130: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1055: 1052: 1042: 1040: 1030: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1018:Elbit Systems 1010: 1004: 999: 990: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 963: 953: 950: 942: 932: 928: 924: 918: 917: 913: 908:This section 906: 902: 897: 896: 888: 884: 881: 877: 873: 870: 859: 856: 848: 838: 834: 830: 824: 823: 819: 814:This section 812: 808: 803: 802: 794: 792: 788: 779: 777: 773: 769: 764: 760: 758: 754: 750: 744: 741: 733: 724: 722: 718: 709: 705: 703: 697: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 666: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 643:Elmendorf AFB 640: 637: 633: 624: 615: 613: 609: 605: 599: 597: 593: 589: 585: 580: 579:Elbit Systems 570: 568: 564: 560: 556: 543: 538: 534: 533: 532: 530: 526: 522: 518: 513: 509: 506:In 1985, the 500: 491: 489: 482:Major systems 479: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 443: 441: 437: 428: 426: 422: 418: 414: 405: 403: 399: 395: 386: 384: 380: 376: 366: 364: 357:Head tracking 351: 347: 346:anthropometry 343: 340: 337: 334: 330: 326: 322: 319: 318:ejection seat 315: 312: 308: 304: 301: 298: 295: 291: 290:line of sight 287: 283: 279: 278: 277: 269: 267: 262: 260: 256: 252: 248: 243: 241: 236: 234: 230: 225: 221: 217: 212: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 185:ACEVAL/AIMVAL 182: 178: 174: 169: 167: 163: 159: 156:revealed the 155: 145: 143: 139: 129: 126: 125: 123: 120: 116: 112: 108: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 88:air-to-ground 85: 81: 80: 79: 71: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 45: 41: 36: 28: 22: 3170:Project Iris 3087:Oculus Quest 3077:Liquid Image 3072:Google Glass 2984:Meta Quest 3 2972:Meta Quest 2 2929:Wizdish ROVR 2919:Virtuix Omni 2904:Oculus Touch 2776:Eye tracking 2743:Smartglasses 2707:Technologies 2683:Telepresence 2511: 2504:Bibliography 2490:. 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