526:
498:, Controller of the Navy, and various other members of the committee and the Admiralty. So vociferously did Coles complain that in January 1866 his contract as a consultant to the Admiralty was terminated. At the end of January, his protestations that he had been misunderstood led to his being re-employed from 1 March 1866. Further, Coles lobbied the press and Parliament, who were increasingly convinced that foreign powers—namely the United States—were pressing ahead with turret ships and thereby leaving Britain at a disadvantage at sea. On 17 April 1866, Coles submitted to the Admiralty his critique of the proposed
817:, was on board to see her performance, and speed had risen to 11–13 knots before he departed. Not being accustomed to ships with such low freeboard, he was disturbed to note that at this speed with the strengthening sea, waves washed over the weather deck. The weather worsened with rain as the night progressed, and sail was reduced. The wind was blowing from the port bow so that sails had to be angled to the wind, speed was much reduced, and there was considerable force pushing the ship sideways. As the wind rose to a gale, sail was reduced to only the fore staysail and fore and main topsails.
44:
62:
562:
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652:
510:
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second. Few at the
Admiralty seriously considered the idea of trusting turret-ships against the multi-layered, modern coastal defences networks of 1st-class naval arsenals such as Cherbourg or Cronstadt or even New York Harbor. Royal Sovereign drew too much water, had a slow rate of fire and relatively high-profile compared with American turret varieties (the monitors) which themselves failed to blast their way into Charleston harbor in 1863.
794:
422:, and could only operate as coastal service vessels. The Admiralty, although impressed with Coles' rotating turret, required oceangoing vessels to protect its worldwide empire. Unfortunately for Coles, engine technology had not yet caught up with his designs and consequently oceangoing ships required sails. Combining rigging, masts, and turrets proved complicated if rigging was not to impede the turrets' arcs of fire.
483:
861:
502:(designed by the Controller's department and the Chief Constructor), stating that he could not publicly endorse a vessel which did not represent "my views of a sea going Turret-ship, nor can she give my principle a satisfactory and conclusive trial." Sensing that such an increasingly acrimonious and high-profile debate would only continue, the First Naval Lord,
997:
under those circumstances, excessive. The Court deeply regret that if these facts were duly known and appreciated, they were not communicated to the officer in command of the ship, or that, if otherwise, the ship was allowed to be employed in the ordinary service of the Fleet before they had been ascertained by calculation and experience.
948:, the masted turret ship proposed by the 1865 committee and designed by Reed, and which was in the area at the time of the sinking, had a righting moment of 6,500-foot-tons (20 MN·m) at the same angle. Maximum righting moment occurred at a heel of 21 degrees, and thereafter declined to zero at 54.5 degrees.
836:, 60 knots) with 50-foot (15 m) waves. Orders were given to drop the fore topsail and release sheets (ropes) holding both topsails angled into the wind. Before the captain's order could be carried out, the roll increased, and she capsized and sank with the loss of around 472 lives, including Coles'. The
603:
Insufficient supervision during the building, owing partly to Coles' protracted illness, meant that she was 735 long tons (747 t) heavier than planned. The designed freeboard was just 8 feet (2.4 m), and the additional weight forced her to float 22 inches (0.56 m) deeper than expected,
1080:
Printed memo-report from Vice
Admiral Sir Robert Spencer Robinson (as Controller of the Royal Navy) to the Board of Admiralty, 31 May 1870 (UK National Archives, Admiralty/ADM 136/3, p. 13). Robinson thought in comparative trials of May 1870 that the Monarch was superior to the Captain except when
996:
was received from her contractors a grave departure from her original design had been committed whereby her draught of water was increased about two feet and her freeboard was diminished to a corresponding extent, and that her stability proved to be dangerously small, combined with an area of sail,
871:
to
Britain caused a stir with the mid-Victorian public, who felt that the Americans had forged ahead with turret-ships while the Admiralty dithered with a 'Fleet of the Future'. Coles responded by insisting that even a large, fully-masted turret-ship should have the same stealth-like qualities and
903:
was built in deference to public opinion expressed in
Parliament and through other channels, and in opposition to views and opinions of the Controller and his Department". This was a stunning (and unprecedented) rebuke of the mid-Victorian British public. For years they had demanded that Coles be
1165:
But there is little evidence to support this claim. Coles himself envisaged a fleet of such vessels replacing three-decker ships-of-the-line (of which Royal
Sovereign was the prototype) and 'blockships' for coast defence first and possibly as alternatives to sea-going ironclads like HMS Warrior
545:
yard, for the builder of the warship. The
