495:
environmental heat led to 37 work-related deaths. There were 2,830 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work as well, in 2015. Kansas had the highest heat related injury while on the job with a rate of 1.3 per 10,000 workers, while Texas had the most overall. Due to the much higher state population of Texas, their prevalence was only 0.4 per 10,000 or 4 per 100,000. Of the 37 deaths reported heat illnesses, 33 of the 37 occurred between the summer months of June through
September. The most dangerous profession that was documented was transportation and material moving. Transportation and material moving accounted for 720 of the 2,830 reported nonfatal occupational injuries or 25.4 percent. After transportation and material moving, Production placed second followed by protective services, installation, maintenance, and repair and construction all in succession
34:
491:
camps across the country, accounts for 66.3% of exertion heat-related illness time-loss events. Heat illness is also not limited geographically and is widely distributed throughout the United States. An average of 5946 persons were treated annually in US hospital emergency departments (2 visits/ 100,00 population) with a hospitalization rate of 7.1%. Most commonly males are brought in 72.5% and persons 15–19 years of age 35.6% When taking into consideration all high school athletes, heat illness occurs at a rate of 1.2 per 100,000 kids. When comparing risk by sport, Football was 11.4 times more likely than all other sports combined to be exposed to an exertional heat illness.
433:
344:. Definitive therapy includes removing patients from the heat and replenishing their fluids. Most patients will require fluid replacement with IV isotonic fluids at first. The salt content is adjusted as necessary once the electrolyte levels are known. After discharge from the hospital, patients are instructed to rest, drink plenty of fluids for 2–3 hours, and avoid the heat for several days. If this advice is not followed it may then lead to heat stroke.
305:(sport drinks) or isotonic IV fluids. People who experience heat syncope should avoid standing in the heat for long periods of time. They should move to a cooler environment and lie down if they recognize the initial symptoms. Wearing support stockings and engaging in deep knee-bending movements can help promote venous blood return.
223:, the excess fluid accumulates in the dependent areas of the extremities. The heat edema usually resolves within several days after the patient becomes acclimated to the warmer environment. No treatment is required, although wearing support stockings and elevating the affected legs will help minimize the edema.
189:, also known as heat stroke, becomes commonplace during periods of sustained high temperature and humidity. Older adults, very young children, and those who are sick or overweight are at a higher risk for heat-related illness. The chronically ill and elderly are often taking prescription medications (e.g.,
490:
Heat stroke is relatively common in sports. About 2 percent of sports-related deaths that occurred in the United States between 1980 and 2006 were caused by exertional heat stroke. Football in the United States has the highest rates. The month of August, which is associated with pre-season football
263:
are painful, often severe, involuntary spasms of the large muscle groups used in strenuous exercise. Heat cramps tend to occur after intense exertion. They usually develop in people performing heavy exercise while sweating profusely and replenishing fluid loss with non-electrolyte containing water.
513:
A 2016 U.S. government report said that climate change could result in "tens of thousands of additional premature deaths per year across the United States by the end of this century." Indeed, between 2014 and 2017, heat exposure deaths tripled in
Arizona (76 deaths in 2014; 235 deaths in 2017) and
494:
Between 1999 and 2003, the US had a total of 3442 deaths from heat illness. Those who work outdoors are at particular risk for heat illness, though those who work in poorly-cooled spaces indoors are also at risk. Between 1992 and 2006, 423 workers died from heat illness in the US. Exposure to
368:. Some studies have also looked at how severe heat stroke can lead to permanent damage to organ systems. This damage can increase the risk of early mortality because the damage can cause severe impairment in organ function. Other complications of heat stroke include
86:. It includes minor conditions such as heat cramps, heat syncope, and heat exhaustion as well as the more severe condition known as heat stroke. It can affect any or all anatomical systems. Heat illnesses include:
1460:
1445:
1430:
1320:
312:). It may even resemble heat stroke, with the difference being that the neurologic function remains intact. Heat exhaustion is marked by excessive dehydration and electrolyte depletion. Symptoms may include
301:, followed by peripheral vasodilation and reduced venous blood return in the face of decreased vasomotor control. Management of heat syncope consists of cooling and rehydration of the patient using
245:
infection. Prevention is the best therapy. It is also advised to wear loose-fitting clothing in the heat. Once heat rash has developed, the initial treatment involves the application of
1141:
Yeargin, SW; Kerr, ZY; Casa, DJ; Djoko, A; Hayden, R; Parsons, JT; Dompier, TP (August 2016). "Epidemiology of
Exertional Heat Illnesses in Youth, High School, and College Football".
