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heard a gunshot after which she cried out in pain and started shaking. Realizing that
Schmitz had only grazed her, Kuiper took out his submachine gun and fired a burst at Schaft, after which she immediately collapsed. One of the shots hit her in the head, killing her. It was the Dutch novelist Theun de Vries who added Hannie Schaft's last words as a poetic license in his book The Girl With the Red Hair (Het meisje met het rode haar, 1956).
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384:, in 1943, university students were required to sign a declaration of allegiance to the occupation authorities. When Schaft refused to sign the petition in support of the occupation forces, like 80% of the other students, she could not continue her studies and in the summer of 1943 she moved in with her parents again, taking Frenk and Polak with her who went into hiding.
1063:"Demonstration of the Auschwitz Committee in Amsterdam with the aim of placing Willy Lages of war criminal within the reach of Nedelandse Justice Description: Protesters at the Muntplein Date: 18 September 1966 Location: Amsterdam, Noord-Holland Keywords: demonstrations, banners Personal name: Lages, Willy Stock Photo - Alamy"
578:", one of the last four Nazi war criminals, all of whom were on death row, but eventually reprieved due to Juliana's hesitance, still serving time in the Netherlands. In a decision which sparked public outcry, Lages was released from prison on health grounds in 1966, on the order of Minister of Justice
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It is not known if
Schmitz was ever prosecuted. However, Kuiper and Lages were prosecuted for war crimes by Dutch courts. Kuiper was found guilty, sentenced to death, and executed in 1948. Lages was convicted and sentenced to death in 1949. His sentence was confirmed in 1950. However, Lages was never
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Upon recovery, Schaft dyed her hair black and wore glasses to hide her identity and returned to
Resistance work. She once again contributed to assassinations and sabotage, as well as courier work, and the transportation of illegal weapons and the dissemination of illegal newspapers. Hannie Schaft and
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Schaft did not, however, accept every assignment. When asked to kidnap the children of a Nazi official she refused. If the plan had failed, the children would have to be killed, and Schaft felt that was too similar to the Nazis' acts of terror. When seen at the location of a particular assassination,
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on Dutch police officer and collaborator Willem Ragut. Schaft fired first and hit Ragut in the back. Bonekamp was shot in the stomach by Ragut before killing him. Mortally wounded, Bonekamp fled the scene but was arrested shortly afterwards and taken to hospital. There he inadvertently gave Schaft's
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celebrated her as an icon, her popularity decreased, to the point that the commemoration at Hannie's grave was forbidden in 1951. The commemorators (who were estimated to number over 10,000) were stopped by several hundred police and military with the aid of four tanks. A group of seven managed to
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Although Schaft's supposed final words became famous, they were never confirmed. A Dutch World War II historian said a search through the Dutch archives does not ever mention Schaft saying "I shoot better!" During a post-war interrogation, Kuiper said he had been talking to Schaft when he suddenly
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which was a cover story. She was transporting secret documentation for the
Resistance. She worked closely with Anna A.C. Wijnhoff. She was brought to a prison in Amsterdam. After much interrogation, torture, and solitary confinement, Schaft was identified by the roots of her red hair by her former
418:. Rather than act as a courier, Schaft wanted to work with weapons. She was responsible for sabotaging and assassinating various targets. She carried out attacks on Germans, Dutch Nazis, collaborators and traitors. She learned to speak German fluently and became involved with German soldiers.
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On 1 March 1945, NSB police officer Willem
Zirkzee was executed by Hannie Schaft and Truus Oversteegen, near the Krelagehuis on the Leidsevaart in Haarlem. On 15 March they wounded Ko Langendijk, a hairdresser from IJmuiden who worked for the
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circumvent the blockade and reached the burial ground, but were arrested when they tolled the bell. From the next year on, the communists decided to prevent another such scene by holding their commemoration in
Haarlem instead.
462:(SD), a Nazi intelligence agency. He survived the attack and in 1948 he testified in Amsterdam for the benefit of his Velser girlfriend, the traitor Nelly Willy van der Meijden. In 1949 he was sentenced to life imprisonment.
574:, and there were large public protests against the possibility of amnesty for Lages. With the Queen unwilling to change her mind, Lages's sentence was commuted to life in prison in 1952. He eventually became one of "
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In the early 1990s, thanks to the Hannie Schaft
Memorial Foundation, commemorations were once again permitted. The last Sunday of each November in the Netherlands is a day of remembrance for Schaft's life and work.