Cheshire yard had already built several successful iron warships. In mid-July, Lairds submitted two possible designs for Coles' proposed turret-ship. To prevent the rigging from being damaged when the guns fired through it, it was attached to a platform
456:
The next year, 1865, a committee established by the
Admiralty to study the new design concluded that while the turret should be adopted, Coles' one-turret warship design had inadequate fire arcs. The committee proposed a two-turret fully rigged vessel with either two 9-inch
1026:' era. In company with a Galician-based documentary company, four wrecks were discovered by multibeam echosounder-scan off Cape Finisterre, Spain on 30 August 2022. The fourth wreck has a general configuration and dimensions closely corresponding with HMS
664:. The speed of the ships was 4–5 knots (4.6–5.8 mph; 7.4–9.3 km/h) ("some accounts say stationary"). Each ship fired for five minutes, with the guns starting "loaded and very carefully trained". The guns fired
831:
Shortly after midnight when a new watch came on duty, the ship was heeling over 18 degrees and was felt to lurch to starboard twice. By then other ships in the combined squadron reported winds of Force 9 to 11 (on the
659:
A trial was undertaken in 1870 to compare the accuracy and rate of fire of turret-mounted heavy guns with those in a centre-battery ship. The target was a 600 feet (180 m) long, 60 feet (18 m) high rock off
608:. The centre of gravity of the vessel also rose by about ten inches during construction. Reed raised havoc over the problems with the freeboard and the centre of gravity, but his objections were over-ruled during the
486:
Minute by
Admiral Sir Frederick Grey (First Naval Lord) dated 21 April 1866, suggesting the Admiralty sanction Coles to build a seagoing turret-ship of his own design (from UK National Archives, ADM 1/5974)
429:, head of staff of the Department of Naval Construction, on the design of a rigged vessel with two turrets and three tripod masts. In June 1863 the Admiralty suspended progress on the vessel until the
904:
allowed to produce a super-ironclad—armed with turrets—which could restore confidence in the primacy of the Royal Navy in a way which neither broadside ironclads like the partially armoured
929:
The
Admiralty later appointed a committee to consider ship designs past and present. It was somewhat of a departure for the Admiralty to seek scientific advice, but eminent engineers
2712:
289:, the ship was, at first appearance, quite innovative and formidable. However, poor design and design changes resulted in a vessel that was overweight and ultimately
2707:
1399:
extreme heel with safety in smooth water was 15°-16°; calculations completed by 23 August 1870 showed that her danger angle was 21°, as had been predicted by
1034:, Captain Cowper Coles great-grandson, suggest that the chances of finding the wreck are good and that fund raising has reached the half-way mark by June 2023.
672:
four hits were achieved with the first salvo; firing this salvo caused the ship to roll heavily (±20°); smoke from firing made aiming difficult. Note that the
569:
The design called for the ship to have a low freeboard, and Coles' figures estimated it at 8 feet (2.4 m). Both the
Controller and the Chief Constructor
589:, wrote on 23 July 1866 to Coles approving the building of the ship, but noting that responsibility for failure would lie on Coles' and the builders' lap.
937:
were appointed to the committee. It concluded that the ship was insufficiently stable: at 14 degrees heel (when the edge of the deck touched the sea) the
926:; which had crossed the Atlantic under escort in June 1866, and which both Coles and the Board of Admiralty toured when she was anchored at Spithead.
1715:
2069:
684:
also did better with their first salvo, were inconvenienced by the smoke of firing, and to a lesser extent were caused to roll by firing. On the
2722:
363:"proved a great success", and Coles patented his rotating turret after the war. Following Coles' patenting, the British Admiralty ordered a
849:
506:, minuted four days later (21 April) that Coles should at last be allowed to build what he felt would be a 'perfect' seagoing turret-ship.
1858:
604:
bringing the freeboard down to just 6 feet 6 inches (1.98 m). This compares with 14 feet (4.3 m) for the two-turret
285:
as a semi-private venture, following a dispute between the designer and the Admiralty. With wrought-iron armour, steam propulsion, and
2717:
2309:
490:
Stunned by the committee's decision to cancel his single-turret ship and his proposal for a two-turret vessel, and objecting to the
2732:
2697:
1627:
581:. On the latter, Reed noted that it would cause issues "especially as it is proposed to spread a large surface of canvas upon the
1081:
her single screw (when disconnected) interfered with the helm "in a given position", making the Monarch "perfectly unmanageable."
2692:
516:- political satire cartoon, dated 7 July 1866. The British press regarded the Admiralty as hidebound and prejudicial to Coles
1794:
1776:
1528:
1212:
2727:
2653:
1867:
1574:
813:. The ship made 9.5 knots under sail in a force six wind, which was increasing through the day. The commander in chief,
1830:
438:
In 1864, Coles was allowed to start a second project: a rigged vessel with only one turret and based on the design of
2233:
1819:
1757:
1739:
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had been carried out at Portsmouth on 29 July 1870 to allow the ship's stability characteristics to be calculated.