586:
Mora, Camilo; Counsell, Chelsie W. W.; Bielecki, Coral R.; Louis, Leo V. (November 2017), "Twenty-Seven Ways a Heat Wave Can Kill You: Deadly Heat in the Era of
Climate Change",
1243:
Kerr, Zachary Y.; Casa, Douglas J.; Marshall, Stephen W.; Comstock, R. Dawn (January 2013). "Epidemiology of exertional heat illness among U.S. high school athletes".
1328:
1321:"The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment. Section 2.7: Projected Deaths and Illness from Temperature Exposure"
233:
accompanied by acute inflammation and blocked sweat ducts. The sweat ducts may become dilated and may eventually rupture, producing small pruritic vesicles on an
1105:
272:
with salt-containing fluids provides rapid relief. Patients with mild cramps can be given oral .2% salt solutions, while those with severe cramps require
117:
Prevention includes avoiding medications that can increase the risk of heat illness, gradual adjustment to heat, and sufficient fluids and electrolytes.
237:
base. Heat rash affects areas of the body covered by tight clothing. If this continues for a duration of time it can lead to the development of chronic
443:
776:
508:
504:
297:. This hypotension can precipitate a near-syncopal episode. Heat syncope is believed to result from intense sweating, which leads to
403:
Some common medications that have an effect on thermoregulation can also increase the risk of mortality. Specific examples include
380:
would in theory increase risk of mortality. This includes illnesses that may affect a person's mobility, awareness, or behavior.
657:
373:
910:
1542:
369:
132:- Defined by a body temperature of greater than 40 °C (104 °F) due to environmental heat exposure with lack of
736:
82:
is a spectrum of disorders due to increased body temperature. It can be caused by either environmental conditions or by
841:
253:
skin. The associated itching may be treated with topical or systemic antihistamines. If infection occurs a regimen of
634:
477:
681:
Lipman, GS; Eifling, KP; Ellis, MA; Gaudio, FG; Otten, EM; Grissom, CK; Wilderness
Medical Society (December 2013).
1117:
142:- Can be a precursor of heatstroke; the symptoms include heavy sweating, rapid breathing and a fast, weak pulse.
750:
33:
1295:
1537:
683:"Wilderness Medical Society practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of heat-related illness"
154:- Swelling of extremities due to water retention following dilation of blood vessels in response to heat.
1350:
212:
presents as a transient swelling of the hands, feet, and ankles and is generally secondary to increased
1547:
1475:
531:
459:
302:
294:
1076:
1059:
1296:"Work injuries in the heat in 2015 : The Economics Daily: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics"
934:
1439:
774:
41:
792:
388:
Prevention includes avoiding medications that can increase the risk of heat illness (e.g.
8:
1464:
1406:
273:
551:
Lugo-Amador, Nannette M; Rothenhaus, Todd; Moyer, Peter (2004). "Heat-related illness".