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After the war, the remains of 422 members of the resistance were found in the
Bloemendaal dunes, 421 men and one woman, Hannie Schaft. She was reburied in section 22 at the honorary cemetery
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From a young age, Schaft discussed politics and social justice with her family, which encouraged her to pursue law and become a human rights lawyer. During her law studies at the
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Schaft's resistance work started with small acts. First, she would steal ID cards for Jewish residents (including her friends). Upon leaving university, she joined the
380:, which she started in 1938, she became friends with the Jewish students Sonja Frenk and Philine Polak. This made her feel strongly about actions against Jews. With the
438:. The distress of this situation and her grief over Bonekamp's death forced Schaft to cease resistance work temporarily. Her parents were released after two months.
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A number of schools and streets were named after her. For her, and other resistance heroines, a foundation has been created: the
National Hannie Schaft Foundation (
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name and address to Dutch Nazi nurses feigning to be
Resistance workers. To force Schaft to confess, German authorities arrested her parents and sent them to the
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took her to the execution site. Schmitz shot her in the head at close range. However, the bullet only grazed Schaft. She allegedly told her executioners:
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Schaft was identified as "the girl with the red hair". Her involvement led "the girl with the red hair" to be placed on the Nazis' most-wanted list.
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Schaft was executed by Dutch Nazi officials on 17 April 1945. Although at the end of the war there was an agreement between the occupier and the
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She was eventually arrested at a military checkpoint in Haarlem on 21 March 1945 while distributing the illegal communist newspaper
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member and Haarlem policeman Fake Krist on 25 October 1944, but other Haarlem resistance fighters were ahead of them.
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On 21 June 1944, Schaft and Jan Bonekamp, a friend in the resistance, carried out an assassination in
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by Buzzy Jackson. She is remembered each year in November during a national event held in Haarlem.
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Park in nearby Haarlem, her birthplace. Schaft was one of 95 people to receive the
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The Unsung Family Hero: The Death and Life of an Anti-Nazi Resistance Fighter
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as Hannie Schaft. Her life is the basis of the 2023 historical novel,
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Gravestone with her school photo on it; Eerebegraafplaats Bloemendaal
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On 27 November 1945, Schaft was reburied in a state funeral at the
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1124:"Freddie Oversteegen, Gritty Dutch Resistance Fighter, Dies at 92"
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and her father, Pieter Schaft, a teacher, was attached to the
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1037:"Death Sentence of Nazi Who Deported Dutch Jews Commuted"
1011:"Death Sentence of Nazi Who Deported Dutch Jews Commuted"
361:. Her mother, Aafje Talea Schaft (born Vrijer) was a
880:"Forgotten History-Hannie Schaft resistance fighter"
582:. Lages returned to Germany, where he died in 1971.
537:, who called Schaft "the symbol of the Resistance".
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German occupation of the Netherlands in World War II
325:. She became known as "the girl with the red hair" (
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Monument to Hannie Schaft in the Kenaupark, Haarlem
959:"De vele mythes rond Hannie Schaft – Mei tot Mei"
656:. Ineke Verdoner wrote a song about her. Author
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317:(16 September 1920 – 17 April 1945) was a
1184:. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. p. 108.
857:. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. p. 107.
819:. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. p. 106.
789:. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. p. 105.
764:. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. p. 104.
732:. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. p. 103.
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1122:Roberts, Sam (25 September 2018).
931:"Schaft, Hannie - TracesOfWar.com"
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1161:. Eerebegraafplaatsbloemendaal.eu
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878:dirkdeklein (26 February 2016).
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331:het meisje met het rode haar
109:Erebegraafplaats Bloemendaal
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144:Righteous Among the Nations
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622:Because the Dutch
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648:, 1982) by
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708:References
675:featuring
646:De Aanslag
371:diphtheria
238:Lithuanian
204:By country
195:Yad Vashem
57:1920-09-16
436:Den Bosch
363:Mennonite
268:Ukrainian
243:Norwegian
233:Hungarian
155:Righteous
691:See also
593:Overveen
500:Overveen
398:FN M1922
355:province
258:Romanian
218:Croatian
213:Austrian
1211:(Dutch)
1165:7 April
502:, near
427:Zaandam
351:Haarlem
263:Serbian
132:during
65:Haarlem
37:Schaft
1188:
1107:28 May
993:
861:
823:
793:
768:
736:
541:Legacy
335:German
315:Schaft
248:Polish
228:German
140:Awards
632:Dutch
605:Kenau
412:]
327:Dutch
223:Czech
41:1940s
1186:ISBN
1167:2014
1109:2020
1074:2022
1049:2022
1023:2022
991:ISBN
970:2022
942:2022
917:2022
891:2022
859:ISBN
821:ISBN
791:ISBN
766:ISBN
734:ISBN
611:and
252:list
73:Died
47:Born
1145:at
671:by
619:.
452:NSB
357:of
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410:nl
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311:Jo
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39:c.
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