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814:
1851:
915:
versions seemed able to. Coles fatally added the requirement that a fully-rigged, seagoing turret-ship like HMS
885:
2376:
1456:
1423:
1377:
688:
the gunsights were on the guns, and this worked better than the turret roof gunsights used by the other ships.
852:, both lost sons in the disaster. Only 18 of the crew survived, by making it to a boat which had broken free.
2302:
1918:
934:
889:
525:
161:
43:
1011:
837:
465:
gun per turret. The committee's proposal was accepted by the Admiralty, and construction was started on
293:. In terms of seaworthiness she was reported as closely comparable to the higher freeboard turret-ship
2638:
2631:
2388:
2319:
2116:
1844:
430:
393:
304:
capsized in heavy seas, only five months after being commissioned, with the loss of nearly 500 lives.
1932:
1122:
938:
403:
was completed with four turrets mounting single 12-ton 9-inch guns and 4.5-inch-thick (110 mm)
2295:
2213:
2185:
2165:
2057:
2029:
2022:
1687:
1438:
1400:
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floated upside down for between three and ten minutes, which proved that the ship had capsized. An
919:
also be as low in the water as possible, like the low-freeboard (though mastless) American monitor
382:
573:
raised serious concerns. Robinson noted that the low freeboard could cause flooding issues on the
2192:
2158:
2151:
1911:
1787:
Turret versus Broadside: An Anatomy of British Naval Prestige, Revolution and Disaster, 1860-1870
1205:
Turret versus Broadside: An Anatomy of British Naval Prestige, Revolution and Disaster, 1860-1870
665:
495:
1448:
1442:
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was approved, and the design was finished. She was laid down 30 January 1867 at Laird's yard at
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2084:
2001:
1890:
1883:
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920:
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723:
239:
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seemed to be everything that Coles promised and won over many followers. In trials versus the
2254:
2137:
1966:
1897:
1518:
31:
2287:
577:, and Reed criticised the design in 1866 both for being too heavy and for having too high a
199:
2551:
2538:
2177:
2077:
1944:
1925:
1031:
941:
due to the buoyancy pushing the ship upright again was just 410-foot-tons (1.2 MN·m).
912:
809:
was cruising with the combined Mediterranean and Channel Squadrons comprising 11 ships off
620:
1836:
8:
2702:
2437:
2144:
2015:
2008:
1973:
1959:
1904:
715:
450:
340:
1825:
Sandler, Stanley "The Emergence of the Modern Capital Ship" London, Newark, Del., 1979.
668:
with battering charges at a range of about 1,000 yards (0.91 km). Three out of the
547:
2601:
2576:
2499:
2424:
2412:
2247:
2225:
2199:
2123:
2102:
1987:
1980:
1875:
1709:
1110:
1043:
942:
905:
739:
616:
467:
294:
2512:
2487:
2364:
2339:
2206:
2050:
2036:
1994:
1826:
1815:
1790:
1772:
1753:
1735:
1695:
1676:
1557:
1524:
1452:
1419:
1373:
1317:
1208:
1096:
977:
578:
570:
494:
design, Coles launched a strong campaign against the project, attacking Vice Admiral
446:
439:
426:
368:
352:
964:
set sail on the ship's final voyage before the results of the trial were published.
2463:
1952:
952:
righting moment increased to a maximum at 40 degrees. Survivors testified that the
555:
2613:
2475:
1764:
1649:"Finding the wreck of HMS Captain - on the front lines of Underwater Archaeology"
1628:"The Telegraph - 'Missing Victorian battleship set for recovery after 150 years'"
810:
2589:
1800:
1392:
1023:
957:
833:
624:
538:
503:
246:
84:
1648:
561:
367:
of Coles' design in 1859, which was installed in the floating battery vessel,
2686:
2668:
2655:
2240:
2043:
1298:
1018:
project. This aims to raise funds in an effort to discover the wreck of the
881:
841:
820:
983:
The conclusion of the 1870 Court Martial is engraved on the Memorial to HMS
651:
635:, she performed well and returned to sea in July and August, travelling to
404:
1022:, whose sinking was the worst disaster suffered by the Royal Navy in the '
801:, appearing as she did on 6 September 1870 (painting by Lukasz Kasperczyk)
2400:
2352:
2094:
551:
336:
286:
20:
509:
411:
had five 10.5-inch, 12.5-ton guns in one twin and three single turrets.