16:
Condition caused by the failure of the human body to dissipate heat in a hot environment
1215:
1182:
1015:
653:
230:
71:
451:
1486:
1358:
1268:
1260:
1220:
1202:
1158:
1081:
1027:
1019:
980:
972:
892:
884:
704:
630:
605:
568:
455:
389:
269:
173:- Usually results from short periods of stress in intense heat. Symptoms may include
66:
27:
1515:
1469:
600:
1252:
1210:
1194:
1150:
1071:
1011:
694:
595:
560:
404:
397:
377:
202:
174:
133:
1480:
1256:
1154:
780:
376:. Some researchers have noted that any compromise to the human body's ability to
357:
219:, which enhances water retention. When combined with peripheral vasodilation and
194:
139:
91:
163:
107:
1491:
1198:
699:
682:
564:
308:
Heat exhaustion is considered by experts to be the forerunner of heat stroke (
1531:
1382:
1362:
1264:
1206:
1023:
976:
888:
728:
412:
246:
220:
198:
19:
This article is about heat-related illness. For overheating of the body, see
1454:
1318:
1103:
849:
1272:
1224:
1162:
1085:
1031:
999:
998:
Kenny, Glen P.; Wilson, Thad E.; Flouris, Andreas D.; Fujii, Naoto (2018).
984:
960:
896:
872:
817:
708:
609:
572:
416:
361:
309:
290:
265:
250:
186:
145:
95:
20:
365:
353:
333:
298:
284:
280:
276:
260:
213:
157:
129:
103:
87:
37:
1422:
400:), gradual adjustment to heat, and sufficient fluids and electrolytes.
254:
238:
151:
99:
1104:
Koppe, Christina; Sari Kovats; Gerd
Jendritzky; Bettina Menne (2004).
514:
increased fivefold in Nevada (29 deaths in 2014; 139 deaths in 2017).
1510:
408:
393:
329:
216:
522:
Heat illness used to be blamed on a tropical fever named calenture.
509:
Effects of climate change § Heat waves and temperature extremes
325:
317:
313:
242:
234:
226:
190:
83:
1351:"Heat Deaths Jump in Southwest United States, Puzzling Officials"
793:"About Extreme Heat | Natural Disasters and Severe Weather | CDC"
341:
337:
160:- Muscle pains that happen during heavy exercise in hot weather.
1449:
1434:
935:"Heat Cramps, First Aid Condition, Treatments and Pictures for"
321:
177:, respiratory problems, numbness or tingling, or muscle spasms.
170:
136:. Symptoms include dry skin, rapid, strong pulse and dizziness.
111:
26:"Calenture" redirects here. For the album by The Triffids, see
209:
205:) that interfere with the body's ability to dissipate heat.
550:
585:
1242:
680:
629:(6th ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 1186.
997:
751:"Reducing a Heat Stroke in the Summertime For Seniors"
1349:
Flavelle, Christopher; Popovich, Nadja (2019-08-26).
1319:
U.S. Global Change
Research Program (USGCRP) (2016).
1412:
1140:
1057:
352:Increased temperatures have been reported to cause
148:- Fainting or dizziness as a result of overheating.
1060:"Heat Stress and Public Health: A Critical Review"
911:"Heat rash - Symptoms & causes - Mayo Clinic"
1529:
1348:
1143:Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
729:"Summer Heat Can Be Deadly for Outdoor Workers"
627:Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide
1058:Kovats, R. Sari; Hajat, Shakoor (April 2008).
959:Gauer, Robert; Meyers, Bryce K. (2019-04-15).
871:Gauer, Robert; Meyers, Bryce K. (2019-04-15).
1183:"Heat-related illness in sports and exercise"
1110:Health and Global Environmental Change Series
440:The examples and perspective in this article
498:
125:A number of heat illnesses exist including:
1187:Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine
1077:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090843
958:
870:
553:Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
268:that induces cramping in stressed muscles.
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
726:
624:
293:is related to heat exposure that produces
166:- Skin irritation from excessive sweating.
1214:
1136:
1134:
1075:
698:
676:
674:
599:
505:Effects of climate change on human health
478:Learn how and when to remove this message
32:
1245:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
1180:
1038:
727:Jacklitsch, Brenda L. (June 29, 2011).
687:Wilderness & Environmental Medicine
181:
1530:
1131:
1099:
1097:
1095:
739:from the original on December 4, 2012.