896:
597:
415:
389:
282:
88:
312:
1162:
1157:, some argue there was nothing defensive about the role intended for
640:
585:". As the design neared completion, the First Lord of the Admiralty,
364:
356:
1049:: another Royal Navy ship was wrecked off the Galician coast in 1890
793:
574:
542:
419:
141:
381:
impressed the Admiralty, and it ordered a coastal defence vessel,
300:, but her reduced freeboard added a sense of "sluggishness". The
1653:
537:
On 8 May 1866, Coles informed the Admiralty of his selection of
867:
cartoon, 18 August 1866. The goodwill tour of the monitor USS
600:, England, launched 27 March 1869 and completed in March 1870.
425:
In early 1863 the Admiralty gave Coles permission to work with
388:, to be built with four of Coles' turrets and a wooden 121-gun
347:
with guns protected by a "cupola" and used the raft, named the
1554:
British naval policy in the Gladstone-Disraeli era, 1866–1880.
482:
2317:
860:
220:
15.25 kn (28.24 km/h; 17.55 mph) (steam power)
212:
Ship rig: 37,990 sq ft (3,529 m) of sail (max)
343:
in 1855. Coles and a group of British sailors constructed a
1866:
1395:
at Portsmouth conducted on 29 July 1870 suggested that the
899:
Harbour. The court-martial expressed the opinion that "the
661:
636:
344:
1010:
In 2021 Dr. Howard Fuller, a Reader in War Studies at the
1207:. Helion & Company. pp. 157–8, 161–2, 167–70.
1161:– she was intended for attack for enemy ports such as
445:. He was lent the services of Joseph Scullard, Chief
287:
the main battery mounted in rotating armoured turrets
1431:
1002:
1673:
The Metal Fighting Ship in the Royal Navy 1860–1970
1520:
Battleships: An Illustrated History of Their Impact
676:could be expected to capsize if inclined 21°. The
2713:Maritime incidents involving engineering failures
1750:Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905
2684:
475:two turrets were each equipped with two 12-inch
2708:Victorian-era battleships of the United Kingdom
1671:Archibald, E.H.H.; Ray Woodward (ill.) (1971).
1516:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1771:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
1694:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
1238:
1236:
1153:This kind of vessel is often referred to as a
1090:
980:, London, and St Anne's church in Portsmouth.
2303:
1852:
1335:
987:, in the north aisle of St Paul’s Cathedral:
627:. During trials in the following months, the
1714:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1447:, Nautical Publishing Company Ltd, pp.
1258:
1060:
876:The subsequent investigation on the loss of
1556:Stanford University Press, 1997, page 114.
1510:
1267:
1233:
1138:
546:mounted above the gun turrets known as the
2310:
2296:
1859:
1845:
1807:. London: The military book society, 1972.
1463:
1418:, Chatham Publishing, pp. 48, 50–51,
1385:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1316:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2000, page 31.
1314:Warships of the World to 1900. Volume 799.
1178:
1129:
1091:Macintyre, Donald; Bathe, Basil W (1974).
550:instead of brought down to the main deck.
520:
2320:Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1870
1611:
1537:
1331:
1329:
1187:
1169:
1093:Man of War a History of the Combat Vessel
1769:British Battleships of the Victorian Era
1763:
1284:Remarks on the loss of H.M.S. "Captain".
859:
819:
792:
650:
560:
524:
508:
481:
399:, to be converted to a turret ship. The
311:
19:For other ships with the same name, see
1868:Ironclad warships of the United Kingdom
1814:. London: Conway Maritime Press, 2002.
1789:. Warwick: Helion & Company, 2020.
1752:. London: Conway Maritime Press, 1979.
1748:Chesneau, Roger and Eugene M Kolesnik.
1686:
1437:
1348:
1294:
1292:
592:In November 1866, the contract for HMS
339:and the experiences of British captain
264:Turrets: 9–10 in (230–250 mm)
2685:
1599:C. Griffin and company, 1885, page 346
1572:
1405:
1326:
1202:
2291:
1840:
1722:
1597:A treatise on the stability of ships.
1585:(3) – via U.S. Naval Institute.
1413:
1367:
1084:
805:On the afternoon of 6 September 1870
392:ship-of-the-line under construction,
58:
2723:Maritime incidents in September 1870
1734:. Barnsley, UK: Chatham Publishing.
1289:
872:minimal target profile as a monitor.
247:7-inch 6.5-ton muzzle-loading rifles
240:12-inch 25-ton muzzle-loading rifles
972:There are memorials to the crew in
261:Belt: 4–8 in (100–200 mm)
179:24 ft 10 in (7.57 m)
171:53 ft 3 in (16.23 m)
13:
1575:"'From Hampton Roads to Spithead'"
1372:, Chatham Publishing, p. 50,
1071:Chesneau and Kolesnik 1979, p. 21.
353:shell the Russian town of Taganrog
281:was a major warship built for the
189:2-shaft, reciprocating 4 cylinder
42:
14:
2744:
1675:. New York: Arco Publishing Co..
1282:Dalrymple Hay, Sir John Charles:
646:
2718:Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
1095:. Mcgraw-hill Inc. p. 103.
855:
846:Under-Secretary of State for War
461:guns per turret, or one 12-inch
320:raft was the inspiration of the
150:: 7,767 long tons (7,892 t)
60:
2733:Disasters in the Atlantic Ocean
2698:Ships built on the River Mersey
1732:: Warship Development 1860–1905
1641:
1620:
1602:
1589:
1573:Fuller, Howard J. (June 2015).
1566:
1546:
1501:
1484:
1475:
1471:, Edward Arnold, pp. 278–9
1306:
1276:
1245:
1221:
1196:
619:on 30 April 1870 under Captain
1147:
1074:
514:Punch, or the London Charivari
1:
2693:Battleships of the Royal Navy
1665:
935:William John Macquorn Rankine
307:
1410:(2 ed.), pp. 141–2
1403:in January or February 1870.
1336:Scott Russell, John (1870).
967:
7:
2728:Maritime incidents in Spain
1037:
1012:University of Wolverhampton
838:First Lord of the Admiralty
815:Admiral Sir Alexander Milne
776:
773:
770:
757:
754:
751:
733:
730:
727:
565:HMS Captain at Chatham 1869
554:were also used to minimise
160:320 ft (97.54 m)
10:
2749:
1812:The World's Worst Warships
1286:E. Stanford, 1871, page 33
1203:Fuller, Howard J. (2020).
1003:Hunt for the wreck of HMS
788:
780:
761:
737:
713:
692:
504:Admiral Sir Frederick Grey
335:can be traced back to the
25:
18:
2626:
2526:
2327:
2265:
2224:
2178:Coastal defence ironclads
2176:
2093:
2068:
1945:Central battery ironclads
1943:
1874:
1439:Ballard, George Alexander
1338:"The Loss of the Captain"
781:
126:
53:
41:
1723:Brown, David K. (1997).
1523:. ABC-CLIO. p. 32.
1517:Stanley Sandler (2004).
1053:
1032:Sir Sherard Cowper-Coles
933:(later Lord Kelvin) and
228:500 crewmen and officers
127:General characteristics
1688:Ballard, G. A., Admiral
1492:Turret versus Broadside
1414:Brown, David K (1997),
1368:Brown, David K (1997),
1014:, initiated a Find the
521:Design and construction
496:Robert Spencer Robinson
267:7 in (180 mm)
191:horizontal trunk engine
1552:Beeler, John Francis:
1416:Warrior to Dreadnought
1406:Parkes, Oscar (1966),
1370:Warrior to Dreadnought
1264:Brown 2003, pp. 47–48.
1255:G. Bell, 1963, page 52
1144:Brown 2003, pp. 42–44.
888:, took place on board
873:
828:
802:
656:
566:
534:
517:
487:
374:, for trials in 1861.
328:
122:Sunk; 7 September 1870
48:
1692:The Black Battlefleet
1444:The black battlefleet
863:
823:
796:
654:
564:
528:
512:
485:
435:finished her trials.
315:
195:8 rectangular boilers
46:
32:Captain class frigate
2669:42.61500°N 9.39000°W
2272:Single ship of class
1595:Reed, Edward James:
1342:Macmillan's Magazine
1273:Preston 2002, p. 24.
1242:Preston 2002, p. 23.
1184:Preston 2002, p. 22.
1135:Preston 2002, p. 21.
884:, under Admiral Sir
621:Hugh Talbot Burgoyne
529:Oil painting of the
377:The trials with the
2665: /
1876:Broadside ironclads
1469:Memories of the sea
1465:Fitzgerald, Penrose
1408:British Battleships
1312:Paine, Lincoln P.:
974:St Paul's Cathedral
880:, in the form of a
824:The sinking of the
709:(rounds per minute)
655:HMS Captain on deck
451:Portsmouth Dockyard
341:Cowper Phipps Coles
331:The history of the
2674:42.61500; -9.39000
2070:Barbette ironclads
1805:The Battleship Era
1785:Fuller, Howard J.
1617:Brown 2003, p. 50.
1543:Brown 2003, p. 51.
1193:Brown 2003, p. 47.
1175:Brown 2003, p. 44.
1155:coast defence ship
892:Duke of Wellington
874:
829:
803:
657:
643:in separate runs.
587:Sir John Pakington
567:
535:
518:
488:
329:
49:
2648:
2647:
2566:Vasilefs Georgios
2285:
2284:
1810:Preston, Antony.