671:
374:disseminated intravascular coagulation
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1176:
1174:
1172:
834:
722:
720:
718:
648:
646:
620:
618:
426:
1092:
588:Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes
283:on the market are a good source of
229:, also known as prickly heat, is a
13:
1279:
1231:
1169:
1016:10.1016/B978-0-444-64074-1.00031-8
733:NIOSH: Workplace Safety and Health
14:
1559:
1400:
1181:Nichols, Andrew W. (2014-09-21).
1106:"Heat-waves: risks and responses"
715:
643:
615:
120:
1383:"Calenture: the free dictionary"
431:
40:treatment at Baton Rouge during
1375:
1342:
1312:
991:
952:
927:
903:
864:
810:
660:from the original on 2014-07-04
601:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.117.004233
422:
1064:Annual Review of Public Health
1004:Handbook of Clinical Neurology
785:
768:
743:
579:
544:
1:
537:
383:
370:respiratory distress syndrome
1257:10.1016/j.amepre.2012.09.058
1155:10.1249/mss.0000000000000934
287:and are readily accessible.
264:This is believed to lead to
7:
1325:health2016.globalchange.gov
654:"Heat Illness: MedlinePlus"
625:Tintinalli, Judith (2004).
525:
454:, discuss the issue on the
347:
10:
1564:
1543:Effects of external causes
517:
502:
25:
18:
1501:
1416:
1199:10.1007/s12178-014-9240-0
965:American Family Physician
877:American Family Physician
700:10.1016/j.wem.2013.07.004
565:10.1016/j.emc.2004.01.004
499:Effects of climate change
65:
57:
52:
961:"Heat-Related Illnesses"
873:"Heat-Related Illnesses"
532:Occupational heat stress
303:oral rehydration therapy
1385:. thefreedictionary.com
295:orthostatic hypotension
779:July 21, 2010, at the
735:. Medscape and NIOSH.
44:
503:Further information:
249:lotion to remove any
42:2016 Louisiana floods
36:
460:create a new article
452:improve this article
442:may not represent a
182:Overview of diseases
61:Heat-related illness
846:FEMA:Are You Ready?
755:Open Arms Home Care
559:(2): 315–27, viii.
1538:Emergency medicine
1502:External resources
1355:The New York Times
915:www.mayoclinic.org
231:maculopapular rash
72:Emergency medicine
45:
1525:
1524:
1407:"Heat Exhaustion"
1000:"Heat exhaustion"
488:
487:
480:
462:, as appropriate.
390:antihypertensives
279:fluids. The many
203:antihypertensives
77:
76:
47:Medical condition
28:Calenture (album)
1555:
1548:Thermoregulation
1414:
1413:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1327:. Archived from
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1292:
1277:
1276:
1240:
1229:
1228:
1218:
1178:
1167:
1166:
1138:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1116:. Archived from
1101:
1090:
1089:
1079:
1055:
1036:
1035:
995:
989:
988:
956:
950:
949:
947:
946:
931:
925:
924:
922:
921:
907:
901:
900:
868:
862:
861:
859:
857:
852:on 5 August 2006
848:. Archived from
838:
832:
831:
829:
828:
814:
808:
807:
805:
804:
789:
783:
772:
766:
765:
763:
762:
747:
741:
740:
724:
713:
712:
702:
678:
669:
668:
666:
665:
650:
641:
640:
622:
613:
612:
603:
583:
577:
576:
548:
483:
476:
472:
469:
463:
435:
434:
427:
405:anticholinergics
398:anticholinergics
195:anticholinergics
175:hyperventilation
134:thermoregulation
50:
49:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1497:
1496:
1425:
1409:on Medicine.net
1403:
1398:
1397:
1388:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1367:
1365:
1347:
1343:
1334:
1332:
1317:
1313:
1304:
1302:
1294:
1293:
1280:
1241:
1232:
1179:
1170:
1139:
1132:
1123:
1121:
1102:
1093:
1056:
1039:
996:
992:
957:
953:
944:
942:
933:
932:
928:
919:
917:
909:
908:
904:
869:
865:
855:
853:
840:
839:
835:
826:
824:
822:medlineplus.gov
816:
815:
811:
802:
800:
791:
790:
786:
781:Wayback Machine
773:
769:
760:
758:
749:
748:
744:
725:
716:
679:
672:
663:
661:
656:. Nlm.nih.gov.