1795:978-1-913336-22-6
1778:978-1-68247-329-0
1530:978-1-85109-410-3
1214:978-1-913336-22-6
978:Westminster Abbey
786:
785:
710:
579:centre of gravity
571:Edward James Reed
427:Nathaniel Barnaby
407:on the hull. The
273:
272:
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2430:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2338:
2322:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2289:
2288:
2095:Turret ironclads
1861:
1854:
1847:
1838:
1837:
1782:
1765:Friedman, Norman
1745:
1719:
1713:
1705:
1659:
1658:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1600:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1570:
1564:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1499:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1461:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1411:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1365:
1346:
1345:
1333:
1324:
1310:
1304:
1296:
1287:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1251:Hawkey, Arthur:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1106:
1088:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1069:
768:4 × 12-inch MLR
708:
691:
690:
556:standing rigging
414:Both ships were
326:
68:
65:
64:
63:
39:
38:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2683:
2682:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2622:
2621:
2610:
2609:
2598:
2597:
2586:
2585:
2573:
2572:
2561:
2560:
2548:
2547:
2535:
2534:
2527:Other incidents
2522:
2521:
2509:
2508:
2496:
2495:
2484:
2483:
2472:
2471:
2460:
2459:
2447:
2446:
2434:
2433:
2421:
2420:
2409:
2408:
2397:
2396:
2385:
2384:
2373:
2372:
2361:
2360:
2349:
2348:
2336:
2335:
2323:
2318:
2316:
2286:
2281:
2261:
2220:
2172:
2089:
2064:
1939:
1870:
1865:
1801:Padfield, Peter
1779:
1742:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1594:
1590:
1571:
1567:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1462:
1459:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1412:
1404:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1366:
1349:
1334:
1327:
1311:
1307:
1297:
1290:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1159:Royal Sovereign
1152:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1118:
1117:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1061:
1056:
1040:
1030:'s. Fuller and
1008:
970:
939:righting moment
931:William Thomson
913:central-battery
858:
811:Cape Finisterre
791:
707:
697:Weapons firing
666:Palliser shells
649:
523:
432:Royal Sovereign
409:Royal Sovereign
396:Royal Sovereign
324:
310:
202:(4,000 kW)
98:30 January 1867
66:
61:
59:
35:
24:
17:
16:British warship
12:
11:
5:
2746:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2635:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2607:
2595:
2583:
2570:
2558:
2545:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2506:
2493:
2481:
2469:
2457:
2444:
2431:
2418:
2406:
2394:
2382:
2370:
2366:City of Boston
2358:
2346:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2315:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2292:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2230:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2182:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2099:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2074:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1949:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1920:Prince Consort
1916:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1880:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1831:978-0874131192
1823:
1808:
1798:
1783:
1777:
1761:
1746:
1740:
1720:
1700:
1684:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1640:
1619:
1610:
1608:Padfield p. 50
1601:
1588:
1565:
1545:
1536:
1529:
1509:
1500:
1483:
1474:
1457:
1430:
1424:
1393:inclining test
1384:
1378:
1347:
1344:. p. 477.
1325:
1305:
1288:
1275:
1266:
1257:
1244:
1232:
1220:
1213:
1195:
1186:
1177:
1168:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1101:
1083:
1073:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1039:
1036:
1024:Pax Britannica
1007:
1001:
1000:
999:
969:
966:
958:inclining test
857:
854:
834:Beaufort scale
790:
787:
784:
783:
779:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
760:
759:
756:
753:
750:
744:
736:
735:
732:
729:
726:
720:
712:
711:
704:
701:
698:
695:
648:
647:Gunnery trials
645:
548:hurricane deck
539:Laird Brothers
522:
519:
309:
306:
271:
270:
269:
268:
265:
262:
257:
253:
252:
251:
250:
243:
234:
230:
229:
226:
222:
221:
218:
214:
213:
210:
206:
205:
204:
203:
196:
193:
185:
181:
180:
177:
173:
172:
169:
165:
164:
158:
154:
153:
152:
151:
145:
144:(7,070 t)
133:
129:
128:
124:
123:
120:
116:
115:
112:
108:
107:
104:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
85:Laird Brothers
82:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
67:United Kingdom
56:
55:
51:
50:
30:frigates, see
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2745:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2681:
2678:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2617:
2616:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2525:
2517:
2516:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2301:
2299:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2187:Prince Albert
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1857:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1820:0-85177-754-6
1817:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1758:0-85177-133-5
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1741:1-86176-022-1
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1703:
1701:0-87021-924-3
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1681:0-668-02509-3
1678:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1644:
1629:
1623:
1614:
1605:
1598:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1579:Naval History
1576:
1569:
1563:
1562:0-8047-2981-6
1559:
1555:
1549:
1540:
1532:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1513:
1507:Padfield p.51
1504:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1481:Padfield p.50
1478:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1434:
1427:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1381:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1330:
1323:
1322:0-395-98414-9
1319:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1293:
1285:
1279:
1270:
1261:
1254:
1248:
1239:
1237:
1229:
1224:
1216:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1190:
1181:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1124:
1112:
1104:
1102:9780070445857
1098:
1094:
1087:
1077:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1059:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1006:
998:
993:
990:
989:
988:
986:
981:
979:
975:
965:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
946:
940:
936:
932:
927:
925:
924:
918:
914:
910:
909:
902:
898:
894:
893:
887:
883:
882:court-martial
879:
870:
866:
862:
856:Court-martial
853:
851:
850:Thomas Baring
847:
843:
842:Hugh Childers
839:
835:
827:
822:
818:
816:
812:
808:
800:
795:
767:
765:
762:
749:
745:
743:
742:
738:
725:
721:
719:
718:
714:
706:Rate of fire
705:
702:
700:Rounds fired
699:
696:
693:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
653:
644:
642:
639:, Spain, and
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
613:
611:
607:
601:
599:
595:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
563:
559:
557:
553:
549:
544:
540:
532:
527:
515:
511:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
484:
480:
478:
474:
470:
469:
464:
460:
454:
452:
448:
444:
443:
436:
434:
433:
428:
423:
421:
417:
412:
410:
406:
402:
401:Prince Albert
398:
397:
391:
387:
386:
385:Prince Albert
380:
375:
373:
372:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
323:
319:
314:
305:
303:
299:
298:
292:
288:
284:
280:
279:
266:
263:
260:
259:
258:
255:
254:
248:
244:
241:
237:
236:
235:
232:
231:
227:
224:
223:
219:
216:
215:
211:
208:
207:
201:
197:
194:
192:
188:
187:
186:
183:
182:
178:
175:
174:
170:
167:
166:
163:
159:
156:
155:
149:
146:
143:
139:
136:
135:
134:
131:
130:
125:
121:
118:
117:
113:
110:
109:
106:27 March 1869
105:
102:
101:
97:
94:
93:
90:
86:
83:
80:
79:
76:November 1866
75:
72:
71:
57:
52:
45:
40:
37:
33:
29:
28:Captain Class
22:
2650:
2614:
2602:
2590:
2578:
2565:
2553:
2540:
2514:
2501:
2488:
2476:
2464:
2452:
2450:
2439:
2426:
2413:
2401:
2389:
2377:
2365:
2353:
2341:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2109:
2103:
2078:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1954:Royal Alfred
1953:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1811:
1804:
1786:
1768:
1749:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1691:
1672:
1652:
1643:
1631:. Retrieved
1622:
1613:
1604:
1596:
1591:
1582:
1578:
1568:
1553:
1548:
1539:
1519:
1512:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1477:
1468:
1443:
1433:
1415:
1407:
1396:
1387:
1369:
1341:
1313:
1308:
1300:
1283:
1278:
1269:
1260:
1253:HMS Captain.
1252:
1247:
1227:
1223:
1204:
1198:
1189:
1180:
1171:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1140:
1131:
1092:
1086:
1076:
1045:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1004:
995:
991:
984:
982:
971:
961:
953:
949:
944:
928:
922:
916:
907:
900:
891:
877:
875:
868:
864:
830:
825:
806:
804:
798:
763:
740:
716:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
658:
632:
628:
617:commissioned
614:
609:
605:
602:
593:
591:
582:
568:
552:Tripod masts
536:
530:
513:
499:
491:
489:
476:
472:
466:
462:
458:
455:
441:
437:
431:
424:
418:with only a
413:
408:
405:armour plate
400:
395:
384:
378:
376:
370:
360:
348:
332:
330:
321:
317:
301:
296:
277:
275:
274:
147:
137:
132:Displacement
111:Commissioned
36:
27:
2672: /
2378:Shōhei Maru
2132:Dreadnought
2118:Devastation
2003:Bellerophon
1730:Dreadnought
1633:18 December
1119:|work=
923:Miantonomoh
911:nor Reed's
869:Miantonomoh
748:12-inch MLR
724:10-inch MLR
447:Draughtsman
337:Crimean War
198:5,400
138:As designed
47:HMS Captain
21:HMS Captain
2703:1869 ships
2687:Categories
2657:42°36′54″N
2328:Shipwrecks
2139:Inflexible
1968:Enterprise
1934:Lord Clyde
1666:References
1458:0245530304
1425:1861760221
1379:1861760221
992:Before the
897:Portsmouth
886:James Hope
598:Birkenhead
416:flush deck
390:first rate
361:Lady Nancy
349:Lady Nancy
318:Lady Nancy
308:Background
283:Royal Navy
225:Complement
184:Propulsion
114:April 1870
89:Birkenhead
2660:9°23′24″W
2577:HMS
2554:Euphrates
2552:HMS
2541:Charybdis
2539:HMS
2513:HMS
2500:USS
2451:HMS
2438:HMS
2425:HMS
2340:USS
2278:Cancelled
2242:Abyssinia
2215:Conqueror
2167:Trafalgar
2079:Temeraire
2059:Belleisle
2045:Alexandra
2031:Swiftsure
2024:Audacious
1927:Royal Oak
1710:cite book
1397:Captain's
1163:Cherbourg
1121:ignored (
1111:cite book
968:Memorials
950:Monarch's
670:Captain's
641:Gibraltar
610:Captain's
533:, c. 1870
492:Monarch's
473:Monarch's
365:prototype
357:Black Sea
209:Sail plan
142:long tons
95:Laid down
2477:Key West
2440:Maeander
2414:Cremorne
2402:Normandy
2235:Cerberus
2226:Monitors
2194:Scorpion
2160:Victoria
2153:Colossus
2017:Hercules
2010:Penelope
1975:Favorite
1961:Research
1913:Minotaur
1906:Achilles
1767:(2018).