652:
651:
644:
637:
623:
616:
584:
580:
549:
545:
540:
528:
520:
511:
501:
484:
473:
467:
464:
449:
436:
432:
425:
386:
358:heat exhaustion
350:
241:or a secondary
184:
140:Heat exhaustion
123:
92:heat exhaustion
53:Heat exhaustion
48:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1561:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1483:
1472:
1457:
1442:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:Classification
1411:
1410:
1402:
1401:External links
1399:
1396:
1395:
1374:
1341:
1311:
1278:
1230:
1193:(4): 355–365.
1168:
1130:
1091:
1037:
990:
971:(8): 482–489.
951:
926:
902:
883:(8): 482–489.
863:
842:"Extreme Heat"
833:
818:"Heat Illness"
809:
784:
767:
742:
714:
670:
642:
635:
614:
578:
542:
541:
539:
536:
535:
534:
527:
524:
519:
516:
500:
497:
486:
485:
446:of the subject
444:worldwide view
439:
437:
430:
424:
421:
413:phenothiazines
385:
382:
378:thermoregulate
372:in adults and
349:
346:
199:antipsychotics
183:
180:
179:
178:
167:
161:
155:
149:
143:
137:
122:
121:Classification
119:
75:
74:
69:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
46:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1560:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1384:
1378:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1331:on 2019-08-30
1330:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1149:(8): 1523–9.
1148:
1144:
1137:
1135:
1120:on 2023-03-22
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
994:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
955:
940:
936:
930:
916:
912:
906:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
867:
851:
847:
843:
837:
823:
819:
813:
798:
794:
788:
782:
778:
775:
771:
756:
752:
746:
738:
734:
730:
723:
721:
719:
710:
706:
701:
696:
693:(4): 351–61.
692:
688:
684:
677:
675:
659:
655:
649:
647:
638:
636:0-07-138875-3
632:
628:
621:
619:
611:
607:
602:
597:
593:
589:
582:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
547:
543:
533:
530:
529:
523:
515:
510:
506:
496:
492:
482:
479:
471:
461:
457:
453:
447:
445:
438:
429:
428:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
401:
399:
395:
391:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
286:
282:
278:
275:
271:
267:
262:
258:
257:is required.
256:
252:
248:
247:chlorhexidine
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
222:
221:venous stasis
218:
215:
211:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
176:
172:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
138:
135:
131:
128:
127:
126:
118:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
73:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
51:
43:
39:
35:
29:
22:
1509:
1485:
1474:
1459:
1444:
1429:
1387:. Retrieved
1377:
1366:. Retrieved
1354:
1344:
1333:. Retrieved
1329:the original
1324:
1314:
1303:. Retrieved
1299:
1248:
1244:
1190:
1186:
1146:
1142:
1122:. Retrieved
1118:the original
1113:
1109:
1070:(1): 41–55.
1067:
1063:
1007:
1003:
993:
968:
964:
954:
943:. Retrieved
941:. 2022-08-16
938:
929:
918:. Retrieved
914:
905:
880:
876:
866:
854:. Retrieved
850:the original
845:
836:
825:. Retrieved
821:
812:
801:. Retrieved
799:. 2023-09-12
796:
787:
770:
759:. Retrieved
757:. 2022-05-20
754:
745:
732:
690:
686:
662:. Retrieved
626:
591:
587:
581:
556:
552:
546:
521:
512:
493:
489:
474:
465:
441:
423:Epidemiology
417:barbiturates
402:
387:
362:heat syncope
351:
310:hyperthermia
307:
291:Heat syncope
289:
285:electrolytes
281:sport drinks
266:hyponatremia
259:
235:erythematous
225:
207:
187:Hyperthermia
185:
146:Heat syncope
124:
116:
96:heat syncope
80:Heat illness
79:
78:
21:Hyperthermia
1300:www.bls.gov
1251:(1): 8–14.