1690:(1980).
1490:Fuller,
1467:(1913),
1441:(1980),
1038:See also
994:Captain
782:Source:
717:Hercules
686:Hercules
682:Hercules
680:and the
615:She was
612:trials.
575:gun deck
543:Cheshire
477:(25-ton)
463:(22 ton)
459:(12 ton)
420:jury rig
327:s design
291:unstable
233:Armament
148:As built
140:: 6,960
103:Launched
26:For the
2603:Triumph
2599:28 Nov:
2587:25 Apr:
2579:Blanche
2574:12 Apr:
2549:28 Feb:
2536:11 Feb:
2510:15 Dec:
2502:Saginaw
2497:29 Oct:
2489:Cambria
2485:19 Oct:
2473:12 Oct:
2453:Captain
2435:c. Jul:
2427:Forward
2422:17 Jun:
2410:c. Jun:
2398:17 Mar:
2390:Euryale
2354:Lavinia
2350:20 Feb:
2337:24 Jan:
2256:Cyclops
2249:Glatton
2201:Hotspur
2125:Neptune
2111:Captain
2104:Monarch
2085:Admiral
1989:Repulse
1982:Zealous
1892:Defence
1885:Warrior
1726:Warrior
1654:YouTube
1301:Captain
1230:., 176.
1046:Serpent
1028:Captain
1020:Captain
1016:Captain
1005:Captain
985:Captain
962:Captain
954:Captain
945:Monarch
917:Monarch
908:Warrior
901:Captain
878:Captain
826:Captain
807:Captain
799:Captain
789:Sinking
764:Captain
741:Monarch
678:Monarch
674:Captain
633:Monarch
629:Captain
606:Monarch
594:Captain
583:Captain
531:Captain
500:Monarch
468:Monarch
355:on the
333:Captain
322:Captain
302:Captain
297:Monarch
278:Captain
249:(2 × 1)
242:(2 × 2)
176:Draught
81:Builder
73:Ordered
54:History
2639:1871 →
2632:← 1869
2591:Sappho
2515:Psyche
2461:8 Oct:
2448:6 Sep:
2386:4 Mar:
2374:2 Mar:
2342:Oneida
2208:Rupert
2052:Superb
2038:Sultan
1996:Pallas
1899:Hector
1829:
1818:
1793:
1775:
1756:
1738:
1698:
1679:
1560:
1527:
1455:
1422:
1401:Lairds
1376:
1320:
1211:
1099:
844:, and
479:guns.
442:Pallas
379:Trusty
371:Trusty
359:. The
256:Armour
157:Length
2615:Syren
2465:Aigle
1449:110-1
1054:Notes
895:, in
865:Punch
777:0.35
758:0.40
734:0.65
703:Hits
694:Ship
351:, to
325:'
217:Speed
2611:Dec:
2562:Feb:
2362:Feb:
2146:Ajax
1827:ISBN
1816:ISBN
1791:ISBN
1773:ISBN
1754:ISBN
1736:ISBN
1716:link
1696:ISBN
1677:ISBN
1635:2022
1558:ISBN
1525:ISBN
1453:ISBN
1420:ISBN
1374:ISBN
1318:ISBN
1299:HMS
1228:ibid
1209:ISBN
1123:help
1097:ISBN
1044:HMS
943:HMS
921:USS
906:HMS
890:HMS
797:HMS
746:4 ×
722:4 ×
662:Vigo
637:Vigo
440:HMS
394:HMS
383:HMS
369:HMS
345:raft
316:The
295:HMS
276:HMS
245:2 ×
238:4 ×
168:Beam
119:Fate
1728:to
1496:xxi
1391:An
771:11
752:12
731:10
728:17
449:of
200:ihp
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