1010:: 505–529.
797:www.cdc.gov
366:heat cramps
354:heat stroke
334:tachycardia
299:dehydration
270:Rehydration
261:Heat cramps
255:antibiotics
251:desquamated
214:aldosterone
158:Heat cramps
130:Heat stroke
104:heat cramps
88:heat stroke
58:Other names
38:Heat stroke
1532:Categories
1487:DiseasesDB
1389:2016-01-26
1368:2019-08-30
1335:2019-08-30
1305:2019-12-06
1124:2023-03-16
945:2023-09-20
920:2023-09-20
827:2023-09-20
803:2023-11-08
761:2022-05-30
664:2014-07-10
538:References
468:March 2023
384:Prevention
239:dermatitis
152:Heat edema
100:heat edema
1516:emerg/236
1511:eMedicine
1363:0362-4331
1265:1873-2607
1207:1935-973X
1024:0072-9752
977:1532-0650
939:Skinsight
889:1532-0650
456:talk page
409:diuretics
394:diuretics
330:dizziness
243:bacterial
227:Heat rash
217:secretion
191:diuretics
164:Heat rash
108:heat rash
67:Specialty
1273:23253644
1225:25240413
1163:27433959
1086:18031221
1032:30459023
985:30990296
897:30990296
777:Archived
737:Archived
709:24140191
658:Archived
610:29122837
573:15163570
526:See also
450:You may
348:Symptoms
326:vomiting
318:headache
314:diarrhea
277:isotonic
84:exertion
1481:D006359
1216:4596225
856:27 July
518:History
342:myalgia
338:malaise
110:, heat
1361:
1271:
1263:
1223:
1213:
1205:
1161:
1084:
1030:
1022:
983:
975:
895:
887:
707:
633:
608:
594:(11),
571:
396:, and
364:, and
340:, and
322:nausea
201:, and
171:tetany
112:tetany
458:, or
210:edema
208:Heat
169:Heat
1492:5690
1476:MeSH
1465:9-CM
1440:NF01
1359:ISSN
1269:PMID
1261:ISSN
1221:PMID
1203:ISSN
1159:PMID
1082:PMID
1028:PMID
1020:ISSN
981:PMID
973:ISSN
893:PMID
885:ISSN
858:2006
705:PMID
631:ISBN
606:PMID
569:PMID
507:and
415:and
324:and
1470:992
1461:ICD
1455:T67
1446:ICD
1431:ICD
1253:doi
1211:PMC
1195:doi
1151:doi
1072:doi
1012:doi
1008:157
695:doi
596:doi
561:doi
114:.
1534::
1514::
1490::
1479::
1468::
1453::
1450:10
1438::
1435:11
1357:.
1353:.
1323:.
1298:.
1281:^
1267:.
1259:.
1249:44
1247:.
1233:^
1219:.
1209:.
1201:.
1189:.
1185:.
1171:^
1157:.
1147:48
1145:.
1133:^
1112:.
1108:.
1094:^
1080:.
1068:29
1066:.
1062:.
1040:^
1026:.
1018:.
1006:.
1002:.
979:.
969:99
967:.
963:.
937:.
913:.
891:.
881:99
879:.
875:.
844:.
820:.
795:.
753:.
731:.
717:^
703:.
691:24
689:.
685:.
673:^
645:^
617:^
604:,
592:10
590:,
567:.
557:22
555:.
419:.
411:,
407:,
392:,
360:,
356:,
336:,
332:,
328:,
320:,
316:,
274:IV
197:,
193:,
106:,
102:,
98:,
94:,
90:,
1463:-
1448:-
1433:-
1423:D
1392:.
1371:.
1338:.
1308:.
1275:.
1255::
1227:.
1197::
1191:7
1165:.
1153::
1127:.
1114:2
1088:.
1074::
1034:.
1014::
987:.
948:.
923:.
899:.
860:.
830:.
806:.
764:.
711:.
697::
667:.
639:.
598::
575:.
563::
481:)
475:(
470:)
466:(
448:.
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
